MarketAxess Announces Trading Volume Statistics for September and Third Quarter 2024
Strong Growth in Market Volume Drove Record Levels of Trading Activity Across the Platform in September
Chris Concannon, CEO of MarketAxess, commented:
“Strong market volumes and a robust new issue calendar helped drive an increase in the velocity of electronic trading and record levels of trading activity in September across our platform. Against this improving market backdrop, in 3Q24 we delivered
Select September 2024 Highlights
-
Record total average daily volume (“ADV”) of
increased$45.2 billion 52.5% compared to the prior year, and increased8.6% compared to August 2024. These strong results were driven by record total credit ADV of , representing an increase of$16.5 billion 40.1% compared to the prior year, and an increase of24.4% compared to August 2024. Total rates ADV of , which increased$28.7 billion 60.7% compared to the prior year, and increased1.2% compared to August 2024 levels, also contributed to the strong performance in September 2024.
-
Record
U.S. high-grade ADV of billion increased$8.4 56.2% compared to the prior year, and increased25.5% compared to August 2024. Estimated market ADV increased53.3% compared to the prior year, and increased26.1% compared to August 2024. Estimated market share was19.9% , up from19.5% in the prior year, and in line with19.9% in August 2024. Including the impact of single-dealer portfolio trades, estimated market share was20.3% , up from19.5% in the prior year, but down from20.9% in August 2024.
— TheU.S. high-grade new issue calendar was in September, up$171.0 billion 36.7% compared to the prior year, and up58.5% compared to August 2024.
-
U.S. high-yield ADV of increased$1.4 billion 8.1% compared to the prior year, and increased11.5% compared to August 2024. Estimated market ADV increased37.3% compared to the prior year, and increased32.4% compared to August 2024. Estimated market share was12.1% (12.5% including single-dealer portfolio trades), down from15.4% in the prior year, and down from14.4% (14.6% including single-dealer portfolio trades) in August 2024.
— TheU.S. high-yield new issue calendar was billion in September, the highest level of monthly new issue since September 2021, representing an increase of$36.7 56.1% compared to the prior year, and an increase of102.8% compared to August 2024.
Other Credit
-
Emerging markets ADV of
increased$3.7 billion 25.1% compared to the prior year, and increased15.8% compared to August 2024. The year-over-year increase was driven by a40.4% increase in hard currency ADV, and an8.7% increase in local currency ADV. -
Record Eurobonds ADV of
increased$2.4 billion 42.3% compared to the prior year, and increased58.5% compared to August 2024. -
Municipal bond ADV of
increased$577 million 35.1% compared to the prior year, but declined0.5% compared to August 2024. Estimated market ADV decreased16.6% compared to the prior year, and decreased3.4% compared to August 2024. Record estimated market share of8.8% , up from5.5% in the prior year, and up from8.6% in August 2024.3
Strategic Priority Related Protocols & Workflow Tools
-
Record
in total portfolio trading ADV increased$1.5 billion 191.8% compared to the prior year, and increased52.3% compared to August 2024. Our estimated market share ofU.S. high-grade andU.S. high-yield TRACE portfolio trading was20.8% in September 2024, down from21.8% in August 2024, but up from17.2% in July 2024. Portfolio trading represented11.8% ofU.S. high-grade andU.S. high-yield TRACE in September 2024, compared to9.5% in August 2024. -
Record Open Trading ADV of
, increased$4.8 billion 46.8% compared to the prior year, and increased21.6% compared to August 2024. Open Trading share4 of total credit trading volume was35% , up from33% in the prior year, but down from36% in August 2024. -
Record Dealer RFQ ADV of
across all credit products increased$1.5 billion 55.4% compared to the prior year, and increased36.8% compared to August 2024. -
AxessIQ, the order and execution workflow solution designed for wealth management and private banking clients, achieved record ADV of
, up$166 million 51.8% compared to the prior year, and up47.7% compared to August 2024.
Rates
-
Total rates ADV of
, up$28.7 billion 60.7% compared to the prior year, and up1.2% compared to August 2024.
Variable Transaction Fees Per Million (FPM)1
-
The preliminary FPM for total credit for September 2024 was approximately
, down slightly from$150 in the prior year, and down from$151 in August 2024. The preliminary FPM for total rates was approximately$153 , down from$4.18 in the prior year, but up from$4.75 in August 2024.$4.04
Select 3Q24 Highlights
-
Record total ADV of
increased$40.5 billion 38.4% compared to the prior year, and increased18.6% compared to 2Q24. These strong results were driven by total credit ADV of , representing an increase of$14.1 billion 26.5% compared to the prior year, and an increase of2.7% compared to 2Q24 levels. Strong growth in total rates ADV, which increased45.6% compared to the prior year, and increased29.2% compared to 2Q24, also contributed to the strong performance in 3Q24.
