Cognition Therapeutics (Nasdaq: CGTX) trims R&D spend, outlines 2027 cash runway
Cognition Therapeutics is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing small‑molecule therapies for age‑related CNS disorders. Its lead candidate zervimesine (CT1812) has multiple Phase 2 programs: the NIA‑funded START trial in 545 MCI/early Alzheimer’s patients is fully enrolled, while prior SHINE and SHIMMER studies met safety endpoints and showed biomarker‑linked cognitive and behavioral benefits that are informing planned Phase 3 Alzheimer’s and pivotal DLB psychosis trials in consultation with the FDA and EMA.
For the six months ended June 30, 2026, Cognition reported a net loss of $8,502 (in thousands) versus $15,214 (in thousands) a year earlier, driven by lower research and development expenses of $11,217 (in thousands) compared with $22,267 (in thousands) as large NIA‑funded trials advanced. Grant income declined to $7,497 (in thousands) in line with reduced reimbursable costs. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash totaled $34,762 (in thousands) at June 30, 2026, supplemented by approximately $21.6 million of remaining obligated NIA funds and $68.1 million of unused capacity under a 2025 at‑the‑market equity program. Management states these resources are expected to fund operations into the fourth quarter of 2027, assuming no additional ATM usage.
Positive
- None.
Negative
- None.
Filing Explained
The 2025 ATM has already issued 5,506,610 shares, while 95,093,746 were outstanding on August 4, 2026; further sales remain capacity, not proceeds.
As a Form 10-Q, this unaudited quarterly report updates Cognition Therapeutics’ interim financial position through
An at-the-market program permits gradual sales of new shares at prevailing market prices rather than a single priced transaction. The filing reports
Separately, the filing lists 7,828,435 potentially dilutive securities—options, restricted stock units and warrants—excluded from diluted earnings per share because they were antidilutive for the reported loss period.
As of
Key Figures
Key Terms
at-the-market equity offering program financial
equity line financing financial
dementia with Lewy bodies medical
geographic atrophy medical
accumulated deficit financial
AI-generated analysis. How Rhea-AI works. Not financial advice.
FAQ
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM
(Mark One)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the quarterly period ended
or
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number:
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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(State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer |
incorporation or organization) | Identification Number) |
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(Address of Principal Executive Offices) | (Zip Code) |
(
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
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Title of Each Class | | Trading symbol | | Name of Exchange on which registered |
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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
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Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
☒ | Smaller reporting company | ||
| | Emerging growth company |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes
As of August 4, 2026, there were
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements | | 3 | ||
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Part I. | | Financial Information | | 5 |
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Item 1. | | Financial Statements (unaudited) | | 5 |
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| | Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2026 (unaudited) and December 31, 2025 | | 5 |
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| | Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 (unaudited) | | 6 |
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| | Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 (unaudited) | | 7 |
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| | Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 (unaudited) | | 9 |
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| | Notes to Financial Statements (unaudited) | | 10 |
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Item 2. | | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | | 24 |
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Item 3. | | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | | 35 |
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Item 4. | | Controls and Procedures | | 35 |
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Part II. | | Other Information | | 37 |
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Item 1. | | Legal Proceedings | | 37 |
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Item 1A. | | Risk Factors | | 37 |
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Item 2. | | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | | 37 |
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Item 3. | | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | | 37 |
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Item 4. | | Mine Safety Disclosures | | 37 |
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Item 5. | | Other Information | | 37 |
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Item 6. | | Exhibits | | 38 |
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Signatures | | | | 39 |
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Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Quarterly Report”), contains forward-looking statements concerning our business, operations and financial performance, as well as our plans, objectives and expectations for our business operations and financial performance and condition. All statements other than statements of historical or current facts included in this Quarterly Report are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “design,” “due,” “estimate,” “expect,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “positioned,” “potential,” “predict,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” and other similar expressions that are predictions of or indicate future events and future trends, or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. In addition, statements including “we believe” or similar phrases reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. All forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by these, forward-looking statements and therefore, you should not unduly rely on such statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to:
| ● | our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and continue the development of our current and future product candidates; |
| ● | our ability to maintain the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market; |
| ● | our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing; |
| ● | the clinical nature of our business and our ability to successfully and in a timely manner advance our current and future product candidates through our ongoing and future clinical trials, preclinical studies and development activities; |
| ● | the timing, scope and likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals, including final regulatory approval of our product candidates; |
| ● | our ability to generate revenue from future product sales and our ability to achieve and maintain profitability; |
| ● | the accuracy of our projections and estimates regarding our expenses, capital requirements, cash utilization, and need for additional financing; |
| ● | the expected uses of our existing cash and cash equivalents and the sufficiency of such resources to fund our planned operations; |
| ● | the extent to which health epidemics and other outbreaks of communicable diseases, geopolitical turmoil, including the ongoing global and regional conflicts or increased trade restrictions between the United States, Russia, China, and other countries, social unrest, political instability, terrorism, or other acts of war could ultimately impact our business, including our ongoing and future clinical trials, preclinical studies and development activities; |
| ● | our dependence on the success of zervimesine (CT1812), our lead product candidate; |
| ● | the novelty of our approach to targeting the σ-2 (sigma-2) receptor (“S2R”) complex to treat age-related degenerative diseases and disorders, and the challenges we will face due to the novel nature of such approach; |
| ● | the success of competing therapies that are or become available; |
| ● | the initiation, progress, success, cost, and timing of our ongoing and future clinical trials, preclinical studies and development activities; |
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| ● | our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory clearance of CT1812 for clinical trials under investigational new drug (“IND”) applications and any future IND applications for any of our other product candidates; |
| ● | the performance of third parties in connection with the development of our product candidates, including third parties conducting our future clinical trials as well as third-party suppliers and manufacturers; |
| ● | our ability to attract and retain strategic collaborators with development, regulatory, and commercialization expertise; |
| ● | our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and develop sales and marketing capabilities, if our product candidates are approved; |
| ● | the size and growth of the potential markets for our product candidates and our ability to serve those markets; |
| ● | regulatory developments and approval pathways in the United States and foreign countries for our product candidates; |
| ● | the potential scope and value of our intellectual property and proprietary rights; |
| ● | our ability, and the ability of any future licensors, to obtain, maintain, defend, and enforce intellectual property and proprietary rights protecting our product candidates, and our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property or proprietary rights of third parties; |
| ● | risks associated with global political changes and global economic conditions, including inflation, tariffs, or uncertainty caused by political violence and unrest, including ongoing global and regional conflicts; |
| ● | developments relating to our competitors and our industry; and |
| ● | other risk and uncertainties, including those described in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) filed with the SEC on March 26, 2026. |
You should refer to the “Risk Factors” section of our Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2025 for a discussion of material factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and have filed as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. We intend the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).
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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.Financial Statements
COGNITION THERAPEUTICS, INC.
BALANCE SHEETS
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
| | | | | | |
| | As of | ||||
| | June 30, 2026 | | December 31, 2025 | ||
| | (unaudited) | | | ||
Assets |
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Current assets: |
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Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | | | $ | |
Grant receivables | |
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Prepaid expenses and other current assets | |
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Restricted cash equivalents | | | | | | |
Total current assets | |
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Property and equipment, net | |
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Right-of-use assets, operating leases | | | | | | |
Total assets | | $ | | | $ | |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | |
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Current liabilities: | |
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Accounts payable | | $ | | | $ | |
Accrued expenses | |
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Deferred grant income, current | | | | | | |
Operating lease liabilities, current | | | | | | |
Other current liabilities | |
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Total current liabilities | |
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Operating lease liabilities, non-current | |
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Total liabilities | |
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Commitments and contingencies (Note 6) | |
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Stockholders’ equity: | |
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Preferred stock, $ | | | — | | | — |
Common stock, $ | |
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Additional paid-in capital | |
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Accumulated deficit | |
| ( | |
| ( |
Total stockholders’ equity | |
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Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | | $ | | | $ | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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COGNITION THERAPEUTICS, INC.
