[10-Q] ALTERNUS CLEAN ENGY INC A Quarterly Earnings Report
This document appears to be a Form 10-Q quarterly report filing for Alternus Clean Energy, Inc. (OTCQB: ALCE) for the period ending March 31, 2025. The filing contains standard SEC reporting sections including financial statements, management discussion and analysis, and risk disclosures.
Key observations from the available content:
- The company is listed on both OTCQB and OTC Pink markets
- It is classified as a smaller reporting company
- The filing includes comparative financial data for Q1 2025 vs Q1 2024
- The company appears to have recently sold Spanish subsidiaries, as indicated by a "Gain on sale of Spanish subsidiaries" line item
The filing contains forward-looking statements and standard cautionary language regarding risks and uncertainties. However, the specific financial figures and detailed analysis sections are not visible in the provided excerpt, limiting a more comprehensive financial analysis.
- Company maintains compliance with SEC filing requirements
- Recent strategic divestiture of Spanish subsidiaries indicates active portfolio management
- OTC markets listing suggests limited trading liquidity
- Smaller reporting company status indicates limited operational scale
Insights
TL;DR: Standard 10-Q filing structure with notable status as smaller reporting company and OTC markets listing indicates early-stage clean energy venture.
The filing follows standard SEC quarterly reporting requirements with complete section organization. The company's dual listing on OTCQB and OTC Pink markets, combined with its smaller reporting company status, suggests this is a growth-stage clean energy company with limited market capitalization. The inclusion of discontinued operations and Spanish subsidiary sales indicates recent corporate restructuring activities.
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
Form
(Mark One)
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED
or
FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM _________ to __________
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |
| | ||
| (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) | (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||
| Market | ||||
| Pink Market |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
(1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding
12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405
of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
| ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ||
| Emerging growth company |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check
mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting
standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes ☐ No
As of June 27, 2025, the registrant had a total
of
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY, INC.
INDEX TO FORM 10-Q
| Page # | |
| PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION | |
| Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 1 |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 | 1 |
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 | 2 |
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity/(Deficit) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. | 3 |
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 | 4 |
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 6 |
| Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 33 |
| Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 50 |
| Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 50 |
| PART II - OTHER INFORMATION | |
| Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 53 |
| Item 1A. Risk Factors | 53 |
| Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 54 |
| Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 55 |
| Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 55 |
| Item 5. Other Information | 55 |
| Item 6. Exhibits | 55 |
| Signatures | 57 |
i
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are subject to the safe harbor created thereby. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q other than statements of historical facts, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in any subsequent filing we make with the SEC, as well as in any documents incorporated by reference that describe risks and factors that could cause results to differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements.
Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, achievements or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will occur. We are under no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after completion of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.
ii
PART I
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)
| As of March 31, | As of December 31, | |||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| Current Assets | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | ||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ||||||||
| Taxes recoverable | ||||||||
| Current assets held for sale | ||||||||
| Total Current Assets | ||||||||
| Capitalized development costs | ||||||||
| Intangible assets | ||||||||
| Goodwill | ||||||||
| Long-term prepaid expenses | ||||||||
| Total Assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) | ||||||||
| Current Liabilities | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accrued liabilities | ||||||||
| Taxes payable | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability | ||||||||
| Short term convertible and non-convertible promissory notes, net of debt issuance costs | ||||||||
| Convertible notes measured at fair value | ||||||||
| Warrant liability | ||||||||
| Due to affiliate | ||||||||
| Current liabilities held for sale | ||||||||
| Total Current Liabilities | ||||||||
| Long term convertible and non-convertible promissory notes, net of debt issuance costs | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability, net of current portion | ||||||||
| Total Liabilities | ||||||||
| Shareholders’ Deficit | ||||||||
| Preferred stock, $ | ||||||||
| Common stock, $ | ||||||||
| Additional paid in capital | ||||||||
| Foreign currency translation reserve | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total Shareholders’ Deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total Liabilities and Shareholder’ Deficit | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
1
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31 | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Revenues | $ | $ | ||||||
| Operating Expenses | ||||||||
| Cost of revenues | ( | ) | ||||||
| Selling, general, and administrative | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Development costs | ( | ) | ||||||
| Gain on sale of Spanish subsidiaries | ||||||||
| Total operating expenses | ( | ) | ||||||
| Income/(loss) from operations | ( | ) | ||||||
| Other income/(expense): | ||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Fair value movement of FPA asset | ( | ) | ||||||
| Fair value movement of convertible debt | ||||||||
| Fair value movement of warrants | ( | ) | ||||||
| Gain on extinguishment of debt | ||||||||
| Other expense | ( | ) | ||||||
| Other income | ||||||||
| Total other expenses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Loss before provision for income taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Loss from continuing operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Discontinued operations: | ||||||||
| Loss from operations of discontinued business components | ( | ) | ||||||
| Gain on sale of discontinued operations, net assets | ||||||||
| Income tax | ||||||||
| Income/(loss) from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net income/(loss) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Basic & diluted earnings/(loss) per share of common stock: | ||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Discontinued operations | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total earnings/(loss) per share of common stock, basic & diluted | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic & diluted | ||||||||
| Comprehensive income/(loss) | ||||||||
| Net income/(loss) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Comprehensive income/(loss) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
2
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(in thousands, except share amounts)
(Unaudited)
| Preferred Stock | Common Stock | Additional Paid-In | Foreign Currency Translation | Accumulated | Total Shareholders’ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Capital | Reserve | Deficit | Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at January 1, 2024 | $ | $ | | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of Related Party Debt for Shares | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conversion of Debt | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Merger Costs – Settlement of Related Party Debt and Conversion of Debt | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock Compensation for Third Party Services | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Loss | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred Stock | Common Stock | Additional Paid-In | Foreign Currency Translation | Accumulated | Total Shareholders’ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Capital | Reserve | Deficit | Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at January 1, 2025 | $ | $ | | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Shares Issued for Payables | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued for Conversion of Debt | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued for Debt Issuance Costs | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of Preferred equity shares to Officer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Loss | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
3
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Cash Flows from Operating Activities | ||||||||
| Net income/(loss) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | ( | ) | ||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Adjustments to reconcile loss from continuing operations to net cash provided by/(used in) operations: | ||||||||
| Depreciation, amortization and accretion | ||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount | ||||||||
| Debt issuance costs capitalized | ( | ) | ||||||
| Stock compensation costs | ||||||||
| Credit loss expense | ( | ) | ||||||
| Loss on issuance of debt | ||||||||
| Gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange rates | ||||||||
| Fair value movement of FPA asset | ||||||||
| Fair value movement of convertible debt | ||||||||
| Fair value movement in warrant liability | ( | ) | ||||||
| Gain on extinguishment of debt | ||||||||
| (Gain)/loss on disposal of asset | ( | ) | ||||||
| Non-cash operating lease assets | ( | ) | ||||||
| Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions: | ||||||||
| Accounts receivable and other short-term receivables | ( | ) | ||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Accounts payable | ||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | ( | ) | ||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | ( | ) | ||||||
| Payable to affiliate | ||||||||
| Net Cash provided by/(used in) Operating Activities | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Net Cash provided by/(used in) Operating Activities - Discontinued Operations | ( | ) | ||||||
| Cash Flows from Investing Activities: | ||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment | ( | ) | ||||||
| Capitalized Cost | ( | ) | ||||||
| Construction in Process | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net Cash provided by/(used in) Investing Activities | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||
| Net Cash provided by/(used in) Investing Activities - Discontinued Operations | ||||||||
| Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | ||||||||
| Proceeds from debt | ||||||||
| Payments of debt principal | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Debt Issuance Cost | ( | ) | ||||||
| Contributions from parent | ||||||||
| Net Cash provided by/(used in) Financing Activities | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||
| Net Cash provided by/(used in) Financing Activities - Discontinued Operations | ( | ) | ||||||
| Effect of exchange rate on cash | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash beginning of the year | ||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash end of the period | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
4
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED SUPPLEMENTAL STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW
(Unaudited)
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Supplemental Cash Flow Disclosure | ||||||||
| Cash paid during the period for: | ||||||||
| Interest (net of capitalized interest of $ | $ | $ | ||||||
| Taxes | ||||||||
| Non-cash investing and financing activities: | ||||||||
| Shares issued for settlement of debt | ||||||||
| Shares issued for conversion of debt | ||||||||
| Shares issued for debt issuance costs | ||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
5
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Organization and Formation
Alternus Clean Energy, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on May 14, 2021 and was originally known as Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp. (“Clean Earth”).
On October 12, 2022, Clean
Earth entered into a Business Combination Agreement, as amended by that certain First Amendment to the Business Combination Agreement,
dated as of April 12, 2023 (the “First BCA Amendment”) (as amended by the First BCA Amendment, the “Initial Business
Combination Agreement”), and as amended and restated by that certain Amended and Restated Business Combination Agreement, dated
as of December 22, 2023 (the “A&R BCA”) (the Initial Business Combination Agreement, as amended and restated by the A&R
BCA, the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among Clean Earth, Alternus Energy Group Plc (“AEG”) and the
Sponsor. Following the approval of the Initial Business Combination Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby at the special
meeting of the stockholders of Clean Earth held on December 4, 2023, the Company consummated the Business Combination on December 22,
2023. In accordance with the Business Combination Agreement, Clean Earth issued and transferred
Clean Earth’s (SPAC) only pre-combination assets were cash and investments and the SPAC did not meet the definition of a business in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Therefore, the substance of the transaction was a recapitalization of the target (AEG) rather than a business combination or an asset acquisition. In such a situation, the transaction is accounted for as though the target issued its equity for the net assets of the SPAC and, since a business combination has not occurred, no goodwill or intangible assets would be recorded. As such, AEG is considered the accounting acquirer and these consolidated financial statements represent a continuation of AEG’s financial statements. Assets and liabilities of AEG are presented at their historical carrying values.
