What is Ppg Inds Inc's earnings per share (EPS)?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) reported diluted earnings per share of $6.94 for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 46.1% change compared to the previous fiscal year. EPS represents the portion of a company's net income allocated to each outstanding share of common stock and is widely used to evaluate profitability on a per-share basis.

Ppg Inds Inc Financials

PPG

Source SEC Filings (10-K/10-Q) Updated Dec 31, 2025 Currency USD FYE December

This page shows Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) financial statements, including the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and key financial ratios. View 19 years of annual fundamentals and quarterly data, with year-over-year growth rates and compound annual growth rates (CAGR). All figures are derived from SEC filings (10-K and 10-Q reports).

Financial Health Signals

Financial Profile 49/100

Based on FY2025 annual data. Scores normalized against common benchmarks. How we calculate these scores

Growth

Ppg Inds Inc's revenue grew a modest 0.2% year-over-year to $15.9B. This slow but positive growth earns a score of 34/100.

Leverage

Ppg Inds Inc carries a low D/E ratio of 0.83, meaning only $0.83 of long-term debt for every $1 of shareholders' equity. This conservative leverage earns a score of 85/100, indicating a strong balance sheet with room for future borrowing.

Liquidity

Ppg Inds Inc's current ratio of 1.62 means current assets barely cover short-term liabilities. This tight liquidity results in a low score of 28/100, which could limit financial flexibility.

Cash Flow

Ppg Inds Inc has a free cash flow margin of 7.3%, earning a moderate score of 43/100. The company generates positive cash flow after capital investments, but with room for improvement.

Returns

Ppg Inds Inc's ROE of 19.9% shows moderate profitability relative to equity, earning a score of 55/100. This is up from 16.4% the prior year.

Piotroski F-Score Neutral

6/9

Ppg Inds Inc passes 6 of 9 financial strength tests. All 4 profitability signals pass (positive income, cash flow, and earnings quality), 2 of 3 leverage/liquidity signals pass, neither operating efficiency signal passes.

Earnings Quality Cash-Backed

1.23x

For every $1 of reported earnings, Ppg Inds Inc generates $1.23 in operating cash flow ($1.9B OCF vs $1.6B net income). This indicates profits are well-supported by actual cash generation, not accounting adjustments.

Key Financial Metrics

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Earnings & Revenue

Revenue

$15.9B

YoY+0.2%

5Y CAGR+2.8%

10Y CAGR+1.1%

Ppg Inds Inc generated $15.9B in revenue in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 0.2% from the prior year.

EBITDA

N/A

Net Income

$1.6B

YoY+41.2%

5Y CAGR+8.3%

10Y CAGR+1.1%

Ppg Inds Inc reported $1.6B in net income in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 41.2% from the prior year.

EPS (Diluted)

$6.94

YoY+46.1%

5Y CAGR+9.3%

10Y CAGR+3.0%

Ppg Inds Inc earned $6.94 per diluted share (EPS) in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 46.1% from the prior year.

Cash & Balance Sheet

Free Cash Flow

$1.2B

YoY+66.4%

5Y CAGR-8.6%

10Y CAGR-2.3%

Ppg Inds Inc generated $1.2B in free cash flow in fiscal year 2025, representing cash available after capex. This represents an increase of 66.4% from the prior year.

Cash & Debt

$2.2B

YoY+70.3%

5Y CAGR+3.4%

10Y CAGR+5.1%

Ppg Inds Inc held $2.2B in cash against $6.6B in long-term debt as of fiscal year 2025.

Dividends Per Share

$2.78

YoY+4.5%

5Y CAGR+5.8%

10Y CAGR+7.0%

Ppg Inds Inc paid $2.78 per share in dividends in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 4.5% from the prior year.

Shares Outstanding

223M

YoY-1.5%

5Y CAGR-1.1%

10Y CAGR-1.8%

Ppg Inds Inc had 223M shares outstanding in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 1.5% from the prior year.

