[424B5] APPLIED DNA SCIENCES INC Prospectus Supplement (Debt Securities)

Rhea-AI Filing Summary

Applied DNA Sciences, Inc. launched an at‑the‑market offering of up to $8,157,932 of common stock under a Sales Agreement with Lucid Capital Markets.

Sales, if any, will be made on Nasdaq at market prices with Lucid acting as sales agent and earning a 3.0% commission. The company plans to use net proceeds primarily to develop and implement its BNB‑focused digital asset treasury strategy, along with working capital and general corporate purposes. Under Form S‑3 General Instruction I.B.6, the offering cap equals one‑third of public float; the float was approximately $24.5 million based on 4,354,768 non‑affiliate shares at $5.62 as of October 6, 2025. Shares outstanding were 4,354,782 as of October 31, 2025.

The ATM may be terminated upon sale of all shares covered or by written notice from either party.

Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration No. 333-272267

PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

(To prospectus dated June 6, 2023)

APPLIED DNA SCIENCES, INC.

 

Up to $8,157,932

Common Stock

We have entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”), with Lucid Capital Markets, LLC (“Lucid”), relating to shares of our common stock offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. In accordance with the terms of the Sales Agreement, we may offer and sell shares of our common stock, $0.001 par value per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $8,157,932 from time to time through Lucid acting as our sales agent. The offering of shares of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (i) the sale of all common stock provided for in this prospectus supplement, and (ii) the termination of the Sales Agreement by written notice of us or Lucid.

Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”), under the symbol “BNBX.” On October 31, 2025, the last reported sale price of our common stock on Nasdaq was $3.45 per share.

Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3, in no event will we sell our common stock in a public primary offering with a value exceeding more than one-third of the aggregate market value of our voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates in any 12-month period as long as the aggregate market value of our outstanding voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates is less than $75,000,000. Calculated in accordance with General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3, the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates, or the public float, was approximately $24.5 million based upon 4,354,768 shares of our outstanding stock held by non-affiliates at the per share price of $5.62 on October 6, 2025, which was the highest closing price within the last 60 days prior to the date of this filing. One-third of our public float, calculated in accordance with General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3 as of October 31, 2025, is equal to $8,157,932. During the 12 calendar months prior to and including the date of this prospectus supplement, we have not sold any securities pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3.

Sales of our common stock, if any, under this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus will be made in sales deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). If we and Lucid agree on any method of distribution other than sales of our shares of common stock on or through Nasdaq or another existing trading market in the United States at market prices, we will file a further prospectus supplement providing all information about such offering as required by Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act. Lucid will act as a sales agent and will use commercially reasonable efforts to sell on our behalf all of the shares of common stock requested to be sold by us, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, on mutually agreed terms between Lucid and us. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in any escrow, trust or similar arrangement.

Lucid will be entitled to compensation at a fixed commission rate of 3.0% of the gross sales price of the common stock issued and sold by the Company through Lucid. See “Plan of Distribution” for additional information regarding compensation to be paid to Lucid. In connection with the sale of the common stock on our behalf, Lucid will be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act and the compensation of Lucid will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have also agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to Lucid with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” on page S-15 of this prospectus supplement, page 3 of the accompanying prospectus and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus before purchasing any of the securities offered by this prospectus supplement.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Lucid Capital Markets

The date of this prospectus supplement is November 4, 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

	Page
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT	S-1
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY	S-2
THE OFFERING	S-14
RISK FACTORS	S-15
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	S-22
USE OF PROCEEDS	S-24
DIVIDEND POLICY	S-24
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	S-25
LEGAL MATTERS	S-27
EXPERTS	S-27
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	S-27
INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE	S-27

PROSPECTUS

	Page
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS	1
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	2
RISK FACTORS	3
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	4
USE OF PROCEEDS	7
DIVIDEND POLICY	8
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SECURITIES WE MAY OFFER	8
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	27
LEGAL MATTERS	29
EXPERTS	29
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	30
INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE	30

S- i

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

This document is part of a “shelf” registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-272267) that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), and is in two parts. The first part is this prospectus supplement, which describes the specific terms of the offering of shares of our common stock and also adds to and updates information contained in the accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein. The second part, the accompanying prospectus, provides more general information. Generally, when we refer to this prospectus, we are referring to both parts of this document combined. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus supplement and the information contained in the accompanying prospectus or any document incorporated by reference therein filed prior to the date of this prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in this prospectus supplement; provided that if any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date — for example, a document incorporated by reference in the accompanying prospectus — the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.

We further note that the representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any agreement that is filed as an exhibit to any document that is incorporated by reference herein were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreement, and should not be deemed to be a representation, warranty or covenant to you. Moreover, such representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date when made. Accordingly, such representations, warranties and covenants should not be relied on as accurately representing the current state of our affairs.

We have not, and Lucid has not, authorized anyone to provide any information other than that contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus or in any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. We take no responsibility for and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of any other information that others may give you. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus do not constitute an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to purchase, the securities offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus in any jurisdiction to or from any person to whom or from whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation of an offer in such jurisdiction. The information contained in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus or any free writing prospectus, or incorporated by reference herein or therein is accurate only as of the respective dates thereof, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus or of any sale of our shares of common stock. It is important for you to read and consider all information contained in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, including the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein, in making your investment decision. You should also read and consider the information in the documents to which we have referred you in the sections entitled “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Information Incorporated by Reference” in this prospectus supplement and in the accompanying prospectus. You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus.

We and Lucid are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of our common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The distribution of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus and the offering of the shares of our common stock in certain jurisdictions may be restricted by law. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of shares of our common stock and the distribution of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus outside the United States. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus do not constitute, and may not be used in connection with, an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, any securities offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus by any person in any jurisdiction in which it is unlawful for such person to make such an offer or solicitation.

S-1

In this prospectus supplement, unless otherwise indicated, the “Registrant,” “our company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Applied DNA Sciences, Inc., a Delaware corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Our trademarks currently used in the United States include Applied DNA Sciences®, LineaDNA™, Linea RNAP^TM, and LineaIVT™. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. All trademarks, service marks and trade names included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement are the property of the respective owners.

PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY

This summary provides a general overview of selected information and does not contain all of the information you should consider before buying our common stock. Therefore, you should read the entire prospectus supplement, accompanying prospectus and any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering carefully, including the information incorporated by reference herein and therein, before deciding to invest in our common stock. Investors should carefully consider the information set forth under “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-15 of this prospectus supplement, page 3 of the accompanying prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus.

Applied DNA Sciences, Inc.

Introduction

The Company is a biotechnology enterprise focused on commercializing nucleic acid production solutions for the biopharmaceutical and diagnostics sectors, while concurrently executing a yield-oriented digital asset treasury strategy centered on BNB, the native cryptocurrency of the Binance blockchain.

The Company’s nucleic acid production solutions enable cell-free manufacturing of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are essential components for a new generation of advanced biotherapeutics, such as gene therapies, adoptive cell therapies, messenger RNA therapeutics and DNA vaccines, as well as diagnostic applications.

Our current strategy is to primarily focus our resources on our BNB-focused treasury strategy wherein we manage digital assets, primarily in the native cryptocurrency of the Binance Coin blockchain commonly referred to as “BNB”, including staking, restaking, and liquid staking of BNB, and participation in other Binance ecosystem yield opportunities to contribute the BNB to the Company’s treasury operations (together, the “BNB Strategy”). The Company intends to use the net proceeds from this offering primarily for the continued development and implementation of our BNB Strategy, as well as for working capital and general corporate purposes. No assurance can be given that we will be successful in our BNB Strategy. Currently, the Company is in the process of accumulating BNB tokens and plans to implement its strategies around yield generation in the near future.

Private Placement Offering

As previously disclosed in our Current Reports on Forms 8-K filed on September 29, 2025, October 1, 2025, and October 23, 2025, the Company completed the Cash Private Placement (as defined below) on October 3, 2025 and completed the Cryptocurrency Private Placement (as defined below) on October 21, 2025 in which the Company: (i) entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Cash Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors (the “Cash Purchasers”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to the Cash Purchasers in a private placement offering (the “Cash Private Placement”), at an offering price of $3.32 per share, an aggregate of 4,620,485 shares (the “Shares”) of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and/or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof to purchase shares of our common stock at a per share exercise price of $0.0001 (the “Cash Pre-Funded Warrants”), and Series E-1 Warrants (the “Series E-1 Warrants”) to purchase 4,620,485 shares of our common stock at a per share exercise price of $3.82 and (ii) entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Cryptocurrency Securities Purchase Agreement,” and together with the Cash Securities Purchase Agreement, the “Securities Purchase Agreements”) with certain accredited investors (the “Cryptocurrency Purchasers,” and together with the Cash Purchasers, the “Purchasers”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to the Cryptocurrency Purchasers in a private placement offering (the “Cryptocurrency Private Placement,” and together with the Cash Private Placement, the “Private Placement”) 3,444,191 pre-funded warrants (the “Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrants” and together with the Cash Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Pre-Funded Warrants”), at an offering price of $3.32 per share, to purchase shares of our common stock at a per share exercise price of $0.0001 and 3,444,191 Series E-2 Warrants (the “Series E-2 Warrants” and, together with the Series E-1 Warrants, the “Series E Warrants”) at a per share exercise price of $3.82. In the Cash Private Placement, the Cash Purchasers tendered U.S. dollars or the cryptocurrency stablecoin issued by Circle Internet Group, Inc. commonly referred to as “USDC” to the Company as consideration for the Shares and/or Cash Pre-Funded Warrants and the Series E-1 Warrants. In the Cryptocurrency Private Placement, the Cryptocurrency Purchasers tendered units of Osprey BNB Chain Trust (OTCMKTS: OBNB) as consideration, with the Company receiving 0.126 units per Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrant together with accompanying Series E-2 Warrant sold. Lucid acted as sole placement agent for the Private Placement.

S-2

Upon the closing of the Private Placement, the Company received $26.8 million with the potential for up to an additional $30.8 million in gross proceeds in future investment from warrant exercises, for total gross proceeds of up to $57.6 million.

Each of the Cash Pre-Funded Warrants and the Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrants is exercisable for one share of our common stock at the exercise price of $0.0001 per share of our common stock underlying the Cash Pre-Funded Warrant or Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrant. The Cash Pre-Funded Warrants are immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time until all of the Cash Pre-Funded Warrants issued in the Cash Private Placement are exercised in full. The Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable on or after the later of (i) the date the approval as may be required by the applicable rules and regulations of Nasdaq (or any successor entity) from the stockholders of the Company to permit the exercise of the securities issued and issuable under the Cryptocurrency Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Stockholder Approval”) is obtained and (ii) the date that as to each Cryptocurrency Purchaser, the aggregate amount to be paid for warrants purchased under the Cryptocurrency Securities Purchase Agreement as specified below such Cryptocurrency Purchaser’s name on the signature page of the Cryptocurrency Securities Purchase Agreement and next to the heading “Subscription Amount” thereof in the cash equivalent of crypto-currency (or trust units or interests that that hold crypto-currency) acceptable (in form and value) to the Company and the Placement Agent in their sole discretion, minus, such Cryptocurrency Purchaser’s aggregate exercise price of the Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrants, which amounts shall be paid as and when such Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised (the “Cryptocurrency Subscription Amount”) is delivered in transferrable form reasonably acceptable to the Company with good and marketable title and is free and clear of any security interests, pledges, liens, restrictions, claims or encumbrances of any kind, and thereafter may be exercised at any time until all of the Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrants issued in the Cryptocurrency Private Placement are exercised in full. Each holder’s ability to exercise its Cash Pre-Funded Warrants or Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrants in exchange for shares of our common stock is subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations set forth therein. Each of the Series E Warrants is exercisable for one share of our common stock at the exercise price of $3.82 per share of our common stock (a “Common Warrant Share”). The Series E-1 Warrants are immediately exercisable for cash for a period of five years from the date of issuance and may also be exercised on a cashless basis at any time beginning six months after their initial issuance if, at the time of exercise, there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for, the resale of the Common Warrant Shares by the holder thereof and are subject to cancellation by the Company if they are not exercised after certain specified trading criteria of our common stock is satisfied. The Series E-2 Warrants are exercisable for cash on or after the later of (i) the date the Stockholder Approval is obtained and (ii) the date that the Cryptocurrency Subscription Amount is delivered in transferrable form reasonably acceptable to the Company with good and marketable title and is free and clear of any security interests, pledges, liens, restrictions, claims or encumbrances of any kind, and on or prior to 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the five year anniversary of such date, and may also be exercised on a cashless basis at any time beginning six months after their initial issuance if, at the time of exercise, there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for, the resale of the Common Warrant Shares by the holder thereof and are subject to cancellation by the Company if they are not exercised after certain specified trading criteria of our common stock is satisfied. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not effect any exercise of the Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrants or the Series E-2 Warrants unless the Company receives good and marketable title to the consideration paid under the Cryptocurrency Subscription Amount and such consideration is free and clear of any security interests, pledges, liens, restrictions, claims or encumbrances of any kind.

S-3

In connection with the Cash Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company and the Cash Purchasers party thereto entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Cash Registration Rights Agreement”) on September 29, 2025. In connection with the Cryptocurrency Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company and the Cryptocurrency Purchasers party thereto entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Cryptocurrency Registration Rights Agreement” and, together with the Cash Registration Rights Agreement, the “Registration Rights Agreements”) on September 29, 2025. Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreements, the Company agreed to file a registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) within thirty days of the applicable closing date registering, as applicable, the resale of our common stock sold in the Private Placement or underlying the Cash Pre-Funded Warrants, the Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrants and the Series E Warrants.

BNB and the BNB Ecosystem

BNB is the native cryptocurrency of the Binance blockchain ecosystem, powering the BNB Chain blockchain platform. BNB supports a broad range of decentralized finance (“DeFi”) applications, non-fungible tokens (“NFTs”), gaming, payments, staking, and governance activities.

BNB operates on a consensus mechanism called Proof of Staked Authority (“PoSA”), which combines delegated proof of stake with proof of authority. The publicly reported maximum theoretical transactions per second on the BNB Chain currently exceeds 2,000, with sub-second block times. Gas fees on BNB Chain are relatively low, around $0.01 per transaction, facilitating wide user participation and enabling micro-transactions by making a wide range of activities more economically viable for users.

The BNB ecosystem includes several integrated chains—BNB Smart Chain for general decentralized applications (“dApps”), opBNB with optimistic rollups optimized for DeFi and gaming, and BNB GreenField for decentralized storage solutions.

BNB serves multiple functions:

	·	Paying transaction fees (gas) across the BNB Chain ecosystem;
	·	Staking to secure the network;
	·	Participating in network governance;
	·	Enabling access to Binance Launchpad and other Binance services; and
	·	Supporting DeFi protocols and NFT marketplaces within the ecosystem.

The ecosystem benefits from Binance’s position as the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, providing exchange-to-blockchain onboarding. Recent upgrades in 2025 to the BNB Chain include faster sub-second transaction speeds, gasless transactions via an expanded “megafuel” system (which allows third parties to pay gas fees on behalf of users in stablecoins or BEP-20 tokens), expanded anti-MEV protections (techniques designed to prevent “Maximal Extractable Value” (MEV) exploitation), and native liquid staking that aims to enhance validator participation and network security, according to Binance.

The BNB Chain has implemented a burn policy, which is designed to reduce the total supply of BNB from 200 million to 100 million tokens. According to Binance, there are two distinct methodologies through which BNB can be burnt: the quarterly BNB burning event and a percentage of the BNB used as gas fees on the BNB Chain. Since December 2021, the auto-burn system calculates quarterly burns based on BNB’s price and BNB Chain block production, replacing the earlier method of using 20% of Binance’s profits for buybacks. Additionally, since November 2021, the BEP-95 upgrade burns a portion of the gas fees on the BNB Chain in real-time, proportional to network activity. Burned tokens are sent to an irretrievable blockchain address and cannot be reissued, with transactions publicly verifiable on the BNB Chain. According to Binance, the BNB burn policy is intended to have a deflationary effect, potentially increasing the value and price of BNB. As of July 2025, approximately 40 million BNB reportedly remain to be burned to reach the 100 million target. While these burn mechanisms are publicly disclosed by Binance, they are subject to change, as they are administered by Binance and BNB Chain validators, which are outside of the Company’s control, and they may not achieve their intended deflationary effect. U.S. regulators have scrutinized burn mechanisms in past enforcement actions, with the SEC citing issuer-controlled burn programs as evidence of efforts to influence a cryptocurrency’s value consistent with securities characteristics. If regulators were to reach a similar conclusion regarding BNB’s burn mechanism, it could increase the likelihood that BNB would be classified as a security and subject to heightened regulatory restrictions, adversely affecting its liquidity and price.