-
U.S. high-grade ADV of billion increased$7.0 35.7% compared to the prior year, and increased9.2% compared to 2Q24. Estimated market ADV increased39.4% compared to the prior year, and increased5.1% compared to 2Q24. Estimated market share was19.5% , down from20.0% in the prior year, but up from18.7% in 2Q24. Including the impact of single-dealer portfolio trades, estimated market share was20.0% , in line with20.1% in the prior year, but up from19.2% in 2Q24. -
U.S. high-yield ADV of decreased$1.3 billion 1.2% compared to the prior year, and decreased4.4% compared to 2Q24. Estimated market ADV increased22.6% compared to the prior year, but decreased0.5% compared to 2Q24. Estimated market share was13.0% (13.4% including single-dealer portfolio trades), down from16.1% in the prior year, and down from13.5% (13.8% including single-dealer portfolio trades) in 2Q24.
Other Credit
-
Emerging markets ADV of
increased$3.3 billion 19.1% compared to the prior year, but decreased0.1% compared to 2Q24. The year-over-year increase was driven by a19.8% increase in hard currency ADV, and an18.0% increase in local currency ADV. -
Eurobonds ADV of
, increased$1.9 billion 27.4% compared to the prior year, but decreased10.1% compared to 2Q24. -
Record Municipal bond ADV of
increased$577 million 48.7% compared to the prior year, and increased10.5% compared to 2Q24. Estimated market ADV was down5.4% compared to the prior year, and down5.7% compared to 2Q24. Record estimated market share of8.7% , up from5.5% in the prior year, and up from7.4% in 2Q24.3
Strategic Priority Related Protocols & Workflow Tools
-
Record
in total portfolio trading ADV, up$1.1 billion 162.8% compared to the prior year, and up30.8% compared to 2Q24. Our estimated market share ofU.S. high grade andU.S. high-yield TRACE portfolio trading was20.0% in 3Q24. Portfolio trading represented an estimated10.7% ofU.S. high-grade andU.S. high-yield TRACE in 3Q24. -
35% Open Trading share4 of total credit trading volume, up from34% in the prior year, and up from34% in 2Q24. -
Dealer RFQ ADV of
across all credit products increased$1.2 billion 25.9% compared to the prior year, and was in line with 2Q24 levels. -
AxessIQ achieved ADV of
, up$131 million 32.2% compared to the prior year, but down2.8% compared to 2Q24.
Rates
-
Record total rates ADV of
, up$26.4 billion 45.6% compared to the prior year, and up29.2% compared to the 2Q24.
Variable Transaction Fees Per Million (FPM)1
-
The preliminary FPM for total credit for 3Q24 was approximately
, down from$149 in the prior year, but up slightly from$155 in 2Q24. The decline in total credit FPM year-over-year was due to product and protocol mix shift, principally lower levels of$148 U.S. high-yield activity and increased portfolio trading. The preliminary FPM for total rates was approximately , down from$4.15 in the prior year, and down from$4.56 in 2Q24.$4.45
Table 1: Trading records
Trading Records for the Period: |
|
September 2024 |
3Q24 |
Total trading ADV ( |
Total trading ADV ( |
Total credit trading ADV ( |
Municipal bonds ADV ( |
|
Municipal bonds estimated market share ( |
Eurobonds ADV ( |
Portfolio trading ADV ( |
Municipal bonds estimated market share ( |
Total rates ADV ( |
Portfolio trading ADV ( |
|
Open Trading ADV ( |
|
Dealer RFQ ADV ( |
|
AxessIQ ADV ( |
Table 1A: September 2024 ADV
CREDIT |
RATES |
||||||||||
$ in millions (unaudited) |
US/ Trading Days5 |
Total ADV |
Total Credit |
High-Grade |
High-Yield |
Emerging Markets |
Eurobonds |
Municipal Bonds |
Total Rates |
US Govt. Bonds |
Agcy./Other Govt. Bonds |
Sep-24 |
20/21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aug-24 |
22/21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sep-23 |
20/21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
YoY % Change |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MoM % Change |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
( |
|
|
|
Table 1B: September 2024 estimated market share
CREDIT |
RATES |
||||
(unaudited) |
High-Grade |
High-Yield |
High-Grade/High-Yield Combined |
Municipals3 |
US Govt. Bonds3 |
Sep-24 |
|
|
|
|
|
Aug-24 |
|
|
|
|
|
Sep-23 |
|
|
|
|
|
YoY Bps Change |
+40 bps |
(330) bps |
(30) bps |
+330 bps |
+50 bps |
MoM Bps Change |
- bps |
(230) bps |
(60) bps |
+20 bps |
+10 bps |
Table 1C: 3Q24 ADV
CREDIT |
RATES |
||||||||||
$ in millions (unaudited) |
US/ Trading Days5 |
Total ADV |
Total Credit |
High-Grade |
High-Yield |
Emerging Markets |
Eurobonds |
Municipal Bonds |
Total Rates |
US Govt. Bonds |
Agcy./Other Govt. Bonds |
3Q24 |
64/65 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2Q24 |
63/61 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3Q23 |
63/64 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
YoY % Change |
|
|
|
|
( |
|
|
|
|
|
|
QoQ % Change |
|
|
|
|
( |
( |
( |
|
|
|
|
Table 1D: 3Q24 estimated market share
CREDIT |
RATES |
||||
(unaudited) |
High-Grade |
High-Yield |
High-Grade/High-Yield Combined |
Municipals3 |
US Govt. Bonds3 |
3Q24 |
|
|
|
|
|
2Q24 |
|
|
|
|
|
3Q23 |
|
|
|
|
|
YoY Bps Change |