Margins & Returns

Gross Margin

41.3%

YoY-0.3pp

5Y CAGR-2.5pp

Ppg Inds Inc's gross margin was 41.3% in fiscal year 2025, indicating the percentage of revenue retained after direct costs. This is down 0.3 percentage points from the prior year.

Operating Margin

N/A

Net Margin

9.9%

YoY+2.9pp

5Y CAGR+2.3pp

10Y CAGR+0.1pp

Ppg Inds Inc's net profit margin was 9.9% in fiscal year 2025, showing the share of revenue converted to profit. This is up 2.9 percentage points from the prior year.

Return on Equity

19.9%

YoY+3.4pp

5Y CAGR+1.2pp

10Y CAGR-8.4pp

Ppg Inds Inc's ROE was 19.9% in fiscal year 2025, measuring profit generated per dollar of shareholder equity. This is up 3.4 percentage points from the prior year.

Capital Allocation

R&D Spending

$446.0M

YoY-0.2%

5Y CAGR+2.1%

10Y CAGR-0.8%

Ppg Inds Inc invested $446.0M in research and development in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 0.2% from the prior year.

Share Buybacks

$790.0M

YoY+5.1%

10Y CAGR+0.5%

Ppg Inds Inc spent $790.0M on share buybacks in fiscal year 2025, returning capital to shareholders by reducing shares outstanding. This represents an increase of 5.1% from the prior year.

Capital Expenditures

$778.0M

YoY+7.9%

5Y CAGR+20.7%

10Y CAGR+6.1%

Ppg Inds Inc invested $778.0M in capex in fiscal year 2025, funding long-term assets and infrastructure. This represents an increase of 7.9% from the prior year.

PPG Income Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Revenue	$15.9B+0.2%	$15.8B-2.4%	$16.2B+4.0%	$15.6B-7.1%	$16.8B+21.5%	$13.8B
Cost of Revenue	$9.3B+0.7%	$9.3B-4.4%	$9.7B-3.0%	$10.0B-3.0%	$10.3B+32.3%	$7.8B
Gross Profit	$6.6B-0.5%	$6.6B+0.4%	$6.6B+16.4%	$5.6B-13.5%	$6.5B+7.6%	$6.1B
R&D Expenses	$446.0M-0.2%	$447.0M+0.2%	$446.0M-2.4%	$457.0M-1.3%	$463.0M+15.5%	$401.0M
SG&A Expenses	$3.4B+1.4%	$3.4B-0.3%	$3.4B+12.0%	$3.0B-19.7%	$3.8B+11.5%	$3.4B
Operating Income	N/A	N/A	$2.7B+31.0%	$2.0B-5.9%	$2.2B+2.9%	$2.1B
Interest Expense	$241.0M0.0%	$241.0M-2.4%	$247.0M+47.9%	$167.0M+38.0%	$121.0M-12.3%	$138.0M
Income Tax	$458.0M-3.6%	$475.0M+11.0%	$428.0M+33.8%	$320.0M-14.4%	$374.0M+28.5%	$291.0M
Net Income	$1.6B+41.2%	$1.1B-12.1%	$1.3B+23.8%	$1.0B-28.7%	$1.4B+35.9%	$1.1B
EPS (Diluted)	$6.94+46.1%	$4.75-11.2%	$5.35+23.8%	$4.32-28.1%	$6.01+35.1%	$4.45

