[10-Q] Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. Warrants Quarterly Earnings Report

Rhea-AI Filing Summary

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. reported a first commercial collaboration payment and recognized $33,257 of revenue in the quarter, producing a small gross profit of $6,522. The company recorded a net loss of $1,448,729 for the three months and $3,466,282 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, and has an accumulated deficit of approximately $20.3 million. Total assets fell to $2.87 million and stockholders' equity declined to $2.19 million.

Liquidity is constrained: cash and cash equivalents were approximately $2.6 million (including about $0.1 million restricted cash) and the company discloses that this is not sufficient to fund planned operations for at least a year, raising substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management is pursuing additional capital through equity, debt, licensing and collaborations and has used an ATM facility, raising $346,000 in June 2025 and subsequently gross proceeds of about $710,000 after the quarter.

Operationally, Bullfrog AI continues to commercialize its bfLEAP™ AI/ML platform under exclusive licenses with research institutions including JHU-APL, which carries tiered royalties and minimum annual payments. Management also discloses unremediated material weaknesses in internal controls and ongoing remediation efforts.

Positive

• First commercial collaboration revenue recognized: $33,257 with related gross profit of $6,522.
• Proprietary platform and exclusive IP: bfLEAP™ platform licensed from JHU-APL with ongoing commercial applications and multiple university licenses.
• Recent financing activity extending runway: underwritten offerings in Feb 2024 (~$5.7M net) and Oct 2024 (~$2.7M net), plus ATM sales of ~$346k in June 2025 and subsequent gross proceeds of ~$710k after the quarter.
• Established commercialization agreements and collaborations (e.g., collaboration with Eleison Pharmaceuticals and strategic agreements such as with LIBD).

Negative

• Substantial doubt about going concern: cash and cash equivalents of ~$2.6M are not sufficient to fund planned operations for at least a year beyond the filing period.
• Recurring losses and cash burn: six-month net loss of $3,466,282 and net cash used in operations of $3,230,098 for the period.
• Unremediated material weaknesses in internal controls over financial reporting, increasing risk of misstatement and requiring sustained remediation.
• Significant potential dilution: outstanding warrants (~7,209,328), options (~938,927), and convertible preferred (73,449 shares convertible into common) could substantially dilute shareholders if exercised.
• Decline in balance sheet scale: total assets decreased from $5.55M at Dec 31, 2024 to $2.87M at June 30, 2025, reflecting lower cash and working capital.

Insights

Financial Analyst

TL;DR: Early commercial traction but near-term liquidity and recurring losses create material financial risk.

Bullfrog AI recorded its first measurable collaboration revenue of $33,257, demonstrating initial commercial validation of its bfLEAP™ platform. However, the company reported a six-month net loss of $3.47 million, an accumulated deficit of $20.3 million, and cash of only ~$2.6 million. Cash flows from operations remain negative (~$3.23 million used in H1 2025). While recent financings (Feb 2024 ~$5.7M, Oct 2024 ~$2.7M, and ATM sales) provide runway extensions, management acknowledges substantial doubt about going concern. The combination of limited cash, ongoing operating losses, and sizeable potentially dilutive instruments (over 7.2M warrants plus options and convertible preferred) implies significant financing risk and dilution potential for current shareholders.

Corporate Governance / Risk Analyst

TL;DR: Unremediated material weaknesses and reliance on capital markets heighten execution and reporting risk.

The company discloses material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting that remain unremediated as of June 30, 2025, and is transitioning accounting processes to external providers and a new ERP. These control deficiencies, combined with tight liquidity and dependence on further capital raises, increase the risk of operational disruption, misstatements, or investor confidence erosion. The remediation actions are appropriate but will take multiple reporting cycles to validate. From a governance and audit-risk perspective, this is a negative signal until remediation is tested and sustained.

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______

Commission File Number 001-41600

BULLFROG AI HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Nevada		84-4786155
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

325 Ellington Blvd., Unit 317

Gaithersburg, MD 20878

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (240) 658-6710

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐		Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒		Smaller reporting company	☒
			Emerging Growth Company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Trading symbol		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock $0.00001 par value per share		BFRG		The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (The Nasdaq Capital Market)
Tradeable Warrants		BFRGW		The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (The Nasdaq Capital Market)

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding, as of August 12, 2025 was 10,081,340.

BULLFROG AI HOLDINGS, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR FORM 10-Q

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	2
Item 1.	Financial Statements	2
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)	5
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	16
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	21
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	22
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	23
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	23
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	23
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	23
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	23
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	23
Item 5.	Other Information	23
Item 6.	Exhibits	24
	SIGNATURES	25

i

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, or the “Securities Act,” and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or the “Exchange Act.” These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical results or anticipated results.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “intend,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” or the negative of these terms. These terms and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements in this report are based upon management’s current expectations and beliefs, which management believes are reasonable. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors, or factors we are unaware of, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this report. Except to the extent required by federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

You should be aware that our actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including:

● our future financial performance, including our revenue, costs of revenue, operating expenses and profitability;

● the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents to meet our liquidity needs;

● our predictions about, and the development of, digital transformation technology and bio health businesses and their respective market trends;

● our ability to attract and retain customers for our products and services;

● the availability of financing for smaller publicly traded companies like us;

● our current and future capital requirements to support the continued development and commercialization of our products and services;

● our ability to successfully expand in our three principal business markets and into new markets and industry verticals; and

● our ability to effectively manage our growth and future expenses.

Other risks and uncertainties include such factors, among others, as market acceptance and market demand for our products and services, pricing, the changing regulatory environment, the effect of our accounting policies, industry trends, adequacy of our financial resources to execute our business plan, our ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel, and other risks described from time to time in periodic and current reports we file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the “SEC.” You should consider carefully the statements under this report, which address additional factors that could cause our actual results to differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements and could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the applicable cautionary statements.

1

PART 1. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

		June 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	2,473,635			$	5,435,983
Prepaid expenses			228,837				111,597
Total current assets			2,702,472				5,547,580
Restricted cash			105,000				-
Property and equipment, net			3,387				4,250
Investments			58,335				-
Total assets		$	2,869,194			$	5,551,830
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable		$	181,793			$	435,934
Accrued expenses			363,922				152,156
Deferred revenue			25,078				-
Short term insurance financing			110,291				-
Total current liabilities			681,084				588,090
Total liabilities			681,084				588,090
Stockholders’ equity
Series A Convertible Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value, 5,500,000 shares authorized; 73,449 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.			1				1
Common stock, $0.00001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 9,627,114 and 9,113,139 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.			96				91
Additional paid-in capital			22,447,851				21,757,204
Accumulated deficit			(20,259,838	)			(16,793,556	)
Total stockholders’ equity			2,188,110				4,963,740
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		$	2,869,194			$	5,551,830

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)

		Three Months Ended								Six Months Ended
		June 30,								June 30,
		2025				2024				2025				2024
Revenue
Collaboration revenue		$	33,257			$	-			$	33,257			$	-
Total revenue			33,257				-				33,257				-
Cost of revenue
Cost of collaboration revenue			26,735				-				26,735				-
Total cost of revenue			26,735				-				26,735				-
Gross profit			6,522				-				6,522				-
Operating expenses
Research and development			480,297				513,699				1,056,557				1,065,825
General and administrative			995,898				1,168,264				2,476,258				2,581,856
Total operating expenses			1,476,195				1,681,963				3,532,815				3,647,681
Loss from operations			(1,469,673	)			(1,681,963	)			(3,526,293	)			(3,647,681	)
Other income (expense), net
Interest expense, net			(2,449	)			(7,899	)			(3,464	)			(11,172	)
Interest income			23,393				78,216				63,475				143,413
Total other income (expense), net			20,944				70,317				60,011				132,241
Net loss			(1,448,729	)			(1,611,646	)			(3,466,282	)			(3,515,440	)
Deemed dividend related to warrant exercise price adjustment			-				-				-				(16,774	)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders		$	(1,448,729	)		$	(1,611,646	)		$	(3,466,282	)		$	(3,532,214	)
Net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders - basic and diluted		$	(0.15	)		$	(0.20	)		$	(0.36	)		$	(0.46	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding - basic and diluted			9,706,356				8,124,834				9,698,130				7,756,671