Alternus Clean Energy Inc. is a holding company that operates through the following 22 operating subsidiaries as of March 31, 2025:
| Subsidiary | Principal Activity | Date Acquired / Established | ALTN Ownership | Country of Operations | ||||
| PC-Italia-01 S.r.l. | ||||||||
| PC-Italia-03 S.r.l. | ||||||||
| PC-Italia-04 S.r.l. | ||||||||
| Risorse Solari I S.r.l. | ||||||||
| Risorse Solari III S.r.l. | ||||||||
| AED Italia-01 S.r.l. | ||||||||
| AED Italia-02 S.r.l. | ||||||||
| AED Italia-03 S.r.l. | ||||||||
| AED Italia-04 S.r.l. | ||||||||
| AED Italia-05 S.r.l. | ||||||||
| AEG MH 02 Limited | ||||||||
| Alternus Europe Limited f/k/a AEG JD 03 Limited | ||||||||
| AED Italia-06 S.r.l. | ||||||||
| AED Italia-07 S.r.l. | ||||||||
| AED Italia-08 S.r.l. | ||||||||
| Alternus LUX 01 S.a.r.l. | ||||||||
| Alt Alliance LLC | ||||||||
| AEG MH 04 Limited | ||||||||
| ALT POL HC 02 sp. z.o.o. | ||||||||
| ALANTEAN LLC | ||||||||
| BESS LLC | ||||||||
| EverOn Energy LLC |
6
2. Going Concern and Management’s Plans
The Company has evaluated whether there are certain conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are issued. Based on its recurring losses from operations since inception and continued cash outflows from operating activities (all as described below), the Company has concluded that there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from the date that these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements were issued.
The accompanying consolidated
financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of
liabilities in the normal course of business. As shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements during the period ended March
31, 2025, the Company had net loss from continuing operations of approximately ($
Our operating revenues are insufficient to fund our operations and our assets already are pledged to secure our indebtedness to various third party secured creditors, respectively. The unavailability of additional financing could require us to delay, scale back, or terminate our acquisition efforts and other core business activities, which would have a material adverse effect on the Company and its viability and prospects.
The terms of our indebtedness, including the covenants and the dates on which principal and interest payments on our indebtedness are due, increases the risk that we will be unable to continue as a going concern. To continue as a going concern over the next twelve months, we must make payments on our debt as they come due and comply with the covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness or, if we fail to do so, to (i) negotiate and obtain waivers of or forbearances with respect to any defaults that occur with respect to our indebtedness, (ii) amend, replace, refinance, or restructure any or all of the agreements governing our indebtedness, and/or (iii) otherwise secure additional capital. However, we cannot provide any assurances that we will be successful in accomplishing any of these plans.
On
February 10, 2025, the Company received a determination letter (the “Delisting Notification”) from the Nasdaq Hearings Advisor
stating that the Panel determined to delist the Company’s common stock, par value $
A Form 25-NSE was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which removed the Company’s securities from listing on Nasdaq. The Company’s Common Stock is currently quoted on the OTCQB trading market. However, there can be no assurance that the Company’s Common Stock will continue to trade on any over-the-counter trading market.
The Company is currently taking several steps to begin to alleviate the going concern issue. We are working with multiple global banks and funds in an attempt secure the necessary project financing to execute on our transatlantic business plan. The Company has sold or discontinued non-strategic businesses, operations, and assets in order to eliminate significant indebtedness.
7
3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.
In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included.
These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Basis of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of during the respective periods are included in the consolidated financial statements from the effective date of acquisition or up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate. The consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes for the year ended December 31, 2024, contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
Net Loss Per Share
Net loss per share is computed pursuant to ASC
260, Earnings per Share. Basic net loss per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing net loss attributable to
common shareholders by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share attributable
to common shareholders is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common stock
outstanding for the period plus the number of common stock that would have been outstanding if all potentially dilutive common stock had
been issued, using the treasury stock method or if-converted method, as applicable. Potentially dilutive shares related to stock options,
warrants, and convertible notes were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share due to their anti-dilutive effect due
to losses in each period.
| March 31, | March 31, | |||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Warrants | ||||||||
| Total | ||||||||
8
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718. Stock-based compensation expense for equity instruments issued to employees and non-employees is measured based on the grant-date fair value of the awards. The fair value of each stock unit is determined based on the valuation of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The fair value of each stock option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton stock option pricing valuation model. The Company uses a simplified method for calculating the expected term of their options. The Company recognizes compensation costs using the straight-line method for equity compensation awards over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the awards’ vesting period. The Company accounts for forfeitures of awards in the period they occur.
Use of the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including (1) the expected terms of the option, (2) the expected volatility of the price of the Company’s common stock, and (3) the expected dividend yield of our common stock. The assumptions used in the option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgments. If factors change and different assumptions are used, the Company’s stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. Additional inputs to the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model include the risk-free interest rate and the fair value of the Company’s common stock. The Company determines the risk-free interest rate by using the United States Treasury Rates of the same period as the expected term of the stock-option.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures to enhance the transparency of income tax disclosures relating to the rate reconciliation, disclosure of income taxes paid, and certain other disclosures. The ASU should be applied prospectively and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the ASU on January 1, 2025 and the impact of adoption was not material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures to improve the disclosures about reportable segments and include more detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses. This ASU also requires that a public entity with a single reportable segment, provide all of the disclosures required as part of the amendments and all existing disclosures required by Topic 280. The ASU should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on the financial statements and related disclosures.
4. Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Inputs used to measure fair value are prioritized within a three-level fair value hierarchy. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:
Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 — Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.
9
As of March 31, 2025, a summary of the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis is as follows, in thousands:
| Fair Value Measurement | ||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||
| Convertible Notes | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Warrant Liability | ||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Valuation Techniques
| ● | Convertible Note (fair value option): Valued using unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data (Level 3). |
| ● | Warrant Liability: Valued using unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data (Level 3). |
The Company measures the April 19, 2024 convertible note and private placement warrants using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model and applying the following assumptions as of March 31, 2025:
| Convertible Loan Note | Warrant Liability | |||||||
| Risk-free rate | % | % | ||||||
| Underlying stock price | $ | $ | ||||||
| Expected volatility | % | % | ||||||
| Term | ||||||||
| Dividend yield | % | % | ||||||
The following table presents changes of the convertible note and private placement warrants issued April 2024 with significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of March 31, 2025, in thousands:
| Convertible Note | ||||
| Balance at April 19, 2024 | $ | |||
| Conversions | ( | ) | ||
| Change in fair value | ( | ) | ||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | |||
| Change in fair value | ( | ) | ||
| Balance at March 31, 2025 | $ | |||
| Warrant Liability | ||||
| Balance at April 19, 2024 | $ | |||
| Change in fair value | ( | ) | ||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | |||
| Change in fair value | ( | ) | ||
| Balance at March 31, 2025 | $ | |||
10
As the Convertible Note issued
October 1, 2024 was paid out in four tranches, the Company grouped the first two tranches together and the last two trances together and
conducted two valuations.
| October 1 and October 21 Tranches | Convertible Loan Note | Warrant Liability | ||||||
| Risk-free rate | % | % | ||||||
| Underlying stock price | $ | $ | ||||||
| Expected volatility | % | % | ||||||
| Term | ||||||||
| Dividend yield | % | % | ||||||
The following table presents changes of the convertible note and private placement warrants issued October 2024 with significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of March 31, 2025, in thousands:
| Convertible Note | ||||
| Balance at October 1, 2024 | $ | |||
| Cash payment | ( | ) | ||
| Conversions | ( | ) | ||
| Change in fair value | ( | ) | ||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | |||
| Conversions | ( | ) | ||
| Change in fair value | ||||
| Balance at March 31, 2025 | $ | |||
| Warrant Liability | ||||
| Balance at October 1, 2024 | $ | |||
| Change in fair value | ( | ) | ||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | |||
| Change in fair value | ( | ) | ||
| Balance at March 31, 2025 | $ | |||
The fair values of these Level 3 liabilities are sensitive to unobservable inputs used in the Monte Carlo simulation valuation model, including discount rates, expected term, expected volatility, path dependency parameters and estimates of various payout outcomes. Changes to these inputs could result in significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.
5. Business Combination
On December 11, 2024, BESS LLC, a Delaware limited
liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “APA”) with LiiON
LLC (“LiiON”), a U.S.-based expert in advanced energy storage solutions, and closed on the acquisition of certain assets related
to LiiON’s Battery Storage Business. The assets purchased included customer relationships, customer service agreements and intellectual
property (IP). Also, in connection with the APA, the Company entered into an exclusive consulting agreement, with an initial term of
As consideration for the acquisition, the Company
issued a non-interest bearing promissory note (the “Note”) with a principal amount of $
11
The Company determined that the set of assets and activities acquired in connection with the APA and related agreements constitute a business subject to the guidance in ASC 805 Business Combinations.