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Revenue	$3.9B-4.1%	$4.1B-2.7%	$4.2B+13.9%	$3.7B-1.2%	$3.7B-7.5%	$4.0B-4.8%	$4.2B+10.0%	$3.8B
Cost of Revenue	$2.3B-4.5%	$2.4B-0.2%	$2.4B+13.5%	$2.1B-3.3%	$2.2B-6.9%	$2.4B-2.8%	$2.5B+11.1%	$2.2B
Gross Profit	$1.6B-3.5%	$1.7B-6.1%	$1.8B+14.3%	$1.5B+1.9%	$1.5B-8.4%	$1.7B-7.5%	$1.8B+8.6%	$1.6B
R&D Expenses	$132.0M+24.5%	$106.0M0.0%	$106.0M+3.9%	$102.0M-21.5%	$130.0M+27.5%	$102.0M-5.6%	$108.0M+0.9%	$107.0M
SG&A Expenses	$905.0M+9.8%	$824.0M-5.5%	$872.0M+4.1%	$838.0M+0.4%	$835.0M-1.5%	$848.0M-1.2%	$858.0M+0.9%	$850.0M
Operating Income	N/A	$689.0M-7.3%	$743.0M+22.4%	$607.0M	N/A	$689.0M-13.4%	$796.0M+19.5%	$666.0M
Interest Expense	$58.0M-10.8%	$65.0M+4.8%	$62.0M+10.7%	$56.0M-1.8%	$57.0M-14.9%	$67.0M+8.1%	$62.0M+12.7%	$55.0M
Income Tax	$78.0M-33.9%	$118.0M-15.7%	$140.0M+14.8%	$122.0M+74.3%	$70.0M-45.3%	$128.0M-14.1%	$149.0M+16.4%	$128.0M
Net Income	$300.0M-33.8%	$453.0M+0.7%	$450.0M+20.6%	$373.0M+233.2%	-$280.0M-159.8%	$468.0M-11.4%	$528.0M+32.0%	$400.0M
EPS (Diluted)	N/A	$2.00+1.0%	$1.98+21.5%	$1.63	N/A	$2.00-10.7%	$2.24+32.5%	$1.69

PPG Balance Sheet

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Total Assets	$22.1B+13.7%	$19.4B-10.2%	$21.6B+4.4%	$20.7B-2.8%	$21.4B+9.2%	$19.6B
Current Assets	$8.0B+21.4%	$6.6B-11.8%	$7.4B+3.6%	$7.2B+5.9%	$6.8B-0.4%	$6.8B
Cash & Equivalents	$2.2B+70.3%	$1.3B-14.9%	$1.5B+35.9%	$1.1B+9.4%	$1.0B-45.0%	$1.8B
Inventory	$2.0B+8.1%	$1.8B-4.6%	$1.9B-14.9%	$2.3B+4.7%	$2.2B+25.1%	$1.7B
Accounts Receivable	$2.8B+12.4%	$2.5B-5.5%	$2.6B-7.2%	$2.8B+5.1%	$2.7B+11.4%	$2.4B
Goodwill	$6.1B+8.1%	$5.7B-7.0%	$6.1B+2.0%	$6.0B-4.1%	$6.2B+22.5%	$5.1B
Total Liabilities	$14.0B+12.3%	$12.5B-8.5%	$13.6B-2.9%	$14.0B-6.1%	$14.9B+8.7%	$13.7B
Current Liabilities	$4.9B-2.3%	$5.0B-0.8%	$5.1B+7.1%	$4.7B-0.9%	$4.8B-1.3%	$4.8B
Long-Term Debt	$6.6B+35.4%	$4.9B-15.2%	$5.7B-11.6%	$6.5B-1.0%	$6.6B+27.1%	$5.2B
Total Equity	$7.9B+17.0%	$6.8B-13.4%	$7.8B+18.8%	$6.6B+4.9%	$6.3B+10.5%	$5.7B
Retained Earnings	$22.9B+4.3%	$22.0B+2.3%	$21.5B+3.2%	$20.8B+2.2%	$20.4B+4.6%	$19.5B