S-4

While the Binance ecosystem continues to grow with expanding developer activity, diverse use cases, and increasing institutional interest, it faces risks common to the crypto space—regulatory uncertainties, technological competition, and market volatility. In addition, a significant majority of the daily BNB trading volume occurs on the Binance Exchange, which is controlled by Binance, the original distributors of BNB. Further, most of the BNB in circulation has been reported to be held by the founder and former controller of Binance. As a result, trading activity by these parties could impact the price and trading volume of BNB on the Binance Exchange. While Binance and its former controller have indicated that they and their respective related entities do not actively trade BNB or undertake gross or net purchasing activities to support its price or increase trading volume, publicly available information is insufficient to enable a conclusion as to whether trading activity in BNB on the Binance Exchange by such parties (or others) is occurring in compliance with the Binance Exchange’s policies and procedures or having a material impact on the price and trading volume of BNB on the Binance Exchange or other secondary markets. Additionally, to the Company’s knowledge, Binance and its founder are not subject to trading restrictions in respect of BNB; as such, prior conduct and indications of current intent are not necessarily indicative of actual or future trading activities by these parties. Recently, certain market participants have alleged potential manipulation of the price of BNB by the Binance Exchange. In addition, if Binance or its founder were to liquidate significant portions of their holdings, or if market participants perceived that such liquidations might occur, the price of BNB could be materially and adversely affected. Any allegations of BNB price or volume manipulation could result in regulatory actions against such parties and/or loss of confidence in BNB, and/or Binance generally, which could negatively impact the price of our common stock. Our dependence on Binance and its affiliates for the health and credibility of the BNB ecosystem will also subject us to material counterparty, reputational, and regulatory risks outside of our control. See the “Summary of Risk Factors” and “Risk Factors” sections of this prospectus supplement and Exhibit 99.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 1, 2025 for more information about the risks related to cryptocurrencies such as BNB.

Strategic DAS Agreement

In connection with the Private Placement, on September 29, 2025, the Company entered into a Strategic Digital Assets Services Agreement (the “Strategic DAS Agreement”) with Cypress LLC, a Puerto Rico limited liability company (the “Services Provider”), pursuant to which the Company appointed the Services Provider to provide discretionary asset management services (i) in compliance with the Company’s BNB Strategy, (ii) with respect to any other cryptocurrency or digital asset strategies subject to the Company’s approval, in each case, solely with respect to the Account Assets (as defined below) in the accounts or cryptocurrency “wallets” identified by the Company after consultation with the Services Provider (collectively, the “Account”) for an initial term of five years, which will automatically and without further action renew for successive one year terms unless the Company or the Services Provider notifies the other in writing of its desire not to renew the Strategic DAS Agreement at least thirty days prior to the expiration of the term in effect.

The assets subject to the Strategic DAS Agreement consist of (i) proceeds of the Private Placement, and (ii) any additional assets designated by the Company as “Account Assets” in writing, in each case which the Company agrees it has placed or will place into the Account, as well as all investments or reinvestments thereof, proceeds of, income on and additions or accretions to same, including all assets which are or were in the Account, but which are staked from time to time in accordance with the Strategic DAS Agreement (together, the “Account Assets”). The Account Assets will be held in cryptocurrency wallets established and controlled by the Company, to which the Services Provider has restricted and trade-only access. Title to the Account and all Account Assets shall be held in the name of the Company, provided that for convenience in buying, selling and exchanging assets, with the consent of the Company, title to such assets may be held in the name of a third-party custodian acceptable to the Company and the Services Provider (the “Custodian”).

S-5

The Services Provider will be compensated according to a management and incentive fee schedule as set forth in the Strategic DAS Agreement and as described below. The Company is responsible for all reasonable and documented expenses related to the operation of the Account, including custodial fees, bank service fees, brokerage commissions and all other brokerage transaction costs, clearing and settlement fees, interest and withholding or transfer taxes incurred in connection with trading for the Account, and any other reasonable and documented fees and expenses related to the trading and investment activity of the Account. The Services Provider does not provide advice with respect to, or manage, and the Account Assets shall not include any assets reasonably known to Services Provider to be, “investment securities” as defined under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”) or “commodity interests” as defined under the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936, as amended (the “CEA”). In addition, the arrangement is structured to avoid requiring (i) the registration of either the Account, the Company, the Services Provider or any of their respective affiliates as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, (ii) the registration of Services Provider or any of its affiliates as an investment adviser under the United States Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, (iii) the Account or the Company or any of its affiliates to become a “commodity pool” as defined in the CEA and (iv) the Services Provider or any of its affiliates to register as a commodity pool operator or commodity trading advisor pursuant to the CEA or to become a member of the National Futures Association.

As set forth in the Strategic DAS Agreement, the Company has agreed to pay to the Services Provider a fixed-rate management fee accrued and payable monthly (prorated for partial months) in arrears, equal to 1/12 of 1.25% per annum multiplied by the net asset value of the Account as of the last day of each month, before taking into account the estimated accrued incentive fee (as described below), if any. The management fee shall be payable within fifteen days of the Company’s receipt of an invoice from the Services Provider after the end of each month. In addition, the Company has agreed to pay to the Services Provider an incentive fee for each Incentive Period (as defined in the Strategic DAS Agreement) relating to the Account equal to 10% on net returns, multiplied by the amount, if any, by which the increase in net asset value of the Account during such Incentive Period (excluding any amounts contributed to or withdrawn from the Account during such Incentive Period) exceeds the sum of (x) net asset value for the Account as of the later of the effective date of September 29, 2025 and the last time an incentive fee was paid in respect of the Account and (y) the aggregate management fees, to the extent not included in the calculation of net asset value, to Services Provider during such Incentive Period.

The Strategic DAS Agreement has an initial term of five years. The Strategic DAS Agreement may be terminated by (i) either the Company or the Services Provider upon thirty days’ prior written notice for Cause (as defined in the Strategic DAS Agreement); (ii) by either the Company or the Services Provider, without Cause, effective as of the end of the initial term of the Strategic DAS Agreement or any renewal period, upon at least thirty days’ prior written notice of non-renewal; or (iii) by the Services Provider if it becomes unlawful under any applicable law for Services Provider to perform any or all of its obligations under the Strategic DAS Agreement, in which case the Services Provider shall immediately suspend its performance of all unlawful obligations under the Strategic DAS Agreement and terminate it with three days’ prior written notice to the Company. If the Strategic DAS Agreement is terminated by the Company for any other reason than with respect to the Services Provider’s Cause or pursuant to clause (ii) of the immediately preceding sentence, or by the Services Provider with respect to the Company’s Cause, the Company shall pay liquidated damages to the Services Provider in an amount equal to all fees and other compensation that would have accrued to Services Provider under the Strategic DAS Agreement from the date of the termination through the end of the then-current term (assuming a net asset value of the Accounts as of the date of termination, plus the Assumed Return on Investments (as defined in the Strategic DAS Agreement)), paid monthly throughout the term in effect in accordance with the Strategic DAS Agreement.

The Services Provider is not authorized to act as custodian of the Company’s assets, nor to take possession, title or authority to any Account Assets. The Services Provider may provide similar services to other clients, and the Services Provider or its affiliates may engage in transactions for their own accounts. The Strategic DAS Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, confidentiality, indemnification and limitation of liability provisions, and is governed by the laws of the State of New York.

S-6

Strategic Advisor Agreement

In connection with the Private Placement, on September 29, 2025, the Company entered into a Strategic Advisor Agreement with Cypress Management LLC, a Puerto Rico limited liability company (the “Strategic Advisor”), pursuant to which the Company appointed the Strategic Advisor to provide strategic advice, guidance and technical advisory services relating to the Company’s business, operations, growth initiatives and industry trends in the crypto technology sector for an initial term of five years, which will automatically and without further action renew for successive one year terms unless the Company or the Strategic Advisor notifies the other in writing of its desire not to renew the Strategic Advisor Agreement at least thirty days prior to the expiration of the term in effect. The Strategic Advisor or the Company may terminate the Strategic Advisor Agreement immediately upon written notice to the other party if the Company or the Strategic Advisor, as applicable, materially breaches the Strategic Advisor Agreement and fails to cure such breach within thirty days after receipt of such written notice. Either the Company or the Strategic Advisor may terminate the Strategic Advisor Agreement by mutual agreement at any point during the term. Either the Company or the Services Provider may terminate the Strategic Advisor Agreement by giving a termination notice to the other party if the other party (a) voluntarily files or has filed against it a petition under applicable bankruptcy or insolvency laws that is not released within sixty days after filing, (b) proposes any dissolution, composition or financial reorganization with creditors or if a receiver, trustee, custodian or similar agent is appointed or takes possession with respect to all or substantially all property or business of such party, or (c) makes a general assignment for the benefit of creditors, and such termination would become effective ten days after receipt of the termination notice. The Strategic Advisor Agreement shall automatically terminate upon termination of the Strategic DAS Agreement.

Pursuant to the terms of the Strategic Advisor Agreement, the Company will pay a monthly fee of $60,000 to the Strategic Advisor and issue to the Strategic Advisor five year warrants to purchase shares of our common stock (the “Advisory Warrants”) in an aggregate amount equal to 1,986,634 shares of our common stock. The exercise price per share of the Advisory Warrants is equal to a 15% premium to the price of the shares of our common stock at the closing of the Private Placement and may be issued to certain designees of the Strategic Advisor in its sole discretion. The Advisory Warrants are exercisable for cash, in whole or in part, at any time and from time to time, for a period of five years from the date of issuance and may also be exercised on a cashless basis at any time beginning six months after their initial issuance if, at the time of exercise, there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for, the resale of the underlying shares of our common stock by the holder thereof. The Strategic Advisor Agreement also contains customary representations and warranties, confidentiality provisions and limitations on liability.

The foregoing descriptions of the Cash Pre-Funded Warrants, the Series E-1 Warrants, the Cryptocurrency Pre-Funded Warrants, the Series E-2 Warrants, the Advisory Warrants, the Cash Securities Purchase Agreement, the Cryptocurrency Securities Purchase Agreement, the Cash Registration Rights Agreement, the Cryptocurrency Registration Rights Agreement, the Strategic DAS Agreement and the Strategic Advisor Agreement do not, and the descriptions of such agreements herein do not, purport to be complete and are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, the complete text of those agreements, forms or copies of which are attached as Exhibits 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5 and 10.6, respectively, to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 1, 2025.

Consulting Arrangements

In order to support the implementation of its BNB-focused treasury strategy, on September 23, 2025, the Company entered into consulting arrangements with Ground Tunnel Capital LLC (the “Consultant”) and an additional consulting agreement (collectively, the “Consulting Arrangements”) with the Consultant, pursuant to which the Company (i) engaged the Consultant to provide certain advisory and marketing services and (ii) will receive premium sponsorship benefits at all SALT conferences globally for a period of thirty-six months. The Consulting Arrangements have a term of three years and shall terminate on September 23, 2028. Pursuant to the Consulting Arrangements, the Consultant shall be paid a fee of (a) $1,000,000 and (b) $250,000 paid quarterly from December 2025 until September 2027. In addition, immediately following the closing of the Cash Private Placement, the Consultant received Consultant Warrants (the “Consultant Warrants”) exercisable for a number of shares of common stock equal to 1% of the fully diluted outstanding equity of the Company as of immediately following the closing of the Private Placement. The exercise price per share of the Consultant Warrants is equal to 115% of the per-share purchase price under the Securities Purchase Agreements and the Consultant Warrants have a term of five years from the date of issuance.

Build &Build, LLC

On October 19, 2025, we formed Build & Build, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a 100% owned subsidiary of the Company (“Build & Build”), in connection with our BNB Strategy. Pursuant to our BNB Strategy, Build & Build will be used to house the cryptocurrency assets of the Company.

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Our Nucleic-Acid Production Solutions

Our nucleic-acid production solutions enable the rapid and efficient cell-free manufacturing of high-quality DNA and RNA, which are essential components for a new generation of advanced biotherapeutics such as gene therapies, personalized medicine, adoptive cell therapies and messenger RNA (“mRNA”) and deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”)-based vaccines, as well as in vitro diagnostic (“IVD”) applications.

The Company has developed three distinct and complementary technology solutions:

· LineaDNA™: A proprietary, cell-free DNA production system that uses a large-scale polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process. This technology allows for the rapid and efficient production of high-fidelity synthetic DNA without the use of living cells. The resulting DNA can be used in the manufacturing of various biotherapeutics, serve as the starting material for mRNA therapeutics and vaccines, and as a critical component of IVDs.

· LineaRNAP™: A next-generation RNA polymerase (“RNAP”) used to transform DNA into mRNA. Our RNAP is engineered with a patented DNA-binding domain that we believe results in high mRNA yields and reduced double-stranded RNA (dsDNA) contamination, a common problematic byproduct produced during mRNA production.

· LineaIVT™: An integrated system that combines the Company’s LineaDNA and LineaRNAP technologies. This innovative solution simplifies the mRNA production workflow resulting in a streamlined production process with fewer impurities than traditional methods.

Our business strategy is to continue advancing our nucleic acid production solutions to support potential future sales and/or licensing agreements with third-party partners.

LineaDNA

LineaDNA is our core enabling technology for rapid, efficient, and scalable cell-free manufacture of high-fidelity synthetic DNA sequences used in the manufacturing of a broad range of biotherapeutics. The LineaDNA platform enzymatically produces a linear form of synthetic DNA we call “LineaDNA” that is an alternative to plasmid-based DNA manufacturing technologies that have supplied the DNA used in biotherapeutics for the past 40 years. LineaDNA can be quickly produced in batches ranging from milligram to grams under a variety of controlled manufacturing processes including research use only (RUO), good laboratory practices (GLP) and good manufacturing practices (GMP).

We believe LineaDNA holds several important advantages over existing cell-based plasmid DNA manufacturing platforms. Plasmid-based DNA manufacturing is based on the complex, costly and time-consuming biological process of amplifying DNA in living bacterial cells. Once amplified, the DNA must be separated from the living cells and other process contaminants via multiple rounds of purification, adding further complexity and costs. Unlike plasmid-based DNA manufacturing, LineaDNA does not require living cells and instead amplifies DNA via the exponential enzymatic process of PCR. The LineaDNA platform is simple, scalable and can rapidly produce large quantities of DNA with minimal purification steps.

Preclinical studies conducted by the Company have shown that LineaDNA is substitutable for plasmid DNA in numerous biotherapeutic applications, including:

· DNA vaccines;

· DNA templates to produce RNA, including mRNA therapeutics;

· adoptive cell therapy (CAR-T) manufacturing; and

· homology-directed repair (HDR)-mediated gene editing.

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Further, we believe that LineaDNA is also substitutable for plasmid DNA in the following nucleic acid-based therapies:

· viral vector manufacturing for in vivo and ex vivo gene editing;

· clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-mediated gene therapy (CRISPR); and

· non-viral gene therapy.

LineaRNAP

mRNA therapeutics are produced via a process called in vitro transcription (“IVT”) that requires a DNA template and RNAP as starting materials. Typically, the RNAP is derived from the T7 bacteriophage (“WT-T7”). LineaRNAP is a patented next generation WT-T7-based RNAP engineered with a proprietary DNA-binding domain resulting we believe in high mRNA yields, increased mRNA integrity and reduced double-stranded RNA (dsDNA) contamination as compared to conventional WT-T7. LineaRNAP is engineered for use either as a direct replacement for WT-T7 in conventional IVT workflows or with chemically modified LineaDNA templates and a proprietary reaction buffer, the latter marketed as our LineaIVT platform.

Company data shows that when used in conventional IVT systems (either using synthetic DNA or plasmid DNA templates), LineaRNAP results in higher mRNA yields, lower dsRNA contamination and higher mRNA integrity when compared to WT-T7. The Company seeks to commercialize LineaRNAP as a standalone product sold to third parties for use in mRNA production workflows that use either synthetic or plasmid DNA templates.

LineaRNAP is produced for the Company under an ISO 13485 quality system by Alphazyme, LLC (“Alphazyme”), a third-party Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization (“CDMO”) located in the United States, which the Company believes is sufficient for early-stage clinical use of the enzyme. In conjunction with Alphazyme, the Company completed manufacturing process development work on its LineaRNAP to increase the production scale of the enzyme and reduce unit costs.

LineaIVT

LineaIVT is an innovative integrated system for mRNA manufacturing input materials that combines: (i) the Company’s chemically modified LineaDNA IVT templates; (ii) LineaRNAP; and (iii) a proprietary IVT reaction buffer to simplify mRNA workflows and reduce dsRNA.

The LineaIVT platform leverages our patented LineaRNAP’s DNA binding domain to chemically bind to chemically modified LineaDNA IVT templates, enabling the use of a proprietary IVT reaction buffer. Internal data shows that the LineaIVT system can reduce dsRNA contamination between 10x and 50x as compared to conventional system for the manufacture of mRNA while achieving equivalent or greater target mRNA yields.

We believe the key advantages of the LineaIVT platform include:

· The reduction of dsRNA contamination resulting in higher target mRNA yields with the potential to reduce downstream processing steps. dsRNA is a problematic immunogenic byproduct produced during conventional mRNA manufacture;

· delivery of LineaDNA IVT templates in as little as 14 days for milligram scale and 30 days for gram scale;

· reduced manufacturing complexities through single sourcing and potentially reduced mRNA purification requirement to meet target quality standards; and

· potentially enabling mRNA manufacturers to produce mRNA drug substance in less than 45 days.

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Recent Developments

Chief Investment Officer

On October 1, 2025, we appointed Patrick Horsman, an affiliate of the Services Provider, as the Chief Investment Officer of the Company. Mr. Horsman receives monthly consulting compensation of $29,167 for serving as the Company’s Chief Investment Officer but is not an executive officer of the Company. Mr. Horsman is also an affiliate of the Strategic Advisor, which together with its affiliates provides services to the Company for compensation in excess of $120,000 on an annual basis.

Restructuring Plan

As disclosed in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 27, 2025, we announced a strategic restructuring and realignment of resources to focus exclusively on our synthetic DNA manufacturing business, LineaRx. As part of the actions undertaken, we implemented a workforce reduction of approximately 27% of headcount as of June 27, 2025 and have ceased operations at Applied DNA Clinical Labs (“ADCL”), a business that provides molecular and genetic testing services, effective June 27, 2025.

