[424B5] Reviva Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. Prospectus Supplement (Debt Securities)

Rhea-AI Filing Summary

Reviva Pharmaceuticals Holdings has announced a new securities offering including shares of common stock, Series C and D Common Warrants, and Pre-Funded Warrants. The offering includes:

• Common stock (at $0.8049 per share last trading price) with accompanying warrants
• Series C Common Warrants with 5-year expiration and immediate exercisability
• Series D Common Warrants with 12-month expiration and immediate exercisability
• Pre-Funded Warrants for investors who would exceed 4.99% (or 9.99%) ownership

Key Details: A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners is serving as sole Placement Agent, receiving a 7% fee (3.5% for certain investors). The offering has no minimum requirement and will terminate by June 2025 unless completed sooner. Trading under symbol RVPH on Nasdaq Capital Market, the company qualifies as a "smaller reporting company." Proceeds will be immediately available for company use, though total offering amount remains undetermined.

Positive

• None.

Negative

• Dilutive capital raise through offering of common stock and warrants indicating potential cash needs
• Offering has no minimum requirement, suggesting uncertainty about total proceeds and ability to meet business objectives
• Stock price of $0.8049 indicates micro-cap status and potential financial constraints
• Warrants being offered at significant discount to market price, suggesting challenging financing environment

Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration No. 333-276848

The information in this preliminary prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus is not complete and may be changed. This preliminary prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are not an offer to sell these securities and are not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state or other jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JUNE 25, 2025

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

(To Prospectus dated February 13, 2024)

Up to        Shares of Common Stock

Up to        Series C Common Warrants to Purchase up to        Shares of Common Stock

Up to        Series D Common Warrants to Purchase up to        Shares of Common Stock

Up to        Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase up to        Shares of Common Stock

(and the Shares of Common Stock underlying such Series C Common Warrants, Series D Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants)

We are offering up to        shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, together with Series C common warrants to purchase up to        shares of common stock (the “Series C Common Warrants”) and Series D common warrants to purchase up to        shares of common stock (the “Series D Common Warrants” and together with the Series C Common Warrants, the “Common Warrants”). Each share of our common stock, or pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”), is being sold together with (i) a Series C Common Warrant to purchase one share of common stock, and (ii) a Series D Common Warrant to purchase one share of common stock. The shares of common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) and Common Warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering but must be purchased together in this offering.

The combined public offering price for each share of common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof) and accompanying Series C Common Warrant to purchase one share of common stock and Series D Common Warrant to purchase one share of common stock is $       . Each Series C Common Warrant has an exercise price of $        per share, is exercisable immediately and will expire five years from the date of issuance. Each Series D Common Warrant has an exercise price of $       per share, is exercisable immediately and will expire 12 months from the date of issuance.

We are offering to those purchasers whose purchase of our common stock in this offering would otherwise result in such purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding common stock immediately following the consummation of this offering, in lieu of purchasing common stock, Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of         shares of our common stock. Each Pre-Funded Warrant will be exercisable for one share of our common stock at any time at the option of the holder until such Pre-Funded Warrant is exercised in full, provided that the holder will be prohibited from exercising Pre-Funded Warrants for shares of our common stock if, as a result of such exercise, the holder, together with its affiliates, would own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of the total number of shares of our common stock then issued and outstanding. However, any holder may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99%, provided that any increase in such percentage shall not be effective until 61 days after such notice to us. The purchase price of each Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrants is equal to the purchase price per share of common stock in this offering, minus $0.0001, and the exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant will equal $0.0001 per share of common stock. Each Pre-Funded Warrant will be exercisable immediately upon issuance and do not expire. This offering also relates to (and this prospectus supplement relates to) the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants sold in this offering.

The securities will be offered at a fixed price and are expected to be issued in a single closing. The offering will terminate on           , 2025 unless completed sooner or unless we decide to terminate the offering (which we may do at any time in our discretion) prior to that date; however, our shares of common stock underlying the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants will be offered on a continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). We expect to enter into a securities purchase agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”), relating to the offering with those investors that choose to enter into such an agreement on the date of this prospectus supplement and that the closing of the offering will end one trading day after we first enter into such Securities Purchase Agreement relating to the offering. The offering will settle delivery versus payment/receipt versus payment (on the closing date we will issue the shares of common stock directly to the account(s) at the Placement Agent (as defined below) identified by each purchaser; upon receipt of such shares, the Placement Agent shall promptly electronically deliver such shares to the applicable purchaser, and payment therefor shall be made by the Placement Agent (or its clearing firm) by wire transfer to us).

We have engaged A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (“A.G.P.” or the “Placement Agent”), as our sole Placement Agent, to use its best efforts to solicit offers to purchase our securities in this offering. The Placement Agent has no obligation to purchase any securities from us or to arrange for the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of the securities. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to closing in this offering, the actual public offering amount, Placement Agent’s fee, and proceeds to us, if any, are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the total maximum offering amounts set forth in this prospectus supplement. We have agreed to pay the Placement Agent the Placement Agent fees set forth in the table below. Since we will deliver the securities to be issued in this offering upon our receipt of investor funds, there is no arrangement for funds to be received in escrow, trust or similar arrangement. There is no minimum offering requirement as a condition of closing of this offering. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to closing in this offering, we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us, and investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell an amount of securities sufficient to pursue our business goals described in this prospectus supplement. In addition, because there is no escrow account, trust or similar arrangement and no minimum offering amount, investors could be in a position where they have invested in our company, but we are unable to fulfill all of our contemplated objectives due to a lack of interest in this offering. Further, any proceeds from the sale of securities offered by us will be available for our immediate use, despite uncertainty about whether we would be able to use such funds to effectively implement our business plan. We will bear all costs associated with the offering. See the “Plan of Distribution” section of this prospectus supplement for more information.

Our common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “RVPH.” On June 24, 2025, the last reported sales price of our common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market was $0.8049 per share. There is no established trading market for the Common Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants and we do not expect a market to develop. We do not intend to apply for a listing for the Common Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited. 

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined under federal securities laws and, as such, have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements for this prospectus supplement and may elect to comply with reduced public company reporting requirements in future filings. See “Prospectus Supplement Summary––Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company.”

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” on page S-7 of this prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus supplement is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

PER SHARE AND ACCOMPANYING COMMON WARRANTS

PER PRE-FUNDED WARRANT AND ACCOMPANYING COMMON WARRANTS

TOTAL

Public offering price

$

$

$

Placement Agent fees (1)

$

$

$

Proceeds to us (before expenses) (2)

$

$

$

(1)

We have agreed to pay the Placement Agent a total cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds raised in this offering with the exception of a 3.5% cash fee for gross proceeds raised from certain investors as mutually agreed upon by the Placement Agent and the Company. We have also agreed to reimburse the Placement Agent for certain of its offering-related expenses. See the “Plan of Distribution” section beginning on page S-26 of this prospectus supplement for additional information regarding the compensation to be received by the Placement Agent.

(2)

The amount of the offering proceeds to us presented in this table does not give effect to the exercise, if any, of the Common Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants being issued in connection with this offering.  In addition, because there is no minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds required as a condition to closing in this offering, the actual offering amount, Placement Agent fees, and proceeds to us, if any, are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the total maximum offering amounts set forth above. See the “Plan of Distribution” section beginning on page S-26 of this prospectus supplement for additional information regarding the compensation to be received by the Placement Agent.

Delivery of the shares of common stock, Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants is expected to be made on or about       , 2025.

Sole Placement Agent

A.G.P.

Prospectus Supplement dated       , 2025.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT	ii
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY	S-1
THE OFFERING	S-4
RISK FACTORS	S-7
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	S-10
USE OF PROCEEDS	S-12
DILUTION	S-13
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES	S-14
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OFFERED	S-21
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	S-26
LEGAL MATTERS	S-29
EXPERTS	S-29
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	S-29
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE	S-29

PROSPECTUS

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS		1
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY		2
RISK FACTORS		4
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		5
USE OF PROCEEDS		7
THE SECURITIES WE MAY OFFER		8
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK		9
DESCRIPTION OF STOCK WARRANTS		15
DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES		16
DESCRIPTION OF SUBSCRIPTION RIGHTS		21
DESCRIPTION OF UNITS		22
FORMS OF SECURITIES		23
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION		25
LEGAL MATTERS		29
EXPERTS		29
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION		29
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE		30

i

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we have filed with the SEC using a “shelf” registration process. We provide information to you about this offering of shares of our common stock, Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants, in two separate documents that are bound together: (1) this prospectus supplement, which describes the specific details regarding this offering, and (2) the accompanying prospectus, which provides general information, some of which may not apply to this offering. Generally, unless the context indicates otherwise, when we refer to this “prospectus,” we are referring to both documents combined. If information in this prospectus supplement is inconsistent with the accompanying prospectus, you should rely on this prospectus supplement. In addition, to the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus supplement, on the one hand, and the information contained in any document incorporated by reference that was filed with the SEC before the date of this prospectus supplement, on the other hand, you should rely on the information in this prospectus supplement. If any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date - for example, a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement - the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement as our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since the earlier dates. You should also read and consider the additional information under the caption “Incorporation of Certain Information By Reference” in this prospectus supplement.

In making your investment decision, you should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement, in the accompanying prospectus and in any free writing prospectus with respect to this offering filed by us with the SEC. We have not and the Placement Agent has not authorized any person to provide you with different or additional information. If anyone provides you with different, additional or inconsistent information you should not rely on it. Neither we nor the Placement Agent takes responsibility for, and can provide no assurances as to the reliability of, any information that is in addition to or different from that contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, any free writing prospectus with respect to the offering filed by us with the SEC and the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein is accurate only as of their respective dates regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus supplement, or any sale of our common stock, Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.

We further note that the representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any agreement that is filed as an exhibit to any document that is incorporated by reference herein were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreements, and should not be deemed to be a representation, warranty or covenant to you. Moreover, such representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date they were made. In addition, the assertions embodied in any representations, warranties and covenants contained in such agreements may be subject to qualifications with respect to knowledge and materiality different from those applicable to investors and may be qualified by information in disclosure schedules. These disclosure schedules may contain information that modifies, qualifies and creates exceptions to the representations, warranties and covenants set forth in the agreements. Accordingly, such representations, warranties and covenants should not be relied on as accurately representing the current state of our affairs.

We obtained the industry, market and competitive position data in this prospectus supplement from our own internal estimates and research as well as from industry and general publications and research surveys and studies conducted by third parties. These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industry in which we operate is necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus supplement, and in the documents incorporated by reference herein. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and us.

ii

We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of our common stock, Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The distribution of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus and the offering of the common stock, Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants in certain jurisdictions may be restricted by law. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the common stock, Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants and the distribution of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus outside the United States. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus do not constitute, and may not be used in connection with, an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, any securities offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus by any person in any jurisdiction in which it is unlawful for such person to make such an offer or solicitation.

In this prospectus supplement, we use the term “day” to refer to a calendar day, and we use the term “business day” to refer to any day other than Saturday, Sunday, a legal holiday or a day on which banks in New York City are authorized or required to close.

We have filed or incorporated by reference exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement forms a part. You should read the exhibits carefully for provisions that may be important to you.

All references in this prospectus supplement to “Reviva,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” mean Reviva Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries unless we state otherwise, or the context otherwise indicates. This prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, and the information incorporated herein by reference herein and therein contain references to trademarks, service marks and trade names owned by us or other companies. Solely for convenience, trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, and the information incorporated herein and therein, including logos, artwork, and other visual displays, may appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, service marks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, service marks or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. Other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, and the information incorporated herein and therein, are the property of their respective owners.

iii

PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained elsewhere or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and in the accompanying prospectus. This summary does not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding to invest in our securities. You should read this entire prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors” section in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, and under similar captions in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus.

Company Overview

We are a late-stage pharmaceutical company that discovers, develops, and seeks to commercialize next-generation therapeutics for diseases representing significant unmet medical needs and burdens to society, patients, and their families. Our current pipeline focuses on the central nervous system, inflammatory, and cardiometabolic diseases. We use a chemical genomics driven technology platform and proprietary chemistry to develop new medicines. Our pipeline currently has two drug candidates, brilaroxazine (RP5063) and RP1208. Both are new chemical entities discovered in-house. We have been granted composition of matter patents for both brilaroxazine and RP1208 in the United States (“U.S.”), Europe, and several other countries.

Our lead drug candidate, brilaroxazine, is in clinical development and is intended to treat multiple neuropsychiatric indications. These include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (“BD”), major depressive disorder (“MDD”), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (“ADHD”), behavioral and psychotic symptoms of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (“BPSD”), and Parkinson’s disease psychosis (“PDP”). Furthermore, brilaroxazine is also ready for clinical development for two respiratory indications - pulmonary arterial hypertension (“PAH”) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (“IPF”). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) granted Orphan Drug Designation to brilaroxazine for the treatment of PAH in November 2016 and IPF in April 2018. Brilaroxazine also is in preclinical development for the treatment of psoriasis.

Our primary focus is to complete the clinical development of brilaroxazine for the treatment of acute and maintenance schizophrenia.

On October 30, 2023, we announced positive topline results from our Phase 3 RECOVER 1 trial (the “RECOVER-1 Trial”), which is a global Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study designed to assess the safety and efficacy of brilaroxazine in approximately 400 patients with acute schizophrenia compared to placebo. On December 16, 2024, we announced positive preliminary topline data from, and on June 2, 2025, we announced a positive full dataset and successful completion of, our Phase 3 RECOVER open label extension (the “OLE” or the “OLE Trial”) 1-year study evaluating the long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of brilaroxazine in patients with schizophrenia. See “Recent Developments – Open Label Extension (OLE) Trial Results” below for information about the OLE Trial results, and our other filings from time to time with the SEC incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement, for more details on brilaroxazine development.

Subject to the receipt of additional financing, we may also continue the clinical development of brilaroxazine for the treatment of BD, MDD, ADHD, BPSD, PDP, PAH and IPF. Moreover, subject to the receipt of additional financing, we may also advance the development of our second drug candidate, RP1208, for the treatment of depression and obesity.

Recent Developments

Open Label Extension (OLE) Trial Results

On June 2, 2025, we announced a positive full dataset and successful completion of our Phase 3 RECOVER open-label extension (OLE) 1-year study evaluating the long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of brilaroxazine in patients with schizophrenia. Once daily brilaroxazine led to robust broad-spectrum efficacy that was sustained over 1-year and was generally well tolerated with a discontinuation rate of 35% in this long-term study. Brilaroxazine is a novel serotonin dopamine signaling modulator with multi-faceted direct and indirect activities on critical pathways implicated in schizophrenia.

S-1

Key safety, efficacy and compliance findings for pooled analysis of brilaroxazine (n = 446) at 15 mg (n = 140), 30 mg (n = 158), and 50 mg (n = 148) include: Dose-dependent, broad spectrum, clinically meaningful and sustained long-term (1-year) efficacy across all major symptom domains of schizophrenia.

Point Improvement from Baseline to End of Treatment for Brilaroxazine Pooled (15, 30, and 50 mg) at 6-month and 12-month, p ≤0.001
		OLE at 6- month (N=303)				OLE at 12- month (N=159)				Rollover Patients, Double-blind to OLE at 13-month (N=50)
PANSS Total Score			-10.7				-18.1				-47.7
Positive Symptoms			-3.3				-5.0				-14.0
Negative Symptoms			-2.8				-4.4				-10.5
Negative Marder Factor			-3.0				-4.4				---
PANSS Social Cognition			-1.5				-2.9				---
Personal and Social Performance			4.5				11.3				32.7
CGI-S score >1-point			37.3%				58.5%				100%
PANSS Excitement/Agitation			-1.4				-3.5				---
PANSS General Psychopathology			-4.7				-8.7				23.2

PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; CGI-S: Clinical Global Impression - Severity

Clinical safety, tolerability and adherence findings with pooled doses of brilaroxazine (15, 30, and 50 mg) in the OLE trial patients (N=446) support a well-tolerated safety profile:

● 8.5% of participants reported at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE), which were mostly mild (6.5%) or moderate (2.0%) in severity and transient in nature

● Most common TEAEs ≥2% were headache (2.7%), insomnia (4.0%), sleep disturbance (2.9%) and mild tremor (3.1%)

● Brilaroxazine was not associated with any clinically meaningful changes in movement disorder scales used for evaluating motor side effects such as akathisia and extrapyramidal symptoms over 1-year treatment

● Mild weight gain (1.52 kg) reported in the pooled brilaroxazine dose group over 1-year treatment. Weight gain was not dose dependent with least weight gain (1.28 kg) at 50 mg dose

● No drug related serious adverse events (SAEs) observed or major safety concerns reported for brilaroxazine after 1-year of treatment; 5 serious adverse events were reported, and none were related to brilaroxazine treatment

● No incidence of clinically significant cardiac side effects, or gastrointestinal side effects

● No incidence of drug induced liver injury (DILI)

● No significant change in blood glucose levels

● Improved lipids levels and endocrine hormone levels (prolactin, and thyroid)

● Treatment discontinuation rate of 35% reported in this one-year study primarily due to withdrawal of consent (22%), participant lost to follow up (7%) and treatment related adverse events (1.1%)

S-2

We believe that collectively, the Phase 3 RECOVER OLE study (52-week/1-year) findings further strengthen the safety, efficacy and treatment adherence findings in the Phase 3 RECOVER double-blind study (4-week).

The RECOVER OLE Study is a global, open-label, multicenter study to assess the safety, tolerability and efficacy of brilaroxazine at flexible doses of 15, 30 or 50 mg, administered once daily for 52-week (1-year) in patients with stable schizophrenia. The OLE study included both rollover participants from the RECOVER double-blind study and de novo participants with stable schizophrenia. Long-term safety data from 100 patients who have completed 1-year of treatment is a requirement for brilaroxazine’s NDA submission to the FDA.