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Total Assets	$22.1B-0.2%	$22.1B+0.2%	$22.1B+4.5%	$21.1B+8.8%	$19.4B-11.1%	$21.9B+0.6%	$21.7B-0.6%	$21.9B
Current Assets	$8.0B-3.2%	$8.2B+0.4%	$8.2B+3.7%	$7.9B+20.5%	$6.6B-17.1%	$7.9B+1.7%	$7.8B+1.5%	$7.7B
Cash & Equivalents	$2.2B+18.1%	$1.8B+17.4%	$1.6B-14.7%	$1.8B+44.1%	$1.3B+1.5%	$1.3B+10.6%	$1.1B-4.2%	$1.2B
Inventory	$2.0B-8.5%	$2.2B-1.9%	$2.2B+5.2%	$2.1B+14.6%	$1.8B-18.4%	$2.3B-1.6%	$2.3B-1.4%	$2.3B
Accounts Receivable	$2.8B	N/A	N/A	N/A	$2.5B	N/A	N/A	N/A
Goodwill	$6.1B+0.5%	$6.1B+0.1%	$6.1B+4.9%	$5.8B+2.4%	$5.7B-6.4%	$6.1B+0.5%	$6.0B-1.5%	$6.1B
Total Liabilities	$14.0B-1.3%	$14.2B-1.2%	$14.4B+2.2%	$14.0B+12.6%	$12.5B-10.2%	$13.9B+0.7%	$13.8B+0.3%	$13.7B
Current Liabilities	$4.9B-12.7%	$5.6B-2.6%	$5.8B-1.3%	$5.8B+16.4%	$5.0B+0.4%	$5.0B-4.4%	$5.2B+5.7%	$4.9B
Long-Term Debt	$6.6B+11.8%	$5.9B-0.3%	$5.9B+6.2%	$5.6B+14.3%	$4.9B-20.6%	$6.1B+6.5%	$5.8B-2.9%	$5.9B
Total Equity	$7.9B+1.8%	$7.8B+2.9%	$7.6B+9.4%	$6.9B+2.1%	$6.8B-12.9%	$7.8B+0.3%	$7.8B-2.2%	$7.9B
Retained Earnings	$22.9B+0.6%	$22.8B+1.3%	$22.5B+1.3%	$22.2B+1.0%	$22.0B-2.0%	$22.4B+1.4%	$22.1B+1.7%	$21.7B

PPG Cash Flow Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Operating Cash Flow	$1.9B+36.7%	$1.4B-41.1%	$2.4B+150.4%	$963.0M-38.3%	$1.6B-26.7%	$2.1B
Capital Expenditures	$778.0M+7.9%	$721.0M+39.7%	$516.0M+6.2%	$486.0M+31.0%	$371.0M+22.0%	$304.0M
Free Cash Flow	$1.2B+66.4%	$699.0M-63.1%	$1.9B+297.3%	$477.0M-59.9%	$1.2B-34.8%	$1.8B
Investing Cash Flow	-$700.0M-754.2%	$107.0M+119.2%	-$556.0M-20.6%	-$461.0M+80.8%	-$2.4B-66.1%	-$1.4B
Financing Cash Flow	-$545.0M+61.8%	-$1.4B+8.1%	-$1.6B-279.0%	-$409.0M-539.8%	$93.0M+257.6%	-$59.0M
Dividends Paid	$628.0M+1.0%	$622.0M+4.0%	$598.0M+4.9%	$570.0M+6.3%	$536.0M+8.1%	$496.0M
Share Buybacks	$790.0M+5.1%	$752.0M+774.4%	$86.0M-54.7%	$190.0M-9.5%	$210.0M	$0