The total acquisition date fair value of consideration transferred
(i.e., the “purchase price”) of $
| Net assets acquired (at fair values): | Useful Life | ||||||
| ● | Exclusive Consulting Agreement | $ | |||||
| ● | Intellectual Property (IP) | $ | |||||
| Total identifiable assets | $ | ||||||
| ● | Goodwill | $ | |||||
| Total identifiable intangibles and goodwill | $ | ||||||
The goodwill recognized arises primarily from the fair value of an assembled workforce in the form of an exclusive consulting arrangement for three key employees. This goodwill has been allocated to the Company’s United States Operations segment.
The LiiON Battery Storage Business did not have a material effect on the Company’s operations for the three month period ending March 31, 2025.
6. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid and other current expenses generally consist of amounts paid to vendors for services that have not yet been performed. Other receivable consist of the following (in thousands):
| March 31, | December 31, | |||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| Other receivable | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
7. Capitalized development cost and other long-term assets
Capitalized development costs
are amounts paid to vendors that are related to the purchase and construction of solar energy facilities. Long-term prepaid expenses and
other receivables consist of amounts owed to the Company as well as amounts paid to vendors for services that have yet to be received
by the Company.
| March 31, | December 31, | |||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Capitalized development cost | $ | $ | ||||||
| Long-term prepaid expenses | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
Capitalized development costs relate to various projects that are under development for the period. As the Company closes either a purchase or development of new solar parks, these development costs are added to the final asset displayed in Property and Equipment. If the Company does not close on the prospective project, these costs are written off to Development Cost on the Consolidated Statement Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Capitalized development cost
as of March 31, 2025 consisted of $
Long-term Prepaid Expenses consist of estimated income tax payments made by Clean Earth prior to the business combination in December 2023.
12
8. Accounts Payable
Accounts payable represents
the amounts owed to suppliers of goods and services the Company has consumed through operations.
| March 31, | December 31, | |||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | ||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
9. Accrued Liabilities
Accrued expenses relate to various accruals for the Company. Accrued interest represents the interest on the Company’s debt that has accrued and has been unpaid through March 31, 2025 and as of December 31, 2024. Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
| March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Accrued legal | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accrued interest | ||||||||
| Accrued audit fees | ||||||||
| Accrued payroll | ||||||||
| Accrued consulting fees | ||||||||
| Accrued tax penalties | ||||||||
| Other accrued expenses | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
10. Taxes Recoverable and Payable
Taxes recoverable and payable
consist of VAT taxes payable and receivable from various European governments through group transactions in these countries.
| March 31, | December 31, | |||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Taxes recoverable | $ | $ | | |||||
| Less: Taxes payable | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
13
11. Convertible and Non-convertible Promissory Notes
The following table reflects the total debt balances of the Company as March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
| As of March 31, | As of December 31, | |||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Convertible debt, secured | $ | $ | ||||||
| Senior Secured debt and promissory notes | ||||||||
| Total debt | ||||||||
| Less current maturities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Long term debt, net of current maturities | $ | $ | ||||||
| Current Maturities | $ | $ | ||||||
| Less current debt discount | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Less net loss on issuance of convertible note & warrant | ||||||||
| Less movement in fair value | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Current Maturities net of debt discount | $ | $ | ||||||
| Long-term maturities | $ | $ | ||||||
| Less long-term debt discount | ||||||||
| Long-term maturities net of debt discount | $ | $ | ||||||
The Company’s remaining
debt is recorded net of debt issuance costs of $
There was no interest expense stemming from amortization of debt discounts for discontinued operations for the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 respectively.
Senior secured debt:
In May 2022, AEG MH02 entered
into a loan agreement with a group of private lenders of approximately $
In July 2023, Alt Spain Holdco,
one of the Company’s Spanish subsidiaries acquired the project rights for a 32 MWp portfolio of Solar PV projects in Valencia, Spain,
with an initial payment of $
14
In October 2023, Alternus
Energy Americas, one of the Company’s US subsidiaries secured a working capital loan in the amount of $
Convertible Promissory Notes:
In January 2024, the Company
assumed a €
In April 2024, the Company
issued to an institutional investor a senior convertible note in the principal amount of $
15
As of December 31, 2024, $
On October 1, 2024, the Company
entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), by and between the Company and an institutional investor
(the “Investor”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the Investor a series of senior convertible notes up to
an aggregate principal amount of $
The Convertible Note matures
on
16
On October 21, 2024, pursuant
to the Purchase Agreement, the closing of the second tranche of the Convertible Note and Warrant occurred, whereby the Company issued
a Warrant to purchase
On November 12, 2024, pursuant
to the Purchase Agreement, the closing of the third tranche of the Convertible Note and Warrant occurred, whereby the Company issued a
Warrant to purchase
On December 5, 2024, pursuant
to the Purchase Agreement, the closing of the fourth and final tranche of the Convertible Note and Warrant occurred, whereby the Company
issued a Warrant to purchase
As of December 31, 2024, the
outstanding principal was $
On December 4, 2024, the Company
entered into a Note Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Secure Net Capital LLC (“Secure Net”),
pursuant to which the Company issued a
Other Debt:
On March 21, 2024, ALCE, SPAC
Sponsor Capital Access (“SCAF”), and the Sponsor of Clean Earth (“CLIN”) agreed to a settlement of a $1.4million
note assumed by ALCE as part of the Business Combination that was completed in December 2023. The note had a maturity date of whenever
CLIN closes its Business Combination Agreement and accrued interest of
17
On December 11, 2024, BESS
LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, issued a non-interest-bearing promissory note with a principal amount of $
On December 30, 2024, one
of the Company’s subsidiaries, Alternus Europe Ltd, assumed a €
On December 31, 2024, the Company terminated their
agreement with Meteora Capital LLC by issuing a $
On January 21, 2025, the Company
entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors (the “Purchasers”)
pursuant to which the Company sold, in a private placement (the “Offering”), unsecured
The
aggregate gross proceeds to the Company were expected to be $
The
Notes were issued with an original issue discount of
Maxim
served as the placement agent in the Offering, pursuant to the terms of a Placement Agency Agreement and received
18
12. Commitments and Contingencies
Litigation
The Company recognizes a liability for loss contingencies when it believes it is probable a liability has occurred, and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If some amount within a range of loss appears at the time to be a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the Company accrues that amount. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company accrues the minimum amount in the range. The Company has established an accrual for those legal proceedings and regulatory matters for which a loss is both probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
On October 15, 2024 Sunrise
Development LLC (“Sunrise”) requested a hearing be scheduled in binding arbitration against the Company, two of its former indirect
wholly owned subsidiaries, ALT US 03 and ALT US 04, and a related party, Alternus Energy Group PLC (“AEG”), to be conducted
in Minneapolis, MN in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association (the “AAA”),
claiming that approximately $
On March 11, 2025, the Company
was served a complaint filed in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware by SPAC Sponsor Capital Access (“SCAF”), claiming
that approximately $
On May 8, 2025, the Company,
Alternus Energy Group PLC (AEG) and one of AEG’s subsidiaries, Alternus Energy Americas Inc. (AEA), was served a Demand for Arbitration
through JAMS in Washington DC by Orrick, Herrington and Sutcliffe LLP (“Orrick”), claiming that approximately $
Commitments
On October 14, 2024, the Company
entered into a settlement agreement and release with Morgan Franklin Consulting LLC (“MF”) related to the settlement of payments
owed to MF for services rendered in the total amount of $
CFGI LP and the Company entered
into a settlement agreement for a contractual amount owed for services rendered in the amount of $
Contingencies
On August 7, 2024, the Company
entered into a ‘Heads of Terms’ (i.e., similar to a Letter of Intent) for Joint “Agreement”) with Hover Energy
LLC and its affiliates (“Hover”) to establish a joint venture (the “JV”) for the financing, development, management,
and operation of ‘Microgrid Projects’ utilizing Hover Wind-Powered Microgrid™ technology, as required. Pursuant to the
said JV, the Company and Hover have agreed to have a
19
On October 31, 2024, the Company
and Hover entered into an amendment to their strategic alliance agreement, whereby the Company will provide up to an additional $
13. Development Cost
The Company depends heavily on government policies that support our business and enhance the economic feasibility of developing and operating solar energy projects in regions in which we operate or plan to develop and operate renewable energy facilities. The Company can decide to abandon a project if it becomes uneconomic due to various factors, for example, a change in market conditions leading to higher costs of construction, lower energy rates, political factors or otherwise where governments from time to time may review their laws and policies that support renewable energy and consider actions that would make the laws and policies less conducive to the development and operation of renewable energy facilities, or other factors that change the expected returns on the project. Any reductions or modifications to, or the elimination of, governmental incentives or policies that support renewable energy or the imposition of additional taxes or other assessments on renewable energy could result in, among other items, the lack of a satisfactory market for the development and/or financing of new renewable energy projects, our abandoning the development of renewable energy projects, a loss of our investments in the projects, and reduced project returns, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Development costs related to abandoned projects for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Miscellaneous Spanish costs | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||
| Total | $ | - | $ | ( | ) | |||
Miscellaneous development cost relates to cost associated with projects abandoned during various phases, due to lack of technical, legal, or financial feasibility.
14. Discontinued Operations Sold – Poland & Netherlands
In July 2023, the Company engaged multiple parties to market the Polish and Netherlands assets to potential buyers. In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company decided to proceed with the sales of the six PV parks in Poland and one park in the Netherlands. As the exit of these two markets represented a strategic shift for the Company, the assets were classified as discontinued operations in accordance with ASC 205-20. As of December 31, 2023, the Polish and Netherlands assets were classified as disposal groups held for sale. The balances and results of the Polish and Netherlands disposal groups are presented below.