(50) bps |
(310) bps |
(100) bps |
+320 bps |
+10 bps |
QoQ Bps Change |
+80 bps |
(50) bps |
+50 bps |
+130 bps |
+30 bps |
1 |
The FPM for total credit and total rates for September 2024 and 3Q24 are preliminary and may be revised in subsequent updates and public filings. The Company undertakes no obligation to update any fee information in future press releases. |
2 |
The Company is highlighting the impact of single-dealer portfolio trading volume on |
3 |
See “General Notes Regarding the Data Presented” below. |
4 |
Open Trading share of total credit trading volume is derived by taking total Open Trading volume across all credit products where Open Trading is offered and dividing by total credit trading volume across all credit products where Open Trading is offered. |
5 |
The number of |
General Notes Regarding the Data Presented
Reported MarketAxess volume in all product categories includes only fully electronic trading volume. MarketAxess trading volumes and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (“TRACE”) reported volumes are available on the Company’s website at investor.marketaxess.com/volume.
For periods beginning with January 2024, the Company has made changes to the market volume data used to calculate estimated market share for Municipal and
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This press release may contain forward-looking statements, including statements about the outlook and prospects for the Company, market conditions and industry growth, as well as statements about the Company’s future financial and operating performance. These and other statements that relate to future results and events are based on MarketAxess’ current expectations. The Company’s actual results in future periods may differ materially from those currently expected or desired because of a number of risks and uncertainties, including: global economic, political and market factors; the level of trading volume transacted on the MarketAxess platform; the rapidly evolving nature of the electronic financial services industry; the level and intensity of competition in the fixed-income electronic trading industry and the pricing pressures that may result; the variability of our growth rate; our ability to introduce new fee plans and our clients’ response; our ability to attract clients or adapt our technology and marketing strategy to new markets; risks related to our growing international operations; our dependence on our broker-dealer clients; the loss of any of our significant institutional investor clients; our exposure to risks resulting from non-performance by counterparties to transactions executed between our clients in which we act as an intermediary in matched principal trades; risks related to self-clearing; risks related to sanctions levied against states or individuals that could expose us to operational or regulatory risks; the effect of rapid market or technological changes on us and the users of our technology; our dependence on third-party suppliers for key products and services; our ability to successfully maintain the integrity of our trading platform and our response to system failures, capacity constraints and business interruptions; the occurrence of design defects, errors, failures or delays with our platforms, products or services; our vulnerability to malicious cyber-attacks and attempted cybersecurity breaches; our actual or perceived failure to comply with privacy and data protection laws; our ability to protect our intellectual property rights or technology and defend against intellectual property infringement or other claims; our ability to enter into strategic alliances and to acquire other businesses and successfully integrate them with our business; our dependence on our management team and our ability to attract and retain talent; limitations on our flexibility because we operate in a highly regulated industry; the increasing government regulation of us and our clients; risks related to the divergence of
About MarketAxess
MarketAxess (Nasdaq: MKTX) operates a leading electronic trading platform that delivers greater trading efficiency, a diversified pool of liquidity and significant cost savings to institutional investors and broker-dealers across the global fixed-income markets. Over 2,000 firms leverage MarketAxess’ patented technology to efficiently trade fixed-income securities. Our automated and algorithmic trading solutions, combined with our integrated and actionable data offerings, help our clients make faster, better-informed decisions on when and how to trade on our platform. MarketAxess’ award-winning Open Trading® marketplace is widely regarded as the preferred all-to-all trading solution in the global credit markets. Founded in 2000, MarketAxess connects a robust network of market participants through an advanced full trading lifecycle solution that includes automated trading solutions, intelligent data and index products and a range of post-trade services. Learn more at www.marketaxess.com and on X @MarketAxess.