May 2025 At The Market Offering

On May 30, 2025, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. and A.G.P., serving as agents (the “Agents”), with respect to an at-the-market offering program under which we may offer and sell, from time to time at our sole discretion, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50 million through the Agents. Since May 30, 2025, we have sold 1,263,664 shares of our common stock for total net consideration of $1.0 million pursuant to the ATM Agreement.

Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). As a result, we may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations available to smaller reporting companies, including the exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2022, reduced disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements and the requirements to provide only two years of audited financial statements in our annual reports and registration statements. We will continue to be a “smaller reporting company” as long as (1) we have a public float (i.e., the market value of our shares of common stock held by non-affiliates) of less than $250 million calculated as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, or (2) our annual revenues are less than $100 million for our previous fiscal year and we have either no public float or a public float of less than $700 million as of the end of that fiscal year’s second fiscal quarter. Decreased disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a “smaller reporting company” may make it harder for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects. For example, smaller reporting companies are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosure and have certain other reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, being required to provide only two years of audited financial statements and not being required to provide selected financial data, supplemental financial information or risk factors.

Further, as a non-accelerated filer, we will not be required to provide an auditor attestation of management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting, which is generally required for SEC reporting companies under Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 404(b), and, in contrast to other reporting companies, we will have more time to file our annual and periodic reports.

Our Corporate Information

Our principal offices are located at 10080 N Wolfe Road, Suite SW3-200, Cupertino, CA 95014, and our telephone number is (408) 501-8881. Our website address is https://revivapharma.com. Our website and the information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference in, and are not considered part of, this prospectus supplement. You should not rely on any such information in making your decision whether to purchase our common stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants.

S-3

THE OFFERING

The following summary contains the principal terms of this offering. The summary is not intended to be complete. You should read the full text and more specific details contained elsewhere in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus.

Common stock offered by us		Up to        shares of our common stock.
Common Warrants offered by us		We are also offering Series C Common Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of        shares of common stock and Series D Common Warrants to purchase an aggregate of shares of        common stock. In this offering, each share of our common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof, as described below), is being sold together with (i) a Series C Common Warrant to purchase one share of common stock, and (ii) a Series D Common Warrant to purchase one share of common stock. The shares of common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) and Common Warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering but must be purchased together in this offering. Each Series C Common Warrant, allocated to purchasers in this offering at a rate of one Series C Common Warrant for each share of common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof) purchased in this offering, is exercisable for one share of our common stock at an exercise price of $        per share, is exercisable immediately, and may be exercised until five years from the date of issuance. Each Series D Common Warrant, allocated to purchasers in this offering at a rate of one Series D Common Warrant for each share of common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof) purchased in this offering, is exercisable for one share of our common stock at an exercise price of $        per share, is exercisable immediately, and may be exercised until 12 months from the date of issuance. This offering also relates to the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Common Warrants sold in this offering. See “Description of Securities Offered” on page S-21 of this prospectus supplement.
Pre-Funded Warrants offered by us		We are also offering to those purchasers whose purchase of our common stock in this offering would otherwise result in such purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding common stock immediately following the consummation of this offering, in lieu of purchasing common stock, Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase up to        shares of our common stock. Each Pre-Funded Warrant will be exercisable immediately upon issuance and will not expire. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus also relate to the offering of the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants. See “Description of Securities Offered” on page S-21 of this prospectus supplement.
Common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering		shares of our common stock, assuming all of the Pre-Funded Warrants issued in this offering are exercised and assuming no exercise of any of the Common Warrants.
Use of proceeds		We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, to fund research and development activities and for working capital and other general corporate purposes. Please see “Use of Proceeds” on page S-12 of this prospectus supplement.
Risk factors		Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-7 of this prospectus supplement and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement for a discussion of factors to consider before deciding to purchase shares of our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants.
Lock-Up		Our directors and executive officers have agreed with the Placement Agent, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell, transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for the common stock for a period of 30 days after the completion of this offering.

S-4

Standstill		We have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, not to issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of, any shares of common stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock) or, subject to certain exceptions, file any registration statement, including any amendments or supplements thereto (other than the registration statement or amendment or supplement to the registration statement relating to the securities offered hereunder and a registration statement on Form S-8), until 30 days after the completion of this offering. We have also agreed not to enter into or issue any shares pursuant to a Variable Rate Transaction (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) for three months after the completion of this offering, except that 30 days from the closing of the offering, we may offer shares of common stock pursuant to the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement dated May 30, 2025, between the Company and the Placement Agent and B. Riley Securities, Inc.
The Nasdaq Capital Market symbol		Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “RVPH.” There is no established trading market for the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants and we do not expect a market to develop. We do not intend to apply for a listing for the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited.

The number of shares of common stock to be outstanding following this offering is based on 48,003,613 shares issued and outstanding at June 20, 2025 and excludes:

● 1,968,765 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of pre-funded warrants outstanding as of June 20, 2025, with a weighted-average exercise price of $0.0001 per share;

● 3,306,278 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of options outstanding as of June 20, 2025, with a weighted-average exercise price of $3.50 per share;

● 39,677,103 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of common warrants outstanding as of June 20, 2025, with a weighted-average exercise price of $3.62 per share; and

● 6,971,587 shares of our common stock reserved for future grants under our Reviva Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Equity Incentive Plan”).

Except as otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus supplement assumes no exercise of the options, warrants or pre-funded warrants referred to above (other than those Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants sold in this offering).

S-5

RISK FACTORS

Before purchasing any of the securities you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus as well as those incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus from our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and any subsequent updates described in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well as the risks, uncertainties and additional information set forth in our SEC reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K and in the other documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. For a description of these reports and documents, and information about where you can find them, see “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Information By Reference.” Additional risks not presently known or that we presently consider to be immaterial could subsequently materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects.

Risks Related to this Offering

We will have broad discretion in how we use the net proceeds of this offering. We may not use these proceeds effectively, which could affect our results of operations and cause our stock price to decline.

We will have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds of this offering, including for any of the purposes described in the section titled “Use of Proceeds.” We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, to fund research and development activities and for working capital, and other general corporate purposes. We may use the net proceeds for purposes that do not yield a significant return or any return at all for our stockholders. Our failure to use our cash and cash equivalents effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of our common stock to decline and delay the development of our product candidates. In addition, pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock, or the perception that such sales may occur, may adversely impact the price of our common stock.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public markets could depress the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. The shares of our common stock held by our directors and executive officers are subject to 30-day lock-up restrictions entered into in connection with this offering. Other than the shares subject to the lock-up agreements, substantially all of our outstanding shares of our common stock may be sold in the public market. If substantial additional shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. In addition, the issuance of the shares of our common stock, Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering could result in resales of our common stock by our current stockholders who may be concerned about the potential ownership dilution of their holdings. In turn, these sales could have the effect of depressing the market price for our common stock. We cannot predict the effect that future sales of our common stock would have on the market price of our common stock.

You may experience immediate and substantial dilution in the book value per share of the common stock you purchase.

Because the public offering price per share (or Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof) sold in this offering may be substantially higher than the book value per share of our common stock, you may suffer immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of the common stock you purchase in this offering. After giving effect to the sale in this offering of our common stock and accompanying Common Warrants at an offering price of $       per share and accompanying Common Warrants, and assuming the full exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and no exercise of the Common Warrants, and after deducting Placement Agent fees and estimated expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book deficit as of March 31, 2025 would have been approximately $        , or $        per share of our common stock. This represents an immediate increase in the net tangible book value of $        per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate and substantial dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $        per share to new investors who purchase securities in the offering. See “Dilution” for a more detailed discussion of the dilution you may incur in connection with this offering.

S-6

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock, and, consequently, investors’ ability to achieve a return on their investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Therefore, investors who purchase shares in this offering are not likely to receive any dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Since we do not intend to pay dividends, investors’ ability to receive a return on their investment will depend on any future appreciation in the market value of our common stock. There is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate or even maintain the price at which investors have purchased it.

Following this offering, we will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations and achieve our goals. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on terms acceptable to us, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research or product development programs, any future commercialization efforts or other operations.

Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is a very time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete. Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception, and we expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our lead product candidate, brilaroxazine, RP1208, and any future product candidates through clinical development. We will require substantial additional funding following this offering in order to, among other things, further advance the brilaroxazine program, including conducting additional clinical and regulatory development activities (including filing of an NDA) and potential commercialization activities necessary to potentially bring brilaroxazine to market for the treatment of acute and maintenance schizophrenia, if approved. We expect increased expenses as we continue our research and development, initiate additional clinical trials, seek to expand our product pipeline, seek marketing approval for our lead programs and future product candidates, if any, and invest in our organization. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. Furthermore, we have incurred and will continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company, such as acquiring and retaining experienced personnel, developing new information technology systems, and other costs associated with being a public company. Also, we expect to experience ongoing and additional costs related to preparing and filing patent applications, maintaining our intellectual property and potentially expanding our office facilities. Accordingly, following this offering, we will require substantial additional capital in connection with our continuing operations.

Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on favorable terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs, our commercialization plans or other operations. Our ability to raise capital may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from inflation, changes in interest rates, recent turmoil in the global banking system, geopolitical instability, including the war in Ukraine, the Middle East and public health epidemics, pandemics or other events, or otherwise.

This is a best efforts offering, no minimum amount of securities is required to be sold, and we may not raise the amount of capital we believe is required for our business plans.

The Placement Agent has agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to solicit offers to purchase the securities in this offering. The Placement Agent has no obligation to buy any of the securities from us or to arrange for the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of the securities. There is no required minimum number of securities that must be sold as a condition to completion of this offering. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering, the actual offering amount, Placement Agent fees and proceeds to us are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum amounts set forth herein. We may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us, and investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell an amount of securities sufficient to support our continued operations. Thus, we may not raise the amount of capital we believe is required for our operations and may need to raise additional funds. Such additional fundraises may not be available or available on terms acceptable to us.

S-7

Because there is no minimum required for the offering to close, investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell an amount of securities sufficient to pursue the business goals outlined in this prospectus supplement.

We have not specified a minimum offering amount nor have or will we establish an escrow account in connection with this offering. Because there is no escrow account and no minimum offering amount, investors could be in a position where they have invested in our company, but we are unable to fulfill our objectives due to a lack of interest in this offering. Further, because there is no escrow account in operation and no minimum investment amount, any proceeds from the sale of securities offered by us will be available for our immediate use, despite uncertainty about whether we would be able to use such funds to effectively implement our business plan. Investor funds will not be returned under any circumstances whether during or after the offering.

Purchasers who purchase our securities in this offering pursuant to a securities purchase agreement may have rights not available to purchasers that purchase without the benefit of a securities purchase agreement.

In addition to rights and remedies available to all purchasers in this offering under federal securities and state law, the purchasers that enter into a securities purchase agreement will also be able to bring claims of breach of contract against us. The ability to pursue a claim for breach of contract provides those investors with the means to enforce the covenants uniquely available to them under the securities purchase agreement including (i) timely delivery of shares; (ii) agreement to not enter into variable rate transactions for three months from the closing of the purchase and sale of the securities in this offering (the “closing”), subject to certain exceptions; (iii) agreement to not enter into any financings for 30 days from closing, subject to certain exceptions; and (iv) indemnification for breach of contract.

There is no public market for the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants being offered in this offering.

There is no established public trading market for the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants being offered in this offering, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply to list the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system, including The Nasdaq Capital Market. Without an active market, the liquidity of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited.

Except for the right to participate in certain dividends and distributions, holders of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants purchased in this offering will have no rights as common stockholders until such holders exercise such warrants and acquire our common stock.

Until holders of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants acquire shares of our common stock upon exercise of such warrants, the holders will have no rights with respect to the shares of our common stock underlying such warrants except that the holder of a Common Warrant or Pre-Funded Warrant shall be entitled to participate in certain distributions, including cash dividends, if any, to all holders of our common stock for no consideration, subject to certain ownership limitations. Upon exercise of the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants, the holders will be entitled to exercise the rights of a common stockholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

The Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants being offered are speculative in nature.

Following this offering, the market value of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants, if any, will be uncertain and there can be no assurance that the market value of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will equal or exceed their imputed offering price. The Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will not be listed or quoted for trading on any market or exchange. There can be no assurance that the market price of our common stock will ever equal or exceed the exercise price of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants, and consequently, the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants may expire valueless.

S-8

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus contain, and our officers and representatives may from time to time make, “forward-looking statements,” which include information relating to future events, future financial performance, financial projections, strategies, expectations, competitive environment and regulation. Words such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “future,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” “goal,” “seek,” “project,” “strategy,” “likely,” and similar expressions, as well as statements in future tense, identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts, nor should they be read as a guarantee of future performance or results and may not be accurate indications of when such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information we have when those statements are made or management’s good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events, and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

● the success of our current or planned clinical trials through all phases of clinical development, including our ability to conduct and complete clinical trials in accordance with projected timelines, our ability to achieve the desired results, and our ability to successfully complete requisite regulatory review and approval processes;

● our ability to obtain the necessary financing to continue to conduct our business operations as planned, and to conduct our ongoing and planned trials, and continue and complete the planned development and commercialization of our product candidates;

● our ability to grow and manage growth economically;

● our ability to retain key executives and medical and science personnel;

● the possibility that our products in development succeed in or fail clinical trials or are not approved by the FDA or other applicable authorities;

● the possibility that we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our planned clinical trials or development programs;

● our ability to obtain approval from regulatory agents in different jurisdictions for our current or future product candidates;

● changes in applicable laws or regulations;

● changes to our relationships within the pharmaceutical ecosystem;

● the performance of third-party suppliers and manufacturers and our ability to find additional suppliers and manufacturers and obtain alternative sources of raw materials;

● our current and future capital requirements to support our development and commercialization efforts and our ability to satisfy our capital needs;

●	our ability to access capital on acceptable terms in a rising interest rate and tighter credit environment;
●	expectations regarding our ability to continue as a going concern;

● the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses and capital requirements, including estimated costs of our clinical studies;

● our limited operating history;

S-9

● our history of operating losses in each year since inception and expectation that we will continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future;

● the valuation of our private common warrants could increase the volatility in our net income (loss);

● changes in the markets that we target;

● our ability to maintain or protect the validity of our patents and other intellectual property;

● our exposure to any liability, protracted and costly litigation or reputational damage relating to data security;

● the sufficiency of our existing capital resources to fund our future operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements;

● any disruption to our business that may occur on a longer-term basis should we be unable to remediate the material weaknesses we have identified in our internal controls;

● our ability to maintain the listing of our common stock and listed warrants on Nasdaq;

● the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors;

●	other risks and uncertainties, including those listed under the caption “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024; and
●	our use of the proceeds from this offering and any other financing transaction we may undertake.

The foregoing does not represent an exhaustive list of matters that may be covered by the forward-looking statements contained herein and in the documents incorporated by reference herein or risk factors that we are faced with that may cause our actual results to differ from those anticipate in our forward-looking statements. Factors that may affect our results include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties discussed in the “Risk Factors” section on page S-7 of this prospectus supplement, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K or in quarterly or other reports we file with the SEC from time to time.

Moreover, new risks regularly emerge and it is not possible for our management to predict or articulate all risks we face, nor can we assess the impact of all risks on our business or the extent to which any risk, or combination of risks, may cause actual results to differ from those contained in any forward-looking statements. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Section 27A of the Securities Act, do not protect any forward-looking statements that we make in connection with this offering. All forward-looking statements included in this prospectus supplement and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement are based on information available to us on the date of this prospectus supplement or the date of the applicable document incorporated by reference. Except to the extent required by applicable laws or rules, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained above and throughout this prospectus supplement and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. We and the Placement Agent have not authorized any other person to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely upon it.

S-10

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that our net proceeds from the sale of the shares of our common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) and Common Warrants will be approximately $       million, after deducting the Placement Agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us and excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Common Warrants issued pursuant to this offering and assuming no sale of any Pre-Funded Warrants. However, because this is a “best efforts” offering and there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering, the actual offering amount, the Placement Agent fees and net proceeds to us are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum amounts set forth on the cover page of this prospectus supplement. We may not sell all or any of the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus supplement; and, as a result, we may receive significantly less in net proceeds in this offering.

The combined public offering price per share of common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof) and accompanying Common Warrants will be fixed for the duration of this offering.

These estimates exclude the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of Common Warrants issued in this offering. If all of the Common Warrants issued in this offering were to be exercised in cash at an exercise price of $        per share of common stock, we would receive additional proceeds of approximately $        million. We cannot predict when or if these Common Warrants will be exercised. It is possible that these Common Warrants may expire and may never be exercised. Additionally, the Common Warrants contain a cashless exercise provision that permit exercise of these warrants on a cashless basis at any time where there is no effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the issuance of the underlying shares of common stock.

We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, to fund research and development activities, and for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

We will require substantial additional funding following this offering in order to, among other things, further advance the brilaroxazine program, including conducting additional clinical and regulatory development activities (including filing of an NDA) and potential commercialization activities necessary to potentially bring brilaroxazine to market for the treatment of acute and maintenance schizophrenia, if approved. While we anticipate seeking additional capital in the future through further equity offerings and/or debt borrowings, or through collaboration agreements, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements or marketing and distribution arrangements, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to raise additional capital on reasonable terms or at all.

Investors are cautioned, however, that expenditures may vary substantially from these uses. Investors will be relying on the judgment of our management, who will have broad discretion regarding the application of the proceeds of this offering. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures may vary significantly depending upon numerous factors, including the amount of cash generated by our operations and other operational factors, the progress of our development efforts, the status of and results from clinical trials, as well as any collaborations that we may enter into with third parties for our product candidates and any unforeseen cash needs. We may find it necessary or advisable to use portions of the proceeds from this offering for other purposes.