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

			Series A Preferred Stock								Common Stock								Additional Paid-in				Accumulated				Total Stockholders’
			Shares				Amount				Shares				Amount				Capital				Deficit				Equity
Balance at December 31, 2023			73,449			$	1				6,094,644			$	61			$	12,347,098			$	(9,754,924	)		$	2,592,236
Stock-based compensation			-				-				-				-				335,417				-				335,417
Issuance of common stock and warrants, net of issuance costs			-				-				1,247,092				13				5,674,638				-				5,674,651
Issuance of common stock pursuant to warrant exercises			-				-				508,814				5				105,811				-				105,816
Deemed dividend related to warrant price adjustment			-				-				-				-				16,774				(16,774	)			-
Net loss			-				-				-				-				-				(1,903,794	)			(1,903,794	)
Balance at March 31, 2024			73,449				1				7,850,550				79				18,479,738				(11,675,492	)			6,804,326
Stock-based compensation			-				-				-				-				192,382				-				192,382
Net loss			-				-				-				-				-				(1,611,646	)			(1,611,646	)
Balance at June 30, 2024			73,449			$	1				7,850,550			$	79			$	18,672,120			$	(13,287,138	)		$	5,385,062
Balance at December 31, 2024			73,449			$	1				9,113,139			$	91			$	21,757,204			$	(16,793,556	)		$	4,963,740
Stock-based compensation			-				-				-				-				300,288				-				300,288
Issuance of common stock pursuant to warrant exercises			-				-				302,386				3				(3	)			-				-
Net loss			-				-				-				-				-				(2,017,553	)			(2,017,553	)
Balance at March 31, 2025			73,449				1				9,415,525				94				22,057,489				(18,811,109	)			3,246,475
Balance			73,449				1				9,415,525				94				22,057,489				(18,811,109	)			3,246,475
Stock-based compensation			-				-				-				-				177,905				-				177,905
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs			-				-				211,589				2				212,457				-				212,459
Net loss			-				-				-				-				-				(1,448,729	)			(1,448,729	)
Balance at June 30, 2025			73,449			$	1				9,627,114			$	96			$	22,447,851			$	(20,259,838	)		$	2,188,110
Balance			73,449			$	1				9,627,114			$	96			$	22,447,851			$	(20,259,838	)		$	2,188,110

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

		Six Months Ended June 30,
		2025				2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss		$	(3,466,282	)		$	(3,515,440	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation			863				862
Stock-based compensation			478,193				527,799
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses			(117,240	)			(311,473	)
Investments			(58,335	)			-
Accounts payable			(254,141	)			(21,640	)
Accrued expenses			161,766				187,743
Deferred revenue			25,078				-
Net cash used in operating activities			(3,230,098	)			(3,132,149	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment			-				-
Net cash used in investing activities			-				-
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from sale of common stock from ATM, net of issuance costs			262,459				-
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and warrants, net of issuance costs			-				5,674,651
Proceeds from warrant exercises			-				105,816
Proceeds from short term insurance financing			181,797				561,885
Payments on short term insurance financing			(71,506	)			(220,845	)
Net cash provided by financing activities			372,750				6,121,507
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents			(2,857,348	)			2,989,358
Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period			5,435,983				2,624,730
Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period		$	2,578,635			$	5,614,088
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest		$	3,464			$	11,172
Cash paid for taxes		$	-			$	-

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

1. Organization and Nature of Business

Description of Business

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. (“we”, “our” or the “Company”) was incorporated in the State of Nevada on February 6, 2020. Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. is the parent company of Bullfrog AI, Inc. and Bullfrog AI Management, LLC, which were incorporated in Delaware and Maryland, in 2017 and 2021, respectively. All the Company’s operations are currently conducted through Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc., which began operations on February 6, 2020. The Company is focused specifically on advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning (“AI/ML”) driven analysis of complex data sets in medicine and healthcare. The Company’s objective is to utilize its AI/ML platform to provide a precision medicine approach to drug asset enablement through external partnerships and selective internal development.

Most new therapeutics will fail at some point in preclinical or clinical development. These failures are the primary drivers for the high cost of developing new therapeutics. A major part of the difficulty in developing new therapeutics is efficient integration of complex and highly dimensional data generated at each stage of development to de-risk subsequent stages of the development process. Artificial intelligence and machine learning has emerged as a digital solution to help address this problem.

The Company uses AI/ML to advance medicines for both internal and external projects. Most current AI/ML platforms still fall short in their ability to synthesize disparate, high-dimensional data for actionable insight. The Company’s analytical platform is composed of an ensemble of state-of-the-art machine learning and artificial intelligence models. The Company’s core platform technology, named bfLEAP™, is an analytical AI/ML platform developed at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (“JHU-APL”), which the Company believes is able to surmount the challenges of scalability and flexibility currently hindering researchers and clinicians by providing a more precise, multi-dimensional understanding of their data. The Company is deploying its analytical platform, including bfLEAP™, for use in several critical stages of development of internal programs and through strategic partnerships and collaborations with the intention of streamlining data analytics in therapeutics development, decreasing the overall development costs by decreasing failure rates for new therapeutics, and impacting the lives of countless patients that may otherwise not receive the therapies they need.

The proprietary analytical platform utilizes both supervised and unsupervised machine learning. As such, it is able to reveal real and meaningful connections in the data without the need for a priori hypothesis. Algorithms used in the platform are designed to handle highly imbalanced data sets and successfully identify combinations of factors that are associated with outcomes of interest. The Company’s platform leverages models that use both correlative and causative machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches which provide a comprehensive approach to predictive analysis that is expected to lead to meaningful insights including the molecular drivers of disease. In this regard, with the Company’s access to proprietary data sets such as its strategic data and commercialization agreements with the Lieber Institute for Brain Development (“LIBD”), the Company has increased its internal efforts on target discovery.

The Company’s goal is to improve the odds of success at all stages of pre-clinical and clinical therapeutics development for in-house programs and for its strategic partners, collaborators, and customers. The Company’s business model includes enabling the success of ongoing clinical trials and rescuing late stage failed drugs (i.e., Phase II or Phase III clinical trial failures) by bringing them in-house for development prior to eventual divestiture; although, the Company also considers entering collaborations for earlier stage drugs. The Company pursues its drug asset enhancement business by leveraging the powerful and proven bfLEAP™ AI/ML platform initially developed at JHU-APL. The Company believes the bfLEAP™ analytics platform is a potentially disruptive tool for analysis of pre-clinical and clinical data sets, such as the robust pre-clinical and clinical trial data sets being generated in translational R&D and clinical trial settings.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The Company has had negative cash flows from operations and operated at a net loss since inception. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has a cash balance of approximately $2.6 million, which includes restricted cash of $0.1 million. In February 2024 and October 2024, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $5.7 million and $2.7 million, respectively, from the sale of its common stock and warrants. In June 2025, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $0.2 million from the sale of its common stock pursuant to the Company’s At-The-Market Sales Agreement with BTIG, LLC (the “ATM Agreement”). As of June 30, 2025, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents position is not sufficient to fund the Company’s planned operations for at least a year beyond the filing date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. This factor as well as other factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the Company obtaining the necessary financing or revenues to meet its obligations arising from normal business operations when they become due.