Our actions were intended to substantially reduce our operating costs and concentrate resources behind LineaRx to: (i) enhance the capabilities of LineaRx’s LineaDNA™ and LineaIVT™ platforms while scaling commercial adoption; (ii) expand our service offerings; and (iii) pursue strategic partnerships. As of June 27, 2025, the workforce reduction equated to a projected 23% reduction in annual payroll costs, excluding payroll expenses incurred as a result of the previously announced retirement of our former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The projected annual payroll savings were expected to be partially offset by approximately three hundred thousand dollars ($300,000) in one-time charges related to the workforce reduction and ceasing of operations at ADCL, primarily for separation benefits. We incurred the majority of workforce reduction-related costs related to this restructuring by the end of the quarterly period ending September 30, 2025, excluding expenses associated with the retirement of the Company’s former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.

As disclosed in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 6, 2025, our board of directors (the “Board”) authorized, and our officers implemented, a further restructuring plan pursuant to which we will reduce overall operating expenses to focus resources on our BNB Strategy. The restructuring plan includes a reduction of our current workforce as of September 30, 2025 by sixteen employees, or approximately 60%. We estimate that we will incur aggregate pre-tax charges of approximately $1.4 million in connection with the reduction-in-force, primarily consisting of severance payments, employee benefits, and related costs. The reduction-in-force was substantially completed by October 31, 2025 and the associated charges will be recorded in the first quarter of fiscal 2026. We estimate that the restructuring will result in annualized cost savings of approximately $2.9 million. The estimated charges that we expect to incur are subject to a number of assumptions, and actual results may differ materially from these estimates. We may also incur additional costs not currently contemplated due to events that may occur as a result of, or that are associated with, the restructuring plan.

Summary of Risk Factors

Participating in this offering involves significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information in this prospectus supplement before making an investment in our common stock. Below please find a summary of the principal risks we face, organized under relevant headings. These risks are discussed more fully in the section titled “Risk Factors” on page S-15 of this prospectus supplement, page 3 of the accompanying prospectus, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our most recent fiscal year filed with the SEC, subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, any amendment or updates thereto reflected in subsequent filings with the SEC, Exhibit 99.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 1, 2025 and in other reports we file with the SEC that are incorporated by reference herein.

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Risks Relating to this Offering:

	·	Management will have broad discretion as to the use of the proceeds from this offering, and we may use the proceeds in ways in which you and other stockholders may disagree;
	·	You will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value per share of the common stock you purchase;
	·	Raising additional funds by issuing securities or through licensing arrangements may cause dilution to stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights;
	·	Sales of a significant number of shares of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our common stock; and
	·	You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.

Risks Relating to our Business:

	·	We may not successfully implement our business strategies, including achieving our growth objectives and the implementation of our BNB digital treasury strategy;
	·	Stockholders may suffer substantial dilution if certain provisions in the Series A Warrants (as defined below), Series E Warrants, Advisory Warrants, Placement Agent Warrants (as defined below) or Consultant Warrants are utilized;
	·	The common stock offered hereby will be sold in “at the market offerings” and investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices;
	·	The actual number of shares of common stock we may issue under the Sales Agreement and the aggregate proceeds resulting from those sales, at any one time or in total, is uncertain;
	·	You may experience additional dilution in the future;
	·	There is substantial doubt relating to our ability to continue as a going concern;
	·	If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital on acceptable terms, we may be unable to expand our BNB reserves, which could adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and growth prospects;
	·	Our financial results and the market price of our common stock may be affected by the prices of BNB;
	·	If we are unable to maintain compliance with Nasdaq continued listing standards, we could be delisted from Nasdaq, which would negatively impact our business, our ability to raise capital and the market price and liquidity of our common stock; and
	·	As a result of our failure to timely file a Current Report on Form 8-K,  unless we obtain relief from the SEC, we are currently ineligible to file new short form registration statements on Form S-3 and we will be unable to access our existing Shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 after the filing of our next Annual Report on Form 10-K, which may impair our ability to obtain capital in a timely fashion to execute our business strategies.

Risks Related to Cryptocurrencies:

	·	The further development and acceptance of the BNB chain and other cryptocurrency networks, which represent a relatively new and rapidly changing industry, are subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to evaluate;
	·	The digital asset trading platforms on which cryptocurrency trades are relatively new and largely unregulated or may not be complying with existing regulations;
	·	The availability of spot exchange-traded products and futures exchange-traded funds for BNB and other digital assets may adversely affect the market price of our common stock;
	·	A disruption of the Internet may affect the operation of the cryptocurrency networks, which may adversely affect the cryptocurrency industry and the price of our common stock;
	·	The trading prices of many digital assets, including BNB, have experienced extreme volatility in recent periods and may continue to do so;

S-11

· We may be subject to regulatory developments related to cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency markets, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and the price of our common stock;

· Loss or theft of private keys or breaches of our digital wallets could result in the permanent loss of our BNB and materially adversely affect our business;

· The emergence or growth of other digital assets, including those with significant private or public sector backing, could have a negative impact on the price of BNB and adversely affect our business;

· The U.S. federal income tax treatment of transactions in digital assets is unclear; and

· The state, local and non-U.S. tax treatment of digital assets is unclear.

Risks Related to Investing in BNB:

· BNB is subject to extreme price volatility, and any sustained decline in the market price of BNB could lead to substantial losses on our digital asset holdings and could adversely affect the market price of our common stock;

· BNB and BNB chain have links to, and may be controlled by, Binance and its principals;

· The value of our common stock depends on the development and acceptance of the BNB Chain. The slowing or stopping of the development or acceptance of the BNB Chain may adversely affect an investment in our common stock;

· Digital assets represent a new and rapidly evolving industry, and the price of our common stock would depend on the acceptance of BNB;

· The BNB chain’s decentralized governance structure may negatively affect its ability to grow and respond to challenges; and

· Regulatory changes or actions in foreign jurisdictions may affect the price of our common stock or restrict the use of BNB, or the operation of networks related to BNB or the global BNB markets in a manner that adversely affects our business, financial condition and results of operations and the price of our common stock.

Risks Related to Our Digital Asset Treasury Strategy:

· We intend to use the proceeds from our recent offerings, any future offerings and the exercise of any outstanding warrants to primarily purchase or otherwise acquire BNB, the price of which has been, and will likely continue to be, highly volatile, and for the establishment of our digital asset treasury operations. Our operating results and share price may significantly fluctuate, including due to the highly volatile nature of the price of such digital assets and erratic market movements;

· The Company has minimal operating history in investing in cryptocurrencies, blockchain validation services, blockchain lending services or other decentralized finance services;

· The success of the Company’s cryptocurrency treasury strategy will be dependent on the Services Provider;

· The Company’s dependence on international Providers may involve their holding of Account assets and cash in foreign jurisdictions and may involve risks of loss or other special considerations;

· We have shifted our business strategy towards a focus on BNB, and we may be unable to successfully implement this new strategy;

· There is a possibility that BNB may be classified as a “security.” If BNB is classified as a “security,” that would subject us to additional regulation and could materially impact the operations of our treasury strategy and our business; and

· If we were deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act, applicable restrictions likely would make it impractical for us to continue segments of our business as currently contemplated.

Risks Related to the Services Provider and its Affiliates:

· We and our Services Provider (as defined below) will rely on technical infrastructure to manage our digital asset holdings and technical changes, software upgrades, soft or hard forks, cybersecurity incidents or other changes to the underlying blockchain network of such infrastructure could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations and the price of our common stock.

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Company Information

We are a Delaware corporation, which was initially formed in 1983 under the laws of the State of Florida as Datalink Systems, Inc. In 1998, we reincorporated in the State of Nevada, and in 2002, we changed our name to our current name, Applied DNA Sciences, Inc. On December 17, 2008, we reincorporated from the State of Nevada to the State of Delaware.

Our corporate headquarters are located at the Long Island High Technology Incubator at Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, New York, where we have established laboratories for the manufacture and development of our nucleic acid production solutions. The mailing address of our corporate headquarters is 50 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11790, and our telephone number is (631) 240-8800.

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THE OFFERING

Common Stock Offered by Us	Shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $8,157,932.
Common Stock Outstanding After This Offering	Up to 6,719,400 shares, assuming the sale of up to 2,364,618 shares of our common stock at a price of $3.45 per share, which was the closing price of our common stock on Nasdaq on October 31, 2025. The actual number of shares issued will vary depending on the sales price under this offering.
Plan of Distribution	“At the market offering” that may be made from time to time through our sales agent, Lucid. See “Plan of Distribution” on page S-25.
Use of Proceeds	We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering primarily for the continued development and implementation of our BNB Strategy.as well as for working capital and general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds” on page S-24.
Risk Factors	You should read the “Summary of Risk Factors” and “Risk Factors” sections of this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider before deciding to purchase shares of our common stock.
Symbol on Nasdaq	“BNBX”

The number of shares of common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering is based on 4,354,782 shares of common stock outstanding as of October 31, 2025 and excludes:

· 345 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options outstanding as of October 31, 2025, with a weighted average exercise price of $742.71 per share;

· 199,928 restricted stock units (“RSUs”) outstanding as of October 31, 2025;   ·      19,157,363 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding as of October 31, 2025, with a weighted average exercise price of $4.22 per share (which includes (i) an aggregate of 2,948,441 Series A Warrants (as defined below); (ii) an aggregate of 27,084 Series C Common Stock Purchase Warrants which were issued in a private placement on October 31, 2024; (iii) an aggregate of 8,064,676 Series E Warrants, 1,986,634 Advisory Warrants, 403,236 Placement Agent Warrants (as defined below), and 209,119 Consultant Warrants; and (iv) an aggregate of 5,515,103 Pre-Funded Warrants); and

· 377 shares of common stock reserved for future grant or issuance as of October 31, 2025, under our equity incentive plan.

Except as otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus supplement assumes no exercise of outstanding options and warrants.

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RISK FACTORS

Investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. In addition to the other information included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, you should carefully consider the risks described below and in the section titled “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our most recent fiscal year filed with the SEC, subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, any amendment or updates thereto reflected in subsequent filings with the SEC, Exhibit 99.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 1, 2025 and in other reports we file with the SEC that are incorporated by reference herein, before making an investment decision. The following risks are presented as of the date of this prospectus supplement and we expect that these will be updated from time to time in our periodic and current reports filed with the SEC, which will be incorporated herein by reference. Please refer to these subsequent reports for additional information relating to the risks associated with investing in our common stock.

The risks and uncertainties described therein and below could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition, as well as cause the value of our common stock to decline. You may lose all or part of your investment as a result. You should also refer to the other information contained in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, or incorporated by reference, including our financial statements and the notes to those statements, and the information set forth under the caption “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including the risks mentioned below. Forward-looking statements included in this prospectus supplement are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and all forward-looking statements in documents incorporated by reference are based on information available to us as of the date of such documents. We disclaim any intent to update any forward-looking statements. The risks described below and contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 99.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 1, 2025, and in our other periodic reports are not the only ones that we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also adversely affect our business operations.

Risks Relating to this Offering:

Management will have broad discretion as to the use of the proceeds from this offering, and we may use the proceeds in ways in which you and other stockholders may disagree.

While we believe the substantial portion of the net proceeds of this offering will be used in furtherance of our BNB-focused treasury strategy, we have not designated any amount of such net proceeds for any particular purpose. Accordingly, our management will have broad discretion as to the application of such net proceeds and could use them for purposes other than those contemplated at the time of this offering. Our stockholders may not agree with the manner in which our management chooses to allocate and spend such net proceeds. In addition, such proceeds could be applied in ways that do not improve our operating results or increase the value of your investment. Our failure to apply these funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business and cause the price of our common stock to decline.

You will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value per share of the common stock you purchase.

The price per share of our common stock being offered may be higher than the net tangible book value per share of our common stock outstanding prior to your purchase and in such case, you will suffer immediate dilution based on the difference between the price you pay per share of our common stock and our net tangible book value per share at the time of your purchase. As of October 31, 2025, our net tangible book value per share, excluding all liability classified warrants was $3.11.

S-15

Raising additional funds by issuing securities or through licensing arrangements may cause dilution to stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these new securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of common stockholders.

Debt financing, if available at all, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, product candidates or future revenue streams or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. We may also seek to access the public or private capital markets whenever conditions are favorable, even if we do not have an immediate need for additional capital at that time. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional funding if, and when necessary. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing on a timely basis, we could be required to delay, curtail or eliminate one or more, or all, of our development programs or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Sales of a significant number of shares of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our common stock.

Sales of a significant number of shares of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur could depress the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. Furthermore, sales of a substantial number of our common stock in the public market following this offering could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We cannot predict the effect that future sales of our common stock or other equity or equity-related securities would have on the market price of our common stock. We cannot predict the effect that future sales of our securities would have on the market price of our common stock.

You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.

In order to raise additional capital, in the future we expect to offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock. We cannot assure you that we will be able to sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is equal to or greater than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share in this offering. To the extent that outstanding options or warrants to purchase common stock are exercised, investors purchasing our common stock in this offering may experience further dilution.

Risks Related to our Business:

We may not successfully implement our business strategies, including achieving our growth objectives and the implementation of our BNB digital treasury strategy.

We may not be able to fully implement our business strategies or realize, in whole or in part within the expected time frames, the anticipated benefits of our various growth or other initiatives. Our various business strategies and initiatives, including our growth, operational and management initiatives and the development in particular of our BNB Strategy, are subject to business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. The execution of our business strategy and our financial performance will continue to depend in significant part on our ability to obtain sufficient financing and on our executive management team and other key management personnel, our executive management team’s ability to execute new operational initiatives, and certain matters outside of our control. In addition, we may incur certain costs as we pursue our growth, operational and management initiatives, and we may not meet anticipated implementation timetables or stay within budgeted costs. Also, our business strategies may change from time to time in light of our ability to implement our business initiatives, competitive pressures, economic uncertainties or developments, or other factors.

S-16

Stockholders may suffer substantial dilution if certain provisions in the Series A Warrants, Series E Warrants, Advisory Warrants, Placement Agent Warrants, or Consultant Warrants are utilized.

On May 29, 2024, we closed on such date a public offering whereupon we issued and sold units consisting of common stock purchase warrants to purchase one share of our common stock (the “Series A Warrants”), which may be exercised through cashless exercise if, at the time of exercise, there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for, the resale of the shares of common stock underlying the Series A Warrants by the holder thereof. If the Series A Warrants are exercised by way of a cashless exercise, such exercising holder will receive shares of our common stock for each Series A Warrant.

Pursuant to the closing of the Private Placement, the Series E Warrants, Advisory Warrants, and Consultant Warrants were issued. Additionally, in connection with the Private Placement, the Company sold to Lucid warrants (the “Placement Agent Warrants”) to purchase shares of our common stock equal to 5.0% of our common stock sold in the Private Placement at a price of $50. If the Series E Warrants, Advisory Warrants, Placement Agent Warrants, or Consultant Warrants are exercised by way of a cashless exercise, which may occur six months after their issuance if no applicable registration statement is available for the resale of such common stock, such exercising holder will receive shares of our common stock for each Series E Warrant, Advisory Warrant, Placement Agent Warrant, or Consultant Warrant they exercise without any cash payment to us.

The number of shares of our common stock each of the holders of the Series A Warrants, Series E Warrants, Advisory Warrants, Placement Agent Warrants, or Consultant Warrants are entitled to receive upon a cashless exercise is subject to a formula as set forth in the relevant warrant.

If any of the above provisions in the Series A Warrants, Series E Warrants, Advisory Warrants, Placement Agent Warrants or Consultant Warrants are utilized, our stockholders may suffer substantial dilution.

S-17

The common stock offered hereby will be sold in “at the market offerings” and investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices.

Investors who purchase shares in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices, and accordingly may experience different levels of dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. We will have discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing, prices and number of shares sold in this offering. In addition, subject to the final determination by our Board or any restrictions we may place in any applicable placement notice, there is no minimum or maximum sales price for shares to be sold in this offering. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase in this offering as a result of sales made at prices lower than the prices they paid.

The actual number of shares of common stock we may issue under the Sales Agreement and the aggregate proceeds resulting from those sales, at any one time or in total, is uncertain.

Subject to certain limitations in the Sales Agreement and compliance with applicable law, we have the discretion to deliver a placement notice to Lucid at any time throughout the term of the Sales Agreement. The number of shares that are sold through Lucid after delivering a placement notice will fluctuate based on a number of factors, including the market price of our common stock during the sales period, the limits we set with Lucid in any applicable placement notice, and the demand for our common stock during the sales period. Because the price of each share sold will fluctuate during the sales period, it is not currently possible to predict the number of shares of common stock that will ultimately be issued by us under the Sales Agreement or aggregate proceeds to be raised in connection with those sales.

You may experience additional dilution in the future.

To raise additional capital, the Company may in the future offer additional Company securities, including shares of our common stock, at prices that may not be the same as the price per share in this offering. The Company or other stockholders may sell shares of common stock or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which the Company or other stockholders sell additional shares of common stock, or the Company sells securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, in future transactions, may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by investors in this offering. Furthermore, sales of a substantial number of shares of the Company’s common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our common stock.

S-18

We may use the net proceeds from any offering by the Company to purchase additional BNB, the price of which has been, and will likely continue to be, highly volatile.

We may use the net proceeds from any offering by the Company to purchase additional BNB. BNB is a highly volatile asset. In addition, BNB does not pay interest. The ability to generate a return on investment from the net proceeds from any offering by the Company will depend on whether there is appreciation in the value of BNB following our purchases of BNB with the net proceeds from any offering by the Company. Future fluctuations in BNB’s trading prices may result in our converting BNB purchased with the net proceeds from this offering into cash with a value substantially below the net proceeds from such an offering.