The sale of the Polish assets
was finalized January 19, 2024 with a cash consideration of $
20
The sale of the Netherlands
assets was finalized February 21, 2024 with a cash consideration of $
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||
| Poland | 2024 | |||
| (in thousands) | ||||
| Revenues | $ | |||
| Operating Expenses | ||||
| Cost of revenues | ( | ) | ||
| Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | ( | ) | ||
| Gain/(loss on disposal of asset) | ||||
| Total operating expenses | ||||
| Income from discontinued operations | ||||
| Other income/(expense): | ||||
| Impairment loss recognized on the remeasurement to fair value less costs to sell | ||||
| Interest expense | ( | ) | ||
| Other expense | ||||
| Total other expenses | $ | ( | ) | |
| Income/(Loss) before provision for income taxes | $ | |||
| Income taxes | ||||
| Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations | $ | |||
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||
| Netherlands | 2024 | |||
| (in thousands) | ||||
| Revenues | $ | |||
| Operating Expenses | ||||
| Cost of revenues | ( | ) | ||
| Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | ( | ) | ||
| Loss on disposal of asset | ( | ) | ||
| Total operating expenses | ( | ) | ||
| Income from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ||
| Other income/(expense): | ||||
| Interest expense | ( | ) | ||
| Other expense | ||||
| Total other expenses | $ | ( | ) | |
| Income/(Loss) before provision for income taxes | $ | ( | ) | |
| Income taxes | ||||
| Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations | $ | ( | ) | |
21
On October 3, 2024, the Company
completed the sale of Solis Bond Company DAC, a company formed under the laws of Ireland and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the
Company, and its subsidiaries in Romania to Solis Trustee Special Vehicle Limited, the Solis Bondholders’ ownership vehicle, for
€
The sale of these entities and exit of this market represented a strategic shift for the Company that has a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results. Results of operations, financial position, and cash flows for these subsidiaries are reported as discontinued operations, in accordance with ASC 205-20, for all periods presented.
The notes to the financial statements have been adjusted to reflect this retroactive presentation.
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||
| Solis and Subsidiaries in Romania | 2024 | |||
| (in thousands) | ||||
| Revenues | $ | |||
| Operating Expenses | ||||
| Cost of revenues | ( | ) | ||
| Selling, general, and administrative | ( | ) | ||
| Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | ( | ) | ||
| Total operating expenses | ( | ) | ||
| Income from discontinued operations | ||||
| Other income/(expense): | ||||
| Interest expense | ( | ) | ||
| Other expense | ( | ) | ||
| Total other expenses | $ | ( | ) | |
| Income/(Loss) before provision for income taxes | $ | ( | ) | |
| Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations | $ | ( | ) | |
15. Sale of Spanish Subsidiaries
On March 25, 2025, one of
the Company’s subsidiaries, AEG MH02, entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with Alternus Energy Group Plc, a related party, for
the sale of the entire issued share capital of Alt Spain Holdco S.l.u., including all of its subsidiaries: ALT Spain 03, S.L.U., ALT Spain
04, S.L.U. and New Frog Projects SL, for a total consideration of €
22
The major classes of assets and liabilities transferred on March 25, 2025 in the sale of the Company’s subsidiaries are shown below:
| As of March 25, | ||||
| Spain | 2025 | |||
| (in thousands) | ||||
| Assets: | ||||
| Other current assets | $ | |||
| Total assets sold | $ | |||
| Liabilities: | ||||
| Accounts payable | $ | |||
| Short secured debt | ||||
| Operating leases, current liabilities | ||||
| Other current liabilities | ||||
| Operating leases, non-current liabilities | ||||
| Total liabilities sold | $ | |||
| Net (gain)/loss on sale of net assets | $ | ( | ) | |
16. Assets Held for Sale – (MH 02 & Subs)
During the first quarter of
2025, the Company engaged multiple parties to market its subsidiary, AEG MH 02 Limited (“MH02”) and all its subsidiaries to
potential buyers. As this sale is not considered an exit strategy of the Italian market, the assets were not classified as discontinued
operations in accordance with ASC 205-20. As of March 31, 2025, MH02 and its Italian subsidiaries were classified as disposal groups held
for sale. The Company subsequently sold MH02 and its subsidiaries on May 7, 2025.
| As of March 31, | ||||
| MH 02 and Italian Subsidiaries | 2025 | |||
| (in thousands) | ||||
| Assets: | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | |||
| Other current assets | ||||
| Property, plant, equipment, net | ||||
| Total assets held for sale | $ | |||
| Liabilities: | ||||
| Accounts payable | $ | |||
| Short term convertible & non-convertible notes | ||||
| Other current liabilities | ||||
| Total liabilities held for sale | $ | |||
| Net assets/(liabilities) held for sale | $ | ( | ) | |
23
17. Shareholders’ Equity
Common Stock
As of December 31, 2024, the
Company had a total of
Reverse Stock Split
On October 11, 2024, the Company
effected a
As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every twenty-five (25) shares of issued and outstanding Common Stock were combined into one (1) validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable share of Common Stock. The Reverse Stock Split uniformly affected all issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock and did not alter any stockholder’s percentage ownership interest in the Company, except to the extent that the Reverse Stock Split results in fractional interests. No fractional shares will be or shall be issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders who otherwise would be entitled to receive fractional shares of Common Stock will receive an amount in cash (without interest or deduction) equal to the fraction of one share to which such stockholder would otherwise be entitled multiplied by the share price, representing the product of the average closing price of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market for the five consecutive trading days immediately preceding the effective date of the Reverse Stock Split and the inverse of the Reverse Stock Split ratio. Proportional adjustments have also been made to the Company’s outstanding warrants, stock options, and convertible securities, as well as to the reserves available pursuant to the terms of the Company’s 2023 Equity Incentive Plan to reflect the Reverse Stock Split, in each case, in accordance with the terms thereof.
All share and per share amounts in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods presented.
Common Stock Issuances
On January 2, 2025, a convertible
note holder converted $
On January 8, 2025, a convertible
note holder converted $
On January 23, 2025, the Company
issued
On February 6, 2025, a convertible
note holder converted $
On February 11, 2025, a convertible
note holder converted $
24
Preferred Stock
As of March 31, 2025 and December
31, 2024, the Company had a total of
The board of directors of the Company has the authority to establish one or more series of preferred stock, fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers, preferences and any other rights, if any, of each such series and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof.
Series A Super Voting Preferred Stock
Each share of the Series A
is entitled to have the right to vote in an amount equal to
Series A Super Voting Preferred Stock Issuance
On March 21, 2025 the Company
issued
Warrants
As of March 31, 2024, warrants to purchase up
to
| Warrants | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) | ||||||||||
| Outstanding - January 1, 2024 | $ | |||||||||||
| Issued during the quarter | ||||||||||||
| Expired during the quarter | ||||||||||||
| Outstanding – March 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Exercisable – March 31, 2024 | $ | |||||||||||
| Warrants | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) | ||||||||||
| Outstanding – January 1, 2025 | $ | |||||||||||
| Issued during the quarter | ||||||||||||
| Expired during the quarter | ||||||||||||
| Outstanding – March 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||
| Exercisable – March 31, 2025 | $ | |||||||||||
25
18. Segment and Geographic Information
Effective January 1, 2024, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This update requires disclosure of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) and enhances qualitative disclosures about segment operations. The adoption of this ASU did not impact the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
The Company has
Historically, the European Segment had derived revenues from three sources, Country Renewable Programs, Green Certificates and Long-term Offtake Agreements. The United States Segment revenues are expected to be derived from Long-term Offtake Agreements. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no revenue from discontinued operations as the operating parks in Poland, the Netherlands, and Romania were sold. Additionally, the Company had no revenue continuing operations as the Lightwave operating parks were sold back to the parent company, AEG, as a result of the deconsolidation of Alternus Energy Americas Inc. on November 5, 2024.
In evaluating financial performance, the CODM uses both gross profit and EBITDA to assess segment performance and decide how to allocate resources. However, after the sale of Solis and its Romanian subsidiaries and the deconsolidation of Alternus Energy Americas and its United States subsidiaries and AEG MH 01 and its Irish subsidiaries, the CODM now uses EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure, as the main measure of a segment’s performance because no revenues or gross profit remains after disposal of these entities. EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization. The Company uses EBITDA because management believes that it can be a useful financial metric in understanding the Company’s earnings from operations. EBITDA is not a measure of the Company’s financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP. As a trans-Atlantic independent solar power provider, we evaluate many of our capital expenditure decisions at a regional level. Accordingly, expenditures on property, plant and equipment and associated debt by segment are presented.
The following tables present information related to the Company’s reportable segments. The data has been presented to show the effect of discontinued operations from Poland, the Netherlands, and Romania for all periods.