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Accordingly, the Company will require additional capital to continue to execute its strategy. The Company anticipates raising this additional capital through various avenues including sales of equity securities, debt transactions, licensing agreements and collaborative arrangements. Although management believes that such funding sources will be available, including pursuant to the Company’s at-the-market common stock sales facility provided by our ATM Agreement, there can be no assurance that any such arrangements will provide sufficient capital when needed to allow the Company to continue its operations, or if available, be on terms acceptable to it. If the Company does not raise sufficient funds in a timely manner, among other things, it may be forced to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of its research and product development programs and/or capital expenditures or enter into arrangements on unfavorable terms. The Company currently does not have commitments for future funding from any source.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates continuity of operations, realization of assets, and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. Accordingly, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Other than as noted below, the Company’s significant accounting policies as disclosed in the notes to its audited consolidated financial statements included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 have not materially changed during the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The condensed consolidated statements are unaudited and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 14, 2025. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with the audited annual consolidated financial statements included in the Form 10-K and, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary to fairly state its financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

The results for the six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results expected for the year ending December 31, 2025 or any other future period.

Segment Reporting

The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. The CODM is assisted in his responsibilities of making decisions regarding resource allocation and performance assessment by the leadership team, consisting of executives and vice presidents.

The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating segment, focused on advancing drug development using AI/ML to analyze complex data sets in medicine and healthcare. Segment profit or loss is measured as the Company’s net loss as reported on the Company’s Statement of Operations. The Company monitors its cash and cash equivalents, as reported on the Company’s Balance Sheets, to determine funding for its research and development.

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The CODM assesses Company performance through the achievement of target identification goals. In addition to the Company’s Statement of Operations, the CODM is regularly provided with budgeted and forecasted expense information which is used to determine the Company’s liquidity needs and cash allocation.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue based on the following five step model:

● Identification of the contract with a customer

This step outlines the criteria that must be met when establishing a contract with a customer to supply goods or services.

● Identification of the performance obligations in the contract

This step describes how distinct performance obligations in the contract must be handled.

● Determination of the transaction price

This step outlines what must be considered when establishing the transaction price, which is the amount the business expects to receive for transferring the goods and services to the customer.

● Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

This step outlines guidelines for allocating the transaction price across the contract’s separate performance obligations, and is what the customer agrees to pay for the goods and services.

● Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation

Revenue can be recognized as the business meets each performance obligation. This step specifies how that should happen.

Contract Services

The Company anticipates that the majority of its revenues to be recognized in the near future will result from discovery and monetization of new drug targets and intellectual property from data use partnerships focused on analysis of rich proprietary data sets. The target market for monetization will primarily be mid-size to large biopharmaceutical organizations seeking to build their new drug target pipeline. A secondary revenue channel is fee-for-service partnerships and collaborations with biopharmaceutical companies and other organizations of all sizes that have challenges analyzing data throughout the drug development process. The Company provides the customer with an analysis of large complex data sets using the Company’s proprietary AI/ML platform. This platform is aimed at predicting targets of interest, patterns, relationships, anomalies, and molecular drivers of disease. The Company believes that there will be additional on-going work requested from partners; therefore, the service model utilizes a master services agreement with work or task orders issued for discrete analysis performed at the discovery, preclinical, or clinical stages of drug development. The Company will receive fees in cash, equity or other consideration and, in some instances, the potential for rights to new intellectual property generated from the analysis. Once data analysis and the analysis report are complete, the Company delivers the analysis set to the customer and recognizes revenue at that point in time.

Investments

The Company currently has a single investment in equity securities issued by a privately held entity. The Company entered into a strategic collaboration agreement and received such equity securities as remuneration for services rendered. The Company has elected to account for this investment using the measurement alternative as the investment does not have a readily determinable fair value. Pursuant to this alternative, the investment will be carried at its estimated fair value calculated as its cost minus any impairment. The Company will adjust the investment to fair value only when it identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. The Company will evaluate the investment at each reporting period to determine whether the investment is impaired.

Financial Instruments

The carrying value of short-term instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to the relatively short period to maturity for these instruments. The Company has elected to account for its single investment using the measurement alternative and it is considered a financial instrument accounted for at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company utilizes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosures of fair value measurements, defined as follows:

Level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

8

Level 2 - inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments.

Level 3 - inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value. The Company does not have any assets or liabilities that are required to be measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09: Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures that requires entities to disclose additional information about federal, state, and foreign income taxes primarily related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The new standard also eliminates certain existing disclosure requirements related to uncertain tax positions and unrecognized deferred tax liabilities. The guidance is effective for the Company’s fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. The guidance does not affect recognition or measurement in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company does not believe that any other recently issued effective pronouncements, or pronouncements issued but not yet effective, if adopted, would have a material effect on the accompanying financial statements.

3. Investments

The Company’s sole investment is in the form of equity securities in a private entity. The Company entered into a strategic collaboration agreement and received such equity securities as remuneration for services rendered. The investment is initially valued at approximately $58,000 (see Note 4). The Company has elected the measurement alternative and, accordingly, it is carried at its estimated fair value calculated as its cost less any impairment charges until such time as there is evidence of an orderly transaction (see Note 2). As of June 30, 2025, no fair value adjustments have been recognized, nor have there been any impairment charges. This investment is considered a financial asset that is measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

4. Revenue

In the quarter ended June 30, 2025, the Company had an agreement with a single customer for contract services. The agreement was deemed to have multiple deliverables with revenue to be recognized at the time each deliverable is completed. In exchange for the services to be provided, the Company is entitled to consideration in the form of cash or equity securities of the customer or any combination at the customer’s sole discretion. The Company received the initial payment in the form of equity securities of the customer (see Note 3) valued at approximately $58,000 and the remaining consideration is due upon completion of the final deliverable. The Company allocated the total proceeds to each of the separate deliverables on a relative basis based on the estimated stand-alone selling price of each deliverable.

A single deliverable was completed in the quarter ended June 30, 2025 and, consequently, the Company recognized approximately $33,000 of revenue at that point in time. The balance of the initial consideration received is reflected as deferred revenue on our balance sheet at June 30, 2025. This balance plus the remaining consideration to be received will be recognized as revenue as the remaining performance obligations are completed.

The Company has no additional revenue agreements. Additionally, the Company has no contract assets or contract costs at June 30, 2025.

9

5. Notes Payable

In February 2025, the Company entered into an agreement to finance a portion of the premium for its directors and officers insurance. The agreement provides for financing of $181,797 of the premium, repayments in 10 equal monthly installments of $18,743 each through December 2025 and accrues interest at 6.70%.

6. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company has 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized at a par value of $0.00001 with 5,500,000 being designated as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Of the 5,500,000 authorized shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, 73,449 were issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025. Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible at any time into 10 shares of the Company’s common stock. The Series A Preferred Stock is the economic equivalent of the common stock but has no voting rights and is subject to a blocker which prohibits the conversion into common stock if it would result in the investor owning more than 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding common stock at such time.

Common Stock

The Company has 100,000,000 shares of common stock authorized at a par value of $0.00001.

In February 2024, the Company received approximately $6.5 million of gross proceeds from the sale of 1,247,092 shares of common stock, 478,429 pre-funded warrants and 1,725,521 common warrants (each share of common stock or pre-funded warrant and common warrant, collectively, the “Units”). The Units were sold at a price of $3.782 and the sale was completed via an underwritten public offering and includes the underwriter’s exercise of their overallotment option. The warrants have an exercise price of $4.16 and expire five years from issuance. In conjunction with the transaction, the Company issued to the placement agent warrants to purchase an aggregate of 90,428 shares of common stock. The placement agent warrants have an exercise price of $4.16 and expire five years from issuance. The pre-funded warrants had an exercise price of $0.001 and were all exercised in their entirety in the first quarter of 2024.