There is substantial doubt relating to our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have recurring net losses, which have resulted in an accumulated deficit of $373,888,601 as of June 30, 2025. We have incurred a net loss of $9,888,942 for the nine months ended June 30, 2025. At June 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $4,727,677. We have concluded that these factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the issuance of the June 30, 2025 financial statements. We will continue to seek to raise additional working capital through public equity, private equity or debt financings. If we fail to raise additional working capital, or do so on commercially unfavorable terms, it would materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations, and we may be unable to continue as a going concern. If we seek additional financing to fund our business activities in the future and there remains substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, investors or other financing sources may be unwilling to provide additional funding to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. The closing of the Cash Private Placement was on October 3, 2025 and the closing of the Cryptocurrency Private Placement was on October 21, 2025, and we received net proceeds, after deducting placement agent fees and other estimated offering expenses payable by us, of approximately $14.4 million in the Cash Private Placement and $10.9 million in the Cryptocurrency Private Placement. As a result of the Cash Private Placement, our consolidated cash balance as of October 3, 2025 was approximately $16.3 million.

If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital on acceptable terms, we may be unable to expand our BNB reserves, which could adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and growth prospects.

We completed the Cash Private Placement on October 3, 2025 and the Cryptocurrency Private Placement on October 21, 2025, whereby the net proceeds of which have primarily been used for our BNB Strategy. To the extent holders exercise the warrants sold pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreements, we may acquire additional BNB at market prices, which could magnify our exposure to BNB price volatility. If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital through warrant exercises, an at-the-market facility or other equity financings on acceptable terms, we may be unable to expand our BNB reserve, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock, as well as adversely affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial results and the market price of our common stock may be affected by the prices of BNB.

As part of our BNB Strategy, we have invested in BNB and plan to continue to invest in BNB. The price of BNB has historically been subject to dramatic price fluctuations and is highly volatile. Any decrease in the fair value of BNB below our carrying value could require us to incur a loss due to the decrease in fair market value, and such a charge could be material to our financial results for the applicable reporting period, which may create significant volatility in our reported earnings. Any decrease in reported earnings or increased volatility of such earnings could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. In addition, if investors view the value of our common stock as dependent upon or linked to the value or change in the value of our BNB holdings, the price of BNB may significantly influence the market price of our common stock.

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If we are unable to maintain compliance with Nasdaq continued listing standards, we could be delisted from Nasdaq, which would negatively impact our business, our ability to raise capital and the market price and liquidity of our common stock.

Over the past year, we have received multiple notification letters from Nasdaq for failing to comply with its listing requirements and have effected multiple reverse stock splits, including the 1-for-50 reverse stock split of our common stock effected on March 14, 2025 and the 1-for-15 reverse stock split of our common stock effected on June 2, 2025, to regain compliance. If we are unable to maintain compliance with any listing requirements of Nasdaq, our shares of common stock may be delisted by Nasdaq. In addition, pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A)(iv), the Company is not eligible for a compliance period under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) due to the fact that the Company has effected a reverse stock split over the prior one-year period or has effected one or more reverse stock splits over the prior two-year period with a cumulative ratio of 250 shares or more to one; accordingly, our common stock could be subject to immediate delisting from Nasdaq in the event that we cannot comply with any of the listing requirements of Nasdaq in the future.

If our common stock is delisted by Nasdaq, our common stock may be eligible for quotation on an over-the-counter quotation system or on the pink sheets but will lack the market efficiencies associated with Nasdaq. Upon any such delisting, our common stock would become subject to the regulations of the SEC relating to the market for penny stocks. A penny stock is any equity security not traded on a national securities exchange that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share. The regulations applicable to penny stocks may severely affect the market liquidity for our common stock and could limit the ability of stockholders to sell securities in the secondary market. In such a case, an investor may find it more difficult to dispose of or obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of our common stock, and there can be no assurance that our common stock will be eligible for trading or quotation on any alternative exchanges or markets.

Delisting from Nasdaq could adversely affect our ability to raise additional financing through public or private sales of equity securities, would significantly affect the ability of investors to trade our securities and would negatively affect the value and liquidity of our common stock. Delisting could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees and customers, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.

As a result of our failure to timely file a Current Report on Form 8-K, unless we obtain relief from the SEC, we are currently ineligible to file new short form registration statements on Form S-3 and we will be unable to access our existing Shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 after the filing of our next Annual Report on Form 10-K, which may impair our ability to obtain capital in a timely fashion to execute our business strategies.

Form S-3 permits eligible issuers to conduct registered offerings using a short form registration statement that allows the issuer to incorporate by reference its past and future filings and reports made under the Exchange Act. In addition, Form S-3 enables eligible issuers to conduct primary offerings “off the shelf” under Rule 415 of the Securities Act.  The shelf registration process, combined with the ability to forward incorporate information, allows issuers to avoid delays and interruptions in the offering process and to access the capital markets in a more expeditious and efficient manner than raising capital in a standard registered offering on Form S-1.

As a result of our failure to timely file a Current Report on Form 8-K, which was filed on June 6, 2025 and should have been filed no later than June 5, 2025, we are currently ineligible to file new short form registration statements on Form S-3.  The failure to file such Current Report on Form 8-K was the result of an IT error, and the 8-K was promptly filed once the error was detected.  We intend to apply to the SEC for relief for Form S-3 eligibility when permitted to do so under SEC procedures.  We will be unable to access our existing Shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 upon the filing our next Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is expected to occur no later then December 29, 2025 and after such date will be unable to conduct “off the shelf” offerings under Rule 415 of the Securities Act. If we wanted access to capital markets during the period of time that we are unable to use Form S-3, we may experience delays due to having to wait for a regulatory review of a Form S-1 registration statement. Any such delay may result in offering terms that may not be advantageous to us or may cause us not to obtain capital in a timely fashion to execute our business strategies. Assuming we timely file our required Exchange Act reports for approximately the next 9 months, the earliest we could regain the ability to use Form S-3 is July 1, 2026.

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 Risks Related to Investing in BNB

Regulatory changes or actions in foreign jurisdictions may affect the price of our common stock or restrict the use of BNB, or the operation of networks related to BNB or the global BNB markets in a manner that adversely affects our business, financial condition and results of operations and the price of our common stock.

Various foreign jurisdictions have, and may continue to adopt laws, regulations or directives that affect digital asset networks (including the BNB Chain), the digital asset markets (including the BNB market), and their users, particularly digital asset exchanges and service providers that fall within such jurisdictions’ regulatory scope. For example, if China or other foreign jurisdictions were to ban or otherwise restrict validating activity, it would have a material adverse effect on digital asset networks (including the BNB Chain), the digital asset market, and as a result, adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations and the price of our common stock.

Foreign laws, regulations or directives may conflict with those of the United States and may negatively impact the acceptance of one or more digital assets by users, merchants and service providers outside the United States and may therefore impede the growth or sustainability of the digital asset economy in the European Union, China, Japan, Russia and the United States and globally, or otherwise negatively affect the value of BNB. Moreover, other events, such as the interruption in telecommunications or internet services, cyber-related terrorist acts, civil disturbances, war or other catastrophes, could also negatively affect the digital asset economy in one or more jurisdictions. For example, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 led to volatility in digital asset prices, with an initial steep decline followed by a sharp rebound in prices. The effect of any future regulatory change on the Company or BNB is impossible to predict, but such change could be substantial and adverse to our business, financial condition and results of operations and the price of our common stock. 

Risks Related to Our Proposed Digital Asset Treasury Strategy:

We intend to use the proceeds from our recent offerings, any future offerings and the exercise of any outstanding warrants to primarily purchase or otherwise acquire BNB, the price of which has been, and will likely continue to be, highly volatile, and for the establishment of our digital asset treasury operations. Our operating results and share price may significantly fluctuate, including due to the highly volatile nature of the price of such digital assets and erratic market movements.

We intend to use the proceeds from our recent offerings, any future offerings and the exercise of any outstanding warrants to primarily purchase or otherwise acquire BNB and for the establishment of our digital asset treasury operations. Digital assets, such as BNB, generally are highly volatile assets, including as a result of shifts in market sentiment, speculative trading, macroeconomic trends, technology-related disruptions and regulatory announcements. In addition, digital assets do not pay interest or other returns, unless utilized in staking or financial applications, and so the ability to generate a return on investment from the proceeds of any capital raisings will principally depend on whether there is appreciation in the value of digital assets following our purchases of digital assets with the proceeds from such capital raisings. Future fluctuations in digital asset trading prices may result in our converting digital assets into cash with a value substantially below what we paid for such digital assets.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, including the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein, and any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, contain forward-looking statements concerning our business, operations and financial performance and condition, as well as our plans, objectives and expectations for our business operations and financial performance and condition. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “can”, “may”, “could”, “should”, “assume”, “forecasts”, “believe”, “designed to”, “will”, “expect”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “potential”, “position”, “predicts”, “strategy”, “guidance”, “intend”, “budget”, “seek”, “project” or “continue”, or the negative thereof or other comparable terminology regarding beliefs, plans, expectations or intentions regarding the future. You should read statements that contain these words carefully because they:

· discuss our future expectations;

· contain projections of our future results of operations or of our financial condition; and

· state other “forward-looking” information.

We believe it is important to communicate our expectations. However, forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about our business and our industry and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors. Accordingly, our actual results and the timing of certain events may differ materially from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors and risks, including, but not limited to, those set forth under “Risk Factors” in this prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus, including the documents incorporated herein by reference, and the following factors and risks:

· our expectations of future revenues, expenditures, capital or other funding requirements;

· the adequacy of our cash and working capital to fund present and planned operations and growth;

· the substantial doubt relating to our ability to continue as a going concern;

· our need for additional financing which may in turn require the issuance of additional shares of common stock, preferred stock or other debt or equity securities (including convertible securities) which would dilute the ownership held by stockholders;

· our business strategy and the timing of our expansion plans, including our BNB Strategy;

· failure to realize the anticipated benefits of the digital asset treasury strategy;

· risks related to the Company’s ability to raise and deploy capital effectively;

· risks relating to an unproven BNB yield generation strategy,

· the risk that the price of our common stock may be highly correlated to the price of the digital assets that we hold;

· risks related to increased competition in the industries in which the Company does and will operate;

· risks relating to the treatment of crypto assets for U.S. and foreign tax purposes; and

· risks related to the unknown returns that the Company’s BNB treasury strategy will generate.

Any or all of our forward-looking statements may turn out to be wrong. They may be affected by inaccurate assumptions that we might make or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements. Among the factors that could affect future results are:

· the highly volatile nature of the price of BNB and other cryptocurrencies;

· risks relating to the Company’s operations and business;

· changes in business, market, financial, political and regulatory conditions;

· risks relating to significant legal, commercial, regulatory and technical uncertainty regarding digital assets generally;

· risks relating to market volatility, cybersecurity and custody of digital assets, potential changes in laws or accounting standards relating to cryptocurrency, and regulatory developments affecting BNB;

· economic and industry conditions generally and in our specific markets;

· the volatility of, and decline in, our stock price; and

· our ability to obtain the necessary financing to fund our operations and effect our strategic development plan.

S-22

All forward-looking statements and risk factors included in this prospectus supplement are made as of the date hereof, and all forward-looking statements and risk factors included in the accompanying prospectus and documents incorporated by reference are made as of their original date, in each case based on information available to us as of the date hereof, or in the case of the accompanying prospectus and documents incorporated herein by reference, the original date of any such document, and we assume no obligations to update any forward-looking statement or risk factor, unless we are required to do so by law. If we do update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make updates with respect to other forward-looking statements or that we will make any further updates to those forward-looking statements at any future time.

Forward-looking statements may include our plans and objectives for future operations, including plans and objectives relating to our products, our digital asset treasury strategy, and our cryptocurrency strategy and our future economic performance, projections, business strategy and timing and likelihood of success. Assumptions relating to the foregoing involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions, future business decisions, demand for our products and services, the market for cryptocurrencies, and the time and money required to successfully complete development and commercialization of our technologies, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond our control.

Any of the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus and documents incorporated by reference could prove inaccurate and, therefore, we cannot assure you that any of the results or events contemplated in any of such forward-looking statements will be realized. Based on the significant uncertainties inherent in these forward-looking statements, the inclusion of any such statement should not be regarded as a representation or as a guarantee by us that our objectives or plans will be achieved, and we caution you against relying on any of the forward looking-statements contained herein.

S-23

USE OF PROCEEDS

We may issue and sell shares of our common stock having aggregate sales proceeds of up to approximately $8.2 million from time to time under this prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus. The amount of proceeds from this offering will depend upon the number of shares of our common stock sold and the market price at which they are sold and will be reduced by commissions and other expenses of this offering. There can be no assurance that we will be able to sell any shares under or fully utilize the Sales Agreement with Lucid as a source of financing. We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering primarily for the continued development and implementation of our BNB Strategy, as well as for working capital and general corporate purposes, which may include financing strategic acquisitions of other digital asset companies or technologies and entering into strategic partnerships that complement our business, although we have no present commitments or agreements to make any such acquisitions or investments as of the current date.

The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures will depend on numerous factors, including our development efforts with respect to our products and services, as well as the amount of cash used in our operations. We therefore cannot estimate with certainty the amount of net proceeds to be used for the purposes described above. We may find it necessary or advisable to use the net proceeds for other purposes, and we will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds. Pending the uses described above, we plan to invest the net proceeds, if any, from this offering in short-term investments.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends to stockholders in the foreseeable future. In addition, any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of the Board and will be dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and such other factors as the Board deems relevant.

S-24

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We have entered into the Sales Agreement with Lucid to act as our exclusive sales agent, under which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock, $0.001 par value per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $8,157,932 from time to time through Lucid. Lucid is not purchasing or selling any of the shares of our common stock offered by this prospectus supplement, nor is it required to arrange the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of shares of our common stock, but it has agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to arrange for the sale of all of the shares of our common stock offered hereby.

Under the terms of the Sales Agreement, we also may sell shares of our common stock to Lucid as principal at a price agreed upon at the time of sale. If we sell shares of our common stock to Lucid as principal, we will enter into a separate terms agreement with Lucid setting forth the terms and fees of such transaction, and we will describe the agreement in a separate prospectus supplement or pricing supplement.

Upon telephone instruction (confirmed promptly by electronic mail) and subject to the terms and conditions of the Sales Agreement, Lucid may sell shares of our common stock by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at-the-market” equity offering as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act. If we and Lucid agree on any method of distribution other than sales of our shares of common stock on or through Nasdaq or another existing trading market in the United States at market prices, we will file a further prospectus supplement providing all information about such offering as required by Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act.

We will pay Lucid in cash, upon each sale of shares of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement, a fixed commission rate equal to 3.0% of the gross sales price of the common stock issued and sold by the Company through Lucid. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to this offering, the actual total public offering amount, commissions and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at this time. In addition, we agreed to reimburse Lucid upon request for its costs and out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with its services under this offering, including the fees and out-of-pocket expenses of its legal counsel up to an aggregate of $50,000 for the commencement of this offering plus an additional amount for its counsel’s fees up to $5,000 in connection with the filing of a Form 10-K or new registration statement, prospectus or prospectus supplement or an amendment to the Sales Agreement, and $2,500 in connection with the filing of a Form 10-Q. We estimate that the total expenses for the commencement of the offering, excluding compensation and reimbursements payable to Lucid under the terms of the Sales Agreement, will be approximately $175,000. After commencement of the offering, from time to time, the Company will incur additional expenses, including its own legal and audit expenses.

Lucid will provide written confirmation to us no later than the opening of the trading day immediately following the day in which shares of common stock are sold by Lucid on our behalf under the Sales Agreement. Each confirmation will include the number of shares sold on that day, the compensation payable by us to Lucid and the net proceeds to us.

Settlement for sales of shares of our common stock will occur on the first business day following the date on which any sales are made, or on some other date that is agreed upon by Lucid and us in connection with a particular transaction, in return for payment of the net proceeds to us. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in an escrow, trust or similar arrangement. Sales of shares of our common stock as contemplated in this prospectus supplement will be settled through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company via the DWAC system.

We have agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to Lucid and specified persons against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, and to contribute to payments that Lucid may be required to make in respect of such liabilities.

Lucid may be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act, and any commissions received by them and any profit realized on the resale of the shares sold by them while acting as principal might be deemed to be underwriting discounts or commissions under the Securities Act. As an underwriter, Lucid would be required to comply with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including, without limitation, Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act and Regulation M under the Exchange Act. These rules and regulations may limit the timing of purchases and sales of shares by the agent acting as principal. Under these rules and regulations, Lucid:

	·	may not engage in any stabilization activity in connection with our securities; and
	·	may not bid for or purchase any of our securities or attempt to induce any person to purchase any of our securities, other than as permitted under the Exchange Act, until it has completed its participation in the distribution.

The offering of shares of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (i) the sale of all common stock provided for in this prospectus supplement, and (ii) the termination of the Sales Agreement by written notice of us or Lucid.

S-25

Lucid and its affiliates may in the future provide various investment banking, commercial banking and other financial services for us and our affiliates, for which services they may in the future receive customary fees. To the extent required by Regulation M, Lucid will not engage in any market making activities involving our shares of our common stock while the offering is ongoing under this prospectus.

This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus in electronic format may be made available on a website maintained by Lucid and Lucid may distribute this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus electronically.

The foregoing does not purport to be a complete statement of the terms and conditions of the Sales Agreement. A copy of the Sales Agreement is included as an exhibit to our Current Report on Form 8-K that will be filed with the SEC and incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus form a part. See “Information Incorporated by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information.”

Listing

Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “BNBX.”