Table 2: Trading Volume Detail |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Month Ended September 30, |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
In millions (unaudited) |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2023 |
|
|
% Change |
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Volume |
|
|
ADV |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
|
ADV |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
ADV |
|
|
||||||
Credit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High-grade |
|
|
$ |
168,278 |
|
|
$ |
8,414 |
|
|
$ |
107,768 |
|
|
|
$ |
5,388 |
|
|
|
56.1 |
|
% |
|
56.2 |
|
% |
High-yield |
|
|
|
28,671 |
|
|
|
1,434 |
|
|
|
26,516 |
|
|
|
|
1,326 |
|
|
|
8.1 |
|
|
|
8.1 |
|
|
Emerging markets |
|
|
|
73,774 |
|
|
|
3,689 |
|
|
|
58,981 |
|
|
|
|
2,949 |
|
|
|
25.1 |
|
|
|
25.1 |
|
|
Eurobonds |
|
|
|
49,537 |
|
|
|
2,359 |
|
|
|
34,823 |
|
|
|
|
1,658 |
|
|
|
42.3 |
|
|
|
42.3 |
|
|
Other credit |
|
|
|
11,749 |
|
|
|
587 |
|
|
|
8,879 |
|
|
|
|
443 |
|
|
|
32.3 |
|
|
|
32.5 |
|
|
Total credit trading1 |
|
|
|
332,009 |
|
|
|
16,483 |
|
|
|
236,967 |
|
|
|
|
11,764 |
|
|
|
40.1 |
|
|
|
40.1 |
|
|
Rates |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
549,317 |
|
|
|
27,466 |
|
|
|
346,626 |
|
|
|
|
17,331 |
|
|
|
58.5 |
|
|
|
58.5 |
|
|
Agency and other government bonds1 |
|
|
|
25,875 |
|
|
|
1,239 |
|
|
|
10,888 |
|
|
|
|
530 |
|
|
|
137.6 |
|
|
|
133.8 |
|
|
Total rates trading |
|
|
|
575,192 |
|
|
|
28,705 |
|
|
|
357,514 |
|
|
|
|
17,861 |
|
|
|
60.9 |
|
|
|
60.7 |
|
|
Total trading |
|
|
$ |
907,201 |
|
|
$ |
45,188 |
|
|
$ |
594,481 |
|
|
|
$ |
29,625 |
|
|
|
52.6 |
|
|
|
52.5 |
|
|
Number of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Number of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Quarter Ended September 30, |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
In millions (unaudited) |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2023 |
|
|
% Change |
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Volume |
|
|
ADV |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
|
ADV |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
ADV |
|
|
||||||
Credit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High-grade |
|
|
$ |
449,708 |
|
|
$ |
7,027 |
|
|
$ |
326,304 |
|
|
|
$ |
5,179 |
|
|
|
37.8 |
|
% |
|
35.7 |
|
% |
High-yield |
|
|
|
81,761 |
|
|
|
1,278 |
|
|
|
81,511 |
|
|
|
|
1,294 |
|
|
|
0.3 |
|
|
|
(1.2 |
) |
|
Emerging markets |
|
|
|
213,341 |
|
|
|
3,333 |
|
|
|
176,334 |
|
|
|
|
2,799 |
|
|
|
21.0 |
|
|
|
19.1 |
|
|
Eurobonds |
|
|
|
122,914 |
|
|
|
1,891 |
|
|
|
94,980 |
|
|
|
|
1,484 |
|
|
|
29.4 |
|
|
|
27.4 |
|
|
Other credit |
|
|
|
37,566 |
|
|
|
587 |
|
|
|
25,185 |
|
|
|
|
400 |
|
|
|
49.2 |
|
|
|
46.8 |
|
|
Total credit trading1 |
|
|
|
905,290 |
|
|
|
14,116 |
|
|
|
704,314 |
|
|
|
|
11,156 |
|
|
|
28.5 |
|
|
|
26.5 |
|
|
Rates |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,619,337 |
|
|
|
25,302 |
|
|
|
1,115,889 |
|
|
|
|
17,713 |
|
|
|
45.1 |
|
|
|
42.8 |
|
|
Agency and other government bonds1 |
|
|
|
71,261 |
|
|
|
1,098 |
|
|
|
26,467 |
|
|
|
|
416 |
|
|
|
169.2 |
|
|
|
163.9 |
|
|
Total rates trading |
|
|
|
1,690,598 |
|
|
|
26,400 |
|
|
|
1,142,356 |
|
|
|
|
18,129 |
|
|
|
48.0 |
|
|
|
45.6 |
|
|
Total trading |
|
|
$ |
2,595,888 |
|
|
$ |
40,516 |
|
|
$ |
1,846,670 |
|
|
|
$ |
29,285 |
|
|
|
40.6 |
|
|
|
38.4 |
|
|
Number of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Number of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
65 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 2: Trading Volume Detail (continued) |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Year-to-Date Ended September 30, |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
In millions (unaudited) |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2023 |
|
|
% Change |
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Volume |
|
|
ADV |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
|
ADV |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
ADV |
|
|
||||||
Credit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High-grade |
|
|
$ |
1,311,146 |
|
|
$ |
6,974 |
|
|
$ |
1,072,258 |
|
|
|
$ |
5,734 |
|
|
|
22.3 |
|
% |
|
21.6 |
|
% |
High-yield |
|
|
|
251,388 |
|
|
|
1,337 |
|
|
|
295,774 |
|
|
|
|
1,582 |
|
|
|
(15.0 |
) |
|
|
(15.5 |
) |
|
Emerging markets |
|
|
|
644,973 |
|
|
|
3,431 |
|
|
|
536,432 |
|
|
|
|
2,869 |
|
|
|
20.2 |
|
|
|
19.6 |
|
|
Eurobonds |
|
|
|
380,029 |
|
|
|
2,011 |
|
|
|
329,841 |
|
|
|
|
1,754 |
|
|
|
15.2 |
|
|
|
14.7 |
|
|
Other credit |
|
|
|
97,271 |
|
|
|
517 |
|
|
|
78,597 |
|
|
|
|
420 |
|
|
|
23.8 |
|
|
|
23.1 |
|
|
Total credit trading1 |
|
|
|
2,684,807 |
|
|
|
14,270 |
|
|
|
2,312,902 |
|
|
|
|
12,359 |
|
|
|
16.1 |
|
|
|
15.5 |
|
|
Rates |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,902,050 |
|
|
|
20,756 |
|
|
|
3,547,308 |
|
|
|
|
18,970 |
|
|
|
10.0 |
|
|
|
9.4 |
|
|
Agency and other government bonds1 |
|
|
|
151,393 |
|
|
|
801 |
|
|
|
80,249 |
|
|
|
|
428 |
|
|
|
88.7 |
|
|
|
87.1 |
|
|
Total rates trading |
|
|
|
4,053,443 |
|
|
|
21,557 |
|
|
|
3,627,557 |
|
|
|
|
19,398 |
|
|
|
11.7 |
|
|
|
11.1 |
|
|
Total trading |
|
|
$ |
6,738,250 |
|
|
$ |
35,827 |
|
|
$ |
5,940,459 |
|
|
|
$ |
31,757 |
|
|
|
13.4 |
|
|
|
12.8 |
|
|
Number of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
188 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
187 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Number of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
189 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
188 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 Consistent with FINRA TRACE reporting standards, both sides of trades are included in the Company's reported volumes when the Company executes trades on a matched principal basis between two counterparties. |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 Consistent with industry standards, |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 The number of |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 The number of |
|
|
View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241002710827/en/
INVESTOR RELATIONS
Stephen Davidson
MarketAxess Holdings Inc.
+1 212 813 6313
sdavidson2@marketaxess.com
MEDIA RELATIONS
Marisha Mistry
MarketAxess Holdings Inc.
+1 917 267 1232
mmistry@marketaxess.com
Source: MarketAxess Holdings Inc.