Filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration
No. 333-283722
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT NO. 1
(to the prospectus dated May 7, 2025)
Theriva Biologics,
Inc.
6,727,280 Shares of
Common Stock
This prospectus supplement updates, amends and
supplements the prospectus contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, effective as of May 7, 2025 (as supplemented
or amended from time to time, the “Prospectus”) (Registration No. 333-283722) relating to the offer and sale of up to 1,990,900
shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), of Theriva Biologics, Inc. (the “Company”),
6,818,180 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of 6,818,180 common warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock (the “Existing
Warrants”), 4,827,280 pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 4,827,280 shares of common stock, and 11,645,460 shares of Common Stock
underlying the Existing Warrants and pre-funded warrants purchased by investors in a best efforts public offering that was consummated
on or about May 8, 2025. This Prospectus Supplement No. 1 (the “Prospectus Supplement”) is being filed in connection with
an amendment to certain of the Existing Warrants as described below under “Amendments to Existing Warrants.” Capitalized terms
used in this Prospectus Supplement and not otherwise defined herein have the meanings specified in the Prospectus.
This Prospectus Supplement
is not complete without the Prospectus. This Prospectus Supplement should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus, which is to be delivered
with this Prospectus Supplement, and is qualified by reference thereto, except to the extent that the information in this Prospectus Supplement
updates or supersedes the information contained in the Prospectus. Please keep this Prospectus Supplement with your Prospectus for future
reference.
Our shares of Common
Stock are listed on the NYSE Capital Market under the symbol “TOVX”. On October 15, 2025, the closing price for our shares
of Common Stock on the NYSE Capital Market was $0.84 per share.
Investing in our securities
involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties
under the heading “Risk Factors” beginning on page 8 of the Prospectus.
Neither the SEC nor
any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of the Prospectus
or this Prospectus Supplement. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
AMENDMENTS TO EXISTING
WARRANTS
This Prospectus Supplement
is being filed to disclose the following:
On October 16, 2025,
we entered into an amendment with certain holders of Existing Warrants to purchase up to 6,727,280 shares of Common Stock held in the
aggregate by such holders in order to amend the exercise price under such Existing Warrants from $1.10 to $0.54 per share.
The date of this Prospectus
Supplement is October 16, 2025.