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, | | ||||||||
| | 2026 | | 2025 | | 2026 | | 2025 | | ||||
Operating Expenses: |
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Research and development | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | | |
General and administrative | |
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Total operating expenses | |
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Loss from operations | |
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Other income (expense): | |
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Grant income | |
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Other income, net | |
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Interest expense | |
| ( | |
| ( | |
| ( | | | ( | |
Total other income, net | |
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Net loss and comprehensive loss | | $ | ( | | $ | ( | | $ | ( | | $ | ( | |
Net loss per share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Basic | | $ | ( | | $ | ( | | $ | ( | | $ | ( | |
Diluted | | $ | ( | | $ | ( | | $ | ( | | $ | ( | |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Basic | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Diluted | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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COGNITION THERAPEUTICS, INC.
STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share amounts)
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| | | | | | | Additional | | | | | Total | ||
| | Common Stock | | Paid-in | | Accumulated | | Stockholders’ | ||||||
| | Shares | | Amount | | Capital | | Deficit | | Equity | ||||
Balances as of December 31, 2024 |
| | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | ( | | $ | |
Issuance of common stock under the 2022 ATM, net of commissions and allocated fees |
| | | | | | | | | | — | | | |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs, net of shares withheld for employee taxes |
| | | | — | | | ( | | | — | | | ( |
Equity-based compensation | | — | | | — | | | | | | — | | | |
Net loss | | — | | | — | | | — | | | ( | | | ( |
Balances as of March 31, 2025 | | | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | ( | | $ | |
Issuance of common stock under the 2022 ATM, net of commissions and allocated fees | | | | | | | | | | | — | | | |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | | | | | — | | | ( | | | — | | | ( |
Equity-based compensation |
| — | | | — | | | | | | — | | | |
Net loss |
| — | | | — | | | — | | | ( | | | ( |
Balances as of June 30, 2025 | | | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | ( | | $ | |
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COGNITION THERAPEUTICS, INC.
STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (continued)
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share amounts)
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| | | | | | | Additional | | | | | Total | ||
| | Common Stock | | Paid-in | | Accumulated | | Stockholders’ | ||||||
| | Shares | | Amount | | Capital | | Deficit | | Equity | ||||
Balances as of December 31, 2025 |
| | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | ( | | $ | |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | | | | | — | | | ( | | | — | | | ( |
Exercise of common stock options | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | |
Equity-based compensation | | — | | | — | | | | | | — | | | |
Net loss | | — | | | — | | | — | | | ( | | | ( |
Balances as of March 31, 2026 | | | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | ( | | $ | |
Issuance of common stock under the 2025 ATM, net of commissions and allocated fees | | | | | | | | | | | — | | | |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | | | | | — | | | ( | | | — | | | ( |
Equity-based compensation |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net loss |
| — | | | — | | | — | | | ( | | | ( |
Balances as of June 30, 2026 | | | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | ( | | $ | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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COGNITION THERAPEUTICS, INC.
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
(in thousands)
| | | | | | |
| | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||
| | 2026 | | 2025 | ||
Cash flows from operating activities: |
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Net loss | | $ | ( | | $ | ( |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | |
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Depreciation and amortization | |
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Equity-based compensation | |
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Amortization of right-of-use assets | | | | | | |
Gain on lease modification | | | ( | | | — |
Loss on disposal of property and equipment | | | | | | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |
| | | | |
Grant receivables | |
| | | | ( |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | |
| | | | |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | |
| ( | | | |
Deferred grant income and other liabilities | | | | | | |
Operating lease liabilities | |
| ( | | | ( |
Net cash used in operating activities | |
| ( | |
| ( |
Cash flows from investing activities: | |
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Payments for property and equipment | |
| ( | | | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | |
| ( | |
| — |
Cash flows from financing activities: | |
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| |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under the ATM sales agreements, net of commissions and allocated fees | | | | | | |
Proceeds from the exercise of common stock options | | | | | | — |
Payment of employee withholding taxes on vested restricted stock units | | | ( | | | ( |
Payments on loan payable | | | ( | | | ( |
Net cash provided by financing activities | |
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| |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents | |
| ( | |
| ( |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents | | | | | | |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents – beginning of period | |
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Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents – end of period | | $ | | | $ | |
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash financing activities: | |
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Operating lease assets and liabilities recognized during the period | | $ | | | $ | — |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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COGNITION THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
1. Description of Business and Financial Condition
Cognition Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated as a Delaware corporation on August 21, 2007. The Company is a biopharmaceutical company developing disease modifying therapies targeting age-related degenerative diseases and disorders of the central nervous system (“CNS”) and retina. The Company’s pipeline candidates were discovered using proprietary biology and chemistry platforms designed to identify novel drug targets and disease-modifying therapies that address dysregulated pathways specifically associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The Company was founded on the unique combination of biological expertise around these targets, including proprietary assays that emphasize functional responses, and proprietary medicinal chemistry intended to produce novel, high-quality small-molecule drug candidates.
On December 23, 2022, the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-268992) (the “Shelf”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) in relation to the registration of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights, and/or units of any combination thereof of up to $
On March 10, 2023, the Company entered into a purchase agreement with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”) for an equity line financing (the “Purchase Agreement”). The Purchase Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to direct Lincoln Park to purchase up to $
In August 2025, the Company entered into Securities Purchase Agreements with
On December 18, 2025, the Company filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC and a prospectus supplement, which registered the offering, issuance and sale of up to $
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Liquidity
The Company’s Financial Statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business. The Company has incurred recurring losses since inception, including net losses of $
As of August 7, 2026, the date of issuance of these Financial Statements, the Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2026 is sufficient to fund operations for the period through one year after the date of this filing.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying financial statements as of June 30, 2026, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information, the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying unaudited interim financial statements contain all adjustments that are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2026, the statements of operations and comprehensive loss and stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, and cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. Such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2026, or for any future period. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, and the notes thereto, which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 26, 2026.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash Equivalents
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents consist primarily of interest-bearing deposits at various financial institutions and money markets. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents reported on the balance sheet which, in aggregate, represents the amount reported in the statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025:
| | | | | | |
| | As of June 30, | ||||
| | 2026 | | 2025 | ||
Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | | | $ | |
Restricted cash equivalents | |
| | |
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Total | | $ | | | $ | |
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Receivables
Grant Receivables
Grant receivables relate to outstanding amounts due for reimbursable expenditures of awarded grants issued by the National Institute of Aging (“NIA”), a division of the National Institute of Health (“NIH”), and are carried at their estimated collectible amounts. The Company expects all receivables to be collectible, and accordingly, there is
Grant Income
The Company generates grant income through grants and donations from government and other (non-government) parties. Grant income is recognized in other income (expense) in the period in which the reimbursable research and development services are incurred and the right to payment is realized. Deferred grant income represents grant proceeds received by the Company prior to the period in which the reimbursable research and development services are incurred. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company generated grant income of $
The grants awarded relate to agreed-upon direct and indirect costs for specific studies or clinical trials, which may include personnel and consulting costs, costs paid to contract research organizations (“CROs”), research institutions and/or consortiums involved in the grants, as well as facilities and administrative costs. These grants are cost plus fixed fee arrangements in which the Company is reimbursed for its eligible direct and indirect costs over time, up to the maximum amount of each specific grant award. Only costs that are allowable under the grant award, certain government regulations and the NIH’s supplemental policy and procedure manual may be claimed for reimbursement, and the reimbursements are subject to routine audits from governmental agencies from time to time. While these NIH grants do not contain payback provisions, the NIH or other government agency may review the Company’s performance, cost structures and compliance with applicable laws, regulations, policies and standards and the terms and conditions of the applicable NIH grant. If any of the expenditures are found to be unallowable or allocated improperly or if the Company has otherwise violated terms of such NIH grant, the expenditures may not be reimbursed and/or the Company may be required to repay funds already disbursed. To date, the Company has not been found to have breached the terms of any NIH grant. As of June 30, 2026, the Company has been awarded grants with project periods that extend through May 31, 2027, subject to extension.