In October 2024, the Company received approximately $3.13 million of gross proceeds from the sale of (i) 862,602 shares of the Company’s common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 702,398 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.0001 per share, at a purchase price of $2.00 per share of common stock and a purchase price of $1.9999 per pre-funded warrant in a registered direct offering and (ii) warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,565,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $2.00 per share exercisable after six (6) months from the date of issuance for a five year period from the initial exercise date in a concurrent private placement. In conjunction with the transactions, the Company paid the placement agent an aggregate cash fee of 8.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of securities in the transaction, reimbursed the placement agent for certain out-of-pocket expenses and issued to the placement agent warrants to purchase an aggregate of 62,600 shares of common stock, equal to 4% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock and pre-funded warrants sold in the registered direct offering. The placement agent warrants have an exercise price of $2.00 per share and are exercisable six (6) months from the date of issuance for a five year period from the initial exercise date. The pre-funded warrants were exercised in their entirety in cashless exercise transactions as of March 31, 2025, pursuant to which 702,373 shares of common stock were issued.

In April 2025, the Company entered into the ATM Agreement with BTIG, LLC, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time in its sole discretion, shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of $20.0 million through BTIG, as the Company’s sales agent. The Company is not obligated to make any sales of common stock under the ATM Agreement, and BTIG is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of shares. Subject to the Company’s request to sell shares of common stock, BTIG will use commercially reasonable efforts, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, to sell such shares on the Company’s behalf. The Company will pay BTIG a commission of 3% of the gross sales price of any shares of common stock sold through BTIG under the ATM Agreement and will reimburse BTIG for reasonable and documented out-of-pocket expenses incurred by BTIG, including the reasonable and documented fees and disbursements of counsel to BTIG, subject to specified caps.

10

In June 2025, the Company received approximately $346,000 of gross proceeds from the sale of 211,589 shares of the Company’s common stock at an average price of approximately $1.64 per share. In connection with these sales and the establishment of the ATM facility, the Company incurred expenses of approximately $134,000, of which $50,000 remains unpaid at June 30, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, approximately $19.7 million of capacity remains available under the ATM Agreement; however, the amount the Company is permitted to raise in any 12-month period is limited based on its public float pursuant to SEC General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3. Accordingly, as of June 30, 2025, the Company is limited to additional common stock sales of approximately $2.8 million. This amount is subject to adjustment based on increases in the Company’s public float.

Dilutive securities are excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because their effect is anti-dilutive. As of June 30, 2025, 73,449 shares of preferred stock, 6,935,042 warrants and 938,927 options for common shares were excluded from the calculation of net loss per share. As of June 30, 2024, 73,449 shares of preferred stock, 5,307,444 warrants and 830,925 options for common shares were excluded from the calculation of net loss per share. For each of the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, 274,286 pre-funded warrants issued in 2020 as consideration for services were included in the calculation of net loss per common share.

2022 Equity Incentive Plan

In November 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted, and its shareholders approved, the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan provides for the granting of equity-based awards to employees, directors, and consultants. The Plan provides for equity-based awards including incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance share awards, cash awards and other equity-based awards. Awards are limited to a maximum term of 10 years and any exercise prices shall not be less than 100% of the fair market value of one share of common stock on the grant date. The Plan authorized an initial maximum number of shares underlying awards of 900,000 with an automatic annual increase to an amount equal to 15% of the total number of shares outstanding as of the end of the preceding fiscal year. As of June 30, 2025, there are 497,260 awards authorized but unissued available under the Plan.

Stock Options

The following tables summarize the stock option activity for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

 Schedule of Stock Options Activity   

		Number of Shares				Weighted-Average Exercise Price				Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)				Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2024			832,731			$	3.96				8.5			$	-
Granted			211,500			$	2.19
Exercised			-			$	-
Forfeited / canceled			(105,304	)		$	3.84
Outstanding at June 30, 2025			938,927			$	3.57				8.3			$	-
Vested at June 30, 2025			637,226			$	3.90				7.9			$	-

		Number of Shares				Weighted-Average Exercise Price				Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)				Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2023			527,717			$	4.17				9.0			$	112,141
Granted			313,000			$	3.86
Exercised			-			$	-
Forfeited / canceled			(9,792	)		$	5.45
Outstanding at June 30, 2024			830,925			$	4.04				8.9			$	-
Vested at June 30, 2024			405,102			$	4.03				8.5			$	-

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The fair value of options granted in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the assumptions in the table below:

 Schedule of Black Scholes Option Pricing Model  

		Six Months Ended June 30,
		2025				2024
Expected dividend yield			0%				0%
Expected volatility			94% - 96%				92% - 96%
Risk-free interest rate			4.0% - 4.5%				4.0% - 4.4%
Expected life (in years)			5.5				5.25 - 6.0

	●	Volatility – The trading volatility was determined by calculating the volatility of the Company’s peer group.
	●	Expected life of options – The expected life of options granted to employees was determined using the simplified method.
	●	Risk-free interest rate – This is the U.S. Treasury rate, having a term comparable to the expected life of the stock option.
	●	Dividend yield – The Company does not expect to pay a dividend in the foreseeable future.

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $1.67 and $2.94, respectively.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized $177,905 and $478,193, respectively, of compensation expense related to stock options. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized $191,772 and $524,791, respectively, of compensation expense related to stock options.

As of June 30, 2025, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options was approximately $238,000, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.5 years.

Warrants

The following table provides details over the Company’s outstanding warrants as of June 30, 2025:

Schedule of Outstanding Warrants

Exercise Price		Expiration				Number of Warrants
$0.0007			2030				274,286
$2.00 - $2.66			2026 - 2032				2,164,179
$3.36 - $4.16			2028 - 2029				1,842,807
$6.51 - $7.80			2026 - 2032				1,484,829
$8.125			2028				1,443,227
							7,209,328

Warrants Issued in Conjunction with Transactions

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued the following warrants as part of two secondary offerings:

● In February 2024, 1,507,139 warrants with an exercise price of $4.16 per share and an expiration date 5 years from issuance. In addition, the Company issued an additional 218,382 warrants with an exercise price of $4.16 per share and an expiration date 5 years from issuance pursuant to the underwriters’ overallotment option. As of June 30, 2025, 16,000 of these warrants have been exercised and 1,709,521 remain outstanding. As a result of this transaction, 90,419 warrants issued in connection with the Company’s 2023 initial public offering (“IPO”) had their exercise prices reduced to $3.782 per share pursuant to an anti-dilution provision in the warrants resulting in a deemed dividend of $16,774.

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● In February 2024, 478,429 pre-funded warrants with an exercise price of $0.0001 per share. All such pre-funded warrants were exercised in 2024.

● In February 2024, 90,428 warrants with an exercise price of $4.16 per share and an expiration date 5 years from issuance to the underwriters. The warrants were valued at approximately $263,145, and as of June 30, 2025, none of these warrants have been exercised.

● In October 2024, 1,565,000 warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.00 per share and expiration date of 5.5 years from issuance. As of June 30, 2025, none of these warrants have been exercised. As a result of this transaction, 90,419 warrants issued in connection with the Company’s 2023 IPO had their exercise prices further reduced to $2.00 per share pursuant to an anti-dilution provision in the warrants resulting in a deemed dividend of $28,211.