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| Revenue by Segment | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Europe | $ | $ | ||||||
| Europe – Discontinued Operations | ||||||||
| United States | ||||||||
| Total for the period | $ | $ | ||||||
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| Operating Loss by Segment | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Europe | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||
| Europe – Discontinued Operations | ( | ) | ||||||
| United States | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total for the period | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
26
| Assets by Segment | Three Months Ended 2025 | Year Ended December 31, 2024 | ||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Europe – Continuing Operations | ||||||||
| Other Assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| Total for Europe – Continuing Operations | $ | $ | ||||||
| United States – Continuing Operations | ||||||||
| Other Assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| Total for United States – Continuing Operations | $ | $ | ||||||
| Liabilities by Segment | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | Year Ended December 31, 2024 | ||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Europe – Continuing Operations | ||||||||
| Debt | $ | $ | ||||||
| Other Liabilities | ||||||||
| Total for Europe – Continuing Operations | $ | $ | ||||||
| United States – Continuing Operations | ||||||||
| Debt | $ | $ | ||||||
| Other Liabilities | ||||||||
| Total for United States – Continuing Operations | $ | $ | ||||||
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| Revenue by Product Type | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Country Renewable Programs (FIT) | ||||||||
| Europe | $ | $ | ||||||
| US | ||||||||
| Total for the period | $ | $ | ||||||
| Green Certificates (FIT) | ||||||||
| Europe | $ | $ | ||||||
| US | ||||||||
| Total for the period | $ | $ | ||||||
| Energy Offtake Agreements (PPA) | ||||||||
| Europe | $ | $ | ||||||
| United States | ||||||||
| Total for the period | $ | $ | ||||||
27
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| EBITDA by Segment | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Europe | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Europe – Discontinued Operations | ||||||||
| US | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total for the period | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
Below is a reconciliation of net income to EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| EBITDA Reconciliation to Net Loss | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Europe | ||||||||
| EBITDA | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | ( | ) | ||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Gain on sale of Spanish subsidiaries | ||||||||
| Net Loss | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||
| Europe – Discontinued Operations | ||||||||
| EBITDA | $ | |||||||
| Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | ( | ) | ||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ) | ||||||
| Gain on sale of discontinued operations, net asset | ||||||||
| Net Loss | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||
| US | ||||||||
| EBITDA | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Interest expense | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Fair value movement of FPA Asset | ( | ) | ||||||
| Gain on extinguishment of debt | ||||||||
| Fair value movement of convertible debt | ( | ) | ||||||
| Fair value movement of warrant | ||||||||
| Net Loss | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Consolidated Net Loss | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
19. Income Tax Provision
The Company’s provision
for income taxes for interim periods is determined using its effective tax rate expected to be applied for the full year. The Company’s
effective tax rate was
The Company assesses the realizability of the deferred tax assets at each reporting date. The Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance for its net deferred tax assets. If certain substantial changes in the entity’s ownership occur, there may be an annual limitation on the amount of the carryforwards that can be utilized. The Company will continue to assess the need for a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets.
28
20. Related Party
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
AEG:
Alternus Energy Group Plc
(“AEG”) was a
In January 2024, the Company
assumed a $
During the period ended March
31, 2025, the Company and its subsidiaries and AEG and its subsidiaries had numerous financial transactions between each other which were
approved by each company’s board of directors. These transactions are recorded as a net liability of $
Nordic ESG:
In January of 2024, the Company
issued
Sponsor:
On March 19, 2024 we entered
into a settlement agreement with the Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor LLC (“Sponsor”) and SPAC Sponsor Capital Access (“SCA”)
pursuant to which, among other things, we agreed to repay Sponsor’s debt to SCA, related to the Sponsor’s SPAC entity extensions,
in the amount of $
D&O:
In connection with the Business Combination Closing, the Company entered into indemnification agreements (each, an “Indemnification Agreement”) with its directors and executive officers. Each Indemnification Agreement provides for indemnification and advancements by the Company of certain expenses and costs if the basis of the indemnitee’s involvement in a matter was by reason of the fact that the indemnitee is or was a director, officer, employee, or agent of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or was serving at the Company’s request in an official capacity for another entity, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by the laws of the State of Delaware.
On January 28, 2025, John McQuillan, a Class I director of the Company, resigned from the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) effective immediately.
On January 28, 2025, Rolf Wikborg was elected to the Board effective immediately. The Board assessed the independence of Mr. Wikborg under the Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines and the independence standards under Nasdaq rules and has determined that Mr. Wikborg is independent. Along with their appointment, Mr. Wikborg was appointed to serve on the Audit Committee, as well as the Chair of the Compensation Committee, and as a member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of the Company, effective immediately. Mr. Wikborg will serve as an independent director until the Company’s 2025 annual meeting of stockholders.
On March 21, 2025 the Company
filed an Amended and Restated Certificate of Designation of its Series A Super Voting Preferred Stock, such that
On April 21, 2025 the Company
issued a total of
29
Consulting Agreements:
On May 15, 2021 VestCo Corp.,
a company owned and controlled by our Chairman and CEO, Vincent Browne, entered into a Professional Consulting Agreement with one of our
US subsidiaries under which it pays VestCo a monthly fee of $
In July of 2023, John Thomas,
one of our directors, entered into a Consulting Services Agreement with one of our US subsidiaries under which it pays Mr. Thomas a monthly
fee of $
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| Director’s remuneration | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Remuneration in respect of services as directors | $ | $ | ||||||
| Remuneration in respect to long-term incentive schemes | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
21. Subsequent Events
Management has evaluated subsequent events that occurred through the date the financial statements were issued and has determined that there were no subsequent events that required recognition or disclosure in the financial statements as of and for the period ended March 31, 2025, except as disclosed below.
In April 2025, the Compensation
Committee and the Board of Directors ratified amendments to each of VestCo Corp. (a company owned and controlled by Mr. Browne) and Mr.
Thomas’ consulting services agreements, such that these agreements were assigned to the Company and VestCo’s fees increased
by $
On April 21, 2025 the Company
issued a total of
On April 24, 2025 the Company
issued an additional
30
On April 25, 2025, Mr. Vincent
Browne, our Chief Executive Officer, Interim Chief Financial Officer and shareholder with majority voting rights, representing
On April 28, 2025, the Company
entered into a Note Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), by and between the Company and an institutional investor
(the “Investor”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the Investor promissory notes in the aggregate total principal
amount of up to $
Also on April 28, 2025, the
Company entered into a Letter Agreement with the Investor, which modifies certain terms and conditions of the Senior Convertible Note
issued April 19, 2024 and the Senior Convertible Note issued October 1, 2024, by the Company to the Investor, collectively (the “2024
Notes”). The interest rate on the 2024 Notes is and will continue at a rate of
Also on April 28, 2025, the
Company entered into a Settlement Agreement and Stipulation (the “Agreement”) with Southern Point Capital Corporation (“SPC”),
pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue Common Stock to SPC in exchange for the settlement of an aggregate of $
In connection with the Agreement,
on May 2, 2025, the Company issued
31
Subsequent to March 31, 2025, the Company and LiiON LLC mutually agreed to rescind the Asset Purchase Agreement (see Footnote 5). The primary driver that led the Parties to discuss alternative plans was the February 2025 Nasdaq notice that the Company’s equity had been delisted. Prior to receiving the notice, the Company expected Nasdaq to provide an extension of time to correct the matters that resulted in delisting. Although the acquisition Agreement permitted the Company to issue restricted common stock (i.e., active listing was not necessary to fulfill the requirements), questions around the timing of the Company’s ability to raise additional equity funding to support its integration plan, caused by the delisting, led the Parties to discussions regarding the path forward which, ultimately, culminated with the Parties’ mutual decision to rescind the Agreement. The agreement to rescind the transaction was finalized on April 29, 2025, resulting in the unwinding of all consideration transferred and legal ownership.
The Company has evaluated the rescission in accordance with ASC 855, Subsequent Events, and determined it to be a non-recognized subsequent event, as the rescission did not change the condition of “control” that existed as of the acquisition date or the reporting period end. As such, no adjustments have been made to the financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2025.
On May 1, 2025 the Company
issued
On May 7, 2025, the Company
entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with its subsidiary, Alternus Europe Limited (the “Seller”), OBN Real Estate Limited
(the “Majority Buyer”) and BVP Green Bond 2018 Limited (the “Minority Buyer”) (together the “Buyers”)
for the sale of the entire issued share capital of AEG MH 02 Limited (“MH02”), including all of MH02’s subsidiaries:
AED Italia-01 S.r.l; AED Italia-02 S.r.l; AED Italia-03 S.r.l; AED Italia-04 S.r.l; AED Italia-05 S.r.l; AED Italia-06 S.r.l; AED Italia-07
S.r.l; AED Italia-08 S.r.l; PC-Italia-01 S.r.l; PC-Italia-03 S.r.l; PC-Italia-04 S.r.l; Risorse Solari I S.r.l; and Risorse Solari III
S.r.l (the “Transaction”), for a total consideration of (i) the assumption of approximately $
As part of the Transaction
and debt forbearance, the Company issued
As a result of the Transaction,
the Company has removed approximately $
On May 20, 2025 the Company
issued
On May 29, 2025, the Company
entered into a Note Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), dated as of May 29, 2025, with an institutional investor
pursuant to which the Company issued a
The 2025 Note, issued pursuant
to the Purchase Agreement, is convertible at the option of the Holder at any time after the Maturity Date, including with registration
rights, at a conversion price per share equal to ninety percent (
On June 6, 2025, the Company
entered into a Note Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), by and between the Company and an institutional investor
(the “Investor”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the Investor a promissory note in the aggregate total principal
amount of $
32
ITEM 2 - MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of our operations should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 27, 2025. In addition to historically consolidated financial information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in any subsequent filing we make with the SEC.
Overview
We are a renewable energy company committed to advancing sustainable solutions. With a focus on utility-scale projects, such as utility solar parks, microgrids and battery storage, we aim to deliver comprehensive, clean energy across Europe and America. Through strategic investments, we are building a portfolio poised to lead the transition to a sustainable energy future.
The Company was incorporated in Delaware on May 14, 2021, and was originally known as Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp. (“Clean Earth”).