Research and Development Costs
The Company is involved in research and development of treatments for a variety of diseases related to the central nervous system, including Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies (“DLB”), and geographic atrophy (“GA”) secondary to dry age-related macular degeneration. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist principally of personnel costs, including salaries, stock-based compensation, and benefits for employees, third-party license fees and other operational costs related to its research and development activities, including allocated facility-related expenses and external costs of outside vendors, including CROs, and other direct and indirect costs. Non-refundable research and development costs are deferred and expensed as the related goods are delivered or services are performed. Costs for external development activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks. Costs for certain research and development activities are recognized based on the pattern of performance of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of billings incurred, and are reflected in the financial statements as prepaid expenses or as accrued research and development expenses.
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Equity-based Compensation
Following the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation, the Company recognizes compensation expense for equity-based grants using the straight-line attribution method, in which the expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period within operating expenses based on the grant date fair value. The Company also has granted awards subject to performance-based vesting. The Company recognizes compensation expense for these awards commencing in the period in which the vesting condition becomes probable of achievement. The grant date fair value of stock options are estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Forfeitures are recognized in the period in which they occur.
Black-Scholes requires inputs based on certain subjective assumptions, including (i) the expected stock price volatility, (ii) the expected term of the award, (iii) the risk-free interest rate and (iv) expected dividends. Due to a lack of sufficient public market data for the Company’s common stock and lack of company-specific historical and implied volatility data, the Company has based its computation of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a representative group of public companies with similar characteristics to the Company, including stage of product development and life science industry focus. The historical volatility is calculated based on a period of time commensurate with expected term assumption. The Company uses the simplified method to calculate the expected term for stock options granted to employees whereby the expected term equals the arithmetic average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the stock options due to its lack of sufficient historical data. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury securities with a maturity date commensurate with the expected term of the associated award. The expected dividend yield is assumed to be
Concentration of Credit Risk
The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to credit risks consist of cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents in bank deposit accounts which, at times, may exceed the federally insured limit. The Company has not experienced any losses in these accounts and does not believe it is exposed to any significant credit risk related to these funds.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company applies ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), which establishes a framework for measuring fair value and clarifies the definition of fair value within that framework. ASC 820 defines fair value as an exit price, which is the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the Company’s principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy established in ASC 820 generally requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Observable inputs reflect the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs reflect the entity’s own assumptions based on market data and the entity’s judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are to be developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.
The carrying value of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, grants receivable, prepaid expense, other receivables, other assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of these financial instruments.
The valuation hierarchy is composed of three levels. The classification within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The levels within the valuation hierarchy are described below:
| ● | Level 1 — Assets and liabilities with unadjusted, quoted prices listed on active market exchanges. Inputs to the fair value measurement are observable inputs, such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. |
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| ● | Level 2 — Inputs to the fair value measurement are determined using prices for recently traded assets and liabilities with similar underlying terms, as well as direct or indirect observable inputs, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. |
| ● | Level 3 — Inputs to the fair value measurement are unobservable inputs, such as estimates, assumptions, and valuation techniques when little or no market data exists for the assets or liabilities. |
Warrant Accounting
Warrants are accounted for either as equity or liabilities based upon the characteristics and provisions of each instrument in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. Warrants classified as equity are recorded at fair value as of the date of issuance on the balance sheets and no further adjustments to their valuation are made. Warrants classified as liabilities and other financing instruments that require accounting as liabilities are recorded on the balance sheets at their fair value on the date of issuance and are revalued on each subsequent balance sheet date until such instruments are exercised or expire, with any changes in the fair value between reporting periods recorded as other income or expense. Management estimates the fair value of these liabilities using the Black-Scholes model and assumptions that are based on the individual characteristics of the warrants or instruments on the valuation date, as well as assumptions, expected volatility, expected life, yield, and risk-free interest rate.
Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss per share by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted net loss per share includes the effect, if any, from the potential exercise or conversion of securities, such as convertible preferred stock and stock options, which would result in the issuance of incremental shares of common stock. For diluted net loss per share, the weighted-average number of shares of common stock is the same for basic net loss per share due to the fact that when a net loss exists, dilutive securities are not included in the calculation as the impact is anti-dilutive.
Segments
The Company has determined that it operates and manages
Emerging Growth Company Status
The Company is an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that it is (a) no longer an emerging growth company or (b) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Not Yet Adopted
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires public business entities to provide more detailed information in the notes to the financial statements about
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specified categories of expenses (purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and amortization) included in certain expense captions presented on the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for periods after the effective date of this ASU or (2) retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this guidance will have on its financial statements and disclosures.
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-07, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2025-07”), to clarify the application of derivative accounting to contracts with features based on the operations or activities of one of the parties to the contract and the diversity in accounting for share-based noncash consideration from a customer that is consideration for the transfer of goods or services. ASU 2025-07 is effective for the fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within those annual reporting periods. The Company is currently evaluating ASU 2025-07 to determine its impact on the Company’s financial statements and disclosures.
In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants under ASC 832 (“ASU 2025-10”), which establishes authoritative guidance on the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of government grants. Under ASU 2025-10, government grants are recognized when it is probable that the entity will both comply with the conditions of the grant and the grant will be received. The ASU provides specific accounting models for grants related to assets and grants related to income, including options to recognize government grants as deferred income or as a reduction of the asset’s cost basis. The ASU also requires enhanced disclosures regarding the nature of government grants, significant terms and conditions, accounting policies applied, and amounts recognized in the financial statements. ASU 2025-10 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2028, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2025-10 on its financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements (“ASU 2025-11”), which clarifies the guidance in Topic 270 to improve the consistency of interim financial reporting. The ASU provides a comprehensive list of required interim disclosures and introduces a disclosure principle requiring entities to disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. ASU 2025-11 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2025-11 on its financial statements and related disclosures.