● In October 2024, 702,398 pre-funded warrants with an exercise price of $0.0001 per share. The pre-funded warrants were exercised in their entirety in cashless exercise transactions as of March 31, 2025, pursuant to which 702,373 shares of common stock were issued.

● In October 2024, 62,600 warrants with an exercise price of $2.00 per share and an expiration date 5.5 years from issuance to the placement agent. The warrants were valued at approximately $116,436 and, as of June 30, 2025, none of these warrants have been exercised.

Warrants Issued as Consideration for Services

The following table summarizes the activity for warrants issued as consideration for services for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

  Schedule of Warrant Activity 

		Number of Warrants				Weighted-Average Exercise Price				Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)				Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2024			663,891			$	1.55				5.6			$	548,380
Granted			-			$	-
Exercised			-			$	-
Forfeited / canceled			-			$	-
Outstanding at June 30, 2025			663,891			$	1.55				5.1			$	413,980
Vested at June 30, 2025			663,891			$	1.55				5.1			$	413,980

		Number of Warrants				Weighted-Average Exercise Price				Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)				Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2023			678,176			$	1.57				6.6			$	1,209,136
Granted			-			$	-
Exercised			(14,285	)		$	2.66
Forfeited / canceled			-			$	-
Outstanding at June 30, 2024			663,891			$	1.55				6.1			$	474,323
Vested at June 30, 2024			663,891			$	1.55				6.1			$	474,323

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company did not recognize any compensation expense related to warrants issued as consideration for services. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized $610 and $3,007, respectively, of compensation expense related to warrants issued as consideration for services.

As of June 30, 2025, there was no unrecognized compensation expense as no unvested warrants issued as consideration for services remain.

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7. Income Taxes

The Company has not recorded any tax provision or benefit for the six months ended June 30, 2025 or 2024. The Company has provided a valuation allowance for the full amount of its net deferred tax assets since realization of any future benefits from deductible temporary differences, net operating losses, credit carryforwards, and research and development credits are not more-likely-than-not to be realized at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

8. Material Agreements

JHU-APL Technology License

In February 2018, the Company entered into an exclusive, world-wide, royalty-bearing license with JHU-APL (the “2018 License Agreement”). The license covers three (3) issued patents, one (1) new provisional patent application, non-patent rights to proprietary libraries of algorithms and other trade secrets, as well as modifications and improvements. In October 2021, the Company executed an amendment to the original license for improvements and new advanced analytics capabilities. In consideration of the rights granted to the Company under the 2018 License Agreement, JHU-APL received a warrant equal to five percent (5%) of the then fully diluted equity base of the Company, which was diluted following the closing of the Company’s IPO and subsequent financings.

In July 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive, world-wide, royalty-bearing license from JHU-APL for the additional technology developed to enhance the bfLEAP™ platform (the “2022 License Agreement”). The new license provides additional intellectual property rights including patents, copyrights, and know-how to be utilized under the Company’s bfLEAP™ analytical AI/ML platform. This 2022 License Agreement supersedes the previous 2018 License Agreement. In consideration for entering into the new license, the Company issued 39,879 shares of common stock to JHU-APL. Under the terms of the 2022 License Agreement, JHU-APL will be entitled to eight percent (8%) of net sales for the services provided by the Company to other parties and three percent (3%) for internally developed drug projects in which the JHU-APL license is utilized. The new license also contains tiered sub licensing fees that start at 50% and decline to 25% based on revenues. In addition, under the 2022 License Agreement, the minimum annual royalty payments are $30,000 for 2022, $80,000 for 2023, and $300,000 per year for 2024 and beyond, all of which are creditable by royalties. If cumulative annual royalty payments do not reach these levels, the amount due to JHU-APL to reach the annual minimum is due by January 1^st of the following year. Failure to make annual royalty payments is considered a material breach under the agreement and, upon notice from JHU-APL of a material breach, the Company will have 60 days to cure the material breach. The financial terms of the new license agreement replace the original terms within the 2018 License Agreement and are not duplicative.

In May 2023, the Company and JHU-APL entered into Amendment Number 1 of the 2022 License Agreement whereby the Company gained access to certain improvements including additional patents and know-how in exchange for a series of payments totaling $275,000. The first of these payments for $75,000 was paid in July 2023, the second of these payments for $75,000 was paid in June 2025, and the remaining payments of $75,000 and $50,000 are due in 2026 and 2027, respectively. The amendment also reduced the 2023 minimum annual royalty payment to $60,000; all other financial terms remain the same.

As of June 30, 2025, all minimum annual royalty payments through 2024 have been paid, the Company has accrued $150,000 of the $300,000 minimum annual royalty for 2025, and the Company has accrued $6,250 of the $75,000 annual license fee due in June 2026. The Company assessed whether the license should be capitalized and determined that the licensed program is in the early stage and therefore may not be recoverable; the Company expensed the license fee and will expense development costs until commercial viability is likely.

George Washington University - Beta2-spectrin siRNA License

In January 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive, world-wide, royalty-bearing license from George Washington University (“GWU”) for rights to use siRNA targeting Beta2-spectrin in the treatment of human diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma. The license covers methods claimed in three U.S. and worldwide patent applications, and also includes use of this approach for treatment of obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

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In consideration of the rights granted to the Company under the license agreement, the Company paid GWU a $20,000 license initiation fee in 2022. Under the terms of the license agreement, GWU will be entitled to a three percent (3%) royalty on net sales subject to quarterly minimums once the first sale has occurred subsequent to regulatory approval, as well sublicense or assignment fees in the event the Company sublicenses or assigns their rights to use the technology. The Company will also reimburse GWU for previously incurred and ongoing patent costs. The sublicense and assignment fee amounts decline as the Company advances the clinical development of the licensed technology. The license agreement also contains milestone payments for clinical development through the approval of a new drug application (“NDA”) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and commercialization. As of June 30, 2025, there has been no accrual for royalties since the Company has not begun to generate applicable revenue; however, the Company has accrued $10,000 of the $20,000 license maintenance fees for 2025. The Company assessed whether the license should be capitalized and determined that the licensed program is in the early stage and therefore may not be recoverable. The Company expensed the license fee and will expense development costs until commercial viability is likely.

Johns Hopkins University – Mebendazole License

In February 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive, world-wide, royalty-bearing license from Johns Hopkins University (“JHU”) for the use of an improved formulation of Mebendazole for the treatment of any human cancer or neoplastic disease. This formulation shows potent activity in animal models with different types of cancer and has been evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial in patients with high-grade glioma (NCT01729260). The trial, an open-label dose-escalation study, assessed the safety and efficacy of the improved formulation with adjuvant temozolomide in 24 patients with newly diagnosed gliomas. Investigators observed no dose-limiting toxicity in patients receiving all but the highest tested dose (200mg/kg/day). Four of the 15 patients receiving the maximum tested dose of 200mg/kg/day experienced dose-limiting toxicity, all of which were reversed by decreasing or eliminating the dose given. There were no serious adverse events attributed to Mebendazole at any dose during the trial. 41.7% of patients who received Mebendazole were alive at two years after enrollment, and 25% were alive at four years (Gallia et al., 2021).

The license covers six (6) issued patents and one (1) pending application. In consideration of the rights granted to the Company under the license agreement, JHU received a staggered upfront license fee of $250,000, with $50,000 paid in 2022 and the remaining balance of $200,000 paid in 2023. The Company will also reimburse JHU for previously incurred and ongoing patent costs. Under the terms of the license agreement, JHU will be entitled to three and one-half percent (3.5%) royalty on net sales by the Company in which the JHU license was utilized. In addition, the Company is required to pay JHU minimum annual royalty payments of $5,000 for 2022, $10,000 for 2023, $20,000 for 2024, $30,000 for 2025 and $50,000 for 2026 and each year after until the first commercial sale, after which the annual minimum royalty shall be $250,000. The license agreement also contains milestone payments for clinical development steps through the approval of an NDA and commercialization. As of June 30, 2025, the balance of accrued expense related to this license agreement was $15,000 of the $30,000 for 2025. The Company assessed whether the license should be capitalized and determined that the licensed program is in the early stage and therefore may not be recoverable. The Company expensed the license fee and will expense development costs until commercial viability is likely.