Other Relationships

Lucid and certain of its affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. Lucid and certain of its affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various commercial and investment banking and financial advisory services for us and our affiliates, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses. Additionally, in connection with the Private Placement, certain principals of Lucid have invested in shares of our common stock.

In the ordinary course of their various business activities, Lucid and certain of its affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investment and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments issued by us and our affiliates. If Lucid or its affiliates have a lending relationship with us, they routinely hedge their credit exposure to us consistent with their customary risk management policies. Lucid and its affiliates may hedge such exposure by entering into transactions that consist of either the purchase of credit default swaps or the creation of short positions in our securities or the securities of our affiliates, including potentially the securities offered hereby. Any such short positions could adversely affect future trading prices of the securities offered hereby. Lucid and certain of its affiliates may also communicate independent investment recommendations, market color or trading ideas and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.

S-26

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the issuance of the securities offered hereby will be passed upon by our counsel, McDermott Will & Schulte LLP, New York, New York. Lucid is being represented in connection with this offering by Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP, New York, New York.

EXPERTS

CBIZ CPAs P.C. (“CBIZ”) has served as our independent registered public accounting firm since January 24, 2025. Since that date, CBIZ has also provided us certain tax and other audit-related services. Previously, Marcum LLP (“Marcum”) served as our independent registered accounting firm from June 23, 2014 until January 24, 2025.

Marcum LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2024, as set forth in their report (which contains an explanatory paragraph relating to the substantial doubt about the ability of Applied DNA Sciences, Inc. and Subsidiaries to continue as a going concern described in Note B.), which is incorporated by reference in the prospectus supplement. Our consolidated financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance on Marcum LLP’s report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-272267) under the Securities Act, of which this prospectus supplement forms a part. The rules and regulations of the SEC allow us to omit from this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus certain information included in the registration statement. For further information about us and the securities we are offering under this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, you should refer to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules filed with the registration statement. With respect to the statements contained in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus regarding the contents of any agreement or any other document, in each instance, the statement is qualified in all respects by the complete text of the agreement or document, a copy of which has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement.

We file reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC under the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.

INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

We have elected to incorporate certain information by reference into this prospectus. By incorporating by reference, we can disclose important information to you by referring you to other documents we have filed or will file with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is deemed to be part of this prospectus, except for information incorporated by reference that is superseded by information contained in this prospectus. This means that you must look at all of the SEC filings that we incorporate by reference to determine if any statements in the prospectus or any document previously incorporated by reference have been modified or superseded. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future information filed (rather than furnished) with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d) of the Exchange Act between the date of this prospectus and the termination of this offering, provided, however, that we are not incorporating any information furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of any current report on Form 8-K:

· Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year September 30, 2024 filed with the SEC on December 17, 2024;

S-27

· Our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the periods ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on February 13, 2025, March 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2025, and June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on August 14, 2025, respectively;

· Our Current Reports on Form 8-K (other than portions thereof furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K and exhibits accompanying such reports that are related to such items) filed with the Commission on, October 31, 2024, November 7, 2024, November 13, 2024, December 17, 2024, January 23, 2025, January 30, 2025, February 14, 2025, February 28, 2025, March 12, 2025, April 1, 2025, April 8, 2025, May 22, 2025, May 29, 2025, June 6, 2025, June 17, 2025, June 30, 2025, July 7, 2025, September 29, 2025, October 1, 2025, October 6, 2025, October 23, 2025 and November 4, 2025; and

· The description of our capital stock contained in our registration statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-36745) filed with the Commission on November 13, 2014, pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act, including any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description.

You may obtain copies of these documents on the website maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov, or from us without charge (other than exhibits to such documents, unless such exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents) by writing to us at Corporate Secretary, Applied DNA Sciences, Inc., 50 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11790 or visiting our website at http://www.adnas.com. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement, and it should not be considered to be part of this prospectus supplement.

Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for the purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained herein, any prospectus supplement or in any other subsequently filed document which also is or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes that statement. Any statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.

S-28

PROSPECTUS

$75,000,000

APPLIED DNA SCIENCES, INC.

Common Stock

Preferred Stock

Debt Securities

Warrants

Rights

Units

We may offer and sell, from time to time in one or more offerings, up to $75,000,000 of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and rights, or any combination of these securities, and/or units consisting of one or more of these securities. We may also offer common stock or preferred stock upon conversion of debt securities and common stock upon conversion of preferred stock. All of the securities listed above may be sold separately or as units with other securities.

This prospectus describes some of the general terms that may apply to these securities. When we decide to sell a particular class or series of securities, we will provide specific terms of the offered securities in one or more prospectus supplements. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you in connection with these offerings.

The prospectus supplement, and any documents incorporated by reference, may also add, update or change information contained in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. However, no prospectus supplement shall offer a security that is not registered and described in this prospectus at the time of its effectiveness. You should read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, as well as the documents incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and any free writing prospectus carefully before you invest. This prospectus may not be used to offer or sell our securities unless accompanied by a prospectus supplement relating to the offered securities.

Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “APDN.” Each prospectus supplement will contain information, where applicable, as to our listing on any securities exchange of the securities covered by the prospectus supplement. The aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates was $14,640,981 based on 12,908,520 shares of outstanding common stock, of which 177,232 shares are held by affiliates, and a price of $1.15 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our common stock as quoted on The Nasdaq Capital Market on May 24, 2023. Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3, in no event will we sell securities registered in a public primary offering with a value exceeding more than one-third of our public float (the market value of our common stock held by our non-affiliates) in any 12 calendar month period so long as our public float remains below $75.0 million. We have not offered any securities pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3 during the prior 12 calendar month period that ends on and includes the date of this prospectus. As of May 24, 2023, one-third of our public float is equal to approximately $4,880,000.

These securities may be sold by us directly to purchasers, through dealers or agents, or to or through underwriters, or through a combination of these methods. See “Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus. We may also describe the plan of distribution for any particular offering of our securities in a prospectus supplement. If any agents, underwriters or dealers are involved in the sale of any securities in respect of which this prospectus is being delivered, we will disclose their names and the nature of our arrangements with them in a prospectus supplement. The net proceeds we expect to receive from any such sale will also be included in a prospectus supplement.

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See the sections entitled “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, in any Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in any Periodic Report on Form 8-K, as well as in any prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus related to these specific offerings.

We may amend or supplement this prospectus from time to time by filing amendments or supplements as required or related free writing prospectuses. You should read the entire prospectus and any amendments or supplements carefully before you make your investment decision.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is June 6, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS	1
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	2
RISK FACTORS	3
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	4
USE OF PROCEEDS	7
DIVIDEND POLICY	8
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SECURITIES WE MAY OFFER	8
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	27
LEGAL MATTERS	29
EXPERTS	29
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	30
INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE	30

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a Registration Statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may offer from time to time securities described in this prospectus having a maximum aggregate offering price of $75,000,000 in one or more offerings. Each time we offer securities, we will prepare and file with the SEC a prospectus supplement or information that is incorporated by reference into this prospectus that describes the specific amounts, prices and terms of the securities we offer. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings and securities. The prospectus supplement also may add, update or change information contained in this prospectus or the documents incorporated herein by reference. You should read carefully this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus together with additional information described below under the caption “Where You Can Find More Information.”

This prospectus does not contain all the information provided in the Registration Statement we filed with the SEC. For further information about us or our securities offered hereby, you should refer to that Registration Statement, which you can obtain from the SEC as described below under “Where You Can Find More Information.”

You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus. We have not authorized any other person to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. This prospectus is not an offer to sell securities, and it is not soliciting an offer to buy securities, in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement, any related free writing prospectus as well as information we have previously filed with the SEC and incorporated by reference, is accurate as of the date of those documents only. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates. This prospectus incorporates by reference, and any prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus may contain and incorporate by reference, market data and industry statistics and forecasts that are based on independent industry publications and other publicly available information. Although we believe these sources are reliable, we do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of this information and we have not independently verified this information. Although we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the market and industry data presented in this prospectus and the documents incorporated herein by reference, these estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any applicable free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. Accordingly, investors should not place undue reliance on this information.

We may sell securities through underwriters or dealers, through agents, directly to purchasers or through any combination of these methods. We and our agents reserve the sole right to accept or reject in whole or in part any proposed purchase of securities. The prospectus supplement, which we will prepare and file with the SEC each time we offer securities, will set forth the names of any underwriters, agents or others involved in the sale of securities, and any applicable fee, commission or discount arrangements with them. See “Plan of Distribution.”

In this prospectus, unless otherwise indicated, the “Registrant,” “our company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Applied DNA Sciences, Inc., a Delaware corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.

1 

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This prospectus summary highlights certain information about our company and other information contained elsewhere in this prospectus or in documents incorporated by reference. This summary does not contain all of the information that you should consider before making an investment decision. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, any prospectus supplement, including the section entitled “Risk Factors” and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus, before making an investment decision.

THE OFFERING

This prospectus is part of a Registration Statement that we filed with the SEC utilizing a shelf registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may sell any combination of:

	●	common stock;
	●	preferred stock;
	●	debt securities, in one or more series;
	●	warrants to purchase any of the securities listed above;
	●	rights to purchase common stock, preferred stock or warrants; and/or
	●	units consisting of one or more of the foregoing

in one or more offerings up to a total dollar amount of $75,000,000. This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we sell securities, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of that specific offering and include a discussion of any risk factors or other special considerations that apply to those securities. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any prospectus supplement together with the additional information described under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information.”

OUR COMPANY

Overview

We are a biotechnology company developing and commercializing technologies to produce and detect DNA. Using the polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”) to enable both the production and detection of DNA, we operate in three primary business markets: (i) the manufacture of synthetic DNA for use in the manufacture of nucleic acid-based therapeutics (“Therapeutic DNA Production Services”); (ii) the detection of DNA in molecular diagnostics and genetic testing services (“MDx Testing Services”); and (iii) the manufacture and detection of DNA for industrial supply chain security services (“DNA Tagging and Security Products and Services”).

Our current growth strategy is to primarily focus our resources on the further development, commercialization, and customer adoption of our Therapeutic DNA Production Services, including the expansion of our contract development and manufacturing operation (“CDMO”) for the PCR-based manufacture of synthetic DNA for use in the manufacturing of nucleic acid-based therapies and the development of our own DNA-based product candidates in veterinary health.

Corporate History

We are a Delaware corporation, which was initially formed in 1983 under the laws of the State of Florida as Datalink Systems, Inc. In 1998, we reincorporated in the State of Nevada, and in 2002, we changed our name to our current name, Applied DNA Sciences, Inc. On December 17, 2008, we reincorporated from the State of Nevada to the State of Delaware.

Our corporate headquarters are located at the Long Island High Technology Incubator at Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, New York, where we have established laboratories for the manufacture and detection of DNA to support our various business units. In addition, this location also houses our New York State Department of Health (“NYSDOH”) Clinical Laboratory Evaluation Program (“CLEP”)-permitted, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (“CLIA”)-certified clinical laboratory where we perform MDx Testing Services. The mailing address of our corporate headquarters is 50 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11790, and our telephone number is (631) 240-8800.

2 

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Prior to making a decision about investing in our securities, you should carefully consider and evaluate the specific factors discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 filed on December 14, 2022, with the SEC, as amended, and any updates described in subsequent Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Periodic Reports on Form 8-K, all of which are incorporated herein by reference, and may be amended, supplemented or superseded from time to time by other reports we file with the SEC in the future. The risks and uncertainties we have described are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our operations. The occurrence of these known or unknown risks might cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

See also the statements contained under the heading “Forward-Looking Statements.”

3 

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act, that are intended to qualify for the “safe harbor” created by those sections. In addition, we may make forward-looking statements in other documents filed with or furnished to the SEC, and our management and other representatives may make forward-looking statements orally or in writing to analysts, investors, representatives of the media and others. These statements relate to future events or to our future operating or financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performances or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements can generally be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts and include, but are not limited to, statements using terminology such as “can”, “may”, “could”, “should”, “assume”, “forecasts”, “believe”, “designed to”, “will”, “expect”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “potential”, “position”, “predicts”, “strategy”, “guidance”, “intend”, “budget”, “seek”, “project” or “continue”, or the negative thereof or other comparable terminology regarding beliefs, plans, expectations or intentions regarding the future. You should read statements that contain these words carefully because they:

	·	discuss our future expectations;
	·	contain projections of our future results of operations or of our financial condition; and
	·	state other “forward-looking” information.

We believe it is important to communicate our expectations. However, forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about our business and our industry and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors. Accordingly, our actual results and the timing of certain events may differ materially from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors and risks, including, but not limited to, those set forth under “Risk Factors” and “Our Company” set forth in this prospectus and the documents incorporated herein by reference., and the following factors and risks:

	●	our expectations of future revenues, expenditures, capital or other funding requirements;
	●	the adequacy of our cash and working capital to fund present and planned operations and growth;
	●	our business strategy and the timing of our expansion plans;
	●	demand for Therapeutic DNA Production Services;
	●	demand for DNA Tagging Services;
	●	demand for MDx Testing Services, including in light of significantly decreasing demand for COVID testing services;
	●	our ability to develop our MDx Testing Services business;
	●	our expectations concerning existing or potential development and license agreements for third-party collaborations or joint ventures;
	●	regulatory approval and compliance for our Therapeutic DNA Production and MDx Testing Services;
	●	the effect of governmental regulations generally;
	●	our expectations of when regulatory submissions may be filed or when regulatory approvals may be received;
	●	our expectations concerning product or service candidates for our technologies; and
	●	our expectations of when or if we will become profitable.

4 

Any or all of our forward-looking statements may turn out to be wrong. They may be affected by inaccurate assumptions that we might make or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements. Among the factors that could affect future results are:

	●	the inherent uncertainties of product and/or service development based on our new and as yet not fully proven technologies;
	●	the risks and uncertainties regarding the actual effect on humans and/or animals of seemingly safe and efficacious formulations and treatments when tested clinically;
	●	the inherent uncertainties associated with clinical trials of product candidates;
	●	the inherent uncertainties associated with the process of obtaining regulatory clearance or approval to market product candidates and/or testing services;
	●	the inherent uncertainties associated with commercialization of products and/or services that have received regulatory clearance or approval;
	●	economic and industry conditions generally and in our specific markets;
	●	we may conduct a reverse stock split of our common stock to meet the requirements of Nasdaq, which may adversely impact the market price and liquidity of our common stock;
	●	the volatility of, and decline in, our stock price; and
	●	our ability to obtain the necessary financing to fund our operations and effect our strategic development plan.

5 

All forward-looking statements and risk factors included in this prospectus are made as of the date hereof, and all forward-looking statements and risk factors included in documents incorporated herein by reference are made as of their original date, in each case based on information available to us as of the date hereof, or in the case of documents incorporated by reference, the original date of any such document, and we assume no obligations to update any forward-looking statement or risk factor, unless we are required to do so by law. If we do update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make updates with respect to other forward-looking statements or that we will make any further updates to those forward-looking statements at any future time.

Forward-looking statements may include our plans and objectives for future operations, including plans and objectives relating to our products and our future economic performance, projections, business strategy and timing and likelihood of success. Assumptions relating to the foregoing involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions, future business decisions, demand for our products and services, and the time and money required to successfully complete development and commercialization of our technologies, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond our control.

Any of the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus could prove inaccurate and, therefore, we cannot assure you that any of the results or events contemplated in any of such forward-looking statements will be realized. Based on the significant uncertainties inherent in these forward-looking statements, the inclusion of any such statement should not be regarded as a representation or as a guarantee by us that our objectives or plans will be achieved, and we caution you against relying on any of the forward looking-statements contained herein.

Our trademarks currently used in the United States include Applied DNA Sciences®, SigNature® molecular tags, SigNature® T molecular tags, fiberTyping®, SigNify®, Beacon®, CertainT®, LinearDNA™, Linea™ COVID-19 Diagnostic Assay Kit, safeCircle^TM COVID-19 testing and TR8^TM pharmacogenetic testing. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. All trademarks, service marks and trade names included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus are the property of the respective owners.

6 

USE OF PROCEEDS

Except as otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, we intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities covered by this prospectus for general corporate purposes, which may include, but is not limited to, working capital, capital expenditures, business development and research and development expenditures and acquisitions of new technologies or businesses. The precise amount, use and timing of the application of such proceeds will depend upon our funding requirements and the availability and cost of other capital. Additional information on the use of net proceeds from an offering of securities covered by this prospectus may be set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to the specific offering.

7 

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends to stockholders in the foreseeable future. In addition, any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, and such other factors as our board of directors deem relevant.
 

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SECURITIES WE MAY OFFER

The descriptions of the securities contained in this prospectus, together with any applicable prospectus supplement, summarize all the material terms and provisions of the various types of securities that we may offer. We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular offering the specific terms of the securities offered by that prospectus supplement. We will indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement if the terms of the securities differ from the terms we have summarized below. We will also include in the prospectus supplement information, where applicable, regarding material United States federal income tax considerations relating to the securities.

We may sell from time to time, in one or more offerings:

	●	shares of our common stock;
	●	shares of our preferred stock;
	●	debt securities;
	●	warrants to purchase any of the securities listed above;
	●	rights to purchase common stock, preferred stock or warrants; and/or
	●	units consisting of one or more of the foregoing.

This prospectus may not be used to consummate a sale of securities unless it is accompanied by a prospectus supplement.