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Operating Cash Flow	$887.0M+29.5%	$685.0M+77.0%	$387.0M+2250.0%	-$18.0M-105.2%	$346.0M-55.0%	$769.0M+110.7%	$365.0M+708.3%	-$60.0M
Capital Expenditures	$301.0M+104.8%	$147.0M+21.5%	$121.0M-42.1%	$209.0M+0.5%	$208.0M+42.5%	$146.0M+27.0%	$115.0M-54.4%	$252.0M
Free Cash Flow	$586.0M+8.9%	$538.0M+102.3%	$266.0M+217.2%	-$227.0M-264.5%	$138.0M-77.8%	$623.0M+149.2%	$250.0M+180.1%	-$312.0M
Investing Cash Flow	-$283.0M-119.4%	-$129.0M-7.5%	-$120.0M+28.6%	-$168.0M-127.2%	$618.0M+538.3%	-$141.0M-7.6%	-$131.0M+45.2%	-$239.0M
Financing Cash Flow	-$276.0M+9.8%	-$306.0M+53.7%	-$661.0M-194.7%	$698.0M+186.4%	-$808.0M-87.0%	-$432.0M-188.0%	-$150.0M-328.6%	-$35.0M
Dividends Paid	$160.0M0.0%	$160.0M+3.9%	$154.0M0.0%	$154.0M-2.5%	$158.0M-0.6%	$159.0M+4.6%	$152.0M-0.7%	$153.0M
Share Buybacks	$103.0M-29.9%	$147.0M+0.7%	$146.0M-62.9%	$394.0M+63.5%	$241.0M+21.1%	$199.0M+22.1%	$163.0M+9.4%	$149.0M

PPG Financial Ratios

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Gross Margin	41.3%-0.3pp	41.6%+1.2pp	40.4%+4.3pp	36.1%-2.7pp	38.8%-5.0pp	43.8%
Operating Margin	N/A	N/A	16.5%+3.4pp	13.1%+0.2pp	12.9%-2.3pp	15.3%
Net Margin	9.9%+2.9pp	7.0%-0.8pp	7.8%+1.3pp	6.6%-2.0pp	8.6%+0.9pp	7.7%
Return on Equity	19.9%+3.4pp	16.4%+0.2pp	16.2%+0.7pp	15.6%-7.3pp	22.9%+4.3pp	18.6%
Return on Assets	7.1%+1.4pp	5.7%-0.1pp	5.9%+0.9pp	5.0%-1.8pp	6.7%+1.3pp	5.4%
Current Ratio	1.62+0.3	1.31-0.2	1.47-0.0	1.52+0.1	1.42+0.0	1.41
Debt-to-Equity	0.83+0.1	0.72-0.0	0.73-0.3	0.99-0.1	1.05+0.1	0.91
FCF Margin	7.3%+2.9pp	4.4%-7.3pp	11.7%+8.6pp	3.0%-4.0pp	7.1%-6.1pp	13.2%

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Gross Margin	40.8%+0.3pp	40.6%-1.5pp	42.0%+0.2pp	41.9%+1.3pp	40.6%-0.4pp	40.9%-1.2pp	42.1%-0.6pp	42.7%
Operating Margin	N/A	16.9%-0.8pp	17.7%+1.2pp	16.5%	N/A	17.1%-1.7pp	18.8%+1.5pp	17.3%
Net Margin	7.7%-3.4pp	11.1%+0.4pp	10.7%+0.6pp	10.1%+17.6pp	-7.5%-19.1pp	11.6%-0.9pp	12.5%+2.1pp	10.4%
Return on Equity	3.8%-2.0pp	5.8%-0.1pp	5.9%+0.6pp	5.4%+9.5pp	-4.1%-10.1pp	6.0%-0.8pp	6.8%+1.8pp	5.0%
Return on Assets	1.4%-0.7pp	2.1%0.0pp	2.0%+0.3pp	1.8%+3.2pp	-1.4%-3.6pp	2.1%-0.3pp	2.4%+0.6pp	1.8%
Current Ratio	1.62+0.2	1.47+0.0	1.42+0.1	1.35+0.0	1.31-0.3	1.58+0.1	1.49-0.1	1.55
Debt-to-Equity	0.83+0.1	0.76-0.0	0.78-0.0	0.80+0.1	0.72-0.1	0.79+0.0	0.740.0	0.75
FCF Margin	15.0%+1.8pp	13.2%+6.8pp	6.3%+12.5pp	-6.2%-9.9pp	3.7%-11.8pp	15.4%+9.6pp	5.9%+14.0pp	-8.1%

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is Ppg Inds Inc's annual revenue?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) reported $15.9B in total revenue for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 0.2% change compared to the previous fiscal year. Revenue measures the total income earned from the company's primary business operations before any expenses are deducted.