On October 12, 2022, Clean Earth entered into a Business Combination Agreement, as amended by that certain First Amendment to the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2023 (the “First BCA Amendment”) (as amended by the First BCA Amendment, the “Initial Business Combination Agreement”), and as amended and restated by that certain Amended and Restated Business Combination Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2023 (the “A&R BCA”) (the Initial Business Combination Agreement, as amended and restated by the A&R BCA, the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among Clean Earth, Alternus Energy Group Plc (“AEG”), and the Sponsor. Following the approval of the Initial Business Combination Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby at the special meeting of the stockholders of Clean Earth held on December 4, 2023, the Company consummated the Business Combination on December 22, 2023. In accordance with the Business Combination Agreement, Clean Earth issued 2,300,000 shares of common stock of Clean Earth, par value $0.0001 per share, to AEG, and AEG transferred to Clean Earth, and Clean Earth received from AEG, all of the issued and outstanding equity interests in the Acquired Subsidiaries (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) (the “Equity Exchange,” and together with the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”). In connection with the Closing, the Company changed its name from Clean Earth Acquisition Corp. to Alternus Clean Energy, Inc.
The Company plans to use annual recurring revenues (“ARR”) as a key metric in its financial management information and believes this method better reflects the long-term stability of operations in the future. Annual recurring revenues are defined as the estimated future revenue generated by operating solar parks based on the remaining term by the price received per mega-watt hour (MWh) of energy produced multiplied by the estimated production from each solar park over a full year of operation. It should be noted that the actual revenues reported by the Company in a particular year may be lower than the annual recurring revenues because not all parks may be revenue generating for the full year in their first year of operation. The Company must also account for the timing of acquisitions that take place throughout the financial year.
33
Impacts of the Ukraine/Russia Conflict
The geopolitical situation in Eastern Europe intensified on February 24, 2022, with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The war between the two countries continues to evolve as military activity proceeds and additional sanctions are imposed. In addition to the human toll and impact of the events on entities that have operations in Russia, Ukraine, or neighboring countries (e.g., Belarus, Poland, Romania) or that conduct business with their counterparties, the war is increasingly affecting economic and global financial markets and exacerbating ongoing economic challenges, including issues such as rising inflation and global supply-chain disruption. Althought we no longer have physical facilities in Romania, the Company has seen fluctuations in energy rates due to inflation, increased interest rates, and other macro-economic factors.
Known trends or Uncertainties
The Company has a working capital deficiency and negative equity, and management has determined there is doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, if planned financing and/or equity raises do not occur and/or if the terms of financings or equity raises are not acceptable to the Company. Refer to Footnote 2 of the accompanying financial statements.
The Company is currently working on several processes to address the going concern issue. We are working with multiple global banks and funds to secure the necessary corporate and project level financing to execute our transatlantic business plan and we have sold or otherwise discontinued operations in order to eliminate significant amounts of debt and other obligations.
Competitive Strengths
The Company believes the following competitive strengths have contributed and will continue to contribute to its success:
● Fully Integrated Clean Energy Provider Model:
We operate as a comprehensive energy provider, managing the full renewable energy value chain across both utility scale and behind-the-meter microgrid markets. This “develop-to-own or sell” strategy enables the Company to capture greater margin and retain control from early-stage development through to long-term operations or strategic monetization, unlike peers focused solely on operational asset acquisitions.
● Experienced and Adaptive Management Team:
The leadership team brings decades of collective experience in capital markets, energy infrastructure, project development, and public company governance. Recent partnerships also bolster technical and operational capabilities in areas such as microgrids, reinforcing the Company’s strategic direction.
● Capital-Efficient Growth Through Project-Level Leverage:
Our approach emphasizes projects with minimal to no owner equity requirements, particularly in the U.S. where tax equity (ITC) and long-term debt can fund up to 100% of project costs. This model allows for rapid, capital-efficient scaling and high-return deployments, freeing up corporate equity for strategic growth.
● Transatlantic Market Footprint Mitigates Risk:
With operations and revenue targets split between North America and Europe by 2029, Alternus is uniquely positioned to reduce geopolitical and regulatory concentration risk. The diversified presence enhances resilience and positions the Company to capture incentives from multiple clean energy policy regimes.
● Unique Microgrid Technology and Offerings:
Through partnerships such as with Hover Energy, Alternus delivers differentiated microgrid solutions combining rooftop wind, solar, storage, and AI-based energy management systems. This provides a compelling and exclusive offering, particularly in the high-growth commercial and industrial market segments.
● Proven International Expansion and Partner Network:
The Company’s historical ability to enter new geographies and establish strong local partnerships is expected to enable consistent expansion across Europe and North America once the Company has completed plans to improve and stabilize its balance sheet. These local relationships and Alternus’ development track record provide a competitive edge in securing grid access, permits, and financing in highly competitive markets.
● Flexible and Technology Agnostic Strategy:
Alternus is not tied to specific technologies or suppliers, allowing it to source best-in-class components and services globally. This flexibility supports cost optimization and future proofing as new solutions and innovations emerge in the renewable energy space.
34
Vision and Strategy
We are expanding beyond our core utility solar operations by integrating microgrids and on-site generation systems that provide customers with energy resilience, grid independence, and long-term cost savings. These customer deployed systems enable faster revenue realization and lower capital intensity compared to utility scale projects.
To accelerate this transition, we are actively forming strategic partnerships and pursuing targeted ventures and acquisitions in high-growth areas such as battery storage and circular economy energy systems. These additions enhance our technical capabilities, diversify revenue streams, and strengthen our ability to meet the rising demand for consistent power driven by AI, data centers, and industrial onshoring.
This strategy builds on our foundation as an integrated independent power producer (IPP) with experience developing a portfolio of renewable energy assets across North America and Europe. By owning and operating long-term contracted energy projects, we generate stable, recurring income while unlocking lasting value for shareholders.
With strong regulatory tailwinds and rapidly growing global demand for sustainable and reliable energy, Alternus is well positioned to scale as a more comprehensive energy provider, broadening our market reach, enhancing financial performance, and advancing our mission to power a cleaner, more resilient energy future.
To achieve its goals, the Company intends to pursue the following strategies:
| ● | Continue our growth strategy of acquiring utility scale clean energy (e.g., solar, battery storage and other technologies) projects that are either in development, in construction, newly installed or already operational, in order to build a diversified portfolio across multiple geographies; |
| ● | Pursue expansion into complementary or strategic market segments either through M&A or strategic partnerships that enhance and diversify our core energy generation business. These additional segments are designed to create independent income streams and strengthen our asset platform; |
| ● | Strengthen long-term relationships with high-quality developers and other partners, both local and international, to reduce competition in acquisition pricing and provide Alternus with exclusive rights to projects at varying stages of development. This provides the Company with a better understanding of the markets we address and, in some cases, enables it to contract for projects in a less competitive environment; |
| ● | Expand our US and European portfolio in regions with attractive returns on investments, and increase the Company’s long-term recurring revenue and cash flow; |
| ● | Secure strong and predictable cash flows via long-term FIT (feed-in tariff) contracts combined with the Company’s efficient operations. This allows for high leverage capacity and flexibility of debt structuring. Our strategy is to reinvest of project cash flows into additional projects to provide non-dilutive capital for Alternus to “self-fund” organic growth; |
| ● | Optimization of financing sources to support long-term growth and profitability in a cost-efficient manner; |
| ● | As a renewable energy company, we are committed to growing our portfolio of projects in the most sustainable way possible. Alternus is highly aware and conscious of the ever growing need to mitigate the effects of climate change which is evident by its core strategy. As the Company grows, it intends to establish a formal sustainability policy framework in order to ensure that all project development is carried out in a sustainable manner, mitigating any potential local and environmental impacts identified during the development, construction, and operational process. |
Given the long-term nature of our business, Alternus operates with a strategic focus on sustained value creation rather than short-term quarterly performance. Our approach prioritizes maximizing long-term shareholder returns by developing projects from the ground up and acquiring assets at various stages of maturity, whether in development, under construction, or already operational. In parallel, we are expanding into complementary market segments that enhance our operational capabilities and financial performance, strengthening the foundation for consistent, scalable growth.
35
Key Factors that Significantly Affect Company Results of Operations and Business
The Company expects the following factors will affect its results of operations – inflation and energy rate fluctuations.
Offtake Contracts
Company revenue is primarily a function of the volume of electricity generated and sold by its renewable energy facilities as well as, where applicable, the sale of green energy certificates and other environmental attributes related to energy generation. The Company’s current portfolio of renewable energy facilities is generally contracted under long-term FIT programs or PPAs with investment grade counterparties. Pricing of the electricity sold under these FITs and PPAs is generally fixed for the duration of the contract, although some of its PPAs have price escalators based on an index (such as the consumer price index) or other rates specified in the applicable PPA.
Project Operations and Generation Availability
The Company revenue is a function of the volume of electricity generated and sold by Company renewable energy facilities. The volume of electricity generated and sold by the Company’s renewable energy facilities during a particular period is impacted by the number of facilities that have achieved commercial operations, as well as both scheduled and unexpected repair and maintenance required to keep its facilities operational.
The costs the Company incurs to operate, maintain, and manage renewable energy facilities also affect the results of operations. Equipment performance represents the primary factor affecting the Company’s operating results because equipment downtime impacts the volume of the electricity that the Company can generate from its renewable energy facilities. The volume of electricity generated and sold by the Company’s facilities will also be negatively impacted if any facilities experience higher than normal downtime as a result of equipment failures, electrical grid disruption or curtailment, weather disruptions, or other events beyond the Company’s control.