Capital Stock

General

The following description of common stock and preferred stock, together with the additional information we include in any applicable prospectus supplement, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the common stock and preferred stock that we may offer under this prospectus but is not complete. For the complete terms of our common stock and preferred stock, please refer to our certificate of incorporation, as may be amended from time to time (the “Certificate of Incorporation”), any certificates of designation for our preferred stock, that may be authorized from time to time, and our by-laws, as amended from time to time (the “By-Laws”). The Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”) may also affect the terms of these securities. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any future common stock or preferred stock that we may offer, we will describe the specific terms of any series of these securities in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. If we so indicate in a prospectus supplement, the terms of any common stock or preferred stock we offer under that prospectus supplement may differ from the terms we describe below.

As of May 24, 2023, our authorized capital stock consists of 200,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of which 12,908,520 shares were issued and outstanding, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, of which no shares were issued and outstanding. The actual number of stockholders is greater than the number of stockholders of record and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities. In addition, as of May 24, 2023, there were issued and outstanding options to purchase 2,206,231 shares of our common stock, warrants to purchase 7,295,588 shares of our common stock, 282,640 restricted stock units and 1,340,394 shares available for grant under our 2020 Equity Incentive Plan. The authorized and unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock are available for issuance without further action by our stockholders, unless such action is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange on which our securities may be listed. Unless approval of our stockholders is so required, our board of directors will not seek stockholder approval for the issuance and sale of our common stock.

8 

Common Stock

Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share issued and outstanding held on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders. Our shares of common stock have no preemptive, conversion, or redemption rights. The rights, preferences, and privileges of the holders of common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock we may issue in the future. Upon the sale of substantially all of our stock or assets or dissolution, liquidation or winding up, and after all liquidation preferences payable to any series of preferred stock entitled thereto have been satisfied, our remaining assets shall be distributed to all holders of common stock and any similarly situated stockholders who are not entitled to any liquidation preference or, if there be an insufficient amount to pay all such stockholders, then ratably among such holders. All of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and non-assessable. The holders of shares of our common stock will be entitled to such dividends and other distributions in cash, stock or property from our assets or funds legally available for such purposes as may be declared from time to time by our board of directors.

The shares of common stock offered by this prospectus, when issued and paid for, will also be fully paid and non-assessable.

Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “APDN.” American Stock Transfer & Trust Company is the transfer agent and registrar for our common stock.

Preferred Stock

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that our board of directors may, by resolution, designate classes of preferred stock in the future. The designated series of preferred stock shall have such powers, designations, preferences and relative, participation or optional or other special rights and qualifications, limitations or restrictions as shall be expressed in the resolution adopted by the board of directors. Once designated by our board of directors, each series of preferred stock will have specific financial and other terms described in the documents that govern the preferred stock, which include our Certificate of Incorporation and any certificates of designation that our board of directors may adopt. Prior to the issuance of shares of each series of preferred stock, the board of directors is required by the DGCL and our Certificate of Incorporation to adopt resolutions and file a certificate of designation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The certificate of designation fixes for each class or series the designations, powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions, including, but not limited to, some or all of the following:

	·	the number of shares constituting that series and the distinctive designation of that series, which number may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares then outstanding) from time to time by action of the board of directors;
	·	the dividend rate and the manner and frequency of payment of dividends on the shares of that series, whether dividends will be cumulative, and, if so, from which date;
	·	whether that series will have voting rights, in addition to any voting rights provided by law, and, if so, the terms of such voting rights;
	·	whether that series will have conversion privileges, and, if so, the terms and conditions of such conversion, including provision for adjustment of the conversion rate in such events as the board of directors may determine;
	·	whether or not the shares of that series will be redeemable, and, if so, the terms and conditions of such redemption;
	·	whether that series will have a sinking fund for the redemption or purchase of shares of that series, and, if so, the terms and amount of such sinking fund;
	·	whether or not the shares of the series will have priority over or be on a parity with or be junior to the shares of any other series or class in any respect;
	·	the rights of the shares of that series in the event of voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the corporation, and the relative rights or priority, if any, of payment of shares of that series; and
	·	any other relative rights, preferences and limitations of that series.

Although our board of directors has no intention at the present time of doing so, it could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that could, depending on the terms of such series, impede the completion of a merger, tender offer or other takeover attempt.

9 

Possible Anti-Takeover Effects of Delaware Law and our Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws

Our Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws contain provisions that could make it more difficult to acquire control of our company by means of a tender offer, open market purchases, a proxy contest or otherwise. A description of these provisions is set forth below.

Anti-Takeover Effects of Delaware Law

Companies incorporated in Delaware are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL unless the corporation has “opted out” of these provisions with an express provision in its original certificate of incorporation or an express provision in its certificate of incorporation or by-laws resulting from a stockholders’ amendment approved by at least a majority of the outstanding voting shares. We have opted out of Section 203 with an express provision in our Certificate of Incorporation. Therefore, the anti-takeover effects of Section 203 do not apply to us.

Generally, Section 203 prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a three-year period following the time that this stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. A “business combination” includes, among other things, a merger, asset or stock sale or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. An “interested stockholder” is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns, or did own within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status, 15% or more of the corporation’s voting stock.

Under Section 203, a business combination between a corporation and an interested stockholder is prohibited unless it satisfies one of the following conditions: before the stockholder became interested, the board of directors approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers, and employee stock plans, in some instances; or at or after the time the stockholder became interested, the business combination was approved by the board of directors of the corporation and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder.

Election and Removal of Directors

Directors will be elected by a plurality of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the stockholders meeting and entitled to vote on the election of directors. Our Certificate of Incorporation does not provide for a classified board of directors or for cumulative voting in the election of directors. Under Article VIII of the Certificate of Incorporation and Section 3.13 of the By-Laws, directors may be removed by the stockholders of the Company only for cause, and in such case only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the voting power of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company then entitled to vote in the election of directors. On December 21, 2015, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware invalidated as a matter of law certain provisions of the certificate of incorporation and bylaws of VAALCO Energy, Inc. (“VAALCO”), a Delaware corporation, that permitted the removal of VAALCO’s directors by its stockholders only for cause. In In re VAALCO Energy, Inc. Stockholder Litigation, Consol. C.A. No. 11775-VCL (Del. Ch. Dec. 21, 2015), the Court ruled from the bench to hold that, in the absence of a classified board of directors or cumulative voting, VAALCO’s “only for-cause” director removal provisions conflict with Section 141(k) of the DGCL and are therefore invalid. Because the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws contain similar “only for-cause” director removal provisions and the Company does not have a classified board of directors or cumulative voting, the Company will not attempt to enforce the foregoing “only for-cause” director removal provision in light of the VAALCO decision.

Size of Board of Directors and Vacancies

The authorized number of directors may be determined by the board of directors, provided the board shall consist of at least one (1) member. No decrease in the number of directors constituting the board of directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.

Vacancies occurring on our board of directors for any reason and newly created directorships resulting from an increase in the authorized number of directors may be filled only by a vote of a majority of the remaining members of the board of directors, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director, at any meeting of the board of directors.

10 

Amendment

The Certificate of Incorporation may be amended by approval of the board of directors and vote of a majority of the outstanding stock entitled to vote (and vote of a majority of the outstanding stock of each class entitled to vote as a class, if applicable) pursuant to the Sections 141 and 242 of the DGCL. The board of directors is authorized to adopt, amend, alter or repeal the By-Laws by the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the board of directors then in office. No amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation or the By-Laws may adversely affect any indemnification right or protection of any director, officer, employee or other agent existing at the time of such amendment, repeal or adoption of an inconsistent provision for or in respect of any act, omission or other matter occurring, or any action or proceeding accruing or arising prior to such amendment, repeal or adoption of an inconsistent provision.

11 

Authorized but Unissued Shares of Common Stock and of Preferred Stock

We believe that the availability of the “Blank Check” preferred stock under our Certificate of Incorporation provides us with flexibility in addressing corporate issues that may arise. The board of directors has the power, subject to applicable law, to issue series of preferred stock that could, depending on the terms of the series, impede the completion of a merger, tender offer or other takeover attempt that some, or a majority, of the stockholders might believe to be in their best interests or in which stockholders might receive a premium for their stock over the then prevailing market price of the stock. Our board of directors may issue preferred stock with voting rights or conversion rights that, if exercised, could adversely affect the voting power of the holders of common stock.

The authorized shares of preferred stock, as well as shares of common stock, will be available for issuance without further action by our stockholders, unless action is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange on which our securities may be listed. Having these authorized shares available for issuance allows us to issue shares without the expense and delay of a special stockholders’ meeting. We may use additional shares for a variety of purposes, including future public or private offerings to raise additional capital, to fund acquisitions and as employee compensation. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of our company by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise. The above provisions may deter a hostile takeover or delay a change in control or management of our company.

Advance Notice Procedure

Our By-Laws provide an advance notice procedure for stockholders to nominate director candidates for election or to bring business before an annual meeting of stockholders. Only persons nominated by, or at the direction of, our board of directors or by a stockholder of record who has given proper and timely notice to our secretary prior to the meeting at which such stockholder is entitled to vote and appears, will be eligible for election as a director. In addition, any proposed business other than the nomination of persons for election to our board of directors must constitute a proper matter for stockholder action pursuant to a proper notice of meeting delivered to us. For notice to be timely, it must generally be delivered to our secretary not less than 90 nor more than 120 calendar days prior to the first anniversary of the previous year’s annual meeting (or if the date of the annual meeting is more than 30 calendar days before or more than 60 calendar days after the anniversary date of the previous year’s annual meeting, not earlier than the 120th calendar day prior to such meeting and not later than either the 90th calendar day prior to such meeting or the 10th calendar day after public disclosure of the date of such meeting is first made by us). These advance notice provisions may have the effect of precluding the conduct of certain business at a meeting if the proper procedures are not followed or may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of directors or otherwise attempt to obtain control of us.

Special Meetings of Stockholders

Our By-Laws provide that special meetings of stockholders may be called only by the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, or the board of directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the board of directors.

Warrants

The following description, together with the additional information we may include in any applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the warrants that we may offer under this prospectus and any related warrant agreement and warrant certificate. While the terms summarized below will apply generally to any warrants that we may offer, we will describe the specific terms of any series of warrants in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. If we indicate in the prospectus supplement, the terms of any warrants offered under that prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. Specific warrant agreements will contain additional important terms and provisions and will be incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Registration Statement which includes this prospectus.

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General

We may issue warrants for the purchase of common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities in one or more series. We may issue warrants independently or together with common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities, and the warrants may be attached to or separate from these securities.

We will evidence each series of warrants by warrant certificates that we may issue under a separate agreement. We may enter into a warrant agreement with a warrant agent. Each warrant agent may be a bank or trust company that we select which has its principal office in the United States. We may also choose to act as our own warrant agent. We will indicate the name and address of any such warrant agent in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of warrants.

We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of warrants, including:

	●	the offering price and aggregate number of warrants offered;
	●	if applicable, the designation and terms of the securities with which the warrants are issued and the number of warrants issued with each such security or each principal amount of such security;
	●	if applicable, the date on and after which the warrants and the related securities will be separately transferable;
	●	in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the principal amount of debt securities purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the price at, and currency in which, this principal amount of debt securities may be purchased upon such exercise;
	●	in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the number or amount of shares of common stock or preferred stock, as the case may be, purchasable upon the exercise of one warrant and the price at which and currency in which these shares may be purchased upon such exercise;
	●	the manner of exercise of the warrants, including any cashless exercise rights;
	●	the warrant agreement under which the warrants will be issued;
	●	the effect of any merger, consolidation, sale or other disposition of our business on the warrant agreement and the warrants;
	●	anti-dilution provisions of the warrants, if any;
	●	the terms of any rights to redeem or call the warrants;
	●	any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price or number of securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants;
	●	the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and expire or, if the warrants are not continuously exercisable during that period, the specific date or dates on which the warrants will be exercisable;
	●	the manner in which the warrant agreement and warrants may be modified;
	●	the identities of the warrant agent and any calculation or other agent for the warrants;
	●	federal income tax consequences of holding or exercising the warrants;
	●	the terms of the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants;
	●	any securities exchange or quotation system on which the warrants or any securities deliverable upon exercise of the warrants may be listed or quoted; and
	●	any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of or restrictions on the warrants.

Before exercising their warrants, holders of warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of the securities purchasable upon such exercise, including:

	●	in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the right to receive payments of principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities purchasable upon exercise or to enforce covenants in the applicable indenture; or
	●	in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the right to receive dividends, if any, or, payments upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up or to exercise voting rights, if any.

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Exercise of Warrants

Each warrant will entitle the holder to purchase the securities that we specify in the applicable prospectus supplement at the exercise price that we describe in the applicable prospectus supplement. Unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the warrants may exercise the warrants at any time up to 5:00 P.M. eastern time on the expiration date that we set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. After the close of business on the expiration date, unexercised warrants will become void.

Holders of the warrants may exercise the warrants by delivering the warrant certificate representing the warrants to be exercised together with specified information, and paying the required exercise price by the methods provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. We will set forth on the reverse side of the warrant certificate, and in the applicable prospectus supplement, the information that the holder of the warrant will be required to deliver to the warrant agent.

Upon receipt of the required payment and the warrant certificate properly completed and duly executed at the corporate trust office of the warrant agent or any other office indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will issue and deliver the securities purchasable upon such exercise. If fewer than all of the warrants represented by the warrant certificate are exercised, then we will issue a new warrant certificate for the remaining amount of warrants.

Enforceability of Rights by Holders of Warrants

Any warrant agent will act solely as our agent under the applicable warrant agreement and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust with any holder of any warrant. A single bank or trust company may act as warrant agent for more than one issue of warrants. A warrant agent will have no duty or responsibility in case of any default by us under the applicable warrant agreement or warrant, including any duty or responsibility to initiate any proceedings at law or otherwise, or to make any demand upon us. Any holder of a warrant may, without the consent of the related warrant agent or the holder of any other warrant, enforce by appropriate legal action the holder’s right to exercise, and receive the securities purchasable upon exercise of, its warrants in accordance with their terms.

Warrant Agreement Will Not Be Qualified Under Trust Indenture Act

No warrant agreement will be qualified as an indenture, and no warrant agent will be required to qualify as a trustee, under the Trust Indenture Act. Therefore, holders of warrants issued under a warrant agreement will not have the protection of the Trust Indenture Act with respect to their warrants.

Governing Law

Each warrant agreement and any warrants issued under the warrant agreements will be governed by New York law.

Calculation Agent

Any calculations relating to warrants may be made by a calculation agent, an institution that we appoint as our agent for this purpose. The prospectus supplement for a particular warrant will name the institution that we have appointed to act as the calculation agent for that warrant as of the original issue date for that warrant, if any. We may appoint a different institution to serve as calculation agent from time to time after the original issue date without the consent or notification of the holders. The calculation agent’s determination of any amount of money payable or securities deliverable with respect to a warrant will be final and binding in the absence of manifest error.

Outstanding Warrants

As of May 24, 2023, we had outstanding 7,295,588 warrants to purchase 7,295,588 shares of our common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $3.65. Our Warrant Agent for registered warrants is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company.

Transfer and Exchange

Each warrant will be represented by either one or more global securities registered in the name of The Depository Trust Company (the “DTC” or the “Depositary”) or a nominee of the Depositary (we will refer to any warrant represented by a global warrant as a “book-entry warrant”), or a certificate issued in definitive registered form (we will refer to any warrant represented by a certificated security as a “certificated warrant”) as set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Except as set forth under the heading “Global Warrants and Book-Entry System” below, book-entry warrants will not be issuable in certificated form.

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Global Warrants and Book-Entry System. Each global warrant representing book-entry debt securities will be deposited with, or on behalf of, the Depositary, and registered in the name of the Depositary or a nominee of the Depositary. Please see the section entitled “Global Securities” for more information.

Debt Securities

The following description, together with the additional information we include in any applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, summarizes certain general terms and provisions of the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus. When we offer to sell a particular series of debt securities, we will describe the specific terms of the series in a supplement to this prospectus. We will also indicate in the supplement to what extent the general terms and provisions described in this prospectus apply to a particular series of debt securities. To the extent the information contained in the prospectus supplement differs from this summary description, you should rely on the information in the prospectus supplement.

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We may issue debt securities either separately, or together with, or upon the conversion or exercise of or in exchange for, other securities described in this prospectus. Debt securities may be our senior, senior subordinated or subordinated obligations and, unless otherwise specified in a supplement to this prospectus, the debt securities will be our direct, unsecured obligations and may be issued in one or more series.

The debt securities will be issued under an indenture between us and a trustee named in the prospectus supplement. We have summarized select portions of the indenture below. The summary is not complete. The form of the indenture has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement and you should read the indenture for provisions that may be important to you. In the summary below, we have included references to the section numbers of the indenture so that you can easily locate these provisions. Capitalized terms used in the summary and not defined herein have the meanings specified in the indenture.

General

The terms of each series of debt securities will be established by or pursuant to a resolution of our board of directors and set forth or determined in the manner provided in a resolution of our board of directors, in an officer’s certificate or by a supplemental indenture. (Section 2.2) The particular terms of each series of debt securities will be described in a prospectus supplement relating to such series (including any pricing supplement or term sheet).