Johns Hopkins University – Mebendazole Prodrug License

In October 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive, world-wide, royalty-bearing license from JHU and the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (“IOCB”) of the Czech Academy of Sciences for rights to commercialize N-substituted prodrugs of Mebendazole that demonstrate improved solubility and bioavailability. The license covers prodrug compositions and use for treating disease as claimed in multiple U.S. and worldwide patent applications. In consideration for the rights granted to the Company under the license agreement, JHU and IOCB received a staggered upfront license fee of $100,000 and the Company reimbursed JHU and IOCB for previously incurred patent costs. Under the terms of the license agreement, JHU and IOCB will be entitled to a four percent (4.0%) royalty on net sales by the Company in which the JHU and IOCB license was utilized. In addition, the Company is required to pay JHU and IOCB minimum annual royalty payments of $5,000 for 2026, $10,000 for 2027, $20,000 for 2028, $30,000 for 2029 and $50,000 for 2030 and each year after until the first commercial sale, after which, the annual minimum royalty shall be $150,000. The license agreement also contains milestone payments for patent grants, clinical development steps through the approval of an NDA and commercialization. As of June 30, 2025, the balance of accrued expense related to this license agreement was $0. The Company assessed whether the license should be capitalized and determined that the licensed program is in the early stage and therefore may not be recoverable. The Company will expense the license fee and development costs until commercial viability is likely.

9. Subsequent Events

The Company evaluates subsequent events and transactions that occur after the balance sheet date up to the date that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.

Other than as disclosed in this Note 9 and as may be disclosed elsewhere in the notes to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, there have been no subsequent events that require adjustment or disclosure in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Subsequent to the quarter ended June 30, 2025, the Company continued to raise capital through sales of shares of its common stock under its ATM Agreement. Subsequent to June 30, 2025, the Company raised gross proceeds of approximately $710,000, before deducting commissions and offering expenses, through sales of shares of its common stock pursuant to the ATM Agreement.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations

References in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations to “us”, “we”, “our” and similar terms refer to the Company. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with (1) our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and (2) our consolidated financial statements, related notes and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 14, 2025. This Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “will,” “would” or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Overview

Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Nevada in February 2020. Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. is the parent company of Bullfrog AI, Inc. and Bullfrog AI Management, LLC, which were incorporated in Delaware and Maryland, in 2017 and 2021, respectively. Operations are currently conducted through Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc., which began operations on February 6, 2020. We are a company focused specifically on advanced Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (“AI/ML”) analysis of complex data in the advancement of medicine. Our AI/ML platform (trade name: bfLEAP™) was created from technology originally developed at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (“JHU-APL”). Subsequently, we have developed new tools and capabilities composed of an ensemble of machine learning and artificial intelligence models.

In February 2018, the Company secured an original exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license from JHU-APL for the technology underlying our bfLEAP™ platform. The license covers three (3) issued patents, one (1) new provisional patent application, non-patent rights to proprietary libraries of algorithms and other trade secrets including modifications and improvements. We entered into a new license agreement with JHU-APL in July 2022 that provides the Company with new intellectual property and also encompasses most of the intellectual property from the February 2018 license. In consideration for the new license entered into in July 2022 with JHU-APL, the Company issued to JHU-APL 39,879 shares of common stock. Under the terms of the new license agreement, JHU-APL will be entitled to eight (8%) percent of net sales for the services provided by the Company to other parties and three (3%) percent for internally developed drug projects in which the JHU-APL license was utilized. The new license also contains tiered sub licensing fees that start at fifty (50%) percent and decline to twenty-five (25%) percent based on revenues. The Company and JHU-APL entered into Amendment Number 1 of the July 2022 license agreement pursuant to which the Company gained access to certain improvements including additional patents and know-how in exchange for a series of payments totaling $275,000. The first of these payments for $75,000 was paid in July 2023, the second of these payments for $75,000 was paid in June 2025, and the remaining payments of $75,000 and $50,000 are due in 2026 and 2027, respectively. The amendment also reduced the 2023 minimum annual royalty payment to $60,000; all other financial terms remain the same. As a result of this amendment, the minimum annual payments are $30,000 for 2022, $60,000 for 2023, and $300,000 for 2024 and beyond, all of which are creditable against royalties paid by us. As of June 30, 2025, all minimum annual royalty payments through 2024 have been paid, the Company has accrued $150,000 of the $300,000 minimum annual royalty for 2025, and the Company has accrued $6,250 of the $75,000 annual license fee due in June 2026.

Our objective is to utilize bfLEAP™, our AI/ML platform, with a precision medicine approach toward drug development with biopharmaceutical collaborators, as well as our own internal clinical development programs. We believe the bfLEAP™ platform is ideally suited for evaluating pre-clinical and clinical trial data generated in translational research and clinical trial settings in order to lead to faster, less expensive drug approvals.

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Our aim is to improve the odds of success in each stage of developing medicine, ranging from early pre-clinical through late-stage clinical development. Our ultimate objective is to utilize bfLEAP™ to enable the success of ongoing third-party clinical trials or rescue late-stage failed drugs (i.e., Phase II or Phase III clinical trial failures) for in-house development and divestiture. We will also consider collaborations for earlier stage drugs.

We intend to continue to evolve and improve bfLEAP™, either in-house or with development partners like JHU-APL. We plan to leverage our proprietary AI/ML platform developed over several years at one of the top innovation institutions in the world, which has already been successfully applied in multiple sectors.

We operate and have staffed our business using funds from our initial public offering and subsequent financings, have entered into partnerships and relationships, completed our first commercial service contract with a leading rare disease non-profit organization for AI/ML analysis of late-stage clinical data in 2023, and we are partway through our collaboration agreement for clinical trial optimization with a Phase III oncology company focused on novel chemotherapeutic treatments for rare cancers. We have also acquired the rights to a series of preclinical and early clinical drug assets from universities, as well as entered into a strategic collaboration with a world-renowned research institution to create a HSV1 viral therapeutic platform to engineer immunotherapies for a variety of diseases. We have signed exclusive worldwide license agreements with Johns Hopkins University (“JHU”) for a cancer drug that targets glioblastoma (brain cancer), pancreatic cancer, and others. We have also signed an exclusive worldwide license from George Washington University for another cancer drug that targets hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) and other liver diseases. In addition, we signed three-year strategic data and commercialization agreements with the Lieber Institute for Brain Development (“LIBD”) whom we believe has a repository of the largest collection of postmortem brains in the world, including molecular, clinical, and other data. The objective of this collaboration with LIBD is for the Company to analyze these rich data sets using its proprietary AI/ML tools and models and then go to market with the discoveries with the ultimate goal of securing revenue generating strategic partnership deals with biopharmaceutical companies. We intend to secure the rights to other proprietary data sets and repeat this strategy. Additionally, we intend to gain access to later-stage clinical assets through partnerships or the acquisition of rights to failed therapeutic candidates for drug rescue. In certain circumstances, we intend to conduct late-stage clinical trials in an effort to rescue therapeutic assets that previously failed. In these cases, there will be a requirement for drug supply and regulatory services to conduct clinical trials. The success of our clinical development programs will require finding partners to support the clinical development, adequate availability of raw materials and drug product for our research and development and clinical trials, and, in some cases, may also require the establishment of third-party arrangements to obtain finished drug product that is manufactured appropriately under good manufacturing practices, and packaged for clinical use or sale. Since we are a company focused on using our AI/ML technology to advance medicines, any clinical development programs will also require, in all cases, partners and the establishment of third-party relationships for execution and completion of clinical trials.