Seasonality and Resource Variability
The amount of electricity produced and revenues generated by the Company’s solar generation facilities is dependent in part on the amount of sunlight, or irradiation, where the assets are located. As shorter daylight hours in winter months result in less irradiation, the electricity generated by these facilities will vary depending on the season. Irradiation can also be variable at a particular location from period to period due to weather or other meteorological patterns, which can affect operating results. As most of the Company’s solar power plants are in the Northern Hemisphere, the Company expects its current solar portfolio’s power generation to be at its lowest during the first and fourth quarters of each year. Therefore, the Company expects first and fourth quarter solar revenue to be lower than in other quarters. As a result, on average, each solar park generates approximately 15% of its annual revenues in Q1 every year, 35% in each of Q2 and Q3, and the remaining 15% in Q4. The Company’s costs are relatively flat over the year, and so the Company will always report lower profits in Q1 and Q4 as compared to the middle of the year.
Interest Rates on Company Debt
Interest rates on the Company’s senior debt are mostly variable for the full term of finance at interest rates ranging from 6% to 30%.
In addition to the project specific senior debt, the Company uses a small number of promissory notes in order to reduce, and in some cases eliminate, the requirement for the Company to provide equity in the acquisition of the projects.
36
Cash Distribution Restrictions
In certain cases, the Company, through its subsidiaries, obtain project-level or other limited or non-recourse financing for Company renewable energy facilities which may limit these subsidiaries’ ability to distribute funds to the Company for corporate operational costs. These limitations typically require that the project-level cash is used to meet debt obligations and fund operating reserves of the operating subsidiary. These financing arrangements also generally limit the Company’s ability to distribute funds generated from the projects if defaults have occurred or would occur with the giving of notice or the lapse of time, or both.
Renewable Energy Facility Acquisitions and Investments
The Company’s long-term growth strategy is dependent on its ability to acquire additional renewable power generation assets. This growth is expected to be comprised of additional acquisitions across the Company’s scope of operations both in its current focus countries and new countries. Our operating revenues are insufficient to fund our operations and our assets already are pledged to secure our indebtedness to various third party secured creditors, respectively. The unavailability of additional financing could require us to delay, scale back, or terminate our acquisition efforts as well as our own business activities, which would have a material adverse effect on the Company and its viability and prospects.
Management believes renewable power has been one of the fastest growing sources of electricity generation globally over the past decade. The Company expects the renewable energy generation segment to continue to offer growth opportunities driven by:
| ● | The continued reduction in the cost of solar and other renewable energy technologies, which the Company believes will lead to grid parity in an increasing number of markets; |
| ● | Distribution charges and the effects of an aging transmission infrastructure, which enable renewable energy generation sources located at a customer’s site, or distributed generation, to be more competitive with, or cheaper than, grid-supplied electricity; |
| ● | The replacement of aging and conventional power generation facilities in the face of increasing industry challenges, such as regulatory barriers, increasing costs of and difficulties in obtaining and maintaining applicable permits, and the decommissioning of certain types of conventional power generation facilities, such as coal and nuclear facilities; |
| ● | The ability to couple renewable energy generation with other forms of power generation and/or storage, creating a hybrid energy solution capable of providing energy on a 24/7 basis while reducing the average cost of electricity obtained through the system; |
| ● | The desire of energy consumers to lock in long-term pricing for a reliable energy source; |
| ● | Renewable energy generation’s ability to utilize freely available sources of fuel, thus avoiding the risks of price volatility and market disruptions associated with many conventional fuel sources; |
| ● | Environmental concerns over conventional power generation; and |
| ● | Government policies that encourage the development of renewable power, such as country, state or provincial renewable portfolio standard programs, which motivate utilities to procure electricity from renewable resources. |
Access to Capital Markets
The Company’s ability to acquire additional clean power generation assets and manage its other commitments will likely be dependent on its ability to raise or borrow additional funds and access debt and equity capital markets, including the equity capital markets, the corporate debt markets, and the project finance market for project-level debt. The Company accessed the capital markets several times in 2024 and during the three months ended March 31, 2025, in connection with long-term project debt, and corporate loans and equity. Limitations on the Company’s ability to access the corporate and project finance debt and equity capital markets in the future on terms that are accretive to its existing cash flows would be expected to negatively affect its results of operations, business, and future growth.
37
Foreign Exchange
The Company’s operating results are reported in United States (USD) Dollars. The Company’s current project revenue and expenses are generated in other currencies, including the Euro (EUR), the Romanian Lei (RON), and the Polish Zloty (PLN). This mix may continue to change in the future if the Company elects to alter the mix of its portfolio within its existing markets or elect to expand into new markets. In addition, the Company’s investments (including intercompany loans) in renewable energy facilities in foreign countries are exposed to foreign currency fluctuations. As a result, the Company expects revenues and expenses will be exposed to foreign exchange fluctuations in local currencies where the Company’s renewable energy facilities are located. To the extent the Company does not hedge these exposures, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates could negatively impact profitability and financial position.
Key Metrics
Operating Metrics
The Company regularly reviews several operating metrics to evaluate its performance, identify trends affecting its business, formulate financial projections and make certain strategic decisions. The Company considers a solar park operating when it has achieved connection and begins selling electricity to the energy grid.
Operating Nameplate capacity
The Company measures the electricity-generating production capacity of its renewable energy facilities in nameplate capacity. The Company expresses nameplate capacity in direct current (DC), for all facilities. The size of the Company’s renewable energy facilities varies significantly among the assets comprising its portfolio.
The Company believes the combined nameplate capacity of its portfolio is indicative of its overall production capacity and period to period comparisons of its nameplate capacity are indicative of the growth rate of its business. The production capacity listed below for the United States and Romania reflect the actual production from those parks during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The table below outlines the Company’s operating renewable energy facilities as of March 31, 2025 and 2024:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| MW (DC) Nameplate capacity by country – continuing operations | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| United States | - | 3.8 | ||||||
| Total | - | 3.8 | ||||||
| Discontinued Operations: | ||||||||
| Romania | - | 40.1 | ||||||
| Total | - | 40.1 | ||||||
| Total for the period | - | 43.9 | ||||||
Megawatt hours sold
Megawatt hours sold refers to the actual volume of electricity sold by the Company’s renewable energy facilities during a particular period. The Company tracks MWh sold as an indicator of its ability to realize cash flows from the generation of electricity at its renewable energy facilities. The megawatt hours listed below for Poland, the Netherlands and Romania reflect the actual volume of electricity sold during the three months ended March 31, 2024 before the operating parks were sold on January 19, 2024, February 21, 2024, October 3, 2024 and November 5, 2024, respectively. The Company’s MWh sold for renewable energy facilities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, were as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| MWh (DC) Sold by country | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||
| United States | - | 842 | ||||||
| Total | - | 842 | ||||||
| Discontinued Operations: | ||||||||
| Romania | - | 9,064 | ||||||
| Netherlands | - | 466 | ||||||
| Poland | - | 500 | ||||||
| Total | - | 10,872 | ||||||
| Total for the period | - | 10,872 | ||||||
38
Consolidated Results of Operations
The following table illustrates the consolidated results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Revenues | $ | - | $ | 93 | ||||
| Operating Expenses | ||||||||
| Cost of revenues | - | (15 | ) | |||||
| Selling, general, and administrative | (1,490 | ) | (3,107 | ) | ||||
| Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | (130 | ) | (70 | ) | ||||
| Development costs | - | (7 | ) | |||||
| Gain on sale of continuing operations | 3,589 | - | ||||||
| Total operating expenses | 1,969 | (3,199 | ) | |||||
| Income/(loss) from operations | 1,969 | (3,106 | ) | |||||
| Other income/(expense): | ||||||||
| Interest expense | (2,190 | ) | (1,681 | ) | ||||
| Fair value movement of FPA asset | - | (483 | ) | |||||
| Fair value movement of convertible debts | 806 | - | ||||||
| Fair value movement of warrants | (811 | ) | - | |||||
| Gain on extinguishment of debt | - | 179 | ||||||
| Other expense | - | (5 | ) | |||||
| Other income | 46 | 9 | ||||||
| Total other expenses | (2,149 | ) | (1,981 | ) | ||||
| Loss before provision for income taxes | (180 | ) | (5,087 | ) | ||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (180 | ) | (5,087 | ) | ||||
| Discontinued operations: | ||||||||
| Loss from operations of discontinued business components | - | (3,642 | ) | |||||
| Gain on sale of discontinued operations, net assets | - | 2,150 | ||||||
| Income tax | - | - | ||||||
| Income/(loss) from discontinued operations | - | (1,492 | ) | |||||
| Net income/(loss) | $ | (180 | ) | $ | (6,579 | ) | ||
| Basic & diluted earnings/(loss) per share of common stock: | ||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | (0.02 | ) | $ | (1.93 | ) | ||
| Discontinued operations | - | (0.57 | ) | |||||
| Total earnings/(loss) per share of common stock, basic & diluted | $ | (0.02 | ) | $ | (2.50 | ) | ||
| Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic & diluted | 8,404,044 | 2,636,925 | ||||||
| Comprehensive income/(loss) | ||||||||
| Net income/(loss) | $ | (180 | ) | $ | (6,579 | ) | ||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | (589 | ) | (1,232 | ) | ||||
| Comprehensive income/(loss) | $ | (769 | ) | $ | (7,811 | ) | ||
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Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 compared to March 31, 2024.
The Company generates its revenue from the sale of electricity from its solar parks. The revenue is from FIT, PPA, REC, or in the day-ahead or spot market.