How fast is Ppg Inds Inc's revenue growing?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) revenue grew by 0.2% year-over-year, from $15.8B to $15.9B in fiscal year 2025.

Is Ppg Inds Inc profitable?

Yes, Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) reported a net income of $1.6B in fiscal year 2025, with a net profit margin of 9.9%.

How much debt does Ppg Inds Inc have?

As of fiscal year 2025, Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) had $2.2B in cash and equivalents against $6.6B in long-term debt.

What is Ppg Inds Inc's gross margin?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) had a gross margin of 41.3% in fiscal year 2025, indicating the percentage of revenue retained after direct costs of goods sold.

What is Ppg Inds Inc's net profit margin?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) had a net profit margin of 9.9% in fiscal year 2025, representing the share of revenue converted into profit after all expenses.

Does Ppg Inds Inc pay dividends?

Yes, Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) paid $2.78 per share in dividends during fiscal year 2025.

What is Ppg Inds Inc's return on equity (ROE)?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) has a return on equity of 19.9% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company generates profit from shareholder equity.

What is Ppg Inds Inc's free cash flow?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) generated $1.2B in free cash flow during fiscal year 2025. This represents a 66.4% change compared to the previous fiscal year. Free cash flow represents the cash a company generates after accounting for capital expenditures, and is widely used to assess financial flexibility and shareholder value.

What is Ppg Inds Inc's operating cash flow?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) generated $1.9B in operating cash flow during fiscal year 2025, representing cash generated from core business activities.

What are Ppg Inds Inc's total assets?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) had $22.1B in total assets as of fiscal year 2025, including both current and long-term assets.

What are Ppg Inds Inc's capital expenditures?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) invested $778.0M in capital expenditures during fiscal year 2025, funding long-term assets and infrastructure.

How much does Ppg Inds Inc spend on research and development?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) invested $446.0M in research and development during fiscal year 2025.

Does Ppg Inds Inc buy back shares?

Yes, Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) spent $790.0M on share buybacks during fiscal year 2025, returning capital to shareholders by reducing shares outstanding.

How many shares does Ppg Inds Inc have outstanding?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) had 223M shares outstanding as of fiscal year 2025.

What is Ppg Inds Inc's current ratio?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) had a current ratio of 1.62 as of fiscal year 2025, which is generally considered healthy.

What is Ppg Inds Inc's debt-to-equity ratio?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) had a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.83 as of fiscal year 2025, measuring the company's financial leverage by comparing total debt to shareholder equity.

What is Ppg Inds Inc's return on assets (ROA)?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) had a return on assets of 7.1% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company uses its assets to generate profit.

What is Ppg Inds Inc's Piotroski F-Score?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) has a Piotroski F-Score of 6 out of 9, indicating neutral financial health. The F-Score evaluates nine binary signals across profitability (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, earnings quality), leverage (decreasing debt, improving liquidity, no share dilution), and operating efficiency (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Scores of 7–9 indicate strong and improving fundamentals. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

Are Ppg Inds Inc's earnings high quality?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) has an earnings quality ratio of 1.23x, considered cash-backed (high quality). This ratio compares operating cash flow to net income. A ratio above 1.0x means the company generates more cash than its reported earnings, indicating sustainable, cash-backed profits. Ratios below 1.0x suggest earnings rely on accounting accruals rather than actual cash generation. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

How financially healthy is Ppg Inds Inc?

Ppg Inds Inc (PPG) scores 49 out of 100 on our Financial Profile, indicating moderate overall financial health. This composite score evaluates six dimensions: profitability (operating margin), revenue growth, leverage (debt-to-equity), liquidity (current ratio), cash flow quality (free cash flow margin), and shareholder returns (return on equity). Each dimension is normalized against standard financial benchmarks. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.