Income Taxes
In accordance with ASC 270, Interim Reporting, and ASC 740, Income Taxes, the Company is required at the end of each interim period to determine the best estimate of its annual effective tax rate, apply that rate in providing for income taxes on a current year-to-date (interim period) basis, and include the tax impact for discrete items within the interim period. The Company maintains a full valuation allowance against all deferred tax assets as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, as management has determined that it is not more likely than not that the Company will realize these future tax benefits. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had
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3. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements
Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value are summarized below:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of June 30, 2026 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | Significant | | | | |
| | Quoted Priced in | | Significant Other | | Unobservable | | | | |||
| | Active Markets | | Observable Inputs | | Inputs | | | | |||
| | (Level 1) | | (Level 2) | | (Level 3) | | Total | ||||
Assets: |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
Cash equivalents: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Money market funds | | $ | | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | |
Restricted cash equivalents: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Money market funds | | | | | | — | | | — | | | |
Total assets | | $ | | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | Significant | | | | |
| | Quoted Priced in | | Significant Other | | Unobservable | | | | |||
| | Active Markets | | Observable Inputs | | Inputs | | | | |||
| | (Level 1) | | (Level 2) | | (Level 3) | | Total | ||||
Assets: |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
Cash equivalents: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Money market funds | | $ | | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | |
Restricted cash equivalents: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Money market funds | | | | | | — | | | — | | | |
Total assets | | $ | | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | |
4. Accrued Expenses
Accrued expense consists of the following:
| | | | | | | |
| | As of | | ||||
| | June 30, 2026 | | December 31, 2025 | | ||
Employee compensation, benefits, and related accruals | | $ | | | $ | | |
Research and development costs | |
| | |
| | |
Professional fees and other accruals | |
| | |
| | |
Total | | $ | | | $ | | |
5. Other Current Liabilities
In October 2025, the Company entered into an insurance premium financing agreement with a lender. Under the agreement, the Company financed $
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6. Commitments and Contingencies
Operating Leases
Amounts reported in the balance sheets for leases where the Company is the lessee as of June 30, 2026 were as follows:
| | | | | |
| As of | ||||
| June 30, 2026 | | December 31, 2025 | ||
Assets |
| | |
| |
Operating lease assets | $ | | | $ | |
Total operating lease assets | $ | | | $ | |
Liabilities | | | | | |
Current: | | | | | |
Operating lease liabilities | $ | | | $ | |
Non-current: | | | | | |
Operating lease liabilities, non-current | | | | | |
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | | | $ | |
Operating lease costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 was $
The maturities of the operating lease liabilities and minimum lease payments as of June 30, 2026 were as follows:
| | | |
For the Years Ended December 31, | | Operating Leases | |
2026 (remaining) | | $ | |
2027 | |
| |
2028 | |
| |
2029 | | | |
2030 | | | |
Thereafter | | | |
Total undiscounted lease payments | | $ | |
Less: Imputed interest | | | ( |
Present value of operating lease liabilities | | $ | |
The following table summarizes the lease term and discount rate as of June 30, 2026, respectively:
| | | |
| As of | ||
| June 30, 2026 | | December 31, 2025 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) | | | |
Operating leases | | ||
Weighted-average discount rate | | | |
Operating leases | | ||
Operating cash flows used for operating leases for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 was $
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Litigation and Contingencies
From time to time, the Company may be involved in disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business. When the Company determines that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable, a liability is recorded and disclosed if the amount is material to the financial statements taken as a whole. When a material loss contingency is only reasonably possible, the Company does not record a liability but instead discloses the nature and the amount of the claim and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such an estimate can reasonably be made.
As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, there was no litigation or contingency with at least a reasonable possibility of a material loss.
7. Stockholders’ Equity
Common and Preferred Stock
The Company is authorized to issue up to
Common stockholders are entitled to dividends if and when declared by the Company’s board of directors subject to the rights of the preferred stockholders. As of June 30, 2026,
2022 ATM
On December 23, 2022, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC in relation to the registration of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights, and/or units of any combination thereof of up to $
2025 ATM
On December 18, 2025, the Company filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC and a prospectus supplement, which registered the offering, issuance and sale of up to $
Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement
On March 10, 2023, the Company entered into a purchase agreement with Lincoln Park for an equity line financing. The Purchase Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to direct Lincoln Park to purchase up to $
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August 2025 Registered Direct Offering and Warrant Issuance
In August 2025, the Company entered into Securities Purchase Agreements with
In connection with the Placement Agency Agreement, the Company agreed to pay Titan an aggregate cash fee of
As of June 30, 2026, the Company had the following equity-classified common stock warrants outstanding:
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Weighted-Average | |
| | | | | | Remaining | |
| | Number of | | Weighted-Average | | Contractual Life | |
| | Warrants | | Exercise Price | | (In Years) | |
Balance, December 31, 2025 |
| | | $ | | | |
Issued |
| | | $ | | | — |
Exercised |
| | | $ | | | — |
Expired |
| | | $ | | | — |
Balance, June 30, 2026 |
| | | $ | | | |
Exercisable as of June 30, 2026 |
| | | $ | | | |
8. Equity-based Compensation
2021 Equity Incentive Plan
On October 7, 2021, the date upon which the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 in connection with the IPO was declared effective, the Company’s 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) became effective. On the same date, the Company ceased granting awards under its 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The 2021 Plan authorizes the award of both equity-based and cash-based incentive awards, including: (i) stock options (both incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options), (ii) stock appreciation rights, (iii) restricted stock awards, (iv) restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and (v) cash or other stock-based awards. Incentive stock options may be granted only to employees. All other types of awards may be issued to employees, directors, consultants, and other service providers.
As of June 30, 2026, the aggregate number of shares of common stock of the Company that may be issued under the 2021 Plan is
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outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year and (ii) such smaller number of shares as determined by the Company’s board of directors or the compensation committee. No more than
2017 Equity Incentive Plan
On September 15, 2017, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2017 Plan, which provides for the granting of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options and stock awards to employees, certain consultants and directors. The board of directors, or its designated committee, has the sole authority to select the individuals to whom awards are granted and determine the terms of each award, including the number of shares and the schedule upon which the award becomes exercisable. Upon the effectiveness of the 2021 Plan, no further awards will be granted under the 2017 Plan.
The aggregate number of shares of common stock of the Company that may be issued under the 2017 Plan is
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company’s board of directors approved the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) prior to the closing of the IPO. Under the ESPP, the Company may provide employees with an opportunity to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discounted purchase price. As of June 30, 2026, a total of
Subject to prior approval by the board of directors in each instance, on or about January 1, 2022 and each anniversary of such date thereafter prior to the termination of the ESPP, the number of shares of common stock authorized and reserved for issuance under the ESPP will be increased by a number of shares of common stock equal to the least of (i)
Stock Options
The Company estimates the fair value of options granted on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
Expected Term — The expected term represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. As the Company does not have sufficient historical experience for determining the expected term of the stock option awards granted, expected term has been calculated using the simplified method.
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Risk-Free Interest Rate — The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the date of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury constant maturity notes with terms approximately equal to the stock-based awards’ expected term.
Expected Volatility — Up until October 13, 2021, the Company was privately held and did not have a trading history of common stock. As such, the expected volatility was derived from the average historical stock volatilities of the common stock of several public companies within the industry that the Company considers to be comparable to our business over a period equivalent to the expected term of the stock-based awards. The Company will continue to derive expected volatility from average historical stock volatilities of industry peers until the Company has compiled a trading history of its own for a sufficient period of time.
Dividend Yield — The expected dividend yield is
During the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, there were
Activity for options was as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | Options Outstanding | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | Weighted-Average | ||
| | | | | | Aggregate | | Remaining | ||
| | Number of | | Weighted-Average | | Intrinsic Value | | Contractual Life | ||
| | Options | | Exercise Price | | (in 000’s) | | (In Years) | ||
Balance, December 31, 2025 |
| | | $ | |
| $ | | | |
Options granted |
| — | | | — | | | | | |
Options exercised |
| ( | | | | | | | | |
Options forfeited |
| ( | | | | | | | | |
Options expired |
| — | | | — | | | | | |
Balance, June 30, 2026 |
| | | $ | | | $ | | | |
Exercisable as of June 30, 2026 |
| | | $ | | | $ | | | |
Restricted Stock Units
The fair values of restricted stock units (RSUs) are based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Each RSU represents a contingent right to receive
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company granted
The following table summarizes the Company’s RSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2026:
| | | | | |
| | Number of | | Weighted-Average | |
| | Restricted Stock Units | | Grant Date Fair Value | |
Outstanding at December 31, 2025 | | | | $ | |
Granted | | | | $ | |
Vested | | ( | | $ | |
Forfeited | | ( | | $ | |
Outstanding at June 30, 2026 | | | | $ | |
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Equity-based Compensation Expense
The Company recorded total equity-based compensation expense in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss related to stock options and restricted stock units as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| ||||||||
| | 2026 | | 2025 | | 2026 | | 2025 |
| ||||
Research and development | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | | |
General and administrative | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
Total equity-based compensation | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | | | $ | | |
As of June 30, 2026, total future compensation expense related to unvested time-based awards yet to be recognized by the Company was $
9. Net Loss per Share
The following outstanding potentially dilutive common stock equivalents have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented due to their antidilutive effect:
| | | | |
| | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||
| | 2026 | | 2025 |
Options issued and outstanding |
| |
| |
Restricted stock units issued and outstanding | | | | |
Warrants issued and outstanding | | | | — |
Total |
| |
| |
10. Segment Reporting
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker (CODM), or decision-making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business in
The CEO manages and allocates resources to the operations of the Company on a consolidated basis. Managing and allocating resources on a consolidated basis enables the CEO to assess the overall level of resources available and how to best deploy these resources across functions and research and development projects that are in line with the Company’s strategic goals. Consistent with this decision-making process, the CEO uses consolidated financial information for purposes of evaluating performance, cash forecasting, allocating resources and setting incentive targets. The CEO bases this assessment on the Company’s consolidated net loss. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheets as total assets.