Revenue
Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| Revenue by Country | 2025 | 2024 | Change ($) | Change (%) | ||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| United States | - | 93 | (93 | ) | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total for continuing operations | $ | - | $ | 93 | $ | (93 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Discontinued Operations: | ||||||||||||||||
| Netherlands | $ | - | $ | 16 | $ | (16 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Poland | - | 106 | (106 | ) | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Romania | - | 2,087 | (2,087 | ) | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total for discontinued operations | $ | - | $ | 2,209 | $ | (2,209 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Total for the period | $ | - | $ | 2,302 | $ | (2,302 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
Revenue for continuing operations decreased by $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 as there was only one country producing revenue in 2024 (Lightwave parks) compared to no operating parks owned by the Company in 2025.
Revenue for discontinued operations decreased by $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 as all operating parks in Poland, the Netherlands, and Romania were sold on January 19, 2024, February 21, 2024 and October 3, 2024, respectively. Refer to Footnote 14 for additional sale information.
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| Revenue by Offtake Type | 2025 | 2024 | Change ($) | Change (%) | ||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Energy Offtake Agreements (PPA) | $ | - | $ | 93 | $ | (93 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Total for continuing operations | $ | - | $ | 93 | $ | (93 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Discontinued Operations: | ||||||||||||||||
| Country Renewable Programs (FIT) | $ | - | $ | 199 | $ | (153 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Green Certificates | - | 1,569 | (1,569 | ) | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Energy Offtake Agreements (PPA) | - | 384 | (384 | ) | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Other Revenue | - | 57 | (57 | ) | 100 | % | ||||||||||
| Total for discontinued operations | $ | - | $ | 2,209 | $ | (2,209 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Total for the period | $ | - | $ | 2,302 | $ | (2,302 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
Cost of Revenues
The Company capitalizes its equipment costs, development costs, engineering, and construction related costs that are deemed recoverable. The Company’s cost of revenues with regards to its solar parks is primarily a result of the asset management, operations, and maintenance, as well as tax, insurance, and lease expenses. Certain economic incentive programs, such as FIT regimes, generally include mechanisms that ratchet down incentives over time. As a result, the Company seeks to connect its solar parks to the local power grids and commence operations in a timely manner to benefit from more favorable existing incentives. Therefore, the Company generally seeks to make capital investments during times when incentives are most favorable.
40
Cost of revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| Cost of Revenues by Country | 2025 | 2024 | Change ($) | Change (%) | ||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| United States | - | 15 | (15 | ) | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total for continuing operations | $ | - | $ | 15 | $ | (15 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Discontinued Operations: | ||||||||||||||||
| Netherlands | $ | - | $ | 115 | $ | (115 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Poland | - | 101 | (101 | ) | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Romania | - | 819 | (819 | ) | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total for discontinued operations | $ | - | $ | 1,035 | $ | (1,035 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Total for the period | $ | - | $ | 1,050 | $ | (1,050 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
Cost of revenues for continuing operations decreased by $15 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease was due to the operating parks in the United States being sold in November of 2024.
Cost of revenues for discontinued operations decreased by $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 due to all operating parks in Poland, the Netherlands, and Romania being sold on January 19, 2024, February 21, 2024 and October 3, 2024, respectively.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:
| Three Months Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change ($) | Change (%) | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | 1,490 | $ | 3,107 | $ | (1,680 | ) | (54 | )% | |||||||
| Total for continuing operations | $ | 1,490 | $ | 3,107 | $ | (1,680 | ) | (54 | )% | |||||||
| Discontinued Operations: | ||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | - | $ | 640 | $ | (640 | ) | $ | (100 | )% | ||||||
| Total for discontinued operations | $ | - | $ | 640 | $ | (640 | ) | $ | (100 | )% | ||||||
| Total for the period | $ | 1,490 | $ | 3,747 | $ | (2,320 | ) | (62 | )% | |||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses for continuing operations decreased by $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The majority of this decrease was from a decrease in compensation costs, consulting expenses, accounting and legal costs associated with audit preparation and Nasdaq listing costs.
Cost of revenues for discontinued operations decreased by $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 due to Solis being sold on October 3, 2024.
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Acquisition Costs:
On December 11, 2024, BESS LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “APA”) with LiiON LLC (“LiiON”), a U.S.-based expert in advanced energy storage solutions, and closed on the acquisition of certain assets related to LiiON’s Battery Storage Business. The assets purchased included customer relationships, customer service agreements and intellectual property (IP). The Company determined that the set of assets and activities acquired in connection with the APA and related agreements constitute a business subject to the guidance in ASC 805 Business Combinations. Refer to Footnote 5 for more information.
Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company and LiiON LLC mutually agreed to rescind the Asset Purchase Agreement (see Footnote 5). The rescission was driven by the discovery of certain material issues not known at the time of closing including questions surrounding the perceived value of certain assets or relationships acquired as well as NASDAQ’s delisting of the Company’s equity in February 2025. The agreement to rescind the transaction was finalized on April 29,2025, resulting in the unwinding of all consideration transferred and legal ownership.
The Company has evaluated the rescission in accordance with ASC 855, Subsequent Events, and determined it to be a non-recognized subsequent event, as the rescission did not change the condition of “control” that existed as of the acquisition date or the reporting period end. As such, no adjustments have been made to the financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2024. The rescission will be reflected in the Company’s financial statements in the future accounting period in which the sale or disposal criteria are met (i.e., either the first or second quarterly period of the year ending December 31, 2025).
Development Cost
The Company depends heavily on government policies that support our business and enhance the economic feasibility of developing and operating solar energy projects in regions in which we operate or plan to develop and operate renewable energy facilities. The Company can decide to abandon a project if there is material change in budgetary constraints, political factors or otherwise, governments from time to time may review their laws and policies that support renewable energy and consider actions that would make the laws and policies less conducive to the development and operation of renewable energy facilities. Any reductions or modifications to, or the elimination of, governmental incentives or policies that support renewable energy or the imposition of additional taxes or other assessments on renewable energy, could result in, among other items, the lack of a satisfactory market for the development and/or financing of new renewable energy projects, our abandoning the development of renewable energy projects, a loss of our investments in the projects, and reduced project returns, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Refer to Footnote 13 to the accompanying financial statements for more detail of development cost.
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change ($) | Change (%) | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Development Cost | $ | - | $ | 7 | $ | (7 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Total for continuing operations | $ | - | $ | 7 | $ | (7 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Total for the period | $ | - | $ | 7 | $ | (7 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
Development cost decreased by $7 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 due to no projects being written off in 2025.
There were no development costs for discontinued operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
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Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion Expense
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change ($) | Change (%) | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion expense | $ | 130 | $ | 70 | $ | 60 | 85 | % | ||||||||
| Total for continuing operations | $ | 130 | $ | 70 | $ | 60 | 85 | % | ||||||||
| Discontinued Operations: | ||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion expense | $ | - | $ | 678 | $ | (678 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Total for discontinued operations | $ | - | $ | 678 | $ | (678 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Total for the period | $ | 130 | $ | 748 | $ | (618 | ) | (83 | )% | |||||||
Depreciation and Amortization expense for continuing operations increased by $60 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. This was primarily driven by the amortization for the intangible assets acquired in the Liion transaction December 2024, and the sale of the assets that related to the 2024 charge.
Depreciation, amortization and accretion expenses for discontinued operations decreased by $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 due to all operating parks in Poland, the Netherlands and Romania being sold on January 19, 2024, February 21, 2024 and October 3, 2024, respectively.
Gain on Disposal of Assets
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change ($) | Change (%) | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Gain on sale of continuing operations | $ | 3,589 | $ | - | $ | 3,589 | 100 | % | ||||||||
| Total for continuing operations | 3,589 | - | 3,589 | 100 | % | |||||||||||
| Discontinued Operations: | ||||||||||||||||
| Gain on disposal of asset | $ | - | $ | 3,374 | $ | (3,774 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Costs related to disposal of asset | - | (1,224 | ) | 1,224 | 100 | % | ||||||||||
| Total for discontinued operations | $ | - | $ | 2,150 | $ | (2,150 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Total for the period | $ | 3,589 | $ | 2,150 | $ | 1,439 | 67 | % | ||||||||
On March 25, 2025, the Company sold its subsidiaries in Spain for a $3.5 million gain. There were no costs incurred to complete the transaction.
On January 19, 2024, the Company sold its operating parks in Poland with a carrying value of $55.2 million for $59.4 resulting in a $4.2 million gain partially offset by a $0.9 million loss on sale of assets in the Netherlands. $1.6M of the cash received was held back by the seller per the SPA and recorded as a receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. On February 22, 2024, the Company sold its operating park in the Netherlands with a carrying value of $8.0 million for $7.1 million resulting in a $0.9 million loss. The costs incurred to complete the transaction totaled $1.2 million and are reported together with the disposal of the assets according to ASC 360-10-35-38.
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Interest Expense, Other Income, and Other Expense
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change ($) | Change (%) | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | $ | (2,190 | ) | $ | (1,681 | ) | $ | (509 | ) | 30 | % | |||||
| Fair value movement on FPA asset | - | (483 | ) | 483 | 100 | % | ||||||||||
| Gain on extinguishment of debt | - | 179 | (179 | ) | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Fair value movement on convertible note | 806 | - | 806 | (100 | )% | |||||||||||
| Fair value movement on warrant | (811 | ) | - | (811 | ) | 100 | % | |||||||||
| