Exhibit A: Joint Filing Agreement
Exhibit B: Item 4 Ownership
Exhibit C: Item 7 Identification and Classification of Subsidiaries
Exhibit A: JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
In accordance with Rule 13d-1(k) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the undersigned
hereby agree to the joint filing with each other of the attached statement on Schedule 13G and to all amendments
to such statement and that such statement and all amendments to such statement are made on behalf of each of
them.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have executed this agreement on the date of the signing of this filing.
Franklin Resources, Inc.
Charles B. Johnson
Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.
By: /s/THOMAS C. MANDIA
Assistant Secretary of Franklin Resources, Inc.
Attorney-in-Fact for Charles B. Johnson pursuant to Power of Attorney of attached to this Schedule 13G
Attorney-in-Fact for Rupert H. Johnson, Jr. pursuant to Power of attached to this Schedule 13G
Exhibit B: Item 4 Ownership
The securities reported herein are beneficially owned by one or more open or closed end investment
companies or other managed accounts that are investment management clients of investment managers that are
direct and indirect subsidiaries (each, an "Investment Management Subsidiary" and, collectively, the "Investment
Management Subsidiaries") of Franklin Resources Inc. ("FRI"), including the Investment Management
Subsidiaries listed in this Item 4. When an investment management contract (including a sub advisory
agreement) delegates to an Investment Management Subsidiary investment discretion or voting power over the
securities held in the investment advisory accounts that are subject to that agreement, FRI treats the Investment
Management Subsidiary as having sole investment discretion or voting authority, as the case may be, unless the
agreement specifies otherwise. Accordingly, each Investment Management Subsidiary reports on Schedule 13G
that it has sole investment discretion and voting authority over the securities covered by any such investment
management agreement, unless otherwise noted in this Item 4. As a result, for purposes of Rule 13d-3 under the
Act, the Investment Management Subsidiaries listed in this Item 4 may be deemed to be the beneficial owners of
the securities reported in this Schedule 13G.
Beneficial ownership by Investment Management Subsidiaries and other FRI affiliates is being reported in
conformity with the guidelines articulated by the SEC staff in Release No. 34-39538 (January 12, 1998) (the "1998
Release") relating to organizations, such as FRI, where related entities exercise voting and investment powers
over the securities being reported independently from each other. The voting and investment powers held by each
of FRI's affiliates whose ownership of securities is disaggregated from that of FRI in accordance with the 1998
Release ("FRI Disaggregated Affiliates") are exercised independently from FRI and from all other Investment
Management Subsidiaries (FRI, its affiliates and the Investment Management Subsidiaries other than FRI
Disaggregated Affiliates are collectively, "FRI Aggregated Affiliates"). Furthermore, internal policies and
procedures of, on the one hand, FRI Disaggregated Affiliates, and, on the other hand, FRI establish informational
barriers that prevent the flow among, on the one hand, FRI Disaggregated Affiliates (including preventing the flow
between such entities), and, on the other hand, the FRI Aggregated Affiliates of information that relates to the
voting and investment powers over the securities owned by their respective investment management clients.
Consequently, FRI Disaggregated Affiliates report the securities over which they hold investment and voting
power separately from the FRI Aggregated Affiliates for purposes of Section 13 of the Act.
Charles B. Johnson and Rupert H. Johnson, Jr. (the "Principal Shareholders") may each own in excess of 10%
of the outstanding common stock of FRI and are the principal stockholders of FRI (see FRI's Proxy Statement?Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners). FRI and the Principal Shareholders may be deemed to be, for
purposes of Rule 13d-3 under the Act, the beneficial owners of securities held by persons and entities for whom
or for which FRI subsidiaries provide investment management services. The number of shares that may be
deemed to be beneficially owned and the percentage of the class of which such shares are a part are reported in
Items 9 and 11 of the cover page for FRI. FRI, the Principal Shareholders and each of the Investment
Management Subsidiaries disclaim any pecuniary interest in any of such securities. In addition, the filing of this
Schedule 13G on behalf of the Principal Shareholders, FRI and the FRI Aggregated Affiliates, as applicable,
should not be construed as an admission that any of them is, and each of them disclaims that it is, the beneficial
owner, as defined in Rule 13d-3, of any of the securities reported in this Schedule 13G.
FRI, the Principal Shareholders, and each of the Investment Management Subsidiaries believe that they are
not a "group" within the meaning of Rule 13d-5 under the Act and that they are not otherwise required to attribute
to each other the beneficial ownership of the securities held by any of them or by any persons or entities for whom
or for which the Investment Management Subsidiaries provide investment management services.
EXHIBIT C: Item 7 Identification and Classification of Subsidiaries
Franklin Advisory Services, LLC: Item 3 Classification: 3(e)
Franklin Advisers, Inc.: Item 3 Classification: 3(e)
Fiduciary Trust Company International: Item 3 Classification: 3(b)
Fiduciary Trust International LLC: Item 3 Classification: 3(e)
Fiduciary Trust International of California: Item 3 Classification: 3(b)
Fiduciary Trust Co International of Pennsylvania: Item 3 Classification: 3(e)
Fiduciary Trust International of the South: Item 3 Classification: 3(b)
Franklin Templeton Investments Corp.: Item 3 Classification: 3(e)
Franklin Templeton Investment Management Limited: Item 3 Classification: 3(e)
The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC: Item 3 Classification: 3(e)
Putnam Investment Management, LLC: Item 3 Classification: 3(e)
Templeton Asset Management Ltd.: Item 3 Classification: 3(e)
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