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The table below is a summary of the segment loss, including significant segment expenses:
| | | | | | |
| | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||
| | 2026 | | 2025 | ||
Grant income | | $ | | | $ | |
Less: | |
| | |
| |
Clinical programs | | | | | | |
R&D Personnel costs(1) | | | | | | |
Preclinical programs | | | | | | |
Manufacturing | | | | | | |
Other research and development expenses | | | | | | |
General and administrative expenses(2) | | | | | | |
Equity-based compensation | | | | | | |
Other segment items(3) | |
| ( | |
| ( |
Segment and consolidated net loss | | $ | ( | | $ | ( |
(1) R&D Personnel costs exclude equity-based compensation
(2) General and administrative expenses exclude equity-based compensation
(3)
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Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial conditions and results of operations should be read together with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and our audited financial statements and notes thereto as of and for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included in our Annual Report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), on March 26, 2026. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those made, projected or implied in the forward-looking statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed below. Please see “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report for factors that could cause or contribute to such differences.
Overview
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company engaged in the discovery and development of innovative, small molecule therapeutics targeting age-related degenerative diseases and disorders of the central nervous system (“CNS”). Currently available therapies for these diseases are limited, with few Alzheimer’s disease (“AD”) treatments, and no approved treatments for dementia with Lewy bodies (“DLB”). Our goal is to develop disease-modifying treatments for participants with these degenerative disorders.
Our lead product candidate, zervimesine, also known as CT1812, is an orally delivered, small molecule designed to protect neuronal synapses by preventing the binding of oligomers of pathogenic proteins including β-amyloid, or Aβ and ɑ-synuclein. These and similar protein oligomers have been linked to the progression of degenerative diseases such as AD, and DLB.
The United States Adopted Name (USAN) Council adopted zervimesine as the USAN for CT1812 in December 2024.
Enrollment concluded in December 2025 in the Phase 2 COG0203 (START) study of zervimesine in 545 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early stage AD. Topline results are expected after all participants have completed 18 months of treatment. START has been funded by a grant of approximately $81 million awarded by the National Institute of Aging (“NIA”), a division of the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”). We are conducting the START clinical trial in collaboration with the Alzheimer’s Clinical Trial Consortium (“ACTC”), an NIA-funded clinical trials network designed to accelerate studies for therapeutics for AD and related dementias.
The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 COG0201 (SHINE) trial enrolled 153 adults with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease and met its primary endpoints of safety and tolerability. SHINE was funded by a grant of approximately $30.5 million awarded by the NIA. A prespecified analysis found that participants treated with zervimesine (pooled 100 mg and 300 mg) who had baseline levels of plasma p-tau217 below the median of 1.0 pg/mL experienced a 95% reduction of cognitive decline at week 26 as measured by ADAS-Cog 11 relative to placebo-treated participants. P-tau217 is an important biomarker that reflects total brain amyloid and tau pathology.
In July 2025, we conducted an end-of-Phase 2 meeting with the FDA to review results of the SHINE study and discuss proposed plans for a Phase 3 program designed to support regulatory approval of zervimesine in this patient population. FDA concurred with the proposed study design, which would randomize participants to 100 mg of oral zervimesine or placebo daily for at least six months. Primary outcomes would include a composite cognitive endpoint such as the integrated Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (iADRS). The Phase 3 study population would be enriched with AD patients who have lower plasma p-tau217 at screening. Cognition has received and is reviewing scientific advice from the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) indicating a preference for a longer trial than was proposed.
The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 COG1201 (SHIMMER) study enrolled 130 adults with DLB and met its primary endpoint of safety and tolerability. SHIMMER was funded by a grant of approximately $29.5 million awarded by the NIA. Zervimesine treatment resulted in an 86% slowing of decline on NPI-12 vs placebo in the
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SHIMMER study. This tool describes the frequency and severity of 12 behavioral symptoms including hallucinations, delusions and anxiety.
In June 2025, the company initiated an expanded access program (“EAP”) for 32 eligible participants who completed the Phase 2 SHIMMER study as well as additional patients with a diagnosis of mild-to-moderate DLB who met the criteria for this program. Through this open-label EAP (COG1202), participants are being provided with 100 mg of oral zervimesine to take daily for approximately two years. The first participant was enrolled in June 2025 and the last in December 2025. We are now evaluating a few additional patients.
The Company has held meetings with the FDA to align on a framework for a registrational program for zervimesine in DLB psychosis. In May 2026, the FDA and the company aligned on key aspects of a pivotal study. The company plans to enroll people with DLB who experience psychosis symptoms of hallucinations and delusions. This includes people with DLB psychosis who are receiving stable background treatment with off-label antispsychotic medications as well as those who are untreated. Following screening, participants will be randomized to receive either 100 mg of once-daily oral zervimesine or placebo for nine months. The Company will work with the FDA on the analytical and statistical details for the primary endpoint for a pivotal trial in DLB psychosis. The Company is planning additional meetings with the FDA to confirm its registrational program.
Based on proteomic evidence generated from the Company’s clinical programs in Alzheimer’s disease and supported by in vitro findings, the company initiated the Phase 2 COG2201 (MAGNIFY) clinical study of zervimesine for the treatment of geographic atrophy secondary to dry AMD. Based on favorable results from the AD and DLB programs, and a desire to conserve company resources, the MAGNIFY study was voluntarily concluded in January 2025 after approximately 100 participants were enrolled. A manuscript is currently in preparation.
The above Overview covers only the most recently concluded studies in each indication. The following table highlights findings from these and subsequent clinical programs:
| | | | | | | | | | |
Indication | | Study Identifier | | NCT Number | | Clinical Phase | | Status | | Key Findings |
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) | ||||||||||
MCI-early | | COG0203 (START) | | NCT05531656 | | Phase 2 | | ongoing | | 545 participants with MCI or early AD. This study has completed enrollment. |
mild-moderate | | COG0201 (SHINE) | | NCT03507790 | | Phase 2 | | complete | | Participants treated with zervimesine experienced a cognitive benefit compared to placebo |
mild-moderate | | COG0202 (SEQUEL) | | NCT04735536 | | Phase 2 | | complete | | Participants treated with zervimesine exhibited improvement across prespecified EEG parameters |
mild-moderate | | COG0105 (SPARC) | | NCT03493282 | | Phase 1 | | complete | | Treatment with zervimesine was assessed using various imaging modalities, including PET imaging and volumetric MRI (vMRI) |
mild-moderate | | COG0104 (SNAP) | | NCT03522129 | | Phase 1 | | complete | | Confirmed preclinical findings showing an increase in Aβ oligomers in CSF, suggesting increased off-rate from receptors |
Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) | ||||||||||
mild-moderate | | COG1201 (SHIMMER) | | NCT05225415 | | Phase 2 | | complete | | Participants treated with zervimesine experienced benefits across behavioral, functional, cognitive and motor scales |
mild-moderate | | COG1202 (EAP) | | NCT06961760 | | n/a | | ongoing | | 32 participants with DLB. Currently, fully enrolled. |
Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Dry AMD | ||||||||||
GA | | COG2201 (MAGNIFY) | | NCT05893537 | | Phase 2 | | concluded | | Participants treated with zervimesine experienced slower growth of their GA lesions over the course of the study |
To date, we have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from grants awarded by the National Institute of Aging (the “NIA”), a division of the National Institutes of Health (the “NIH”), and proceeds from our initial public offering (the “IPO”), completed in October 2021, proceeds from our follow-on public offerings, sales of our common stock through our ATM (as defined below), sales of our convertible promissory notes, convertible preferred stock, simple agreements for future equity (“SAFE”) and stock option exercises. Since our inception, we have received approximately $181.9 million in net proceeds from sales of our equity securities, convertible notes, SAFE, stock option exercises, IPO follow-on public offerings, registered direct offering in August 2025, at-the-market offerings, and equity line financing with Lincoln Park. As of June 30, 2026, we had cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents of $34.8 million. As of June 30, 2026,
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we had approximately $21.6 million available from obligated NIA funds for applicable expenses to be incurred in the future.
On August 29, 2025, we completed our registered direct offering, pursuant to which we issued and sold 14,700,000 shares of our common stock at an offering price of $2.05 per share. We received net proceeds of approximately $27.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, placement agent fees, and other offering related expenses payable by us. In connection with the registered direct offering, we agreed to pay the placement agent an aggregate cash fee of 7.0% of the gross proceeds raised from the sale and issuance of the shares of common stock minus certain expenses. We agreed to issue warrants to the placement agent to purchase up to 514,500 shares of common stock which have an exercisable price equal to $2.78 and will be exercisable commencing six months from the close of the registered direct offering with a term of five (5) years from the date of the Placement Agency Agreement.
On December 18, 2025, we filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC and a prospectus supplement, which registered the offering, issuance and sale of up to $300.0 million of various equity and debt securities and up to $75.0 million of common stock pursuant to an at-the-market equity offering program with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”) (the “2025 ATM”). For the six months ended June 30, 2026, we sold 5,506,610 shares of common stock pursuant to the 2025 ATM for gross proceeds of approximately $6.9 million. As of June 30, 2026, $68.1 million remain in gross proceeds available for future issuances of common stock under the 2025 ATM.
We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing expenses and net losses for the foreseeable future, as we advance our current and future product candidates through preclinical and clinical development, manufacture drug product and drug supply, seek regulatory approval for our current and future product candidates, maintain and expand our intellectual property portfolio, hire additional research and development and business personnel and operate as a public company. We will not generate revenue from product sales unless and until we successfully complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates. In addition, if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates and do not enter into a third-party commercialization partnership, we expect to incur significant expenses related to developing our commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution activities.
As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings or other sources, such as potential collaboration agreements and strategic alliances, licensing or similar arrangements with third parties.
Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to raise capital, maintain our research and development efforts, expand our business or continue our operations at planned levels, and as a result we may be forced to substantially reduce or terminate our operations.
We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of zervimesine for preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as for commercial manufacture if zervimesine obtains marketing approval. We also rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to manufacture, package, label, store, and distribute zervimesine, if marketing approval is obtained. We believe that this strategy allows us to maintain a more efficient infrastructure by eliminating the need for us to invest in our own manufacturing facilities, equipment, and personnel while also enabling us to focus our expertise and resources on the development of zervimesine.
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Components of Our Results of Operations
Operating Expenses
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses consist primarily of direct and indirect costs incurred for our research activities, including development of our drug discovery efforts and the development of our product candidates. Direct costs include laboratory materials and supplies, contracted research and manufacturing, clinical trial costs, consulting fees, and other expenses incurred to sustain our research and development program. Indirect costs include personnel-related expenses, consisting of employee salaries, related benefits, and stock-based compensation expense for employees engaged in research and development activities, facilities, and other expenses consisting of direct and allocated expenses for rent and depreciation, and lab consumables.
We expense research and development costs as incurred. Non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used over time for research and development are capitalized and recognized as goods are delivered or as the related services are performed. In-licensing fees and other costs to acquire technologies used in research and development that have not yet received regulatory approval and that are not expected to have an alternative future use are expensed when incurred. We track direct costs by stage of program, clinical or preclinical. However, we do not track indirect costs on a program specific basis because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified.
We cannot reasonably determine the nature, timing, and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of, and obtain regulatory approval for, any of our product candidates. Product candidates in later stages of development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in research and development activities related to developing our product candidates, as our product candidates advance into later stages of development, as we begin to conduct larger clinical trials, as we seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials, as we expand our product pipeline, as we maintain, expand, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio, and as we incur expenses associated with hiring additional personnel to support our research and development efforts.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, including employee salaries, related benefits, and stock-based compensation expense for our employees in the executive, finance and accounting, and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include third-party costs such as legal costs, insurance costs, accounting, auditing and tax related fees, consulting fees and facilities and other expenses not otherwise included as research and development expenses. We expense general and administrative costs as incurred.
Other Income (Expense)
Grant Income
Grant income relates to the grants and donations received from government and other (non-government) parties. Grants awarded are conditional cost reimbursement grants and are recognized as grant income as allowable costs are incurred and the right to payment is realized. The grants awarded relate to agreed upon direct and indirect costs for specific studies or clinical trials, which may include personnel and consulting costs, costs paid to CROs, research institutions and /or consortiums involved in the grant, as well as facilities and administrative costs. These grants are cost plus fixed fee arrangements in which we are reimbursed for eligible direct and indirect costs over time, up to the maximum amount of each specific grant award. Only costs that are allowable under the grant award, certain government regulations and the NIH’s supplemental policy and procedure manual may be claimed for reimbursement, and the reimbursements are subject to routine audits from governmental agencies from time to time. As of June 30, 2026, the Company has been awarded grants with project periods that extend through May 31, 2027, subject to extension. Our clinical trials have been funded
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by approximately $171.0 million in cumulative grants awarded primarily by the NIA, which includes an approximately $81.0 million grant from the NIA to fund our Phase 2 (COG0203-START) study of zervimesine in patients with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease, an approximately $30.5 million grant from the NIA to fund our Phase 2 (COG0201-SHINE) study of zervimesine in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease, and an approximately $29.5 million grant from the NIA to fund our Phase 2 (COG1201-SHIMMER) study of zervimesine in patients with DLB.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net consists primarily of interest income from money market funds, offset partially by other fees such as costs incurred to establish financing opportunities.
Interest Expense
Interest expense primarily consists of interest expense related to the insurance premium financing arrangement with a lender.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2026 and 2025
The following table summarizes our results of operations (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | |
| | Three Months Ended June 30, | | | | ||||
| | 2026 | | 2025 | | Change | |||
Operating Expenses: |
| | |
| | |
| | |
Research and development | | $ | 5,097 | | $ | 11,481 | | $ | (6,384) |
General and administrative | |
| 2,641 | |
| 2,497 | |
| 144 |
Total operating expenses | |
| 7,738 | |
| 13,978 | |
| (6,240) |
Loss from operations | |
| (7,738) | |
| (13,978) | |
| 6,240 |
Other income (expense): | |
| | |
| | |
| |
Grant income | |
| 3,518 | |
| 7,106 | |
| (3,588) |
Other income, net | |
| 291 | |
| 141 | |
| 150 |
Interest expense | | | (3) | | | (3) | | | — |
Total other income, net | |
| 3,806 | |
| 7,244 | |
| (3,438) |
Net loss | | $ | (3,932) | | $ | (6,734) | | $ | 2,802 |
Research and Development Expenses
The following table summarizes our research and development expenses (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | |
| | Three Months Ended June 30, | | | | ||||
| | 2026 | | 2025 | | Change | |||
Clinical programs | | $ | 2,858 | | $ | 8,174 | | $ | (5,316) |
Personnel |
| | 1,890 |
| | 2,512 |
| | (622) |
Manufacturing |
| | 246 |
| | 513 |
| | (267) |
Preclinical programs |
| | 64 |
| | 140 |
| | (76) |
Other expense |
| | 39 |
| | 142 |
| | (103) |
Total research & development expenses | | $ | 5,097 | | $ | 11,481 | | $ | (6,384) |
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Research and development expenses were $5.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $11.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The decrease of approximately $6.4 million was primarily due to the following:
| ● | a decrease of $5.3 million in clinical programs primarily related to decreased Phase 2 trial activities with contract research organizations; |
| ● | a decrease of $0.6 million in personnel costs related to reduced professional fees and headcount; |
| ● | a decrease of $0.3 million in manufacturing related to lower costs with contract manufacturing organizations for the replenishment of clinical trial supply; and |
| ● | a decrease of $0.2 million in preclinical programs and other expense, primarily due to decreased research activities |
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses were $2.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $2.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The change in general and administrative expenses was driven primarily by an increase in professional fees, which was partially offset by a decrease in equity-based compensation and employee compensation and benefit costs.
Other Income (Expense)
Grant Income
Grant income was $3.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $7.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The change in grant income is correlated with the decrease in eligible reimbursable costs related to clinical trials incurred during 2026 as compared to 2025.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net was $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to other income, net of $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The change in other income, net was insignificant period over period.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was less than $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to interest expense of less than $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025. Interest expense was not significant in either period.
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Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2026 and 2025
The following table summarizes our results of operations (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | |
| | Six Months Ended June 30, | | | | ||||
| | 2026 | | 2025 | | Change | |||
Operating Expenses: |
| | |
| | |
| | |
Research and development | | $ | 11,217 | | $ | 22,267 | | $ | (11,050) |
General and administrative | |
| 5,338 | |
| 5,486 | |
| (148) |
Total operating expenses | |
| 16,555 | |
| 27,753 | |
| (11,198) |
Loss from operations | |
| (16,555) | |
| (27,753) | |
| 11,198 |
Other income (expense): | |
| | |
| | |
| |
Grant income | |
| 7,497 | |
| 12,192 | |
| (4,695) |
Other income, net | |
| 564 | |
| 355 | |
| 209 |
Interest expense | |
| (8) | |
| (8) | |
| — |
Total other income, net | |
| 8,053 | |
| 12,539 | |
| (4,486) |
Loss before income tax | | | (8,502) | | | (15,214) | | | 6,712 |
Income tax expense | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Net loss | | $ | (8,502) | | $ | (15,214) | | $ | 6,712 |
Research and Development Expenses
The following table summarizes our research and development expenses (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | |
| | Six Months Ended June 30, | | | | ||||
| | 2026 | | 2025 | | Change | |||
Clinical programs | | $ | 6,238 |
| $ | 15,051 | | $ | (8,813) |
Personnel |
| | 3,622 | | | 5,614 |
| | (1,992) |
Manufacturing |
| | 583 | | | 1,150 |
| | (567) |
Preclinical programs |
| | 682 | | | 225 |
| | 457 |
Other expense |
| | 92 | | | 227 |
| | (135) |
Total research & development expenses | | $ | 11,217 | | $ | 22,267 | | $ | (11,050) |
Research and development expenses were $11.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $22.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The decrease of $11.1 million was primarily due to the following:
| ● | a decrease of $8.8 million in clinical programs primarily related to decreased Phase 2 trial activities with contract research organizations; |
| ● | a decrease of $2.0 million in personnel costs related to reduced professional fees and headcount; and |
| ● | a decrease of $0.7 million in manufacturing and other expense, primarily due to lower costs with contract manufacturing organizations for the replenishment of clinical trial supply; and |
| ● | an increase of $0.4 million in preclinical activity to support registrational programs |
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses were $5.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $5.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The change in general and administrative expenses was driven primarily by a decrease in employee compensation and benefits, which was partially offset by an increase in professional fees.
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Other Income (Expense)
Grant Income
Grant income was $7.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $12.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The change in grant income is correlated with the decrease in eligible reimbursable costs related to clinical trials incurred during 2026 as compared to 2025.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net was $0.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to other income, net of $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The change in other income, net was insignificant period over period.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was less than $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to interest expense of less than $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Interest expense was not significant in either period.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources of Liquidity
To date, we have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from grants awarded by the NIA, and proceeds from the sales of our convertible promissory notes, convertible preferred stock, SAFE, stock option exercises, follow-on equity offerings, sales under our ATM and equity line financing, and our IPO. Since our inception, we have been awarded grant awards primarily from the NIA in the aggregate amount of approximately $171.0 million and have raised approximately $181.9 million in net proceeds from sales of our equity securities, convertible notes and SAFE, stock option exercises, our IPO and our follow-on public offerings. On December 23, 2022, we entered into a sales agreement with B. Riley, providing for the offering, issuance and sale by us of up to $40.0 million of our common stock from time to time in ATM offerings. As of December 18, 2025, immediately prior to termination of the 2022 ATM, we sold 36,396,325 shares of common stock under the 2022 ATM for gross proceeds of approximately $27.5 million. In addition, in March 2023, we entered into the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”), giving the Company the right, but not the obligation to sell to Lincoln Park up to $35.0 million worth of shares of our common stock. The Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement’s term expired on March 10, 2026.
On August 29, 2025, we completed the registered direct offering of 14,700,000 shares of our common stock at an offering price of $2.05 per share. As part of the registered direct offering, we agreed to issue warrants to the placement agent to purchase up to 514,500 shares of common stock which have an exercise price equal to $2.78. The net proceeds were approximately $27.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, placement agent fees, and other offering related expenses payable by us. On December 18, 2025, we entered into a Sales Agreement with Jefferies, providing for the offering, issuance and sale by us of up to $75.0 million of our common stock from time to time in ATM offerings. As of June 30, 2026, we have sold 5,506,610 shares of common stock under the 2025 ATM for gross proceeds of approximately $6.9 million.
As of June 30, 2026, we had $34.8 million in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents and have not generated positive cash flows from operations. Based on our current business plans, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, income from non-dilutive grants and donations, and net proceeds from our public offerings will be sufficient for us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditures requirements into the fourth quarter of 2027, which assumes no usage from the 2025 ATM. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect or require adjustment as a result of business decisions, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect.
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Future Funding Requirements
We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing expenses and net losses for the foreseeable future, as we advance our current and future product candidates through preclinical and clinical development, manufacture drug product and drug supply, seek regulatory approval for our current and future product candidates, maintain and expand our intellectual property portfolio, hire additional research and development and business personnel, and operate as a public company. We anticipate that we will need to raise additional funding in the future to fund our operations, including the commercialization of any approved product candidates. We are subject to the risks typically related to the development of new products, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business.
Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:
| ● | the scope, progress, costs and results of our ongoing and planned clinical trials of zervimesine, as well as the associated costs, including any unforeseen costs we may incur as a result of preclinical study or clinical trial delays due to a pandemic, such as the COVID-19 pandemic or other diseases, macroeconomic conditions, global or political instability, such as the ongoing global and regional conflicts, inflation, or other delays; |
| ● | the scope, progress, costs and results of preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for any future product candidates we may decide to pursue; |
| ● | the extent to which we develop, in-license or acquire other product candidates and technologies; |
| ● | the costs and timing of process development and manufacturing scale-up activities associated with our product candidates and other programs as we advance them through preclinical and clinical development; |
| ● | the availability, timing, and receipt of any future NIA grants, or any changes to our grants based on political or regulatory pressures; |
| ● | the number and development requirements of other product candidates that we may pursue; |
| ● | the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates; |
| ● | the costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval; |
| ● | the revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval; |
| ● | our ability to establish collaborations to commercialize zervimesine or any of our other product candidates outside the United States; |
| ● | the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims; and |
| ● | the additional costs we may incur as a result of operating as a public company, including our efforts to enhance operational systems and hire additional personnel, including enhanced internal controls over financial reporting. |
Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings or other sources, such as potential collaboration agreements and strategic alliances, licensing or similar arrangements with third parties. To the extent available, we expect to continue our pursuit of non-dilutive research contributions, or grants, including additional NIA grant funding. However, we may fail to receive additional NIA grants, or we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other
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agreements or arrangements when needed on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to obtain additional NIA grants or raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be or could be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or may reduce the value of our common stock. Adequate funding may not be available when needed or on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the ongoing global and regional conflicts, inflation, tariffs, liquidity constraints, failures and instability in U.S. and international financial banking systems, and otherwise. If we fail to obtain necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, it could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development programs, commercialization efforts or other operations. Insufficient liquidity may also require us to relinquish rights to product candidates at an earlier stage of development or on less favorable terms than we would otherwise choose. We cannot assure you that we will ever be profitable or generate positive cash flows from operating activities.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):
| | | | | | |
| | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||
| | 2026 | | 2025 | ||
Cash flows used in operating activities | | $ | (8,595) | | $ | (15,500) |
Cash flows used in investing activities | |
| (20) | |
| — |
Cash flows provided by financing activities | |
| 6,377 | |
| 2,048 |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents | | $ | (2,238) | | $ | (13,452) |
Cash used in operating activities
Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 was $8.6 million and $15.5 million, respectively. The change in cash used in operating activities of $6.9 million was driven by a decrease in net loss of $6.7 million, combined with an increase of $0.8 million in operating assets and liabilities and a decrease in non-cash adjustments of $0.6 million. The increase in net operating assets and liabilities of $0.8 million was primarily related to an increase in grant receivables of $10.6 million, which was partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $9.1 million and a decrease in deferred income and other liabilities of $0.5 million. The decrease in non-cash adjustments of $0.6 million was primarily related to a decrease in equity-based compensation of $0.6 million.
Cash used in investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 was less than $0.1 million.
Cash provided by financing activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $6.4 million and $2.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The change in net cash by financing activities is primarily related to increased proceeds from the issuance of common stock under the 2025 ATM program during the six months ended June 30, 2026.
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Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2026 (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Less than | | 1 to 3 | | 3 to 5 | | More than 5 | | | | ||||
| | 1 Year | | Years | | Years | | years | | Total | |||||
Operating lease obligations | | $ | 124 | | $ | 255 | | $ | 230 | | $ | — | | $ | 609 |
Other obligations | | | 78 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 78 |
Total: | | $ | 202 | | $ | 255 | | $ | 230 | | $ | — | | $ | 687 |
In October 2024, we entered into an insurance premium financing arrangement whereby we financed $0.4 million of certain premiums at a 8.65% annual interest rate. Payments of less than $0.1 million are due monthly from November 2024 through July 2025. As of June 30, 2026, there was no outstanding balance on the loan.
In October 2025, we entered into an insurance premium financing arrangement whereby we financed $0.4 million of certain premiums at a 7.95% annual interest rate. Payments of less than $0.1 million are due monthly from November 2025 through August 2026. As of June 30, 2026, the outstanding principal amount of the loan was $0.1 million.
We have entered into an operating lease for office space under agreements that run through March 31, 2031. The amounts reflected in the table above consist of the future minimum lease payments under the non-cancelable lease arrangements.
On August 31, 2022, we entered into an agreement to lease 2,980 square feet of office space in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The lease has a term of 45 months and commenced on October 1, 2022. The annual base rent under the lease is less than $0.1 million throughout the term of the lease. Total payments due over the term of the lease are $0.2 million. Additionally, on August 31, 2022, we modified one of our existing lease agreements with the landlord for approximately 3,706 square feet of lab space at the same location to extend the lease term termination date from June 30, 2023 until June 30, 2026. On January 27, 2026, we modified our existing lease agreement with the landlord to reduce our lab space from 3,706 square feet to 1,577 square feet with no change to the lease term. On June 30, 2026, the lease term expired.
On July 1, 2021, we entered into an agreement to lease 2,864 square feet of office space in Purchase, New York. The lease has a term of 89 months and commenced on December 9, 2021. The annual base rent under the lease is less than $0.1 million for the first lease year and is subject to annual increases of between 1.82% and 2.04%. We provided a security deposit in the form of a Letter of Credit in the amount of less than $0.1 million pursuant to the terms of the lease. On April 6, 2026, we modified our existing lease agreement with the landlord to increase our office space from 2,864 square feet to 4,200 square feet at the same location, and to extend the lease termination date for an additional 2 years.
We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs and other vendors to assist in the performance of our research and development and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts typically do not contain minimum purchase commitments and generally provide for termination on notice, and therefore are cancelable contracts and not included in the table of contractual obligations.
Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates
The Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgements and Estimates included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K have not materially changed. See “Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates” included in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 26, 2026.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For a description of recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 2 of the notes to our financial statements included in this Quarterly Report.
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Emerging Growth Company Status
We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that we (1) are no longer an emerging growth company or (2) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.
We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest to occur of: (1) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have at least $1.235 billion in annual revenue; (2) the last day of the fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer,” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the last business day of the second fiscal quarter of such year; (3) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period; and (4) the last day of the fiscal year ending after the fifth anniversary of our IPO.
Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
As a “smaller reporting company,” as that term is defined in Rule 229.10(f)(1), we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.
Item 4.Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Based on this evaluation, our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosures, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
Management’s Report on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Management has used the framework set forth in the report entitled “Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013)” published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Based on its evaluation, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of June 30, 2026.
Changes in Internal Control
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system are met and cannot detect all deviations. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or deviations, if any, within the company have been detected. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are not aware of any pending legal actions that would, if determined adversely to us, have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.
We may, from time to time, become involved in disputes and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. In addition, as a public company, we are also potentially susceptible to litigation, such as claims asserting violations of securities laws. Any such claims, with or without merit, if not resolved, could be time-consuming and result in costly litigation. There can be no assurance that an adverse result in any future proceeding would not have a potentially material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the risk factors described in our Annual Report under the caption “Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” Other than as set forth below, there have been no material changes in our risk factors included in our Annual Report. The risks described in our Annual Report are not the only risks facing our company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or future results.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
There were no unregistered sales of our equity securities during the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2026.
Repurchase of Shares of Company Equity Securities
None.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
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Item 6. Exhibits
Exhibit |
|
|
| Incorporated by Reference |
| Filed | ||||||
Number |
| Exhibit Description |
| Form |
| File No. |
| Exhibit |
| Filing Date |
| Herewith |
3.1 | | Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Cognition Therapeutics, Inc. | | 8-K | | 001-40886 | | 3.1 | | 10/14/2021 | | |
3.2 | | Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Cognition Therapeutics, Inc. | | 10-Q | | 001-40886 | | 3.1 | | 05/04/2023 | | |
3.3 | | Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Cognition Therapeutics, Inc. | | 10-K | | 001-40886 | | 3.3 | | 03/20/2025 | | |
4.1 | | Form of Placement Agent Warrant | | 8-K | | 001-40886 | | 4.1 | | 08/28/2025 | | |
10.1 | | First Amendment to Lease Agreement | | | | | | | | | | X |
31.1 |
| Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | | | | | | | | | | X |
31.2 |
| Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X |
32.1* |
| Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X |
32.2* |
| Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X |
101.INS |
| Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X |
101.SCH |
| Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X |
101.CAL |
| Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X |
101.DEF |
| Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X |
101.LAB |
| Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X |
101.PRE |
| Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X |
104 | | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101). | | | | | | | | | | X |
* This certification is being furnished solely to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| Cognition Therapeutics, Inc. | |
|
|
|
Date: August 7, 2026 | By: | /s/ Lisa Ricciardi |
|
| Lisa Ricciardi |
|
| Chief Executive Officer, President and Director |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Date: August 7, 2026 | By: | /s/ John Doyle |
|
| John Doyle |
|
| Chief Financial Officer |
39