We can issue an unlimited amount of debt securities under the indenture that may be in one or more series with the same or various maturities, at par, at a premium, or at a discount. (Section 2.1) We will set forth in a prospectus supplement (including any pricing supplement or term sheet) relating to any series of debt securities being offered, the aggregate principal amount and the following terms of the debt securities, if applicable:

	·	the title and ranking of the debt securities (including the terms of any subordination provisions);
	·	the price or prices (expressed as a percentage of the principal amount) at which we will sell the debt securities;
	·	any limit on the aggregate principal amount of the debt securities;
	·	the date or dates on which the principal of a particular series of debt securities is payable;
	·	the rate or rates (which may be fixed or variable) per annum or the method used to determine the rate or rates (including any commodity, commodity index, stock exchange index or financial index) at which the debt securities will bear interest, the date or dates from which interest will accrue, the date or dates on which interest will commence and be payable and any regular record date for the interest payable on any interest payment date;
	·	the place or places where principal of, and interest, if any, on the debt securities will be payable (and the method of such payment), where the debt securities of such series may be surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange, and where notices and demands to us in respect of the debt securities may be delivered;
	·	the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which and the terms and conditions upon which we may redeem the debt securities;
	·	any obligation we have to redeem or purchase the debt securities pursuant to any sinking fund or analogous provisions or at the option of a holder of debt securities and the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which and the terms and conditions upon which the debt securities of a particular series shall be redeemed or purchased, in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation;
	·	the dates on which and the price or prices at which we will repurchase debt securities at the option of the holders of debt securities and other detailed terms and provisions of these repurchase obligations;
	·	the denominations in which the debt securities will be issued, if other than denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof;
	·	whether the debt securities will be issued in the form of certificated debt securities or global debt securities;
	·	the portion of principal amount of the debt securities payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity date, if other than the principal amount;

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	·	the currency of denomination of the debt securities, which may be U.S. dollars or any foreign currency, and if such currency of denomination is a composite currency, the agency or organization, if any, responsible for overseeing such composite currency;
	·	the designation of the currency, currencies or currency units in which payment of principal of, and premium and interest on, the debt securities will be made;
	·	if payments of principal of, or premium or interest on, the debt securities will be made in one or more currencies or currency units other than that or those in which the debt securities are denominated, the manner in which the exchange rate with respect to these payments will be determined;
	·	the manner in which the amounts of payment of principal of, and premium, if any, and interest on, the debt securities will be determined, if these amounts may be determined by reference to an index based on a currency or currencies or by reference to a commodity, commodity index, stock exchange index or financial index;
	·	any provisions relating to any security provided for the debt securities;
	·	any addition to, deletion of or change in the Events of Default described in this prospectus or in the indenture with respect to the debt securities and any change in the acceleration provisions described in this prospectus or in the indenture with respect to the debt securities;
	·	any addition to, deletion of or change in the covenants described in this prospectus or in the indenture with respect to the debt securities;
	·	any depositaries, interest rate calculation agents, exchange rate calculation agents or other agents with respect to the debt securities;
	·	the provisions, if any, relating to conversion or exchange of any debt securities of such series, including if applicable, the conversion or exchange price and period, provisions as to whether conversion or exchange will be mandatory, the events requiring an adjustment of the conversion or exchange price and provisions affecting conversion or exchange;
	·	any other terms of the debt securities, which may supplement, modify or delete any provision of the indenture as it applies to that series, including any terms that may be required under applicable law or regulations or advisable in connection with the marketing of the securities; and
	·	whether any of our direct or indirect subsidiaries will guarantee the debt securities of that series, including the terms of subordination, if any, of such guarantees. (Section 2.2)

We may issue debt securities that provide for an amount less than their stated principal amount to be due and payable upon declaration of acceleration of their maturity pursuant to the terms of the indenture. We will provide you with information on the federal income tax considerations and other special considerations applicable to any of these debt securities in the applicable prospectus supplement.

If we denominate the purchase price of any of the debt securities in a foreign currency or currencies or a foreign currency unit or units, or if the principal of, and premium, if any, and interest on, any series of debt securities is payable in a foreign currency or currencies or a foreign currency unit or units, we will provide you with information on the restrictions, elections, general tax considerations, specific terms and other information with respect to that issue of debt securities and such foreign currency or currencies or foreign currency unit or units in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Transfer and Exchange

Each debt security will be represented by either one or more global securities registered in the name of the Depositary or a nominee of the Depositary (we will refer to any debt security represented by a global debt security as a “book-entry debt security”), or a certificate issued in definitive registered form (we will refer to any debt security represented by a certificated security as a “certificated debt security”) as set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Except as set forth under the heading “Global Debt Securities and Book-Entry System” below, book-entry debt securities will not be issuable in certificated form.

Certificated Debt Securities. You may transfer or exchange certificated debt securities at any office we maintain for this purpose in accordance with the terms of the indenture. (Section 2.4) No service charge will be made for any transfer or exchange of certificated debt securities, but we may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge payable in connection with a transfer or exchange. (Section 2.7)

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You may effect the transfer of certificated debt securities and the right to receive the principal of, premium and interest on certificated debt securities only by surrendering the certificate representing those certificated debt securities and either reissuance by us or the trustee of the certificate to the new holder or the issuance by us or the trustee of a new certificate to the new holder.

Global Debt Securities and Book-Entry System. Each global debt security representing book-entry debt securities will be deposited with, or on behalf of, the Depositary, and registered in the name of the Depositary or a nominee of the Depositary. Please see the section entitled “Global Securities” for more information.

Covenants

We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement any restrictive covenants applicable to any issue of debt securities. (Article IV)

No Protection in the Event of a Change of Control

Unless we state otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, the debt securities will not contain any provisions that may afford holders of the debt securities protection in the event we have a change in control or in the event of a highly leveraged transaction (whether or not such transaction results in a change in control) which could adversely affect holders of debt securities.

Consolidation, Merger and Sale of Assets

We may not consolidate with or merge with or into, or convey, transfer or lease all or substantially all of our properties and assets to, any person (a “successor person”) unless:

	·	we are the surviving corporation or the successor person (if other than our company) is a corporation organized and validly existing under the laws of any U.S. domestic jurisdiction and expressly assumes our obligations on the debt securities and under the indenture;
	·	immediately after giving effect to the transaction, no Default or Event of Default, shall have occurred and be continuing; and
	·	certain other conditions are met.

Notwithstanding the above, any of our subsidiaries may consolidate with, merge into or transfer all or part of its properties to us. (Section 5.1)

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Events of Default

“Event of Default” means with respect to any series of debt securities, any of the following:

	·	default in the payment of any interest upon any debt security of that series when it becomes due and payable, and continuance of such default for a period of 30 days (unless the entire amount of the payment is deposited by us with the trustee or with a paying agent prior to the expiration of the 30-day period);
	·	default in the payment of principal of any debt security of that series at its maturity;
	·	default in the performance or breach of any other covenant or warranty by us in the indenture or any debt security (other than a covenant or warranty that has been included in the indenture solely for the benefit of a series of debt securities other than that series), which default continues uncured for a period of 60 days after we receive written notice from the trustee or our company and the trustee receive written notice from the holders of not less than 25% in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series as provided in the indenture;
	·	certain voluntary or involuntary events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization of our company; or
	·	any other Event of Default provided with respect to debt securities of that series that is described in the applicable prospectus supplement. (Section 6.1)

No Event of Default with respect to a particular series of debt securities (except as to certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization) necessarily constitutes an Event of Default with respect to any other series of debt securities. (Section 6.1) The occurrence of certain Events of Default or an acceleration under the indenture may constitute an event of default under certain indebtedness of ours or our subsidiaries outstanding from time to time.

We will provide the trustee written notice of any Default or Event of Default within 30 days of becoming aware of the occurrence of such Default or Event of Default, which notice will describe in reasonable detail the status of such Default or Event of Default and what action we are taking or propose to take in respect thereof. (Section 6.1)

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If an Event of Default with respect to debt securities of any series at the time outstanding occurs and is continuing, then the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series may, by a notice in writing to us (and to the trustee if given by the holders), declare to be due and payable immediately the principal of (or, if the debt securities of that series are discount securities, that portion of the principal amount as may be specified in the terms of that series) and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all debt securities of that series. In the case of an Event of Default resulting from certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization, the principal (or such specified amount) of and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all outstanding debt securities will become and be immediately due and payable without any declaration or other act on the part of the trustee or any holder of outstanding debt securities. At any time after a declaration of acceleration with respect to debt securities of any series has been made, but before a judgment or decree for payment of the money due has been obtained by the trustee, the holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series may rescind and annul the acceleration if all Events of Default, other than the non-payment of accelerated principal and interest, if any, with respect to debt securities of that series, have been cured or waived as provided in the indenture. (Section 6.2) We refer you to the prospectus supplement relating to any series of debt securities that are discount securities for the particular provisions relating to acceleration of a portion of the principal amount of such discount securities upon the occurrence of an Event of Default.

The indenture provides that the trustee may refuse to perform any duty or exercise any of its rights or powers under the indenture, unless the trustee receives indemnity satisfactory to it against any cost, liability or expense that might be incurred by it in performing such duty or exercising such right or power. (Section 7.1(e)) Subject to certain rights of the trustee, the holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee with respect to the debt securities of that series. (Section 6.12)

No holder of any debt security of any series will have any right to institute any proceeding, judicial or otherwise, with respect to the indenture or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee, or for any remedy under the indenture, unless:

	·	that holder has previously given to the trustee written notice of a continuing Event of Default with respect to debt securities of that series; and
	·	the holders of not less than 25% in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series have made written request, and offered indemnity or security satisfactory to the trustee, to the trustee to institute the proceeding as trustee, and the trustee has not received from the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series a direction inconsistent with that request and has failed to institute the proceeding within 60 days. (Section 6.7)

Notwithstanding any other provision in the indenture, the holder of any debt security will have an absolute and unconditional right to receive payment of the principal of, and premium and any interest on, that debt security on or after the due dates expressed in that debt security and to institute suit for the enforcement of payment. (Section 6.8)

The indenture requires us, within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year, to furnish to the trustee a statement as to compliance with the indenture. (Section 4.3) If a Default or Event of Default occurs and is continuing with respect to the securities of any series and if it is known to a responsible officer of the trustee, the trustee shall mail to each holder of the securities of that series notice of a Default or Event of Default within 90 days after it occurs or, if later, after a responsible officer of the trustee has knowledge of such Default or Event of Default. The indenture provides that the trustee may withhold notice to the holders of debt securities of any series of any Default or Event of Default (except in payment on any debt securities of that series) with respect to debt securities of that series if the trustee determines in good faith that withholding notice is in the interest of the holders of those debt securities. (Section 7.5)

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Modification and Waiver

We and the trustee may modify, amend or supplement the indenture or the debt securities of any series without the consent of any holder of any debt security:

	·	to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency;
	·	to comply with covenants in the indenture described above under the heading “Consolidation, Merger and Sale of Assets”;
	·	to provide for uncertificated securities in addition to or in place of certificated securities;
	·	to add guarantees with respect to debt securities of any series or secure debt securities of any series;
	·	to surrender any of our rights or powers under the indenture;
	·	to add covenants or Events of Default for the benefit of the holders of debt securities of any series;
	·	to comply with the applicable procedures of the applicable depositary;
	·	to make any change that does not adversely affect the rights of any holder of debt securities;
	·	to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of debt securities of any series as permitted by the indenture;
	·	to effect the appointment of a successor trustee with respect to the debt securities of any series and to add to or change any of the provisions of the indenture to provide for or facilitate administration by more than one trustee; or
	·	to comply with requirements of the SEC in order to effect or maintain the qualification of the indenture under the Trust Indenture Act. (Section 9.1)

We may also modify and amend the indenture with the consent of the holders of at least a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series affected by the modifications or amendments. We may not make any modification or amendment without the consent of the holders of each affected debt security then outstanding if that amendment will:

	·	reduce the amount of debt securities whose holders must consent to an amendment, supplement or waiver;
	·	reduce the rate of or extend the time for payment of interest (including default interest) on any debt security;
	·	reduce the principal of or premium on or change the fixed maturity of any debt security or reduce the amount of, or postpone the date fixed for, the payment of any sinking fund or analogous obligation with respect to any series of debt securities;
	·	reduce the principal amount of discount securities payable upon acceleration of maturity;
	·	waive a Default or Event of Default in the payment of the principal of, or premium or interest on, any debt security (except a rescission of acceleration of the debt securities of any series by the holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the then outstanding debt securities of that series and a waiver of the payment default that resulted from such acceleration);
	·	make the principal of, or premium or interest on, any debt security payable in currency other than that stated in the debt security;
	·	make any change to certain provisions of the indenture relating to, among other things, the right of holders of debt securities to receive payment of the principal of, and premium and interest on, those debt securities and to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment and to waivers or amendments; or
	·	waive a redemption payment with respect to any debt security. (Section 9.3)

Except for certain specified provisions, the holders of at least a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series may on behalf of the holders of all debt securities of that series waive our compliance with provisions of the indenture. (Section 9.2) The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series may on behalf of the holders of all the debt securities of such series waive any past default under the indenture with respect to that series and its consequences, except a default in the payment of the principal of, or any interest on, any debt security of that series; provided, however, that the holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series may rescind an acceleration and its consequences, including any related payment default that resulted from the acceleration. (Section 6.13)

Defeasance of Debt Securities and Certain Covenants in Certain Circumstances

Legal Defeasance. The indenture provides that, unless otherwise provided by the terms of the applicable series of debt securities, we may be discharged from any and all obligations in respect of the debt securities of any series (subject to certain exceptions). We will be so discharged upon the deposit with the trustee, in trust, of money and/or U.S. government obligations or, in the case of debt securities denominated in a single currency other than U.S. dollars, government obligations of the government that issued or caused to be issued such currency, that, through the payment of interest and principal in accordance with their terms, will provide money or U.S. government obligations in an amount sufficient in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants or investment bank to pay and discharge each installment of principal of, premium and interest on, and any mandatory sinking fund payments in respect of, the debt securities of that series on the stated maturity of those payments in accordance with the terms of the indenture and those debt securities.

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This discharge may occur only if, among other things, we have delivered to the trustee an opinion of counsel stating that we have received from, or there has been published by, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service a ruling or, since the date of execution of the indenture, there has been a change in the applicable U.S. federal income tax law, in either case to the effect that, and based thereon such opinion shall confirm that, the holders of the debt securities of that series will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of the deposit, defeasance and discharge and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amounts and in the same manner and at the same times as would have been the case if the deposit, defeasance and discharge had not occurred. (Section 8.3)

Defeasance of Certain Covenants. The indenture provides that, unless otherwise provided by the terms of the applicable series of debt securities, upon compliance with certain conditions:

	·	we may omit to comply with the covenant described under the heading “Consolidation, Merger and Sale of Assets” and certain other covenants set forth in the indenture, as well as any additional covenants that may be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement; and
	·	any omission to comply with those covenants will not constitute a Default or an Event of Default with respect to the debt securities of that series (“covenant defeasance”).

The conditions include:

	·	depositing with the trustee money and/or U.S. government obligations or, in the case of debt securities denominated in a single currency other than U.S. dollars, government obligations of the government that issued or caused to be issued such currency, that, through the payment of interest and principal in accordance with their terms, will provide money in an amount sufficient in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants or investment bank to pay and discharge each installment of principal of, premium and interest on, and any mandatory sinking fund payments in respect of, the debt securities of that series on the stated maturity of those payments in accordance with the terms of the indenture and those debt securities; and
	·	delivering to the trustee an opinion of counsel to the effect that the holders of the debt securities of that series will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of the deposit and related covenant defeasance and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amounts and in the same manner and at the same times as would have been the case if the deposit and related covenant defeasance had not occurred. (Section 8.4)

No Personal Liability of Directors, Officers, Employees or Securityholders

None of our past, present or future directors, officers, employees or securityholders, as such, will have any liability for any of our obligations under the debt securities or the indenture or for any claim based on, or in respect or by reason of, such obligations or their creation. By accepting a debt security, each holder waives and releases all such liability. This waiver and release is part of the consideration for the issue of the debt securities. However, this waiver and release may not be effective to waive liabilities under U.S. federal securities laws, and it is the view of the SEC that such a waiver is against public policy.

Governing Law

The indenture and the debt securities, including any claim or controversy arising out of or relating to the indenture or the debt securities, will be governed by the laws of the State of New York.

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The indenture will provide that we, the trustee and the holders of the debt securities (by their acceptance of the debt securities) irrevocably waive, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any and all right to trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to the indenture, the debt securities or the transactions contemplated thereby.

The indenture will provide that any legal suit, action or proceeding arising out of or based upon the indenture or the transactions contemplated thereby may be instituted in the federal courts of the United States of America located in the City of New York or the courts of the State of New York in each case located in the City of New York, and we, the trustee and the holder of the debt securities (by their acceptance of the debt securities) irrevocably submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding. The indenture will further provide that service of any process, summons, notice or document by mail (to the extent allowed under any applicable statute or rule of court) to such party’s address set forth in the indenture will be effective service of process for any suit, action or other proceeding brought in any such court. The indenture will further provide that we, the trustee and the holders of the debt securities (by their acceptance of the debt securities) irrevocably and unconditionally waive any objection to the laying of venue of any suit, action or other proceeding in the courts specified above and irrevocably and unconditionally waive and agree not to plead or claim any such suit, action or other proceeding has been brought in an inconvenient forum. (Section 10.10)

Outstanding Debt Securities

As of May 30, 2023, we had no outstanding debt securities.

Rights

We may issue rights to purchase common stock, preferred stock or warrants that we may offer to our security holders in one or more series. The rights may or may not be transferable by the persons purchasing or receiving the rights. In connection with any rights offering, we may enter into a standby underwriting or other arrangement with one or more underwriters or other persons pursuant to which such underwriters or other persons would purchase any offered securities remaining unsubscribed for after such rights offering. Each series of rights will be issued under a separate rights agent agreement to be entered into between us and a bank or trust company, as rights agent, that we will name in the applicable prospectus supplement. The rights agent will act solely as our agent in connection with the rights and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust for or with any holders of rights certificates or beneficial owners of rights. A copy of the form of rights agent or subscription agent agreement, including the form of rights certificate representing a series of rights, will be filed with the SEC in connection with the offering of a particular series of rights.