Since completing our initial public offering in February 2023 (the “IPO”), aided by the receipt of the IPO proceeds in addition to the proceeds from our February 2024 and October 2024 offerings and our ongoing At-The-Market Sales Agreement with BTIG, LLC (the “ATM Agreement”), we have implemented several initiatives including: investor relations and marketing to raise awareness for the Company in the financial and business sectors, research and development, collaboration with the J Craig Venter Institute (“JCVI”), and initiation of preclinical studies with our in-licensed drug programs. The Company is actively engaged in developing and pursuing new intellectual property as it strives to continuously evolve its AI/ML platform.

Internally, the Company has added incremental staff to accelerate execution and development of processes and custom scripts for use in performing new drug target discovery and analytical services for customers, while also launching initiatives targeting large public health data sources and seeking access to proprietary health data sources, such as our agreement with the LIBD. We are also transitioning our accounting and financial reporting systems and processes to enhance our internal control environment as a public company. Capital from the IPO was also used to retire two notes that were sold to fund the Company through the IPO as well as other debts accrued over time to our staff, employees and consultants, and obligations related to the acquisition of our licensed drug programs.

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The Company has incurred negative cash flows from operations and operated at a net loss since inception. In the first quarter of 2023, we completed our IPO. In February 2024, we received net proceeds of approximately $5.7 million from an underwritten public offering of common stock and warrants. In October 2024, we received net proceeds of approximately $2.7 million from a registered direct offering of common stock and pre-funded warrants, and concurrent private placement of common stock warrants. In June 2025, we received net proceeds of approximately $0.2 million from the sale of shares of our common stock pursuant to our ATM Agreement. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has a cash balance of approximately $2.6 million, which includes $0.1 million of restricted cash. As of June 30, 2025, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents position is not sufficient to fund the Company’s planned operations for at least a year beyond the filing date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. This factor as well as other factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the Company obtaining the necessary financing or revenues to meet its obligations arising from normal business operations when they become due.

Accordingly, we will require additional capital to continue to execute our strategy. We anticipate raising this additional capital through various avenues including sales of equity securities, debt transactions, licensing agreements and collaborative arrangements. Although management believes that such funding sources will be available, including pursuant to the Company’s at-the-market common stock sales facility under our ATM Agreement, there can be no assurance that any such arrangements will provide sufficient capital when needed to allow us to continue our operations, or if available, be on terms acceptable to us. If we do not raise sufficient funds in a timely manner, among other things, we may be forced to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all our research and product development programs and/or our capital expenditures or enter into arrangements on unfavorable terms. We currently do not have commitments for future funding from any source.

Our Strategy

The Company has a unique strategy designed to reduce risk and increase the frequency of cash flow. The first part of the strategy is to generate revenues through strategic relationships with biopharma companies. These relationships will be structured as a combination of fees in cash, equity, or other consideration and intellectual property based on the specific scope of the engagement. The objective of these engagements will be to uncover valuable insights to reduce the risk and increase the speed of the drug development process which can be achieved through manual or automated integration into the client’s workflow or analysis of discrete data sets.

In the future, the second part of our strategy involves acquiring the rights to drugs at various stages of development and using our proprietary AI/ML technology to advance the development of such drugs, with the objective of creating near term value and then exiting and monetizing as quickly as possible, preferably within approximately 30 months.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, as well as related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as those described in our Form 10-K.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

We completed our first commercial service contract in the third quarter of 2023 and recognized revenue in the amount of $65,000. We did not recognize any revenue in 2024. In February 2025, we announced our entry into a collaboration agreement with Eleison Pharmaceuticals Inc., a Phase III oncology company focused on novel chemotherapeutic treatments for rare cancers, and we recognized approximately $33,000 of revenue in the second quarter of 2025 pursuant to this agreement. We are in discussions with other potential partners, although there can be no assurance of entering into other business relationships in 2025 or beyond.

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Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of internal personnel and third-party consultants directly attributable to satisfaction of our performance obligations under revenue arrangements.

Research and Development Costs and Expenses

Research and development costs and expenses include development activities on our licensed drug candidates and our discovery efforts and collaborations. In addition to fees paid to external service providers, we are also allocating costs for internal personnel working on these activities as well as their efforts to develop our product and service offerings using bfLEAP™. We anticipate our research and development costs could become significant as we execute on our business plan and begin conducting preclinical research and development activities directed at securing development partners and filing an investigational new drug (IND) application for our licensed drug development programs described in this filing, as well as under strategic partnerships and for other drug development programs we may acquire. Research and development expenses are recorded in operating expenses in the period in which they are incurred. Estimates will be used in determining the expense liability of certain costs where services have been performed but not yet invoiced. We will monitor levels of performance under each significant contract for external services through communications with the service providers to reflect the actual amount expended.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses include personnel costs and costs associated with being a public company such as directors and officers (“D&O”) insurance, audit and tax provider fees, legal fees, and exchange listing costs. Additionally, our general and administrative costs include expenses for our business development, investor relations and marketing efforts. We anticipate our general and administrative expenses increasing in the future to support our service offerings and clinical and pre-clinical research and development activities associated with strategic partnering and collaborations.

Results of Operations - Comparison of Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

Collaboration Revenue and Cost of Collaboration Revenue

We recognized revenue and cost of revenue of approximately $33,000 and $27,000, respectively, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, entirely related to our single collaboration agreement. The revenue and cost are for the completion of the initial deliverable under the agreement. The remaining revenue and cost will be recognized upon completion of the remaining deliverables. We had no active customer agreements in the comparable prior year period.

Operating expenses

		June 30,								Net Change
		2025				2024
Operating expenses:
Research and development		$	480,297			$	513,699			$	(33,402	)
General and administrative			995,898				1,168,264				(172,366	)
Total operating expenses		$	1,476,195			$	1,681,963			$	(205,768	)

Research and Development

Our research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 decreased, compared to the same period ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to a reduction in personnel costs, partially offset by an increase in costs for our target discovery and validation efforts.

General and Administrative

Our general and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 decreased, compared to the same period ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to reductions in our director and officer insurance policy premium and non-cash stock-based compensation expense.

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Other Income (Expense), Net

Interest income earned on cash held in an overnight sweep account was approximately $23,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to income of approximately $78,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in our average cash balance.

Results of Operations – Comparison of Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

Collaboration Revenue and Cost of Collaboration Revenue

We recognized revenue and cost of revenue of approximately $33,000 and $27,000, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, entirely related to our single collaboration agreement. The revenue and cost are for the completion of the initial deliverable under the agreement. The remaining revenue and cost will be recognized upon completion of the remaining deliverables. We had no active customer agreements in the comparable prior year period.

Operating expenses

		June 30,								Net Change
		2025				2024
Operating expenses:
Research and development		$	1,056,557			$	1,065,825			$	(9,268	)
General and administrative			2,476,258				2,581,856				(105,598	)
Total operating expenses		$	3,532,815			$	3,647,681			$	(114,866	)

Research and Development

Our research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased, compared to the same period ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to a reduction in personnel costs, partially offset by an increase in costs for our target discovery and validation efforts.

General and Administrative

Our general and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased, compared to the same period ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to reductions in our director and officer insurance policy premium and recruiting fees, partially offset by increased personnel costs for employee hirings and fringe benefits.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Interest income earned on cash held in an overnight sweep account was approximately $63,500 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to income of approximately $143,413 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in our average cash balance.