Pending other uses, we intend to invest the proceeds to us in investment-grade, interest-bearing securities such as money market funds, certificates of deposit, or direct or guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government, or hold as cash. We cannot predict whether the proceeds invested will yield a favorable, or any, return.

S-11

DILUTION

If you invest in our securities, your interest will be diluted immediately to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share of common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof) and accompanying Common Warrants and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering.

The net tangible book deficit of our common stock as of March 31, 2025, was approximately $4.5 million, or approximately $0.09 per share. Net tangible book deficit per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets, excluding goodwill and intangible assets, less total liabilities, divided by the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding, inclusive of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of pre-funded warrants outstanding. Dilution per share to new investors represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers for each share of our common stock in this offering and the net tangible book deficit per share of our common stock immediately following the completion of this offering.

After giving effect to the sale of 1,263,664 shares of our common stock for total net consideration of $1.0 million pursuant to the ATM Agreement subsequent to March 31, 2025, our pro forma net tangible book deficit as of March 31, 2025 would have been approximately $3.5 million, or $0.07 per share.

After giving further effect to the sale of shares of our common stock and accompanying Common Warrants by us in this offering at a public offering price of $       per share and accompanying Common Warrants, and Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase shares of common stock and accompanying Common Warrants at the public offering price of $       per Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrants (which equals the public offering price at which shares of our common stock are being sold to the public in this offering less the $0.0001 per share exercise price of each such Pre-Funded Warrant), assuming the full exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and no exercise of the Common Warrants, and after deducting Placement Agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book deficit as of March 31, 2025 would have been approximately $       , or $       per share. This represents an immediate increase in as adjusted net tangible book value of $       per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $       per share to investors purchasing securities in this offering.

The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:

Public offering price per share and accompanying Common Warrants						$
Net tangible book value per share at March 31, 2025		$	(0.09	)
Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to sales of shares of our common stock pursuant to the ATM Agreement		$	0.02
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2025		$	(0.07	)
Increase in as adjusted net tangible book value per share attributable to investors purchasing our securities in this offering		$
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2025, after giving effect to this offering						$
Dilution to investors purchasing our securities in this offering						$

The foregoing table and calculations (other than the historical net tangible book value calculation) are based on 46,739,949 shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2025, and excludes:

● 1,968,765 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of pre-funded warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2025, with a weighted-average exercise price of $0.0001 per share;

● 3,454,190 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of options outstanding as of March 31, 2025, with a weighted-average exercise price of $3.48 per share;

● 45,621,853 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of common warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2025, with a weighted-average exercise price of $3.35 per share; and

● 6,823,675 shares of our common stock reserved as of March 31, 2025 for future grants under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan.

To the extent that any of these outstanding options or warrants are exercised or we issue additional shares under our equity incentive plans, there may be further dilution to new investors. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

Unless otherwise indicated, all information contained in this prospectus supplement assumes:

● no exercise of the outstanding options, warrants, or pre-funded warrants described in the bullets above;

● no exercise of the Common Warrants issued in this offering; and

● no sale of Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering.

S-12

MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES

The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants, but does not purport to be a complete analysis of all the potential tax considerations relating thereto. This summary is based upon the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative rulings and judicial decisions, all as of the date hereof. These authorities may be changed, possibly with retroactive effect, so as to result in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those set forth below.

This summary does not address the tax considerations arising under the laws of any U.S. state or local or any non-U.S. jurisdiction, the potential application of the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income or under U.S. federal gift and estate tax laws. In addition, this discussion does not address all tax considerations that may be applicable to an investor’s particular circumstances or to investors that may be subject to special tax rules, including, without limitation:

■	banks, insurance companies or other financial institutions;
■	persons subject to the alternative minimum tax;
■	tax-exempt organizations;
■	dealers in securities or currencies;
■	traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities holdings;
■	real estate investment trusts and regulated investment companies;
■	controlled foreign corporations, passive foreign investment companies and corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax;
■	partnerships and other pass-through entities (and investors therein);
■	persons that own, or are deemed to own, more than 5% of our common stock (except to the extent specifically set forth below);
■	certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States;
■	persons who hold our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants as a position in a hedging transaction, “straddle,” “conversion transaction” or other risk reduction transaction;
■	persons who hold or receive our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants pursuant to the exercise of an employee stock option or otherwise as compensation;
■	persons who do not hold our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants as a capital asset within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, for investment purposes); or
■	persons deemed to sell our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants under the constructive sale provisions of the Code.

In addition, if an entity or arrangement classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our common stock or Pre-Funded Warrants, the tax treatment of its partners generally will depend on the status of the partners and upon the activities of the partnership. Accordingly, partnerships that hold our common stock or Pre-Funded Warrants, and partners in such partnerships, should consult their tax advisors.

You are urged to consult your tax advisor with respect to the application of the U.S. federal income tax laws to your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants arising under the U.S. federal non-income tax laws, or under the laws of any U.S. state or local or any non-U.S. taxing jurisdiction or any applicable tax treaty.  

Treatment of the Pre-Funded Warrants

Although it is not entirely free from doubt, we believe a Pre-Funded Warrant should be treated as a share of our common stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes and a holder of Pre-Funded Warrants should generally be taxed in the same manner as a holder of such shares of common stock, as described below. Accordingly, no gain or loss should be recognized upon the exercise of a Pre-Funded Warrant and, upon exercise, the holding period of a Pre-Funded Warrant should carry over to the share of common stock received. Similarly, the tax basis of the Pre-Funded Warrant should carry over to the share of common stock received upon exercise, increased by the exercise price of $0.0001 per share.

S-13

Our characterization is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS may treat our Pre-Funded Warrants as warrants to acquire shares of our common stock. In that case, the amount and character of your gain with respect to an investment in our Pre-Funded Warrants could be materially different than the discussion set forth below. Accordingly, each holder should consult his, her or its own tax advisor regarding the risks associated with the acquisition of Pre-Funded Warrants pursuant to this offering (including potential alternative characterizations). The balance of this discussion generally assumes that a Pre-Funded Warrant is treated as a share of our common stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants

The following discusses the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants for a U.S. holder.

For purposes of this discussion, a U.S. holder is any holder (other than an entity or arrangement classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is:

■	an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;
■	a corporation or other entity taxable as a corporation created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States or any state or political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia;
■	an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or
■	a trust (x) whose administration is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and which has one or more U.S. persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (y) which has made a valid election to be treated as a U.S. person.

Allocation of Purchase Price

Because our common stock and accompanying Common Warrants, or Pre-Funded Warrants and accompanying Common Warrants as applicable, are sold together, a purchaser of shares of our common stock and accompanying Common Warrants, or Pre-Funded Warrants and accompanying Common Warrants as applicable, must allocate its purchase price between each share of common stock or Pre-Funded Warrant, as applicable, and the accompanying Common Warrants based on their respective relative fair market values at the time of issuance. This allocation of the purchase price will establish the holder’s initial tax basis for U.S. federal income tax purposes for each share of common stock or Pre-Funded Warrant, as applicable, and Common Warrants. A holder’s allocation of the purchase price among the shares of common stock or Pre-Funded Warrants, as applicable, and Common Warrants is not binding on the IRS or the courts, and no assurance can be given that the IRS or the courts will agree with a holder’s allocation. Each holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the allocation of the purchase price among the shares of common stock or Pre-Funded Warrants, as applicable, and Common Warrants.

Distributions

We do not currently intend to pay any distributions on our common stock for the foreseeable future. However, if we do pay cash or other property distributions on our common stock, those payments will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. To the extent those distributions exceed both our current and our accumulated earnings and profits, they will constitute a return of capital and will first reduce your basis in our common stock, but not below zero, and then will be treated as gain from the sale of our common stock (see “Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants-Gains on Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Our Common Stock or Pre-Funded Warrants” below).

Dividends received by a corporate U.S. holder may be eligible for a dividends received deduction, subject to applicable limitations. Dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. holders, including individuals, are generally taxed at the lower applicable capital gains rate provided certain holding period and other requirements are satisfied.

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As discussed above, we believe that a Pre-Funded Warrant should be treated as a share of our common stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, we believe that U.S. holders should be treated in the manner described above with respect to distributions received with respect to a Pre-Funded Warrant.

The taxation of a distribution received with respect to a Common Warrant is unclear. It is possible such a distribution would be treated as a distribution on common stock as described in this section, although other treatments may also be possible. Investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the proper treatment of any distributions made in respect of the Common Warrants.

Certain Adjustments to the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants

Under Section 305 of the Code, an adjustment to the number of shares of common stock that will be issued on the exercise of the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants may be treated as a constructive distribution to a U.S. holder of the Common Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants if, and to the extent that, such adjustment has the effect of increasing a U.S. holder’s proportionate interest in our earnings and profits or assets, depending on the circumstances of such adjustment (for example, if such adjustment is to compensate for a distribution of cash or other property to our shareholders). A constructive distribution under these rules would be subject to tax in the same manner, as described above under “Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock or Pre-Funded Warrants-Distributions”, as if the U.S. holders of the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants received a cash distribution from us equal to the fair market value of such increased interest resulting from the adjustment.

Gains on Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Our Common Stock or Pre-Funded Warrants

Upon the sale or other taxable disposition of our common stock or Pre-Funded Warrants, a U.S. holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to the difference between (i) the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received upon the sale or other taxable disposition and (ii) such U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common stock or Pre-Funded Warrants. Such capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder’s holding period in such common stock or Pre-Funded Warrant is more than one year at the time of the sale or other taxable disposition. Long-term capital gains recognized by certain non-corporate U.S. holders, including individuals, generally will be subject to reduced rates of U.S. federal income tax. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain limitations.

Gains on Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Warrants

Upon the sale or other taxable disposition of a Common Warrant (other than by exercise), a U.S. holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale or other taxable disposition and the U.S. holder’s tax basis in the Common Warrant. This capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder’s holding period in such Common Warrant is more than one year at the time of the sale or other disposition. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain limitations.

Exercise of Common Warrants

A U.S. holder generally will not recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes on the exercise of a Common Warrant and the related receipt of common stock. A U.S. holder’s tax basis in the common stock received upon exercise of the Common Warrant generally will equal the sum of the U.S. holder’s tax basis in the Common Warrant and the exercise price. A U.S. holder’s holding period for the common stock received upon exercise of the Common Warrant will begin either on the day of, or the day after, such U.S. holder’s exercise of the Common Warrants.

In certain circumstances, the Common Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of an exercise of a Common Warrant on a cashless basis is not clear under current law, and could differ from the consequences described above. It is possible that a cashless exercise is a non-taxable transaction, either because the exercise is not treated as a realization event or because the exercise is treated as a tax-free recapitalization for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Under either characterization, a U.S. holder’s tax basis in the common stock received generally would equal the U.S. holder’s tax basis in the Common Warrant exercised. If the cashless exercise was not a realization event, it is unclear whether a U.S. holder’s holding period for the shares of common stock acquired pursuant to the cashless exercise will commence on the date of exercise of the Common Warrant or the day following the date of exercise of the Common Warrant. If the cashless exercise were treated as a recapitalization, the holding period of the shares of common stock acquired pursuant to it would include the holding period of the Common Warrant exercised.

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It is also possible that a cashless exercise is treated as a taxable exchange in which gain or loss would be recognized. In such event, a U.S. holder may be deemed to have surrendered Common Warrants with an aggregate fair market value equal to the exercise price for the total number of warrants to be exercised (as determined based on the number of shares of common stock actually received on the cashless exercise). The U.S. holder would recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the fair market value of the Common Warrants deemed surrendered and the U.S. holder’s tax basis in such warrants (such gain or loss would be long-term or short-term, depending on the U.S. holder’s holding period in the Common Warrants deemed surrendered). In this case, a U.S. holder’s initial tax basis in the shares of common stock received pursuant to the cashless exercise would equal the sum of the U.S. holder’s tax basis in the Common Warrants exercised (as determined based on the number of shares of common stock actually received on the cashless exercise) and the exercise price of such warrants. A U.S. holder’s holding period for the common stock received upon a cashless exercise of the Common Warrants will begin on the day of, or the day after, such U.S. holder’s exercise of the Common Warrants.

Due to the absence of authority on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise, there can be no assurance which, if any, of the alternative tax consequences and holding periods described above would be adopted by the IRS or a court of law. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the consequences of an exercise of a Common Warrant on a cashless basis, including with respect to their holding period and tax basis in the common stock received.

Lapse of Common Warrants

If a U.S. holder allows a Common Warrant to expire unexercised, such holder will generally recognize a capital loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to such holder’s tax basis in the Common Warrant. Any such loss generally will be a capital loss and will be long-term capital loss if the Common Warrant is held for more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Contingent Payments on the Common Warrants

The Common Warrants entitle a holder to receive payments upon the occurrence of certain contingencies, including a distribution on shares of our common stock or our failure to deliver shares of common stock upon exercise of a Common Warrant. The tax treatment of such payments, if made, is subject to substantial uncertainty. Holders should consult their own tax advisors as to the appropriate U.S. federal income tax treatment of any such contingent payments that may be made to them in respect of the Common Warrants.

Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

Information reporting requirements generally will apply to payments of distributions (including constructive distributions) on the common stock, Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants and to the proceeds of a sale or other disposition of common stock, Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants paid by us to a U.S. Holder unless such U.S. Holder is an exempt recipient, such as a corporation. Backup withholding will apply to those payments if the U.S. Holder fails to provide the holder’s taxpayer identification number, or certification of exempt status, or if the holder otherwise fails to comply with applicable requirements to establish an exemption.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax; rather, the U.S. income tax liability of persons subject to backup withholding will be reduced by the amount of tax withheld. If withholding results in an overpayment of taxes, a refund or credit may generally be obtained from the IRS, provided that the required information is furnished to the IRS in a timely manner.

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Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants

The following discusses the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of shares of our common stock for a non-U.S. holder.

For purposes of this discussion, a non-U.S. holder is any holder (other than an entity or arrangement classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of our common stock that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is not:

■	an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;
■	a corporation or other entity taxable as a corporation created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States or any state or political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia;
■	an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or
■	a trust (x) whose administration is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and which has one or more U.S. persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (y) which has made a valid election to be treated as a U.S. person.

Distributions

We have never paid cash distributions on our common stock and do not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. However, if we do pay cash or other property distributions on our common stock, those payments will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. To the extent those distributions exceed both our current and our accumulated earnings and profits, they will constitute a return of capital and will first reduce your basis in our common stock, but not below zero, and then will be treated as gain from the sale of our common stock (see “Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants-Gains on Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Our Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants” below).

Subject to the discussion below under the headings “Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants-Backup Withholding and Information Reporting” and “Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants-Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act,” any dividend paid to you generally will be subject to U.S. withholding tax either at a rate of 30% of the gross amount of the dividend or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty. In order to receive a reduced treaty rate, you must provide us with an Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, Form W-8BEN, IRS Form W-8BEN-E or other appropriate version of IRS Form W-8 certifying qualification for the reduced rate. If you hold our common stock through a financial institution or other agent acting on your behalf, you will be required to provide appropriate documentation to the agent, which then will be required to provide certification to us or our paying agent, either directly or through intermediaries.

Dividends received by you that are effectively connected with your conduct of a U.S. trade or business (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by you in the United States) are taxed at the same rates applicable to U.S. persons, net of certain deductions and credits. Payments of such effectively connected dividends that are included in your gross income generally are exempt from the withholding tax discussed in the preceding paragraph. In order to obtain this exemption, you must provide us (or the appropriate agent acting on your behalf, as discussed in the preceding paragraph) with an IRS Form W-8ECI or other applicable IRS Form W-8 properly certifying such exemption. In addition, if you are a corporate non-U.S. holder, dividends you receive that are effectively connected with your conduct of a U.S. trade or business may also be subject to a branch profits tax at a rate of 30% or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty.

If you are eligible for a reduced rate of withholding tax pursuant to a tax treaty, you may be able to obtain a refund of any excess amounts currently withheld if you timely file an appropriate claim for refund with the IRS.

Distributions on our common stock will also be subject to the discussion below under the headings “Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants – Backup Withholding and Information Reporting” and “Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants – Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act.”

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The taxation of a distribution received with respect to a Common Warrant or a Pre-Funded Warrant is unclear. It is possible such a distribution would be treated as a distribution on common stock as described in this section, although other treatments may also be possible. Investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the proper treatment of any such distribution made in respect of the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants.

Certain Adjustments to the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants

As described above under “-Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants-Certain Adjustments to the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants,” an adjustment to the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants could result in a constructive distribution to a non-U.S. holder, which would be treated as described under “Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants – Distributions” above. Any resulting withholding tax attributable to deemed dividends would be collected from other amounts payable or distributable to the non-U.S. holder. Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the proper treatment of any adjustments to the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants.

Gains on Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Our Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants

In general, subject to the discussion below under the headings “Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants-Backup Withholding and Information Reporting” and “Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants-Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act,” you will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax on any gain realized upon the sale or other disposition of our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants unless:

■ the gain is effectively connected with your conduct of a U.S. trade or business (and, if an income tax treaty so requires, the gain is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by you in the United States), in which case you will be required to pay tax on the net gain derived from the sale (net of certain deductions or credits) under regular U.S. federal income tax rates, and for a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation, such non-U.S. holder may also be subject to a branch profits tax at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty;

■

you are an individual who is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the calendar year in which the sale or disposition occurs and certain other conditions are met, in which case you will be required to pay a flat 30% tax on the gain derived from the sale, which gain may be offset by certain U.S. source capital losses (even though you are not considered a resident of the United States) subject to applicable tax treaty providing otherwise, and provided you have timely filed U.S. federal income tax returns with respect to such losses; or

■

our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants constitute a U.S. real property interest by reason of our status as a “United States real property holding corporation” for U.S. federal income tax purposes (a USRPHC) at any time within the shorter of the five-year period preceding the disposition or your holding period for our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants. We believe that we are not currently and that we will not become a USRPHC. However, because the determination of whether we are a USRPHC depends on the fair market value of our U.S. real property relative to the fair market value of our other business assets, there can be no assurance that we will not become a USRPHC in the future. Even if we became a USRPHC, a non-U.S. holder would not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of our common stock by reason of our status as a USRPHC so long as our common stock is “regularly traded” on an established securities market (within the meaning of the applicable regulations) and such non-U.S. holder does not own and is not deemed to own (directly, indirectly or constructively) more than 5% of such regularly traded common stock at any time during the shorter of the five year period ending on the date of disposition or your holding period for our common stock. No assurance can be provided that our common stock will be regularly traded on an established securities market for purposes of the rules described above. Special rules may apply to non-U.S. holders of Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants. Prospective investors are encouraged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the possible consequences to them if we are, or were to become, a USRPHC.

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Common Warrants

The U.S. federal income tax treatment of a non-U.S. holder’s exercise of a Common Warrant, or the lapse of a Common Warrant held by a non-U.S. holder, generally will correspond to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the exercise or lapse of a Common Warrant by a U.S. holder, as described above under “Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants - Exercise of Common Warrants” and “Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants, or Pre-Funded Warrants - Lapse of Common Warrants” above, although to the extent a cashless exercise results in a taxable exchange, the rules described above under “Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants, or Pre-Funded Warrants - Gains on Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Our Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants” would apply.

If contingent payments are made with respect to a Common Warrant, as described above under “Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders of Owning and Disposing of Common Stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants - Contingent Payments on the Common Warrants”, such payments may be subject to a U.S. withholding tax. Any U.S. federal income tax required to be withheld on any portion of such contingent payment may be withheld from common stock delivered, sales proceeds subsequently paid or credited, or other amounts payable or distributable to a non-U.S. holder.

Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

Generally, we, or the applicable paying agent, must report annually to the IRS the amount of dividends paid to you, your name and address, and the amount of tax withheld, if any. A similar report will be sent to you. Pursuant to applicable income tax treaties or other agreements, the IRS may make these reports available to tax authorities in your country of residence.

Payments of dividends or of proceeds on the disposition of our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants made to you may be subject to additional information reporting and backup withholding at a current rate of 24% unless you establish an exemption, for example, by properly certifying your non-U.S. status on an IRS Form W-8BEN, IRS Form W-8BEN-E or another appropriate version of IRS Form W-8. Notwithstanding the foregoing, backup withholding and information reporting may apply if either we or our paying agent has actual knowledge, or reason to know, that you are a U.S. person.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax; rather, the U.S. income tax liability of persons subject to backup withholding will be reduced by the amount of tax withheld. If withholding results in an overpayment of taxes, a refund or credit may generally be obtained from the IRS, provided that the required information is furnished to the IRS in a timely manner.

Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act

The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, imposes a U.S. federal withholding tax of 30% on dividends (including deemed dividends) paid on our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants to a “foreign financial institution” (as specifically defined for this purpose) unless such institution enters into an agreement with the U.S. government to, among other things, withhold on certain payments and to collect and provide to the U.S. tax authorities substantial information regarding U.S. account holders of such institution (which includes certain equity and debt holders of such institution, as well as certain account holders that are foreign entities with U.S. owners) or otherwise establishes an exemption from FATCA withholding. FATCA also generally imposes a U.S. federal withholding tax of 30% on dividends to a “non-financial foreign entity” (as specifically defined for this purpose) unless such entity provides the withholding agent with either a certification that it does not have any substantial direct or indirect U.S. owners or provides information regarding direct and indirect U.S. owners of the entity or otherwise establishes an exemption from FATCA withholding. Because we may not know the extent to which a distribution is a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes at the time it is made, for purposes of these withholding rules we or the applicable withholding agent may treat the entire distribution as a dividend. While withholding under FATCA would have applied also to payments of gross proceeds from the sale or other disposition of our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants on or after January 1, 2019, proposed Treasury Regulations eliminate FATCA withholding on payments of gross proceeds entirely. Taxpayers generally may rely on these proposed Treasury Regulations until final Treasury Regulations are issued. The withholding tax on dividends will apply regardless of whether the payment otherwise would be exempt from U.S. nonresident and backup withholding tax, including under the exemptions described above. An intergovernmental agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country may modify the requirements described in this section. Under certain circumstances, you may be eligible for refunds or credits of tax withheld pursuant to the rules described in this section. You should consult your tax advisors regarding these withholding provisions.

The preceding discussion of U.S. federal tax considerations is for general information only. It is not tax advice. Each prospective investor should consult its own tax advisor regarding the particular U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. tax consequences of purchasing, owning and disposing of our common stock, Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants, including the consequences of any proposed change in applicable laws.

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DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OFFERED

We are offering       shares of our common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) and Common Warrants to purchase       shares of our common stock. We are also registering the shares of common stock issuable from time to time upon exercise of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants offered hereby.

Common Stock

See “Description of Capital Stock” on page 9 of the accompanying prospectus for a description of the material terms of our common stock.

Pre-Funded Warrants

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of Pre-Funded Warrants that are being offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the Pre-Funded Warrant, the form of which will be filed as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form 8-K in connection with this offering and incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of the Pre-Funded Warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the Pre-Funded Warrants. Pre-Funded Warrants will be issued in certificated form only.

Duration and Exercise Price

Each Pre-Funded Warrant offered hereby will have an initial exercise price per share equal to $0.0001. The exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of stock dividends, stock splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting our common stock and the exercise price. The Pre-Funded Warrants do not expire.

Exercisability

The Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable at any time on or after their original issuance. The Pre-Funded Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of our common stock purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its attribution affiliates) may not exercise any portion of such holder’s Pre-Funded Warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of the outstanding shares of common stock immediately after exercise. However, any holder of a Pre-Funded Warrant may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99% upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us. For purposes of the foregoing, “attribution affiliates” means, collectively, the following persons and entities with respect to any holder: (i) its direct or indirect affiliates, (ii) any person acting or who could be deemed to be acting as a Section 13(d) “group” together with the holder or any attribution parties and (iii) any other persons whose beneficial ownership of our common stock would or could be aggregated with the holder and/or any other attribution parties for purposes of Section 13(d) or Section 16 of the Exchange Act. No fractional shares of common stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a Pre-Funded Warrant. In lieu of fractional shares, we will, at our election, either round up to the next whole share or pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price.

Cashless Exercise

If at the time of exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for, the resale of the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares of common stock determined according to a formula set forth in the Pre-Funded Warrants.

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Fundamental Transactions

In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the Pre-Funded Warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our common stock, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding common stock, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding common stock, the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the Pre-Funded Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction.

Transferability

Subject to applicable laws, the Pre-Funded Warrants may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without our consent. The ownership of the Pre-Funded Warrants and any transfers of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be registered in a warrant register maintained by the warrant agent. We will initially act as warrant agent.

Exchange Listing

There is no established trading market for the Pre-Funded Warrants. We do not intend to list the Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system.

Rights as a Stockholder

Except as otherwise provided in the Pre-Funded Warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of shares of our common stock, the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our common stock, including any voting rights, until such Pre-Funded Warrant holders exercise their Pre-Funded Warrants, except that the holder of a Pre-Funded Warrant shall be entitled to participate in certain distributions, including cash dividends, if any, to all holders of our common stock for no consideration, subject to certain ownership limitations.

Series C Common Warrants

The following is a summary of the material terms and provisions of the Series C Common Warrants that are being offered hereby. This summary is subject to and qualified in its entirety by the form of Series C Common Warrant, which will be filed with the SEC as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form 8-K in connection with this offering and incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of Series C Common Warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the Series C Common Warrants.

Duration and Exercise Price

The Series C Common Warrants offered hereby will have an exercise price of $ per share. The Series C Common Warrants will be immediately exercisable upon issuance and will be exercisable for five years from the date of issuance. The exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise are subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of stock dividends, stock splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting our shares of common stock and the exercise price. The Series C Common Warrants will be issued in certificated form only.

Exercisability

The Series C Common Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of common stock purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of such holder’s Series C Common Warrants to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding shares of common stock immediately after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of ownership of outstanding shares of common stock after exercising the holder’s Series C Common Warrants up to 9.99% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Series C Common Warrants. Purchasers in this offering may also elect prior to the issuance of Series C Common Warrants to have the initial exercise limitation set at 9.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock.

S-21

Cashless Exercise

If at the time of exercise of the Series C Common Warrants there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the resale of the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series C Common Warrants, then the Series C Common Warrants will only be exercisable on a “cashless exercise” basis under which the holder will receive upon such exercise a net number of shares of common stock determined according to a formula set forth in the Series C Common Warrants.

Fundamental Transactions

In the event of any fundamental transaction, as described in the Series C Common Warrants and generally including any merger with or into another entity, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, tender offer or exchange offer, or reclassification of our shares of common stock, then upon any subsequent exercise of a Series C Common Warrant, the holder will have the right to receive as alternative consideration, for each share of common stock that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such fundamental transaction, the number of shares of common stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of our company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration receivable upon or as a result of such transaction by a holder of the number of shares of common stock for which the Series C Common Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such event. In certain circumstances, the holder will have the right to receive the Black Scholes Value (as defined in the Series C Common Warrants) of the Series C Common Warrant calculated pursuant to a formula set forth in the Series C Common Warrants, payable either in cash or in the same type or form of consideration that is being offered and being paid to the holders of our common stock as described in the Series C Common Warrants.

Transferability

In accordance with its terms and subject to applicable laws, a Series C Common Warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the Series C Common Warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer and payment of funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes (if applicable).

Fractional Shares

No fractional shares of common stock will be issued upon the exercise of the Series C Common Warrants. Rather, the number of shares of common stock to be issued will, at our election, either be rounded up to the nearest whole number or we will pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price.

Trading Market

There is no established trading market for the Series C Common Warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop. We do not intend to apply for a listing for the Series C Common Warrants on any securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Series C Common Warrants will be limited.

Rights as a Stockholder

Except as otherwise provided in the Series C Common Warrants or by virtue of the holders’ ownership of shares of common stock, the holders of the Series C Common Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our shares of common stock, including any voting rights, until such Series C Common Warrant holders exercise their Series C Common Warrants.

S-22

Series D Common Warrants

The following is a summary of the material terms and provisions of the Series D Common Warrants that are being offered hereby. This summary is subject to and qualified in its entirety by the form of Series D Common Warrant, which will be filed with the SEC as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form 8-K in connection with this offering and incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of Series D Common Warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the Series D Common Warrants.

Duration and Exercise Price

The Series D Common Warrants offered hereby will have an exercise price of $       per share. The Series D Common Warrants will be immediately exercisable upon issuance and will be exercisable for 12 months from the date of issuance. The exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise are subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of stock dividends, stock splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting our shares of common stock and the exercise price. The Series D Common Warrants will be issued in certificated form only.

Exercisability

The Series D Common Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of common stock purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of such holder’s Series D Common Warrants to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding shares of common stock immediately after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of ownership of outstanding shares of common stock after exercising the holder’s Series D Common Warrants up to 9.99% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Series D Common Warrants. Purchasers in this offering may also elect prior to the issuance of Series D Common Warrants to have the initial exercise limitation set at 9.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock.

Cashless Exercise

If at the time of exercise of the Series D Common Warrants there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the resale of the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Series D Common Warrants, then the Series D Common Warrants will only be exercisable on a “cashless exercise” basis under which the holder will receive upon such exercise a net number of shares of common stock determined according to a formula set forth in the Series D Common Warrants.

Fundamental Transactions

In the event of any fundamental transaction, as described in the Series D Common Warrants and generally including any merger with or into another entity, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, tender offer or exchange offer, or reclassification of our shares of common stock, then upon any subsequent exercise of a Series D Common Warrant, the holder will have the right to receive as alternative consideration, for each share of common stock that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such fundamental transaction, the number of shares of common stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of our company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration receivable upon or as a result of such transaction by a holder of the number of shares of common stock for which the Series D Common Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such event. In certain circumstances, the holder will have the right to receive the Black Scholes Value (as defined in the Series D Common Warrants) of the Series D Common Warrant calculated pursuant to a formula set forth in the Series D Common Warrants, payable either in cash or in the same type or form of consideration that is being offered and being paid to the holders of our common stock as described in the Series D Common Warrants.

S-23

Transferability

In accordance with its terms and subject to applicable laws, a Series D Common Warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the Series D Common Warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer and payment of funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes (if applicable).

Fractional Shares

No fractional shares of common stock will be issued upon the exercise of the Series D Common Warrants. Rather, the number of shares of common stock to be issued will, at our election, either be rounded up to the nearest whole number or we will pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price.

Trading Market

There is no established trading market for the Series D Common Warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop. We do not intend to apply for a listing for the Series D Common Warrants on any securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Series D Common Warrants will be limited.

Rights as a Stockholder

Except as otherwise provided in the Series D Common Warrants or by virtue of the holders’ ownership of shares of common stock, the holders of the Series D Common Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our shares of common stock, including any voting rights, until such Series D Common Warrant holders exercise their Series D Common Warrants.

S-24

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

A.G.P. is serving as our sole Placement Agent in connection with this offering, subject to the terms and conditions of the placement agency agreement, dated      , 2025. The Placement Agent is not purchasing or selling any of the securities offered by this prospectus supplement, nor is it required to arrange the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of securities, but it has agreed to use its best efforts to arrange for the sale of all of the securities offered hereby. We will enter into a Securities Purchase Agreement directly with certain investors, at the investor’s option, who purchase our securities in this offering. Investors who do not enter into a Securities Purchase Agreement shall rely solely on this prospectus supplement in connection with the purchase of our securities in this offering.

Investors purchasing securities offered hereby will have the option to execute a Securities Purchase Agreement with us. In addition to rights and remedies available to all purchasers in this offering under federal securities and state law, the investors which enter into a Securities Purchase Agreement will also be able to bring claims of breach of contract against us. The ability to pursue a claim for breach of contract provides those investors with a means to enforce the following covenants uniquely available to them under the Securities Purchase Agreement, including: (i) timely delivery of shares; (ii) a covenant to not enter into variable rate transactions for a period of three months following the closing of the offering, subject to certain exceptions; (iii) a covenant to not enter into any financings for 30 days from closing of the offering, subject to certain exceptions; and (iv) indemnification for breach of contract. The nature of the representations, warranties and covenants in the Securities Purchase Agreement shall include:

● standard issuer representations and warranties on matters such as organization, qualification, authorization, no conflict, no governmental filings required, current in SEC filings, no litigation, labor or other compliance issues, environmental, intellectual property and title matters and compliance with various laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; and

● covenants regarding matters such as registration of warrant shares, no integration with other offerings, no stockholder rights plans, no material nonpublic information, use of proceeds, indemnification of purchasers, reservation and listing of shares of common stock, and no subsequent equity sales for 30 days, subject to certain exceptions.

This offering will terminate on       , 2025, unless we decide to terminate the offering (which we may do at any time in our discretion) prior to that date. We will have one closing for all the securities purchased in this offering. The combined public offering price per share of common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof) and accompanying Common Warrants will be fixed for the duration of this offering. 

Since we will deliver the securities to be issued in this offering upon our receipt of investor funds, there is no arrangement for funds to be received in escrow, trust or similar arrangement. There is no minimum offering requirement as a condition of closing of this offering. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to closing in this offering, we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us, and investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell an amount of securities sufficient to pursue our business goals described in this prospectus supplement. In addition, because there is no escrow account, trust or similar arrangement and no minimum offering amount, investors could be in a position where they have invested in our company, but we are unable to fulfill all of our contemplated objectives due to a lack of interest in this offering. Further, any proceeds from the sale of securities offered by us will be available for our immediate use, despite uncertainty about whether we would be able to use such funds to effectively implement our business plan.

We will deliver the securities being issued to the investors upon receipt of investor funds for the purchase of the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus supplement. We expect to deliver the securities being offered pursuant to this prospectus supplement on or about             , 2025.

S-25

Fees and Expenses

This offering is being conducted on a “best efforts” basis and the Placement Agent has no obligation to buy any of the securities from us or to arrange for the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of securities. We have agreed to pay the Placement Agent the fees set forth in the table below.

PER SHARE AND ACCOMPANYING COMMON WARRANTS

PER PRE-FUNDED WARRANT AND ACCOMPANYING COMMON WARRANTS

TOTAL

Public offering price

$

$

$

Placement Agent fees (1)

$

$

$

Proceeds to us (before expenses) (2)

$

$

$

(1) We have agreed to pay the Placement Agent a total cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds raised in this offering with the exception of a 3.5% cash fee for gross proceeds raised from certain investors as mutually agreed upon by the Placement Agent and the Company. We have also agreed to reimburse the Placement Agent for certain of its offering-related expenses.

(2) The amount of the offering proceeds to us presented in this table does not give effect to the exercise, if any, of the Common Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants being issued in connection with this offering. In addition, because there is no minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds required as a condition to closing in this offering, the actual offering amount, Placement Agent fees, and proceeds to us, if any, are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the total maximum offering amounts set forth above.

We estimate the total expenses of this offering paid or payable by us, exclusive of the fees payable to the Placement Agent pursuant to clause (i) of this paragraph will be approximately $350,000. In addition, we estimate the total fees and expenses payable by us for this offering to be approximately $       , the amount of which includes: (i) a Placement Agent fee of $       assuming the purchase of all of the securities we are offering, which is equal to 7.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds raised in this offering (or 3.5% of the gross proceeds raised from certain investors as described above); (ii) reimbursement of the out-of-pocket accountable legal expenses incurred by the Placement Agent in connection with this offering in the amount of up to $75,000; (iii) reimbursement of the Placement Agent’s non-accountable expenses, including, but not limited to, IPREO software related expenses, background check(s), tombstones, marketing related expenses (i.e. roadshow, travel, et al.) and any other expenses incurred by the Placement Agent in connection with this offering; provided that such non-accountable expenses do not exceed $15,000; and (iv) other estimated expenses of approximately $260,000, which include our legal, accounting, and printing costs and various fees associated with the registration and listing of our shares of common stock.

Determination of Offering Price

The public offering price per share of common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof) and accompanying Common Warrants we are offering and the exercise price and other terms of the Common Warrants were negotiated between us and the investors, in consultation with the Placement Agent based on the trading of our common stock prior to this offering, among other things. Other factors considered in determining the public offering prices of the securities we are offering and the exercise price and other terms of the Common Warrants include the history and prospects of our company, the stage of development of our business, our business plans for the future and the extent to which they have been implemented, an assessment of our management, general conditions of the securities markets at the time of the offering and such other factors as were deemed relevant. The combined public offering price per share of common stock (or Pre-Funded Warrant in lieu thereof) and accompanying Common Warrants will be fixed for the duration of this offering.

Indemnification

We have agreed to indemnify the Placement Agent against certain liabilities, including certain liabilities arising under the Securities Act, or to contribute to payments that the Placement Agent may be required to make for these liabilities.

S-26

Regulation M

The Placement Agent may be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act and any fees received by it and any profit realized on the sale of our securities offered hereby by it while acting as principal might be deemed to be underwriting discounts or commissions under the Securities Act. The Placement Agent will be required to comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including, without limitation, Rule 10b-5 and Regulation M under the Exchange Act. These rules and regulations may limit the timing of purchases and sales of our securities by the Placement Agent. Under these rules and regulations, the Placement Agent may not (i) engage in any stabilization activity in connection with our securities; and (ii) bid for or purchase any of our securities or attempt to induce any person to purchase any of our securities, other than as permitted under the Exchange Act, until they have completed their participation in the distribution.

Electronic Distribution

A prospectus supplement in electronic format may be made available on a website maintained by the Placement Agent and the Placement Agent may distribute prospectus supplements electronically. Other than the prospectus supplement in electronic format, the information on these websites is not part of this prospectus supplement or the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement forms a part, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or the Placement Agent and should not be relied upon by investors.

Lock-up Agreements

We and each of our executive officers and directors have agreed with the Placement Agent to be subject to a lock-up period of 30 days following the date of closing of the offering pursuant to this prospectus supplement. This means that, during the applicable lock-up period, we and such persons may not offer for sale, contract to sell, sell, distribute, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, pledge, hypothecate or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, shares of our common stock, subject to customary exceptions. The Placement Agent may waive the terms of these lock-up agreements in its sole discretion and without notice. In addition, we have agreed to not issue any securities that are subject to a price reset based on the trading prices of our common stock or upon a specified or contingent event in the future or enter into any agreement to issue securities at a future determined price for a period of three months following the closing date of this offering, subject to certain exceptions. The Placement Agent may waive this prohibition in its sole discretion and without notice.

Tail

We also have granted the Placement Agent a tail cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds sold in any offering within two months following the termination or expiration of the engagement letter agreement with the Placement Agent, to investors whom the Placement Agent contacted in connection with this offering, subject to certain exceptions.

Other Relationships

From time to time, the Placement Agent may provide in the future, various advisory, investment and commercial banking and other services to us in the ordinary course of business, for which it may receive customary fees and commissions. Except as disclosed in this prospectus supplement, we have no present arrangements with the Placement Agent for any services.

In addition, on May 30, 2025, we entered into the ATM Agreement with B. Riley Securities, Inc. and the Placement Agent, serving as the Agents, with respect to an at-the-market offering program under which we may offer and sell, from time to time at our sole discretion, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50 million (the “ATM Shares”) through the Agents. The Agents may sell the ATM Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act, including, without limitation, sales made through The Nasdaq Capital Market or on any other existing trading market for our common stock. The Agents will use commercially reasonable efforts to sell the ATM Shares from time to time consistent with their normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal rules, regulations and Nasdaq rules, based upon instructions from us (including any price, time or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions we may impose). We will pay the Agents a commission equal to three percent (3%) of the gross sales proceeds of any ATM Shares sold through the Agents under the ATM Agreement, and we also have provided the Agents with customary indemnification and contribution rights.

In the ordinary course of their business activities, the Placement Agent and its affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers. Such investments and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments of ours or our affiliates. The Placement Agent and its affiliates may also make investment recommendations and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or financial instruments and may hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.

S-27

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the securities offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus will be passed upon for us by Lowenstein Sandler LLP, New York, New York. Certain legal matters in connection with the offering will be passed upon for the Placement Agent by Thompson Hine LLP, New York, New York.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of Reviva Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) incorporated in this prospectus supplement by reference from the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2024, have been audited by Baker Tilly US, LLP (formerly, Moss Adams LLP), an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report (which report expresses an unqualified opinion and includes an explanatory paragraph related to a going concern uncertainty), which is incorporated herein by reference. Such consolidated financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance upon the report of such firm given their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act with respect to the securities offered by this prospectus supplement. This prospectus supplement, which is part of the registration statement, omits certain information, exhibits, schedules and undertakings set forth in the registration statement. For further information pertaining to us and our securities, reference is made to our SEC filings and the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement. Statements contained in this prospectus supplement as to the contents or provisions of any documents referred to in this prospectus supplement are not necessarily complete, and in each instance where a copy of the document has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, reference is made to the exhibit for a more complete description of the matters involved.

In addition, registration statements and certain other filings made with the SEC electronically are publicly available through the SEC’s web site at http://www.sec.gov. The registration statement, including all exhibits and amendments to the registration statement, has been filed electronically with the SEC.

We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and, in accordance with such requirements, will file periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information will be available for inspection and copying at the web site of the SEC referred to above. We also maintain a website at http://revivapharma.com, where you may access these materials free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this prospectus supplement. We have included our website address in this prospectus supplement solely as an inactive textual reference.

S-28

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” information that we file with it into this prospectus supplement, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is an important part of this prospectus supplement. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this prospectus supplement, and information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede information contained in this prospectus supplement. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below that we have previously filed with the SEC (other than Current Reports on Form 8-K, or portions thereof, furnished under Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K):

● our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on April 3, 2025;

● our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, as filed with the SEC on May 15, 2025;

● our Current Reports on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on February 18, 2025, May 30, 2025, June 2, 2025 and June 6, 2025; and

● the description of our common stock in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on August 20, 2018, including any amendment or reports filed for the purpose of updating such description, including the Description of Securities filed as Exhibit 4.1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on April 3, 2025.

All reports and other documents that we file with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date of this prospectus supplement but before the termination of the offering of the securities hereunder will also be considered to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement from the date of the filing of these reports and documents, and will supersede the information herein; provided, however, that all reports, exhibits and other information that we “furnish” to the SEC will not be considered incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. We undertake to provide without charge to each person (including any beneficial owner) who receives a copy of this prospectus supplement, upon written or oral request, a copy of all of the preceding documents that are incorporated by reference (other than exhibits, unless the exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference into these documents). You may request a copy of these materials in the manner set forth under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information,” above.

We will provide you without charge, upon your oral or written request, with a copy of any or all reports, proxy statements and other documents we file with the SEC, as well as any or all of the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement or the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement forms a part (other than exhibits to such documents unless such exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents). Requests for such copies should be directed to

Reviva Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.

10080 N Wolfe Road, Suite SW3-200

Cupertino, CA 95014

Attn: Investor Relations

Tel: (408) 501-8881

S-29

PROSPECTUS

Reviva Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.

$200,000,000

Common Stock

Preferred Stock

Warrants

Debt Securities

Subscription Rights

Units

We may offer, issue and sell from time to time together or separately, in one or more offerings, any combination of (i) our common stock, (ii) our preferred stock, which we may issue in one or more series, (iii) warrants, (iv) senior or subordinated debt securities, (v) subscription rights and (vi) units. The debt securities may consist of debentures, notes, or other types of debt. The debt securities, preferred stock, warrants and subscription rights may be convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, common or preferred stock or other securities of ours. The units may consist of any combination of the securities listed above.

The aggregate public offering price of the securities that we are offering will not exceed $200,000,000. We will offer the securities in an amount and on terms that market conditions will determine at the time of the offering. Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “RVPH” and our series of warrants issued in connection with our Business Combination (defined below) (the “Public Warrants”) are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “RVPHW.” The last reported sale price for our common stock on February 1, 2024 as quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market was $3.81 per share. The last reported sale price for our Public Warrants on February 1, 2024 as quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market was $0.85 per share. You are urged to obtain current market quotations of our common stock and Public Warrants. We have no preferred stock, warrants (except for the Public Warrants), debt securities, subscription rights or units listed on any market. Each prospectus supplement will indicate if the securities offered thereby will be listed on any securities exchange.

Investing in our securities involves risk. You should carefully consider the risks that we refer you to under the section captioned “Risk Factors” in this prospectus on page 4 before buying our securities.

Should we offer any of the securities described in this prospectus, we will provide you with the specific terms of the particular securities being offered in supplements to this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and any supplement, together with additional information described under the headings “Additional Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference” carefully before you invest. This prospectus may not be used to sell securities unless accompanied by a prospectus supplement.

We may sell these securities directly to our stockholders or to other purchasers or through agents on our behalf or through underwriters or dealers as designated from time to time. If any agents or underwriters are involved in the sale of any of these securities, the applicable prospectus supplement will provide the names of the agents or underwriters and any applicable fees, commissions or discounts.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is February 13, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS	1
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	2
RISK FACTORS	4
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	5
USE OF PROCEEDS	7
THE SECURITIES WE MAY OFFER	8
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK	9
DESCRIPTION OF STOCK WARRANTS	15
DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES	16
DESCRIPTION OF SUBSCRIPTION RIGHTS	21
DESCRIPTION OF UNITS	22
FORMS OF SECURITIES	23
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	25
LEGAL MATTERS	29
EXPERTS	29
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	29
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE	30

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may from time to time offer and sell, in one or more offerings, any or all of the securities described in this prospectus, separately or together, up to an aggregate offering price of $200,000,000. This prospectus provides you with a general description of our securities being offered. When we issue the securities being offered by this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of that offering. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any prospectus supplement together with additional information described under the heading “Additional Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference.”

You may only rely on the information contained in this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement or in any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you to. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. This prospectus and any prospectus supplement do not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the securities offered by this prospectus and the prospectus supplement. This prospectus and any prospectus supplement do not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities in any circumstances in which such offer or solicitation is unlawful. Neither the delivery of this prospectus or any prospectus supplement nor any sale made hereunder shall, under any circumstances, create any implication that there has been no change in our affairs since the date of this prospectus or such prospectus supplement or that the information contained by reference to this prospectus or any prospectus supplement is correct as of any time after its date.

Reviva Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. is referred to herein as “Reviva,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our,” unless the context indicates otherwise.

1

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

The following summary highlights some information from this prospectus. It is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before making an investment decision. You should read this entire prospectus, including the “Risk Factors” section on page 4 and the disclosures to which that section refers you, the financial statements and related notes and the other more detailed information appearing elsewhere or incorporated by reference into this prospectus before investing in any of the securities described in this prospectus.

About Us

We are a late-stage pharmaceutical company that discovers, develops, and seeks to commercialize next-generation therapeutics for diseases representing significant unmet medical needs and burdens to society, patients, and their families. Our current pipeline focuses on the central nervous system, inflammatory, and cardiometabolic diseases. We use a chemical genomics driven technology platform and proprietary chemistry to develop new medicines. Our pipeline currently has two product candidates, brilaroxazine (RP5063) and RP1208. Both are new chemical entities discovered in-house. We have been granted composition of matter patents for both brilaroxazine and RP1208 in the United States (“U.S.”), Europe, and several other countries.

Our lead product candidate, brilaroxazine, is in clinical development and is intended to treat multiple neuropsychiatric indications. These include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (“BD”), major depressive disorder (“MDD”), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (“ADHD”), behavioral and psychotic symptoms of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease (“BPSD”), and Parkinson’s disease psychosis (“PDP”). Furthermore, brilaroxazine is also ready for clinical development for two respiratory indications — pulmonary arterial hypertension (“PAH”) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (“IPF”). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) granted Orphan Drug Designation to brilaroxazine for the treatment of PAH in November 2016 and IPF in April 2018. Brilaroxazine also is in preclinical development for the treatment of psoriasis.

On January 10, 2022, the FDA notified us that we could proceed with our Phase 3 RECOVER trial (the “RECOVER Trial”), which is a global Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study designed to assess the safety and efficacy of brilaroxazine in approximately 400 patients with acute schizophrenia compared to placebo. We received regulatory approval for initiating the study in Asia (India) on October 11, 2022 and multiple sites were initiated in India in November and December 2022. On October 30, 2023, we announced positive topline results of the RECOVER Trial.  See “Recent Developments” below.

Our primary focus is to complete the clinical development of brilaroxazine for the treatment of acute and maintenance schizophrenia.

Subject to the receipt of additional financing, we may also continue the clinical development of brilaroxazine for the treatment of BD, MDD, ADHD, BPSD, PDP, PAH and IPF. Moreover, subject to the receipt of additional financing, we may also advance the development of our second drug candidate, RP1208, for the treatment of depression and obesity.

Recent Developments

On October 30, 2023, we announced positive topline results and successful completion of its pivotal Phase 3 RECOVER trial evaluating the efficacy, safety and tolerability of once-daily brilaroxazine, a serotonin dopamine signaling modulator in adults with schizophrenia. The trial successfully met its primary endpoint, with brilaroxazine at the 50 mg dose achieving a statistically significant and clinically meaningful 10.1-point reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score compared to placebo (-23.9 brilaroxazine 50 mg vs. -13.8 placebo, p<0.001) at week 4. Brilaroxazine also achieved statistically significant and clinically meaningful reductions in all major symptom domains and secondary endpoints at week 4 with the 50 mg dose vs. placebo. The 15 mg dose of brilaroxazine was numerically superior to placebo on the primary endpoint and most secondary endpoints, and reached statistical significance on two key secondary endpoints.

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Key statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements with brilaroxazine vs. placebo in patients with schizophrenia and a mean PANSS total score of 97-99 at baseline include:

Primary and Secondary Endpoints	Point Reduction/ Improvement for Brilaroxazine 50 mg vs. Placebo at Week 4	Cohen’s d Effect Size	P Value
PANSS Total Score	10.1	0.6	< 0.001
Positive Symptoms	2.8	0.5	< 0.001
Negative Symptoms (“NS”)	2.0	0.4	0.003
NS Marder Factor	2.1	0.4	0.002
PANSS Social Cognition	1.6	0.5	< 0.001
PANSS Excitement/Agitation	2.1	0.5	< 0.001
Personal and Social Performance	6.3	0.5	< 0.001
CGI-S score	≥1	0.5	< 0.001

Key clinical safety and tolerability findings of brilaroxazine support a safe and well-tolerated profile

•	No drug related serious adverse events (SAEs) or treatment-emergent SAEs (TESAEs) observed or major safety concerns reported for brilaroxazine after 4 weeks of treatment
•	No incidence of suicidal ideation
•	No significant change in bodyweight, blood glucose levels, lipids levels, or endocrine hormones (prolactin, thyroid hormone) compared to placebo
•	Akathisia and extrapyramidal symptoms <1% reported for brilaroxazine 50 mg and none for 15 mg
•	Low discontinuation rates with brilaroxazine that were less than placebo (16% in brilaroxazine 50mg and 19% in brilaroxazine 15mg vs. 22% placebo)

The brilaroxazine program consists of the completed positive Phase 2 REFRESH and Phase 3 RECOVER trials, as well as an ongoing 1-year open label extension (OLE) trial evaluating the long-term safety and tolerability, and soon to be initiated registrational global, randomized 6-week Phase 3 RECOVER-2 trial. We expect to report topline data from the OLE trial in Q4-2024 and initiate the registrational Phase 3 RECOVER-2 trial in Q1-2024, with completion anticipated in the first half of 2025. These data from our brilaroxazine program will potentially support the planned NDA submission to the FDA expected in 2025.

The RECOVER Trial is a global Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study designed to assess the safety and efficacy of brilaroxazine in 412 patients with acute schizophrenia compared to placebo. Brilaroxazine was administered at fixed doses of 15 mg or 50 mg once daily for 28 days. The primary endpoint is a decrease in Positive and Negative Symptoms Assessment total score compared to placebo from baseline to Day 28. Key secondary endpoints include clinical global impression (CGI) severity scale, positive and negative symptoms, social functioning and cognition.

Business Combination and Domestication

On December 14, 2020, our predecessor company, formerly known as Tenzing Acquisition Corp., a British Virgin Islands exempted company (“Tenzing”), and Reviva Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “Old Reviva”), consummated the transactions contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 20, 2020 (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Tenzing, Tenzing Merger Subsidiary Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Tenzing (“Merger Sub”), Old Reviva, and the other parties thereto. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Old Reviva, with Old Reviva surviving as our wholly owned subsidiary. We refer to this transaction as the “Business Combination.” In connection with and one day prior to the completion of the Business Combination, Tenzing re-domiciled out of the British Virgin Islands and continued as a company incorporated in the State of Delaware, and changed its name to Reviva Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. Prior to the completion of the Business Combination, the Company was a shell company. Following the Business Combination, the business of Old Reviva is the business of the Company.

Old Reviva was incorporated in the state of Delaware on May 1, 2006 and its subsidiary, Reviva Pharmaceuticals India Pvt. Ltd., was incorporated on December 23, 2014. Tenzing was formed pursuant to the laws of the British Virgin Islands on March 20, 2018.

Corporate Information

Our principal offices are located at 19925 Stevens Creek Blvd., Suite 100, Cupertino, CA 95014, and our telephone number is (408) 501-8881. Our website address is http://revivapharma.com. Our website and the information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference in, and are not considered part of, this prospectus. You should not rely on any such information in making your decision whether to purchase our common stock.

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RISK FACTORS

Before purchasing any of the securities you should carefully consider the risk factors incorporated by reference in this prospectus from our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and any subsequent updates described in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well as the risks, uncertainties and additional information set forth in our SEC reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K and in the other documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus. For a description of these reports and documents, and information about where you can find them, see “Additional Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Information By Reference.” Additional risks not presently known or that we presently consider to be immaterial could subsequently materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects.

Summary Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those in the risk factors incorporated by reference in this prospectus as described above. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

● we have never generated any product revenues;

● we expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability;

● our recurring losses from operations have raised substantiated doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern;

● we are heavily dependent on the success of brilaroxazine, our only advanced product candidate, which is still under clinical development, and if brilaroxazine does not receive regulatory approval or is not successfully commercialized, our business will be harmed;

● we will require additional capital to fund our operations, and if we fail to obtain necessary financing, we may not be able to complete the development and commercialization of brilaroxazine or RP1208;

● if the interpretations, estimates or judgments we use to prepare our financial statements prove to be incorrect, we may be required to restate our financial results, which could have a number of material adverse effects on us;

● clinical trials are very expensive, time-consuming, difficult to design and implement and involve an uncertain outcome;

● we face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively;

● we do not have our own manufacturing capabilities and will rely on third parties to produce clinical and commercial supplies of brilaroxazine, RP1208 and any future product candidate;

● we currently rely and intend to continue to rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials, and if those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business;

	●	if we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technology and products or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets;
	●	continuing effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and global pandemic, or future health crises, pandemics or similar events, could adversely impact our business, including our clinical trials;

	●	if we fail to maintain compliance with the requirements of The Nasdaq Capital Market for continued listing, our common stock may be delisted and the price of our common stock and our ability to access the capital markets could be negatively impacted;
	●	certain of our warrants are accounted for as liabilities and the changes in value of such warrants could have a material effect on our financial results;

● we do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future, and consequently, any gains from an investment in our common stock will likely depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock;

● our officers, directors, and principal stockholders exercise significant control over our Company, and will control our company for the foreseeable future, including the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval; and

● other risk factors incorporated by reference in this prospectus as described above.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus contain, and our officers and representatives may from time to time make, “forward-looking statements,” which include information relating to future events, future financial performance, financial projections, strategies, expectations, competitive environment and regulation. Words such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “future,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” “goal,” “seek,” “project,” “strategy,” “likely,” and similar expressions, as well as statements in future tense, identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts, nor should they be read as a guarantee of future performance or results and may not be accurate indications of when such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information we have when those statements are made or management’s good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events, and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

● the success of our current or planned clinical trials through all phases of clinical development, including our ability to conduct and complete clinical trials in accordance with projected timelines, our ability to achieve the desired results, and our ability to successfully complete requisite regulatory review and approval processes;

● our ability to grow and manage growth economically;

● our ability to retain key executives and medical and science personnel;

● the possibility that our products in development succeed in or fail clinical trials or are not approved by the FDA or other applicable authorities;

● the possibility that we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our planned clinical trials or development programs;

● our ability to obtain approval from regulatory agents in different jurisdictions for our current or future product candidates;

● changes in applicable laws or regulations;

● changes to our relationships within the pharmaceutical ecosystem;

● the performance of third-party suppliers and manufacturers and our ability to find additional suppliers and manufacturers and obtain alternative sources of raw materials;

● our current and future capital requirements to support our development and commercialization efforts and our ability to satisfy our capital needs;

● our ability to access capital on acceptable terms in a rising interest rate and tighter credit environment;

● expectations regarding our ability to continue as a going concern;

● the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses and capital requirements, including estimated costs of our clinical studies;

● our limited operating history;

● our history of operating losses in each year since inception and expectation that we will continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future;

● the valuation of our private common warrants could increase the volatility in our net income (loss);

● changes in the markets that we target;

● our ability to maintain or protect the validity of our patents and other intellectual property;

● our exposure to any liability, protracted and costly litigation or reputational damage relating to data security;

● the sufficiency of our existing capital resources to fund our future operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements;

● our ability to maintain the listing of our common stock and listed warrants on Nasdaq;

● our ability to develop and maintain effective internal controls; and

● the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors.

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The foregoing does not represent an exhaustive list of matters that may be covered by the forward-looking statements contained herein and in the documents incorporated by reference herein or risk factors that we are faced with that may cause our actual results to differ from those anticipate in our forward-looking statements. Factors that may affect our results include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties discussed in the “Risk Factors” section on page 4 of this prospectus, in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K or in other reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Moreover, new risks regularly emerge and it is not possible for our management to predict or articulate all risks we face, nor can we assess the impact of all risks on our business or the extent to which any risk, or combination of risks, may cause actual results to differ from those contained in any forward-looking statements. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, do not protect any forward-looking statements that we make in connection with this offering. All forward-looking statements included in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus are based on information available to us on the date of this prospectus or the date of the applicable document incorporated by reference. Except to the extent required by applicable laws or rules, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained above and throughout this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

You should rely only on the information in this prospectus. We have not authorized any other person to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely upon it.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

Unless we inform you otherwise in the prospectus supplement, we will use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities offered by this prospectus and the exercise price from the exercise of any convertible securities, if any, to fund research and development activities, including clinical and regulatory development and the continued development of our drug candidates, including brilaroxazine and RP1208, acquisitions or investments in businesses, products or technologies that are complementary to our own, and for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

When particular securities are offered, the prospectus supplement relating to that offering will set forth our intended use of the net proceeds received from the sale of those securities we sell. Pending the application of the net proceeds for these purposes, we expect to invest the proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing instruments or other investment-grade securities.

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THE SECURITIES WE MAY OFFER

General

The descriptions of the securities contained in this prospectus, together with the applicable prospectus supplements, summarize all of the material terms and provisions of the various types of securities that we may offer. We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to any securities the particular terms of the securities offered by that prospectus supplement. If we indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, the terms of the securities may differ from the terms we have summarized below. We may also include in the prospectus supplement information about material United States federal income tax considerations relating to the securities, and the securities exchange, if any, on which the securities will be listed.

We may sell from time to time, in one or more offerings:

● common stock;

● preferred stock;

● debt securities;

● subscription rights to purchase shares of common stock, preferred stock or debt securities;

● warrants to purchase shares of common stock or preferred stock; and

● units consisting of any combination of the securities listed above.

In this prospectus, we refer to the common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, subscription rights, warrants and units collectively as “securities.” The total dollar amount of all securities that we may sell will not exceed $200,000,000.

If we issue debt securities at a discount from their original stated principal amount, then, for purposes of calculating the total dollar amount of all securities issued under this prospectus, we will treat the initial offering price of the debt securities as the total original principal amount of the debt securities.

This prospectus may not be used to consummate a sale of securities unless it is accompanied by a prospectus supplement.

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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

General

Our authorized capital stock consists of:

● 115,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; and

● 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share.

As of close of business on January 29, 2024, 27,918,560 shares of our common stock were issued and outstanding and no shares of our preferred stock were issued and outstanding.

The additional shares of our authorized capital stock available for issuance may be issued at times and under circumstances so as to have a dilutive effect on earnings per share and on the equity ownership of the holders of our common stock. The ability of our board of directors to issue additional shares of stock could enhance the board’s ability to negotiate on behalf of the stockholders in a takeover situation but could also be used by the board to make a change-in-control more difficult, thereby denying stockholders the potential to sell their shares at a premium and entrenching current management. The following description is a summary of the material provisions of our capital stock. You should refer to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, both of which are on file with the SEC as exhibits to previous SEC filings, for additional information. The summary below is qualified by provisions of applicable law.

Common Stock

Voting. The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters on which the holders are entitled to vote (or consent pursuant to written consent). When a quorum is present at any meeting of stockholders, any matter before any such meeting (other than an election of a director or directors) shall be decided by a majority of the votes properly cast on such matter, except where a different vote is required by law, by the rules or regulations of any stock exchange applicable to us, or pursuant to any regulation applicable to us or our securities, or matters relating solely to the terms of preferred stock, in which case, such different vote shall apply. A majority in voting power of the shares entitled to vote at the meeting, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of stockholders. Directors are elected by a plurality of the votes present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote.

Dividends. The holders of our common stock are entitled to receive, ratably, dividends only if, when and as declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available therefor and after provision is made for each class of capital stock having preference over our common stock.

Liquidation Rights. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of our common stock are entitled to share, ratably, in all assets remaining available for distribution after payment of all liabilities and after provision is made for each class of capital stock having preference over our common stock.

Conversion Right. The holders of our common stock have no conversion rights.

Preemptive and Similar Rights. The holders of our common stock have no preemptive or similar rights.

Redemption/Put Rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock. All of the outstanding shares of our common stock are fully-paid and non-assessable.

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Transfer Agent and Registrar

Continental Stock Transfer and Trust, located at 1 State Street 30th Floor, New York, NY 10004, is the transfer agent and registrar for our common stock.

Preferred Stock

We are authorized to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, with such designations, rights, and preferences as may be determined from time to time by our board of directors. Accordingly, our board of directors is empowered, without stockholder approval, to issue preferred stock with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting, or other rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our common stock. The issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of restricting dividends on our common stock, diluting the voting power of our common stock, impairing the liquidation rights of our common stock, or delaying or preventing a change in control of our company.

If we offer a specific series of preferred stock under this prospectus, we will describe the terms of the preferred stock in the prospectus supplement for such offering and will file a copy of the certificate establishing the terms of the preferred stock with the SEC. To the extent required, this description will include:

● the title and stated value;

● the number of shares offered, the liquidation preference per share and the purchase price;

● the dividend rate(s), period(s) and/or payment date(s), or method(s) of calculation for such dividends;

● whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative and, if cumulative, the date from which dividends will accumulate;

● the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any;

● the provisions for a sinking fund, if any;

● the provisions for redemption, including any restriction on repurchase or redemption while there is any arrearage in the payment of dividends or sinking fund installments, if applicable;

● any listing of the preferred stock on any securities exchange or market;

● whether the preferred stock will be convertible into our common stock, and, if applicable, the conversion price (or how it will be calculated) and conversion period;

● whether the preferred stock will be exchangeable into debt securities, and, if applicable, the exchange price (or how it will be calculated) and exchange period;

● voting rights, if any, of the preferred stock;

● a discussion of any material and/or special U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to the preferred stock;

● the relative ranking and preferences of the preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs; and

● any material limitations on issuance of any class or series of preferred stock ranking senior to or on a parity with the series of preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up our Company.

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Transfer Agent and Registrar for Preferred Stock

The transfer agent and registrar for any series or class of preferred stock will be set forth in each applicable prospectus supplement.

Anti-takeover Effects of Delaware Law and our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and the DGCL each contain provisions, which are summarized in the following paragraphs, which are intended to enhance the likelihood of continuity and stability in the composition of our board of directors and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened acquisition of the Company. These provisions are intended to avoid costly takeover battles, reduce the Company’s vulnerability to a hostile change of control or other unsolicited acquisition proposal, and enhance the ability of our board of directors to maximize stockholder value in connection with any unsolicited offer to acquire the Company. However, these provisions may have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a merger or acquisition of the Company by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or other takeover attempt that a stockholder might consider in its best interest, including attempts that might result in a premium over the prevailing market price for the shares of common stock. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that any action required or permitted to be taken by the Company’s stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual meeting of such stockholders and may not be effected by any consent in writing by such holders unless such action is recommended by all directors of our board of directors then in office, except that holders of one or more series of Preferred Stock, if such series are expressly permitted to do so by the certificate of designation relating to such series, may take any action by written consent if such action permitted to be taken by such holders and the written consent is signed by the holders of outstanding shares of the relevant class or series having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting.

Authorized but Unissued Capital Stock

Delaware law does not require stockholder approval for any issuance of authorized shares. However, the listing requirements of Nasdaq, which apply so long as the common stock remains listed on Nasdaq, require stockholder approval of certain issuances equal to or exceeding 20% of the then outstanding voting power or then outstanding number of shares of common stock. Additional shares that may be issued in the future may be used for a variety of corporate purposes, including future public offerings, to raise additional capital or to facilitate acquisitions.

One of the effects of the existence of unissued and unreserved common stock may be to enable our board of directors to issue shares to persons friendly to current management, which issuance could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of the Company by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise and thereby protect the continuity of management and possibly deprive stockholders of opportunities to sell their shares of common stock at prices higher than prevailing market prices.

Election of Directors and Vacancies

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that our board of directors will determine the number of directors who will serve on our board of directors, subject to the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock to elect additional directors. The exact number of directors will be fixed solely and exclusively by resolution duly adopted from time to time by our board of directors.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that any vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy that results from an increase in the number of directors or a vacancy that results from the death, resignation, disqualification or removal of a director, may be filled only by a majority of the directors then in office, even if less than a quorum, subject to the rights, if any, of the holders of preferred stock.

Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section, each director will serve until his successor is duly elected and qualified or until his earlier death, resignation or removal. No decrease in the number of directors constituting our board of directors will shorten the term of any incumbent director.

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Business Combinations

We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”). In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in the following prescribed manner:

● prior to the time of the transaction, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;

● upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the number of shares outstanding (1) shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers and (2) shares owned by employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; and

● on or subsequent to the time of the transaction, the business combination is approved by the board and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder.

Generally, for purposes of Section 203, a “business combination” includes a merger, asset or stock sale, or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. An “interested stockholder” is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns or, within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status, owned 15% or more of a corporation’s outstanding voting securities.

Such provisions may encourage companies interested in acquiring us to negotiate in advance with our board of directors because the stockholder approval requirement would be avoided if our board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction that results in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder. However, such provisions also could discourage attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares held by stockholders. These provisions also may make it more difficult to accomplish transactions that stockholders may otherwise deem to be in their best interests.

Quorum

Our bylaws provide that at any meeting of our board of directors, a majority of the directors then in office constitutes a quorum for all purposes.

No Cumulative Voting

Under Delaware law, the right to vote cumulatively does not exist unless the certificate of incorporation expressly authorizes cumulative voting. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation does not authorize cumulative voting.

General Stockholder Meetings

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that special meetings of stockholders may be called only by our board of directors acting pursuant to a resolution approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of our board of directors, subject to the rights, if any, of the holders of any series of preferred stock.

Requirements for Advance Notification of Stockholder Meetings, Nominations and Proposals

Our bylaws establish advance notice procedures with respect to stockholder proposals and the nomination of candidates for election as directors, other than nominations made by or at the direction of our board of directors. For any matter to be “properly brought” before a meeting, a stockholder will have to comply with advance notice requirements and provide us with certain information. Generally, to be timely, a stockholder’s notice must be received by the Secretary at our principal executive offices not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the one-year anniversary of the date of the preceding annual meeting of stockholders (for the purposes of the first annual meeting of our stockholders following the adoption of our bylaws, a stockholder’s notice must be received by the Secretary at the Company’s principal executive offices not later than (i) 90 days prior to the date of the first annual meeting or (ii) less than 10 days following the date the first annual meeting is publicly announced). Our bylaws also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice. Our bylaws allow our board of directors or a committee of our board of directors to determine whether a nomination or any business proposed to be brought before a special meeting of the stockholders was made in accordance with our bylaws. These provisions may also defer, delay or discourage a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to influence or obtain control of us.

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Amendment Provisions

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our bylaws provide that our board of directors, by the affirmative vote of a majority of our board of directors, is expressly authorized to make, alter, amend, change, add to, rescind or repeal, in whole or in part, our bylaws without a stockholder vote in any matter not inconsistent with the laws of the State of Delaware. Any amendment, alteration, rescission or repeal of our bylaws by our stockholders requires the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority in voting power of all the then outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single class.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that it may be amended, altered, changed or repealed in accordance with the DGCL.

Exclusive Forum

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent to the selection of an alternative forum, any (i) derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company to us or our stockholders, creditors or other constituents, (iii) action asserting a claim against the Company or any of our directors or officers arising pursuant to, or a claim against the Company or any director or officer of the Company with respect to the interpretation or application of any provision of, the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our bylaws or (iv) action asserting a claim against the Company or any director or officer of the Company governed by the internal affairs doctrine will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be solely and exclusively brought in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction thereof, any other court located in the State of Delaware with subject matter jurisdiction. To the fullest extent permitted by law, any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of capital stock of the Company will be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. However, it is possible that a court could find our forum selection provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable. Although we believe this provision benefits it by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law in believe types of lawsuits to which it applies, the provision may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended; provided, however, that this provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

Potential Effects of Authorized but Unissued Stock

We have shares of common stock and preferred stock available for future issuance without stockholder approval. We may utilize these additional shares for a variety of corporate purposes, including future public offerings to raise additional capital, to facilitate corporate acquisitions or payment as a dividend on the capital stock.

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The existence of unissued and unreserved common stock and preferred stock may enable our board of directors to issue shares to persons friendly to current management or to issue preferred stock with terms that could render more difficult or discourage a third-party attempt to obtain control of us by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise, thereby protecting the continuity of our management. In addition, the board of directors has the discretion to determine designations, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences of each series of preferred stock, all to the fullest extent permissible under the DGCL and subject to any limitations set forth in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. The purpose of authorizing the board of directors to issue preferred stock and to determine the rights and preferences applicable to such preferred stock is to eliminate delays associated with a stockholder vote on specific issuances. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing desirable flexibility in connection with possible financings, acquisitions and other corporate purposes, could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third-party to acquire, or could discourage a third-party from acquiring, a majority of our outstanding voting stock.

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DESCRIPTION OF STOCK WARRANTS

We summarize below some of the provisions that will apply to the warrants unless the applicable prospectus supplement provides otherwise. This summary may not contain all information that is important to you. The complete terms of the warrants will be contained in the applicable warrant certificate and warrant agreement. These documents have been or will be included or incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. You should read the warrant certificate and the warrant agreement. You should also read the prospectus supplement, which will contain additional information and which may update or change some of the information below.

General

We may issue warrants to purchase our debt or equity securities or securities of third parties or other rights, including rights to receive payment in cash or securities based on the value, rate or price of one or more specified commodities, currencies, securities or indices, or any combination of the foregoing. Warrants may be issued independently or together with any other securities and may be attached to, or separate from, such securities. Each series of warrants will be issued under a separate warrant agreement to be entered into between us and a bank, trust company or other financial institution, as warrant agent, or we may issue warrants directly to investors. A description of the terms and material provisions of any warrants we may issue will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the following terms of any warrants in respect of which this prospectus is being delivered:

● the title of such warrants;

● the aggregate number of such warrants;

● the price or prices at which such warrants will be issued;

● the currency or currencies in which the price of such warrants will be payable;

● the securities or other rights, including rights to receive payment in cash or securities based on the value, rate or price of one or more specified commodities, currencies, securities or indices, or any combination of the foregoing, purchasable upon exercise of such warrants;

● the price at which and the currency or currencies in which the securities or other rights purchasable upon exercise of such warrants may be purchased;

● the date on which the right to exercise such warrants shall commence and the date on which such right shall expire;

● if applicable, the minimum or maximum amount of such warrants which may be exercised at any one time;

● provision for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price of such warrants, if any;

● if applicable, the designation and terms of the securities with which such warrants are issued and the number of such warrants issued with each such security;

● if applicable, the date on and after which such warrants and the related securities will be separately transferable;

● information with respect to book-entry procedures, if any;

● if applicable, a discussion of any material United States Federal income tax or foreign income tax considerations; and

● any other terms of such warrants, including terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of such warrants.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar, if any, for any warrants will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

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DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES

This prospectus describes certain general terms and provisions of debt securities that we may offer. The debt securities may be issued pursuant to, in the case of senior debt securities, a senior indenture, and in the case of subordinated debt securities, a subordinated indenture, in each case in the forms filed as exhibits to this registration statement, which we refer to as the “indentures.” The indentures will be entered into between us and a trustee to be named prior to the issuance of any debt securities, which we refer to as the “trustee.” The indentures will not limit the amount of debt securities that can be issued thereunder and will provide that the debt securities may be issued from time to time in one or more series pursuant to the terms of one or more securities resolutions or supplemental indentures creating such series.

We have summarized below the material provisions of the indentures and the debt securities or indicated which material provisions will be described in the related prospectus supplement for any offering of debt securities. These descriptions are only summaries, and you should refer to the relevant indenture for the particular offering of debt securities itself which will describe completely the terms and definitions of the offered debt securities and contain additional information about the debt securities.

Terms

When we offer to sell a particular series of debt securities, we will describe the specific terms of the securities in a prospectus supplement. The prospectus supplement will set forth the following terms, as applicable, of the debt securities offered thereby:

● the designation, aggregate principal amount, currency or composite currency and denominations;

● the price at which such debt securities will be issued and, if an index formula or other method is used, the method for determining amounts of principal or interest;

● the maturity date and other dates, if any, on which principal will be payable;

● whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt;

● whether the debt securities rank as senior debt, senior subordinated debt, subordinated debt or any combination thereof, and the terms of any subordination;

● the interest rate (which may be fixed or variable), if any;

● the date or dates from which interest will accrue and on which interest will be payable, and the record dates for the payment of interest;

● the manner of paying principal and interest;

● the place or places where principal and interest will be payable;

● the terms of any mandatory or optional redemption by us or any third party including any sinking fund;

● the terms of any conversion or exchange;

● the terms of any redemption at the option of holders or put by the holders;

● any tax indemnity provisions;

● if the debt securities provide that payments of principal or interest may be made in a currency other than that in which the debt securities are denominated, the manner for determining such payments;

● the portion of principal payable upon acceleration of a Discounted Debt Security (as defined below);

● whether and upon what terms debt securities may be defeased;

● any events of default or covenants in addition to or in lieu of those set forth in the indentures;

● provisions for electronic issuance of debt securities or for the issuance of debt securities in uncertificated form; and

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● any additional provisions or other special terms not inconsistent with the provisions of the indentures, including any terms that may be required or advisable under United States or other applicable laws or regulations, or advisable in connection with the marketing of the debt securities.

Debt securities of any series may be issued as registered debt securities or uncertificated debt securities, in such denominations as specified in the terms of the series.

Securities may be issued under the indentures as Discounted Debt Securities to be offered and sold at a substantial discount from the principal amount thereof. Special United States federal income tax and other considerations applicable thereto will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to such Discounted Debt Securities. “Discounted Debt Security” means a security where the amount of principal due upon acceleration is less than the stated principal amount.

We are not obligated to issue all debt securities of one series at the same time and, unless otherwise provided in the prospectus supplement, we may reopen a series, without the consent of the holders of the debt securities of that series, for the issuance of additional debt securities of that series. Additional debt securities of a particular series will have the same terms and conditions as outstanding debt securities of such series, except for the date of original issuance and the offering price, and will be consolidated with, and form a single series with, such outstanding debt securities.

Ranking

The senior debt securities will rank equally with all of our other senior and unsubordinated debt. Our secured debt, if any, will be effectively senior to the senior debt securities to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt. The subordinated debt securities will be subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of our present and future senior indebtedness to the extent and in the manner described in the prospectus supplement and as set forth in the board resolution, officer’s certificate or supplemental indenture relating to such offering.

We have only a stockholder’s claim on the assets of our subsidiaries. This stockholder’s claim is junior to the claims that creditors of our subsidiaries have against our subsidiaries. Holders of our debt securities will be our creditors and not creditors of any of our subsidiaries. As a result, all the existing and future liabilities of our subsidiaries, including any claims of their creditors, will effectively be senior to the debt securities with respect to the assets of our subsidiaries. In addition, to the extent that we issue any secured debt, the debt securities will be effectively subordinated to such secured debt to the extent of the value of the assets securing such secured debt.

The debt securities will be obligations exclusively of Reviva Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc. To the extent that our ability to service our debt, including the debt securities, may be dependent upon the earnings of our subsidiaries, our ability to do so will be dependent on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute those earnings to us as dividends, loans or other payments.

Certain Covenants

Any covenants that may apply to a particular series of debt securities will be described in the prospectus supplement relating thereto.

Successor Obligor

The indentures provide that, unless otherwise specified in the securities resolution or supplemental indenture establishing a series of debt securities, we shall not consolidate with or merge into, or transfer all or substantially all of our assets to, any person in any transaction in which we are not the survivor, unless:

● the person is organized under the laws of the United States or a jurisdiction within the United States;

● the person assumes by supplemental indenture all of our obligations under the relevant indenture, the debt securities and any coupons;

● immediately after the transaction no Default (as defined below) exists; and

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● we deliver to the trustee an officers’ certificate and opinion of counsel stating that the transaction complies with the foregoing requirements and that all conditions precedent provided for in the indenture relating to the transaction have been complied with.

In such event, the successor will be substituted for us, and thereafter all of our obligations under the relevant indenture, the debt securities and any coupons will terminate.

The indentures provide that these limitations shall not apply if our board of directors makes a good faith determination that the principal purpose of the transaction is to change our state of incorporation.

Exchange of Debt Securities

Registered debt securities may be exchanged for an equal aggregate principal amount of registered debt securities of the same series and date of maturity in such authorized denominations as may be requested upon surrender of the registered debt securities at an agency of the Company maintained for such purpose and upon fulfillment of all other requirements of such agent.

Default and Remedies

Unless the securities resolution or supplemental indenture establishing the series otherwise provides (in which event the prospectus supplement will so state), an “Event of Default” with respect to a series of debt securities will occur if:

(1) we default in any payment of interest on any debt securities of such series when the same becomes due and payable and the default continues for a period of 30 days;

(2) we default in the payment of all or any part of the principal and premium, if any, of any debt securities of such series when the same becomes due and payable at maturity or upon redemption, acceleration or otherwise and such default shall continue for five or more days;

(3) we default in the performance of any of our other agreements applicable to the series and the default continues for 30 days after the notice specified below;

(4) a court of competent jurisdiction enters an order or decree under any Bankruptcy Law (as defined below) that:

	(A)	is for relief against us in an involuntary case,
	(B)	appoints a Custodian (as defined below) for us or for any substantial part of our property, or
	(C)	orders the winding up or liquidation of us, and the order or decree remains unstayed and in effect for 90 consecutive days;

(5) we, pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law:

	(A)	commence a voluntary case,
	(B)	consent to the entry of an order for relief against us in an involuntary case,
	(C)	consent to the appointment of a Custodian for us or for any substantial part of our property, or
	(D)	make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors; or

(6) there occurs any other Event of Default provided for in such series.

The term “Bankruptcy Law” means Title 11 of the United States Code or any similar Federal or State law for the relief of debtors. The term “Custodian” means any receiver, trustee, assignee, liquidator or a similar official under any Bankruptcy Law.

“Default” means any event which is, or after notice or passage of time would be, an Event of Default. A Default under subparagraph (3) above is not an Event of Default until the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the series notify us of the Default and we do not cure the Default within the time specified after receipt of the notice.

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The trustee may require indemnity satisfactory to it before it enforces the indentures or the debt securities of the series. Subject to certain limitations, holders of a majority in principal amount of the debt securities of the series may direct the trustee in its exercise of any trust or power with respect to such series. Except in the case of Default in payment on a series, the trustee may withhold from securityholders of such series notice of any continuing Default if the trustee determines that withholding notice is in the interest of such securityholders. We are required to furnish the trustee annually a brief certificate as to our compliance with all conditions and covenants under the indentures.

The indentures do not have cross-default provisions. Thus, a default by us on any other debt, including any other series of debt securities, would not constitute an Event of Default.

Amendments and Waivers

The indentures and the debt securities or any coupons of the series may be amended, and any Default may be waived as follows:

Unless the securities resolution or supplemental indenture otherwise provides (in which event the applicable prospectus supplement will so state), the debt securities and the indentures may be amended with the consent of the holders of a majority in principal amount of the debt securities of all series affected voting as one class. Unless the securities resolution or supplemental indenture otherwise provides (in which event the applicable prospectus supplement will so state), a Default other than a Default in payment on a particular series may be waived with the consent of the holders of a majority in principal amount of the debt securities of the series. However, without the consent of each securityholder affected, no amendment or waiver may:

● change the fixed maturity of or the time for payment of interest on any debt security;

● reduce the principal, premium or interest payable with respect to any debt security;

● change the place of payment of a debt security or the currency in which the principal or interest on a debt security is payable;

● change the provisions for calculating any redemption or repurchase price with respect to any debt security;

● adversely affect any holder’s right to receive payment of principal and interest or to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment;

● reduce the amount of debt securities whose holders must consent to an amendment or waiver;

● make any change that materially adversely affects the right to convert any debt security;

● waive any Default in payment of principal of or interest on a debt security; or

● adversely affect any holder’s rights with respect to redemption or repurchase of a debt security.

Without the consent of any securityholder, the indentures or the debt securities may be amended to:

● provide for assumption of our obligations to securityholders in the event of a merger or consolidation requiring such assumption;

● cure any ambiguity, omission, defect or inconsistency;

● conform the terms of the debt securities to the description thereof in the prospectus and prospectus supplement offering such debt securities;

● create a series and establish its terms;

● provide for the acceptance of appointment by a successor trustee or to facilitate the administration of the trusts by more than one trustee;

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	●	provide for uncertificated or unregistered securities;
	●	make any change that does not adversely affect the rights of any securityholder;
	●	add to our covenants; or
	●	make any other change to the indentures so long as no debt securities are outstanding.

Conversion Rights

Any securities resolution or supplemental indenture establishing a series of debt securities may provide that the debt securities of such series will be convertible at the option of the holders thereof into or for our common stock or other equity or debt instruments. The securities resolution or supplemental indenture may establish, among other things, (1) the number or amount of shares of common stock or other equity or debt instruments for which $1,000 aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of the series is convertible, as may be adjusted pursuant to the terms of the relevant indenture and the securities resolution; and (2) provisions for adjustments to the conversion rate and limitations upon exercise of the conversion right. The indentures provide that we will not be required to make an adjustment in the conversion rate unless the adjustment would require a cumulative change of at least 1% in the conversion rate. However, we will carry forward any adjustments that are less than 1% of the conversion rate and take them into account in any subsequent adjustment of the conversion rate.

Legal Defeasance and Covenant Defeasance

Debt securities of a series may be defeased in accordance with their terms and, unless the securities resolution or supplemental indenture establishing the terms of the series otherwise provides, as set forth below. We at any time may terminate as to a series all of our obligations (except for certain obligations, including obligations with respect to the defeasance trust and obligations to register the transfer or exchange of a debt security, to replace destroyed, lost or stolen debt securities and coupons and to maintain paying agencies in respect of the debt securities) with respect to the debt securities of the series and any related coupons and the relevant indenture, which we refer to as legal defeasance. We at any time may terminate as to a series our obligations with respect to any restrictive covenants which may be applicable to a particular series, which we refer to as covenant defeasance.

We may exercise our legal defeasance option notwithstanding our prior exercise of our covenant defeasance option. If we exercise our legal defeasance option, a series may not be accelerated because of an Event of Default. If we exercise our covenant defeasance option, a series may not be accelerated by reference to any covenant which may be applicable to a series.

To exercise either defeasance option as to a series, we must (1) irrevocably deposit in trust with the trustee (or another trustee) money or U.S. Government Obligations (as defined below), deliver a certificate from a nationally recognized firm of independent accountants expressing their opinion that the payments of principal and interest when due on the deposited U.S. Government Obligations, without reinvestment, plus any deposited money without investment will provide cash at such times and in such amounts as will be sufficient to pay the principal and interest when due on all debt securities of such series to maturity or redemption, as the case may be; and (2) comply with certain other conditions. In particular, we must obtain an opinion of tax counsel that the defeasance will not result in recognition of any gain or loss to holders for federal income tax purposes.

“U.S. Government Obligations” means direct obligations of the United States or any agency or instrumentality of the United States, the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed by the United States, which, in either case, have the full faith and credit of the United States pledged for payment and which are not callable at the issuer’s option, or certificates representing an ownership interest in such obligations.

Regarding the Trustee

Unless otherwise indicated in a prospectus supplement, the trustee will also act as depository of funds, transfer agent, paying agent and conversion agent, as applicable, with respect to the debt securities. In certain circumstances, we or the securityholders may remove the trustee as the trustee under a given indenture. The indenture trustee may also provide additional unrelated services to us as a depository of funds, registrar, trustee and similar services.

Governing Law

The indentures and the debt securities will be governed by New York law, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 is applicable.

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DESCRIPTION OF SUBSCRIPTION RIGHTS

We may issue subscription rights to purchase our equity or debt securities. These subscription rights may be offered independently or together with any other security offered hereby and may or may not be transferable by the stockholder receiving the subscription rights in such offering. In connection with any offering of subscription rights, we may enter into a standby arrangement with one or more underwriters or other purchasers pursuant to which the underwriters or other purchasers may be required to purchase any securities remaining unsubscribed for after such offering.

The prospectus supplement relating to any subscription rights we offer, if any, will, to the extent applicable, include specific terms relating to the offering, including some or all of the following:

● the price, if any, for the subscription rights;

● the exercise price payable for our equity or debt securities upon the exercise of the subscription rights;

● the number of subscription rights to be issued to each stockholder;

● the number and terms of our equity or debt securities which may be purchased per each subscription right;

● the extent to which the subscription rights are transferable;

● any other terms of the subscription rights, including the terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of the subscription rights;

● the date on which the right to exercise the subscription rights shall commence, and the date on which the subscription rights shall expire;

● the extent to which the subscription rights may include an over-subscription privilege with respect to unsubscribed securities or an over-allotment privilege to the extent the securities are fully subscribed; and

● if applicable, the material terms of any standby underwriting or purchase arrangement which may be entered into by us in connection with the offering of subscription rights.

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DESCRIPTION OF UNITS

We may issue units comprised of one or more of the other securities described in this prospectus in any combination. Each unit will be issued so that the holder of the unit is also the holder of each security included in the unit. Thus, the holder of a unit will have the rights and obligations of a holder of each included security (but, to the extent convertible securities are included in the units, the holder of the units will be deemed the holder of the convertible securities and not the holder of the underlying securities). The unit agreement under which a unit is issued, if any, may provide that the securities included in the unit may not be held or transferred separately, at any time or at any time before a specified date. The applicable prospectus supplement may describe:

● the designation and terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances those securities may be held or transferred separately;

● any provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units or of the securities comprising the units;

● the terms of the unit agreement governing the units;

● United States federal income tax considerations relevant to the units; and

● whether the units will be issued in fully registered global form.

This summary of certain general terms of units and any summary description of units in the applicable prospectus supplement do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to all provisions of the applicable unit agreement and, if applicable, collateral arrangements and depositary arrangements relating to such units. The forms of the unit agreements and other documents relating to a particular issue of units will be filed with the SEC each time we issue units, and you should read those documents for provisions that may be important to you.

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FORMS OF SECURITIES

Each debt security and, to the extent applicable, warrant, subscription right and unit, will be represented either by a certificate issued in definitive form to a particular investor or by one or more global securities representing the entire issuance of securities. Certificated securities in definitive form and global securities will be issued in registered form. Definitive securities name you or your nominee as the owner of the security, and in order to transfer or exchange these securities or to receive payments other than interest or other interim payments, you or your nominee must physically deliver the securities to the trustee, registrar, paying agent or other agent, as applicable. Global securities name a depositary or its nominee as the owner of the debt securities or warrants represented by these global securities. The depositary maintains a computerized system that will reflect each investor’s beneficial ownership of the securities through an account maintained by the investor with its broker/dealer, bank, trust company or other representative, as we explain more fully below.

Global Securities

Registered Global Securities. We may issue the registered debt securities and, to the extent applicable, warrants, subscription rights and units in the form of one or more fully registered global securities that will be deposited with a depositary or its nominee identified in the applicable prospectus supplement and registered in the name of that depositary or nominee. In those cases, one or more registered global securities will be issued in a denomination or aggregate denominations equal to the portion of the aggregate principal or face amount of the securities to be represented by registered global securities. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole for securities in definitive registered form, a registered global security may not be transferred except as a whole by and among the depositary for the registered global security, the nominees of the depositary or any successors of the depositary or those nominees.

If not described below, any specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to any securities to be represented by a registered global security will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to those securities. We anticipate that the following provisions will apply to all depositary arrangements.

Ownership of beneficial interests in a registered global security will be limited to persons, called participants, that have accounts with the depositary or persons that may hold interests through participants. Upon the issuance of a registered global security, the depositary will credit, on its book-entry registration and transfer system, the participants’ accounts with the respective principal or face amounts of the securities beneficially owned by the participants. Any dealers, underwriters or agents participating in the distribution of the securities will designate the accounts to be credited. Ownership of beneficial interests in a registered global security will be shown on, and the transfer of ownership interests will be effected only through, records maintained by the depositary, with respect to interests of participants, and on the records of participants, with respect to interests of persons holding through participants. The laws of some states may require that some purchasers of securities take physical delivery of these securities in definitive form. These laws may impair your ability to own, transfer or pledge beneficial interests in registered global securities.

So long as the depositary, or its nominee, is the registered owner of a registered global security, that depositary or its nominee, as the case may be, will be considered the sole owner or holder of the securities represented by the registered global security for all purposes under the applicable indenture or warrant agreement. Except as described below, owners of beneficial interests in a registered global security will not be entitled to have the securities represented by the registered global security registered in their names, will not receive or be entitled to receive physical delivery of the securities in definitive form and will not be considered the owners or holders of the securities under the applicable indenture or warrant agreement. Accordingly, each person owning a beneficial interest in a registered global security must rely on the procedures of the depositary for that registered global security and, if that person is not a participant, on the procedures of the participant through which the person owns its interest, to exercise any rights of a holder under the applicable indenture or warrant agreement. We understand that under existing industry practices, if we request any action of holders or if an owner of a beneficial interest in a registered global security desires to give or take any action that a holder is entitled to give or take under the applicable indenture or warrant agreement, the depositary for the registered global security would authorize the participants holding the relevant beneficial interests to give or take that action, and the participants would authorize beneficial owners owning through them to give or take that action or would otherwise act upon the instructions of beneficial owners holding through them.

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Principal, premium, if any, and interest payments on debt securities and any payments to holders with respect to warrants represented by a registered global security registered in the name of a depositary or its nominee will be made to the depositary or its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered owner of the registered global security. None of the Company, the trustees, the warrant agents or any other agent of the Company, agent of the trustees or agent of the warrant will have any responsibility or liability for any aspect of the records relating to payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in the registered global security or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to those beneficial ownership interests.

We expect that the depositary for any of the securities represented by a registered global security, upon receipt of any payment of principal, premium, interest or other distribution of underlying securities or other property to holders on that registered global security, will immediately credit participants’ accounts in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in that registered global security as shown on the records of the depositary. We also expect that payments by participants to owners of beneficial interests in a registered global security held through participants will be governed by standing customer instructions and customary practices, as is now the case with the securities held for the accounts of customers in bearer form or registered in “street name,” and will be the responsibility of those participants.

If the depositary for any of these securities represented by a registered global security is at any time unwilling or unable to continue as depositary or ceases to be a clearing agency registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and a successor depositary registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act is not appointed by us within 90 days, we will issue securities in definitive form in exchange for the registered global security that had been held by the depositary. Any securities issued in definitive form in exchange for a registered global security will be registered in the name or names that the depositary gives to the relevant trustee or warrant agent or other relevant agent of ours or theirs. It is expected that the depositary’s instructions will be based upon directions received by the depositary from participants with respect to ownership of beneficial interests in the registered global security that had been held by the depositary.

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

Initial Offering and Sale of Securities

Unless otherwise set forth in a prospectus supplement accompanying this prospectus, we may sell the securities being offered hereby, from time to time, by one or more of the following methods:

● to or through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters;

● through one or more underwriters without a syndicate for them to offer and sell to the public;

● through dealers or agents; and

● to investors directly in negotiated sales or in competitively bid transactions.

Offerings of securities covered by this prospectus also may be made into an existing trading market for those securities in transactions at other than a fixed price, either:

● on or through the facilities of the Nasdaq Capital Market or any other securities exchange or quotation or trading service on which those securities may be listed, quoted, or traded at the time of sale; and/or

● to or through a market maker other than on the securities exchanges or quotation or trading services set forth above.

Those at-the-market offerings, if any, will be conducted by underwriters acting as principal or agent of the Company, who may also be third-party sellers of securities as described above. The prospectus supplement with respect to the offered securities will set forth the terms of the offering of the offered securities, including:

● the name or names of any underwriters, dealers or agents;

● the purchase price of the offered securities and the proceeds to us from such sale;

● any underwriting discounts and commissions or agency fees and other items constituting underwriters’ or agents’ compensation;

● any initial public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers;

● any securities exchange on which such offered securities may be listed; and

● any underwriter, agent or dealer involved in the offer and sale of any series of the securities.

The distribution of the securities may be effected from time to time in one or more transactions:

● at fixed prices, which may be changed;

● at market prices prevailing at the time of the sale;

● at varying prices determined at the time of sale; or

● at negotiated prices.

Each prospectus supplement will set forth the manner and terms of an offering of securities including:

● whether that offering is being made to underwriters, through agents or directly to the public;

● the rules and procedures for any auction or bidding process, if used;

● the securities’ purchase price or initial public offering price; and

● the proceeds we anticipate from the sale of the securities, if any.

In addition, we may enter into derivative or hedging transactions with third parties, or sell securities not covered by this prospectus to third parties in privately negotiated transactions. The applicable prospectus supplement may indicate, in connection with such a transaction, that the third parties may sell securities covered by and pursuant to this prospectus and an applicable prospectus supplement. If so, the third party may use securities pledged by us or borrowed from us or others to settle such sales and may use securities received from us to close out any related short positions. We may also loan or pledge securities covered by this prospectus and an applicable prospectus supplement to third parties, who may sell the loaned securities or, in an event of default in the case of a pledge, sell the pledged securities pursuant to this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement.

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Sales Through Underwriters

If underwriters are used in the sale of some or all of the securities covered by this prospectus, the underwriters will acquire the securities for their own account. The underwriters may resell the securities, either directly to the public or to securities dealers, at various times in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. The obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to certain conditions. Unless indicated otherwise in a prospectus supplement, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all the securities of the series offered if any of the securities are purchased.

Any public offering price and any concessions allowed or reallowed to dealers may be changed intermittently.

Sales Through Agents

Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, when securities are sold through an agent, the designated agent will agree, for the period of its appointment as agent, to use specified efforts to sell the securities for our account and will receive commissions from us as will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Securities bought in accordance with a redemption or repayment under their terms also may be offered and sold, if so indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, in connection with a remarketing by one or more firms acting as principals for their own accounts or as agents for us. Any remarketing firm will be identified and the terms of its agreement, if any, with us and its compensation will be described in the prospectus supplement. Remarketing firms may be deemed to be underwriters in connection with the securities remarketed by them.

If so indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we may authorize agents, underwriters or dealers to solicit offers by certain specified institutions to purchase securities at a price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a future date specified in the prospectus supplement. These contracts will be subject only to those conditions set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, and the prospectus supplement will set forth the commissions payable for solicitation of these contracts.

Direct Sales

We may also sell offered securities directly to institutional investors or others. In this case, no underwriters or agents would be involved. The terms of such sales will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

General Information

Broker-dealers, agents or underwriters may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from us and/or the purchasers of securities for whom such broker-dealers, agents or underwriters may act as agents or to whom they sell as principal, or both. This compensation to a particular broker-dealer might be in excess of customary commissions.

Underwriters, dealers and agents that participate in any distribution of the offered securities may be deemed “underwriters” within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), so any discounts or commissions they receive in connection with the distribution may be deemed to be underwriting compensation. Those underwriters and agents may be entitled, under their agreements with us, to indemnification by us against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or to contribution by us to payments that they may be required to make in respect of those civil liabilities. Certain of those underwriters or agents may be customers of, engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us or our affiliates in the ordinary course of business. We will identify any underwriters or agents, and describe their compensation, in a prospectus supplement. Any institutional investors or others that purchase offered securities directly, and then resell the securities, may be deemed to be underwriters, and any discounts or commissions received by them from us and any profit on the resale of the securities by them may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act.

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We will file a supplement to this prospectus, if required, pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, if we enter into any material arrangement with a broker, dealer, agent or underwriter for the sale of securities through a block trade, special offering, exchange distribution or secondary distribution or a purchase by a broker or dealer. Such prospectus supplement will disclose:

● the name of any participating broker, dealer, agent or underwriter;

● the number and type of securities involved;

● the price at which such securities were sold;

● any securities exchanges on which such securities may be listed;

● the commissions paid or discounts or concessions allowed to any such broker, dealer, agent or underwriter, where applicable; and

● other facts material to the transaction.

In order to facilitate the offering of certain securities under this prospectus or an applicable prospectus supplement, certain persons participating in the offering of those securities may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of those securities during and after the offering of those securities. Specifically, if the applicable prospectus supplement permits, the underwriters of those securities may over-allot or otherwise create a short position in those securities for their own account by selling more of those securities than have been sold to them by us and may elect to cover any such short position by purchasing those securities in the open market.

In addition, the underwriters may stabilize or maintain the price of those securities by bidding for or purchasing those securities in the open market and may impose penalty bids, under which selling concessions allowed to syndicate members or other broker-dealers participating in the offering are reclaimed if securities previously distributed in the offering are repurchased in connection with stabilization transactions or otherwise. The effect of these transactions may be to stabilize or maintain the market price of the securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. The imposition of a penalty bid may also affect the price of securities to the extent that it discourages resales of the securities. No representation is made as to the magnitude or effect of any such stabilization or other transactions. Such transactions, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.

In order to comply with the securities laws of certain states, if applicable, the securities must be sold in such jurisdictions only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in certain states the securities may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the applicable state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and is complied with.

Under Rule 15c6-1 of the Exchange Act, unless the parties to any such trade expressly agree otherwise, trades in the secondary market generally are required to settle (a) in two business days, prior to May 28, 2024 and (b) in one business day starting on May 28, 2024. The applicable prospectus supplement may provide that the original issue date for your securities may be more than two scheduled business days after the trade date for your securities. Accordingly, in such a case, if you wish to trade securities on any date prior to the third business day (prior to May 28, 2024) or second business day (on or after May 28, 2024) before the original issue date for your securities, you will be required, by virtue of the fact that your securities initially are expected to settle in more than three scheduled business days after the trade date for your securities, to make alternative settlement arrangements to prevent a failed settlement.

This prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and any applicable pricing supplement in electronic format may be made available on the Internet sites of, or through other online services maintained by, us and/or one or more of the agents and/or dealers participating in an offering of securities, or by their affiliates. In those cases, prospective investors may be able to view offering terms online and, depending upon the particular agent or dealer, prospective investors may be allowed to place orders online.

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Other than this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and any applicable pricing supplement in electronic format, the information on our website or the website of any agent or dealer, and any information contained in any other website maintained by any agent or dealer:

● is not part of this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any applicable pricing supplement or the registration statement of which they form a part;

● has not been approved or endorsed by us or by any agent or dealer in its capacity as an agent or dealer, except, in each case, with respect to the respective website maintained by such entity; and

● should not be relied upon by investors.

There can be no assurance that we will sell all or any of the securities offered by this prospectus.

This prospectus may also be used in connection with any issuance of common stock or preferred stock upon exercise of a warrant if such issuance is not exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.

In addition, we may issue the securities as a dividend or distribution or in a subscription rights offering to our existing securityholders. In some cases, we or dealers acting with us or on our behalf may also purchase securities and reoffer them to the public by one or more of the methods described above. This prospectus may be used in connection with any offering of our securities through any of these methods or other methods described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

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LEGAL MATTERS

Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, the validity of the securities offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Lowenstein Sandler LLP, New York, New York. If the validity of the securities offered hereby in connection with offerings made pursuant to this prospectus are passed upon by counsel for the underwriters, dealers or agents, if any, such counsel will be named in the prospectus supplement relating to such offering.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, have been audited by Armanino LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is incorporated by reference in this prospectus and elsewhere in this registration statement. Such financial statements have been incorporated by reference in reliance upon the report of such firm given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act with respect to the securities offered by this prospectus. This prospectus, which is part of the registration statement, omits certain information, exhibits, schedules and undertakings set forth in the registration statement. For further information pertaining to us and our securities, reference is made to our SEC filings and the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents or provisions of any documents referred to in this prospectus are not necessarily complete, and in each instance where a copy of the document has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, reference is made to the exhibit for a more complete description of the matters involved.

In addition, registration statements and certain other filings made with the SEC electronically are publicly available through the SEC’s web site at http://www.sec.gov. The registration statement, including all exhibits and amendments to the registration statement, has been filed electronically with the SEC.

We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and, in accordance with such requirements, will file periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information will be available for inspection and copying at the web site of the SEC referred to above. We also maintain a website at https://revivapharma.com, at which you may access these materials free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.

You should rely only on the information in this prospectus and the additional information described above and under the heading “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference” below. We have not authorized any other person to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely upon it. We are not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information in this prospectus was accurate on the date of the front cover of this prospectus only. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

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INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” information that we file with it into this prospectus, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is an important part of this prospectus. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this prospectus, and information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede information contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement.

We incorporate by reference the documents listed below that we have previously filed with the SEC:

● our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 30, 2023;

● our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2023, August 14, 2023 and November 14, 2023;

● our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 27, 2023, June 23, 2023, July 24, 2023, August 17, 2023, October 4, 2023, October 30, 2023, November 14, 2023 and November 17, 2023, and our Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed with the SEC on November 14, 2023 (other than any portions thereof deemed furnished and not filed); and

● the description of our common stock contained in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on August 20, 2018, as updated by the Description of Securities set forth on Exhibit 4.1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 30, 2023, including any amendments thereto or reports filed for the purposes of updating this description.

All reports and other documents that we file with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date of this prospectus but prior to the termination of the offering of the securities hereunder will also be considered to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus from the date of the filing of these reports and documents, and will supersede the information herein; provided, however, that all reports, exhibits and other information that we “furnish” to the SEC will not be considered incorporated by reference into this prospectus. Any statement contained in a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement shall be deemed to be modified or superseded to the extent that a statement contained herein, therein or in any other subsequently filed document that also is incorporated by reference herein or therein modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus or any prospectus supplement.

We will provide you without charge, upon your oral or written request, with a copy of any or all reports, proxy statements and other documents we file with the SEC, as well as any or all of the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus or the registration statement (other than exhibits to such documents unless such exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents). Requests for such copies should be directed to Reviva Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc., Attn: Chief Financial Officer, 19925 Stevens Creek Blvd., Suite 100, Cupertino, CA, 95014. You may also direct any requests for documents to us by telephone at (408) 501-8881 or e-mail at info.rp@revivapharma.com.

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Up to       Shares of Common Stock

Up to       Series C Common Warrants to Purchase up to       Shares of Common Stock

Up to       Series D Common Warrants to Purchase up to       Shares of Common Stock

Up to       Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase up to       Shares of Common Stock

(and the Shares of Common Stock underlying such Series C Common Warrants, Series D Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants)

PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

Sole Placement Agent

A.G.P.

                  , 2025

FAQ

What type of securities is RVPH offering in its June 2025 424B5 filing?

RVPH is offering: 1) shares of common stock, 2) Series C Common Warrants with a 5-year expiration, 3) Series D Common Warrants with a 12-month expiration, and 4) Pre-Funded Warrants. Each share of common stock comes with one Series C Warrant and one Series D Warrant to purchase common stock.

What is the last reported trading price of RVPH stock before this offering?

The last reported sales price of RVPH common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market was $0.8049 per share on June 24, 2025.

Who is the placement agent for RVPH's 2025 securities offering?

A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (A.G.P.) is serving as the sole Placement Agent for the offering, with a cash fee of 7.0% of gross proceeds (reduced to 3.5% for certain mutually agreed upon investors).

What are the key terms of RVPH's Pre-Funded Warrants in the June 2025 offering?

The Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price of $0.0001 per share, are immediately exercisable, and have no expiration date. They are offered to purchasers who would otherwise exceed 4.99% (or optionally 9.99%) ownership of RVPH's common stock through this offering.

Is there a minimum offering amount required for RVPH's June 2025 securities offering?

No, there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition for closing. The offering may close with less than the maximum amount, and proceeds will be immediately available for company use without an escrow requirement.