The prospectus supplement relating to any rights that we offer will include specific terms relating to the offering, including, among other matters:

	●	the title of the rights;
	●	the securities for which the rights are exercisable;
	●	the date of determining the security holders entitled to the rights distribution;
	●	the aggregate number of rights issued and the aggregate number of shares of common stock or preferred stock or warrants purchasable upon exercise of the rights;
	●	the extent to which the rights are transferable;
	●	the exercise price;
	●	any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price or number of securities issuable upon exercise of the rights;
	●	the conditions to completion of the rights offering;
	●	any applicable federal income tax considerations;
	●	if applicable, the material terms of any standby underwriting or other purchase arrangement that we may enter into in connection with the rights offering;
	●	the date on which the right to exercise the rights will commence and the date on which the rights will expire; and
	●	any other terms of the rights, including terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of the rights.

Each right would entitle the holder of the rights to purchase for cash the amount of shares of common stock or preferred stock or warrants at the exercise price set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Rights may be exercised at any time up to the close of business on the expiration date for the rights provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. After the close of business on the expiration date, all unexercised rights will become void.

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We may determine to offer any unsubscribed securities directly to persons other than our security holders, to or through agents, underwriters or dealers or through a combination of such methods, including pursuant to standby arrangements, as described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Until a holder exercises the rights to purchase shares of our common stock or preferred stock or warrants, the holder will not have any rights as a holder of shares of our common stock or preferred stock or warrants, as the case may be, by virtue of ownership of the rights.

Units

We may issue units consisting of one or more of the other securities described in this prospectus, in any prospectus supplement or a free writing prospectus in any combination. Each unit will be issued so that the holder of the unit is also the holder, with the rights and obligations of a holder, of each security included in the unit. The unit agreement under which a unit is issued may provide that the securities included in the unit may not be held or transferred separately, at any time or at any time before a specified date or upon the occurrence of a specified event or occurrence.

The applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus will describe:

	●	the designation and terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances those securities may be held or transferred separately;
	●	any unit agreement under which the units will be issued;
	●	any provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units or of the securities comprising the units; and
	●	whether the units will be issued in fully registered or global form.

Global Securities

Book-Entry, Delivery and Form

Unless we indicate differently in any applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, the securities initially will be issued in book-entry form and represented by one or more global notes or global securities (collectively, “global securities”). The global securities will be deposited with, or on behalf of, DTC and registered in the name of Cede & Co., the nominee of DTC. Unless and until it is exchanged for individual certificates evidencing securities under the limited circumstances described below, a global security may not be transferred except as a whole by the depositary to its nominee or by the nominee to the depositary, or by the depositary or its nominee to a successor depositary or to a nominee of the successor depositary.

DTC has advised us that it is:

	·	a limited-purpose trust company organized under the New York Banking Law;
	·	a “banking organization” within the meaning of the New York Banking Law;
	·	a member of the Federal Reserve System;
	·	a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the New York Uniform Commercial Code; and
	·	a “clearing agency” registered pursuant to the provisions of Section 17A of the Exchange Act.

DTC holds securities that its participants deposit with DTC. DTC also facilitates the settlement among its participants of securities transactions, such as transfers and pledges, in deposited securities through electronic computerized book-entry changes in participants’ accounts, thereby eliminating the need for physical movement of securities certificates. “Direct participants” in DTC include securities brokers and dealers, including underwriters, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations and other organizations. DTC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”). DTCC is the holding company for DTC, National Securities Clearing Corporation and Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, all of which are registered clearing agencies. DTCC is owned by the users of its regulated subsidiaries. Access to the DTC system is also available to others, which we sometimes refer to as indirect participants, that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a direct participant, either directly or indirectly. The rules applicable to DTC and its participants are on file with the SEC.

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Purchases of securities under the DTC system must be made by or through direct participants, which will receive a credit for the securities on DTC’s records. The ownership interest of the actual purchaser of a security, which we sometimes refer to as a beneficial owner, is in turn recorded on the direct and indirect participants’ records. Beneficial owners of securities will not receive written confirmation from DTC of their purchases. However, beneficial owners are expected to receive written confirmations providing details of their transactions, as well as periodic statements of their holdings, from the direct or indirect participants through which they purchased securities. Transfers of ownership interests in global securities are to be accomplished by entries made on the books of participants acting on behalf of beneficial owners. Beneficial owners will not receive certificates representing their ownership interests in the global securities, except under the limited circumstances described below.

To facilitate subsequent transfers, all global securities deposited by direct participants with DTC will be registered in the name of DTC’s partnership nominee, Cede & Co., or such other name as may be requested by an authorized representative of DTC. The deposit of securities with DTC and their registration in the name of Cede & Co. or such other nominee will not change the beneficial ownership of the securities. DTC has no knowledge of the actual beneficial owners of the securities. DTC’s records reflect only the identity of the direct participants to whose accounts the securities are credited, which may or may not be the beneficial owners. The participants are responsible for keeping account of their holdings on behalf of their customers.

So long as the securities are in book-entry form, you will receive payments and may transfer securities only through the facilities of the depositary and its direct and indirect participants. We will maintain an office or agency in the location specified in the prospectus supplement for the applicable securities, where notices and demands in respect of the securities and the indenture may be delivered to us and where certificated securities may be surrendered for payment, registration of transfer or exchange.

Conveyance of notices and other communications by DTC to direct participants, by direct participants to indirect participants and by direct participants and indirect participants to beneficial owners will be governed by arrangements among them, subject to any legal requirements in effect from time to time.

Redemption notices will be sent to DTC. If less than all of the securities of a particular series are being redeemed, DTC’s practice is to determine by lot the amount of the interest of each direct participant in the securities of such series to be redeemed.

Neither DTC nor Cede & Co. (or such other DTC nominee) will consent or vote with respect to the securities. Under its usual procedures, DTC will mail an omnibus proxy to us as soon as possible after the record date. The omnibus proxy assigns the consenting or voting rights of Cede & Co. to those direct participants to whose accounts the securities of such series are credited on the record date, identified in a listing attached to the omnibus proxy.

So long as securities are in book-entry form, we will make payments on those securities to the depositary or its nominee, as the registered owner of such securities, by wire transfer of immediately available funds. If securities are issued in definitive certificated form under the limited circumstances described below and unless if otherwise provided in the description of the applicable securities herein or in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will have the option of making payments by check mailed to the addresses of the persons entitled to payment or by wire transfer to bank accounts in the United States designated in writing to the applicable trustee or other designated party at least 15 days before the applicable payment date by the persons entitled to payment, unless a shorter period is satisfactory to the applicable trustee or other designated party.

Redemption proceeds, distributions and dividend payments on the securities will be made to Cede & Co., or such other nominee as may be requested by an authorized representative of DTC. DTC’s practice is to credit direct participants’ accounts upon DTC’s receipt of funds and corresponding detail information from us on the payment date in accordance with their respective holdings shown on DTC records. Payments by participants to beneficial owners will be governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is the case with securities held for the account of customers in bearer form or registered in “street name.” Those payments will be the responsibility of participants and not of DTC or us, subject to any statutory or regulatory requirements in effect from time to time. Payment of redemption proceeds, distributions and dividend payments to Cede & Co., or such other nominee as may be requested by an authorized representative of DTC, is our responsibility; disbursement of payments to direct participants is the responsibility of DTC; and disbursement of payments to the beneficial owners is the responsibility of direct and indirect participants.

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Except under the limited circumstances described below, purchasers of securities will not be entitled to have securities registered in their names and will not receive physical delivery of securities. Accordingly, each beneficial owner must rely on the procedures of DTC and its participants to exercise any rights under the securities and the indenture.

The laws of some jurisdictions may require that some purchasers of securities take physical delivery of securities in definitive form. Those laws may impair the ability to transfer or pledge beneficial interests in securities.

DTC may discontinue providing its services as securities depositary with respect to the securities at any time by giving reasonable notice to us. Under such circumstances, in the event that a successor depositary is not obtained, securities certificates are required to be printed and delivered.

As noted above, beneficial owners of a particular series of securities generally will not receive certificates representing their ownership interests in those securities. However, if:

	·	DTC notifies us that it is unwilling or unable to continue as a depositary for the global security or securities representing such series of securities or if DTC ceases to be a clearing agency registered under the Exchange Act at a time when it is required to be registered and a successor depositary is not appointed within 90 days of the notification to us or of our becoming aware of DTC’s ceasing to be so registered, as the case may be;
	·	we determine, in our sole discretion, not to have such securities represented by one or more global securities; or
	·	an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing with respect to such series of securities,

we will prepare and deliver certificates for such securities in exchange for beneficial interests in the global securities. Any beneficial interest in a global security that is exchangeable under the circumstances described in the preceding sentence will be exchangeable for securities in definitive certificated form registered in the names that the depositary directs. It is expected that these directions will be based upon directions received by the depositary from its participants with respect to ownership of beneficial interests in the global securities.

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We may sell the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus from time to time in one or more transactions, including, without limitation:

●	to or through underwriters;
●	through broker-dealers (acting as agent or principal);
●	through agents;
●	directly by us to one or more purchasers (including our affiliates and stockholders), through a specific bidding or auction process, a rights offering or otherwise;
●	through a combination of any such methods of sale; or
●	through any other methods described in a prospectus supplement.

The distribution of securities may be effected, from time to time, in one or more transactions, including:

●	block transactions (which may involve crosses) and transactions on The Nasdaq Capital Market or any other organized market where the securities may be traded;
●	purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by the broker-dealer for its own account pursuant to a prospectus supplement;
●	ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which a broker-dealer solicits purchasers;
●	sales “at the market” to or through a market maker or into an existing trading market, on an exchange or otherwise; and
●	sales in other ways not involving market makers or established trading markets, including direct sales to purchasers.

The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the terms of the offering of the securities, including:

●	the name or names of any underwriters, if, and if required, any dealers or agents;
●	the purchase price of the securities and the proceeds we will receive from the sale;
●	any underwriting discounts and other items constituting underwriters’ compensation;
●	any discounts or concessions allowed or re-allowed or paid to dealers; and
●	any securities exchange or market on which the securities may be listed or traded.

We may distribute the securities from time to time in one or more transactions at:

●	a fixed price or prices, which may be changed;
●	market prices prevailing at the time of sale;
●	prices related to such prevailing market prices; or
●	negotiated prices.

Only underwriters named in the prospectus supplement are underwriters of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement.

If underwriters are used in an offering, we will execute an underwriting agreement with such underwriters and will specify the name of each underwriter and the terms of the transaction (including any underwriting discounts and other terms constituting compensation of the underwriters and any dealers) in a prospectus supplement. The securities may be offered to the public either through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or directly by one or more investment banking firms or others, as designated. If an underwriting syndicate is used, the managing underwriter(s) will be specified on the cover of the prospectus supplement. If underwriters are used in the sale, the offered securities will be acquired by the underwriters for their own accounts and may be resold from time to time in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or re-allowed or paid to dealers may be changed from time to time. Unless otherwise set forth in the prospectus supplement, the obligations of the underwriters to purchase the offered securities will be subject to conditions precedent, and the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the offered securities, if any are purchased.

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We may grant to the underwriters options to purchase additional securities to cover over-allotments, if any, at the public offering price, with additional underwriting commissions or discounts, as may be set forth in a related prospectus supplement. The terms of any over-allotment option will be set forth in the prospectus supplement for those securities.

If a dealer is used in the sale of the securities, we, or an underwriter, will sell the securities to the dealer, as principal. The dealer may then resell the securities to the public at varying prices to be determined by the dealer at the time of resale. To the extent required, we will set forth in the prospectus supplement, document incorporated by reference or free writing prospectus, as applicable, the name of the dealer and the terms of the transactions.

We may sell the securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name any agent involved in the offering and sale of securities and we will describe any commissions we will pay the agent in the prospectus supplement.

We may authorize agents or underwriters to solicit offers by institutional investors to purchase securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. We will describe the conditions to these contracts and the commissions we must pay for solicitation of these contracts in the prospectus supplement.

In connection with the sale of the securities, underwriters, dealers or agents may receive compensation from us or from purchasers of the securities for whom they act as agents, in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions. Underwriters may sell the securities to or through dealers, and those dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters or commissions from the purchasers for whom they may act as agents. Underwriters, dealers and agents that participate in the distribution of the securities, and any institutional investors or others that purchase securities directly for the purpose of resale or distribution, may be deemed to be underwriters, and any discounts or commissions received by them from us and any profit on the resale of the common stock by them may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. No FINRA member firm may receive compensation in excess of that allowable under FINRA rules, including Rule 5110, in connection with the offering of the securities.

We may provide agents, underwriters and other purchasers with indemnification against particular civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribution with respect to payments that the agents, underwriters or other purchasers may make with respect to such liabilities. Agents and underwriters may engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us in the ordinary course of business.

To facilitate the public offering of a series of securities, persons participating in the offering may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain, or otherwise affect the market price of the securities. This may include over-allotments or short sales of the securities, which involves the sale by persons participating in the offering of more securities than have been sold to them by us. In addition, those persons may stabilize or maintain the price of the securities by bidding for or purchasing securities in the open market or by imposing penalty bids, whereby selling concessions allowed to underwriters or dealers participating in any such offering may be reclaimed if securities sold by them are repurchased in connection with stabilization transactions. The effect of these transactions may be to stabilize or maintain the market price of the securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. Such transactions, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time. We make no representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any effect that the transactions described above, if implemented, may have on the price of our securities.

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, any common stock sold pursuant to a prospectus supplement will be eligible for trading as listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market. Any underwriters to whom securities are sold by us for public offering and sale may make a market in the securities, but such underwriters will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time without notice.

In order to comply with the securities laws of some states, if applicable, the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus will be sold in those states only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in some states securities may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the applicable state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and complied with.

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So long as the aggregate market value of our voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates is less than $75,000,000 and so long as required by the rules of the SEC, the amount of securities we may offer hereunder will be limited such that the aggregate market value of securities sold by us during a period of 12 calendar months cannot exceed one-third of the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates.

To the extent required, this prospectus may be amended or supplemented from time to time to describe a specific plan of distribution.

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the issuance of the offered securities will be passed upon for us by McDermott Will & Emery LLP, New York, New York.

EXPERTS

Marcum LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022, as set forth in their report, which is incorporated by reference in the prospectus and elsewhere in this registration statement. Our consolidated financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance on Marcum LLP’s report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

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WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

This prospectus and any subsequent prospectus supplements do not contain all of the information in the Registration Statement. We have omitted from this prospectus some parts of the Registration Statement as permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC. Statements in this prospectus concerning any document we have filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement or that we otherwise filed with the SEC are not intended to be comprehensive and are qualified in their entirety by reference to these filings. In addition, we file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information that registrants file electronically with the SEC, including us. The SEC’s website can be found at http://www.sec.gov. In addition, we make available on or through our website copies of these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnished them to the SEC. Our website can be found at http:www.adnas.com. Our website is not a part of this prospectus.

INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

We have elected to incorporate certain information by reference into this prospectus. By incorporating by reference, we can disclose important information to you by referring you to other documents we have filed or will file with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is deemed to be part of this prospectus, except for information incorporated by reference that is superseded by information contained in this prospectus. This means that you must look at all of the SEC filings that we incorporate by reference to determine if any statements in the prospectus or any document previously incorporated by reference have been modified or superseded. This prospectus incorporates by reference the documents set forth below that we have previously filed with the SEC, except in each case the information contained in such document to the extent “furnished” and not “filed”:

●	Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, filed with the SEC on December 14, 2022, as amended by Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on January 27, 2023.
●	Our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly periods ended December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 9, 2023 and May 11, 2023, respectively.
●	Our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023, March 28, 2023, and May 5, 2023.
●	The description of our capital stock contained in our registration statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-36745) filed with the Commission on November 13, 2014, pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act, including any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description.

We also incorporate by reference all documents we file in the future pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date of this prospectus and prior to the sale of all the securities covered by this prospectus (including all such documents filed with the SEC after the date of the initial filing of the Registration Statement that contains this prospectus and prior to effectiveness of the Registration Statement or after such effectiveness), except in each case the information contained in such document to the extent “furnished” and not “filed.”

You may obtain copies of these documents on the website maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov, or from us without charge (other than exhibits to such documents, unless such exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents) by writing us at Corporate Secretary, Applied DNA Sciences, Inc., 50 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11790 or visiting our website at http://www.adnas.com.

Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for the purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained herein, any prospectus supplement or in any other subsequently filed document which also is or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes that statement. Any statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus. 

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APPLIED DNA SCIENCES, INC.

Up to $8,157,932

Common Stock

PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

Lucid Capital Markets

November 4, 2025

FAQ

What is Applied DNA Sciences (BNBX) offering in this filing?

An at‑the‑market program to sell up to $8,157,932 of common stock through Lucid Capital Markets.

How will Lucid be compensated under the ATM?

Lucid earns a fixed 3.0% commission on the gross sales price of shares sold.

What will BNBX use the proceeds for?

Primarily to develop and implement its BNB‑focused digital asset treasury strategy, plus working capital and general corporate purposes.

What limits the size of the ATM under Form S-3?

General Instruction I.B.6 limits sales to one‑third of public float; the company cites a float of about $24.5 million.

What are the trading details and agent?

Sales may be made on Nasdaq at market prices with Lucid Capital Markets as sales agent.

How many shares were outstanding before the ATM?

Shares outstanding were 4,354,782 as of October 31, 2025.

What is the Nasdaq symbol for Applied DNA Sciences?

The symbol is BNBX.