Results of Operations

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Through June 30, 2025, we have an accumulated deficit of approximately $20.3 million and have funded our operations primarily through the sale of common stock, warrants and debt. We anticipate that our expenses will increase in the future to support our service offerings, clinical and pre-clinical research and development activities associated with strategic partnerships and collaborations, as well as acquired product candidates. These increases could include increased costs related to the hiring of additional personnel and fees to outside consultants, lawyers, and accountants, among other expenses.

In February 2024, we completed an underwritten offering of common stock and warrants generating approximately $5.7 million of net proceeds.

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In October 2024, we completed a registered direct offering of common stock and pre-funded warrants, and concurrent private placement of common stock warrants generating approximately $2.7 million of net proceeds.

In April 2025, the Company entered into an ATM Agreement with BTIG, LLC, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of common stock, from time to time in its sole discretion, at the market price and having an aggregate offering price of up to $20 million. The Company is not obligated to sell any shares, and BTIG is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of shares of common stock. Accordingly, the Company will not receive any proceeds from such transaction until shares are actually sold by BTIG. Subject to the Company’s request to sell shares, BTIG will use commercially reasonable efforts, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, to sell shares of common stock on the Company’s behalf in accordance with Company instructions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to sell, when needed, sufficient shares under the ATM Agreement to fund planned operations. In June 2025, the Company received approximately $346,000 of gross proceeds from the sale of 211,589 shares of the Company’s common stock at an average price of approximately $1.64 per share.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents position is not sufficient to fund the Company’s planned operations for at least a year beyond the filing date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. This factor as well as other factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the Company obtaining the necessary financing and/or revenues to meet its obligations arising from normal business operations when they become due. Accordingly, we will seek additional capital to continue to execute our strategy as discussed above.

Consolidated Cash Flow Data

		Six Months Ended June 30,
		2025				2024				Change
Net cash (used in) provided by
Operating activities		$	(3,230,098	)		$	(3,132,149	)		$	(97,949	)
Investing activities			-				-				-
Financing activities			372,750				6,121,507				(5,748,757	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		$	(2,857,348	)		$	2,989,358			$	(5,846,706	)

Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 increased compared to the same period ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to payments of vendor payables partially offset by the reduction in our prepaid director and officer insurance policy premium.

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities

There was no cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2025 or 2024.

Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased compared to the same period of 2024 primarily due to proceeds from our secondary offering in February 2024 and a reduction in our director and officer insurance policy premium financing partially offset by proceeds from sales of common stock under our ATM Agreement.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

As a smaller reporting company, this disclosure is not required.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We are required to maintain “disclosure controls and procedures” as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognized that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of disclosure controls and procedures are met. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures is also based, in part, upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025. Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of the end of the reporting period covered in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as a result of the previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below. Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, our management has concluded that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this filing on Form 10-Q fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of and for the periods presented in conformity with GAAP.

Material Weakness and Ongoing Remediation Efforts

As previously disclosed, management identified material weaknesses in its internal controls over financial reporting at December 31, 2023 which continue to be unremediated as of June 30, 2025. Specifically, management noted the Company did not properly document, implement or operate a system of effective internal controls over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Management is in the process of implementing improvements to its internal controls over financial reporting. Namely, the Company has and is continuing to:

	●	transition its day-to-day accounting processes to an external firm including automating its vendor payments;
	●	complete the transfer of the overall accounting process to an enterprise type accounting platform;
	●	review the design and effectiveness of our controls including the creation of an annual risk assessment and ongoing monitoring activities;
	●	evaluate all internal and external resources to ensure they are appropriate for the level and complexity of our current operations;
	●	hired a Corporate Controller in 2024; and
	●	engaged a third-party specialist to assist in the remediation and ongoing evaluation of our internal controls over financial reporting.

While we believe that these efforts will improve our internal control over financial reporting, the implementation of these measures is ongoing and will require validation and testing of the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over a sustained period of financial reporting cycles. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting on an ongoing basis and are committed to taking further action and implementing additional enhancements or improvements, as necessary and as funds allow. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, or that we may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the material weaknesses we have identified or avoid potential future material weaknesses. Accordingly, there could continue to be a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Other than the material weakness remediation efforts described above, there has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the Company’s most recent quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1 Legal Proceedings.

To our best knowledge, we are currently not a party to any legal proceedings that, individually or in the aggregate, are deemed to be material to our financial condition or results of operations.

Item 1A Risk Factors.

Smaller reporting companies are not required to provide the information required by this item.

Item 2 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

There were no unregistered sales of equity securities during the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Item 3 Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4 Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5 Other Information.

(c) Insider Trading Arrangements

During the quarter ended June 30, 2025, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers adopted, modified or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement”. As previously disclosed, in June 2023, Vininder Singh, the Chief Executive Officer and a Director of the Company, entered into a 10b5-1 sales plan (the “10b-5 Sales Plan”) intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The 10b5 Sales Plan provides for the sale of up to 1,000,000 shares of common stock and will remain in effect until the earlier of (1) August 31, 2025; or (2) the date on which an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of common stock have been sold under the 10b5 Sales Plan. Pursuant to the 10b5 Sales Plan, 50,000 shares were sold under the plan in September 2023, 100,000 shares were sold under the plan in the first quarter of 2024, and 50,000 shares were sold under the plan in each of the second, third, and fourth quarters of 2024, and in each of the first and second quarters of 2025.

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Item 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.		Description
1.1		At-The-Market Sales Agreement, dated April 25, 2025, by and between Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. and BTIG, LLC., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2025.
31.1 *		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).
31.2 *		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).
32.1 *		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 *		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS *		Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH *		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL *		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF *		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB *		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE *		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104		The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101).

* Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc.
Date: August 13, 2025		By:	/s/ Vininder Singh
			Vininder Singh
			Chief Executive Officer
Date: August 13, 2025		By:	/s/ Josh Blacher
			Josh Blacher
			Chief Financial Officer

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FAQ

How much cash does Bullfrog AI (BFRGW) have on hand?

As of June 30, 2025 the company held approximately $2.6 million of cash and cash equivalents, including about $0.1 million of restricted cash; the company raised additional gross proceeds of ~$710,000 under its ATM after the quarter.

What revenue and losses did BFRGW report for the period?

The company recognized $33,257 of collaboration revenue (and $26,735 cost of collaboration revenue) in the quarter; net loss was $1,448,729 for the three months and $3,466,282 for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Does Bullfrog AI (BFRGW) report a going concern issue?

Yes. Management discloses that cash on hand is not sufficient to fund planned operations for at least a year beyond the filing period and that this fact raises substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

What recent financings has BFRGW completed and what ATM capacity remains?

Key financings cited include net proceeds of ~$5.7M (Feb 2024) and ~$2.7M (Oct 2024). Under the ATM the company sold ~211,589 shares for ~$346,000 in June 2025 and subsequently raised ~$710,000; approximately $19.7M of ATM capacity remains but SEC limitations restrict additional sales to about $2.8M in the next 12 months based on current public float.

What material licensing or royalty obligations does the company have?

The JHU-APL license includes royalties of 8% of net sales for services and 3% for internal drug projects with minimum annual royalty levels (company accrued $150,000 of the $300,000 2025 minimum). Other licenses include GWU (royalty 3%) and a JHU mebendazole license (royalty 3.5%, accruals noted).

How many potentially dilutive securities are outstanding for BFRGW?

As of June 30, 2025 there were approximately 7,209,328 warrants outstanding, 938,927 options, and 73,449 Series A preferred shares convertible into common stock (each convertible into 10 common shares), in addition to other equity awards excluded from diluted EPS because they are anti-dilutive in the period.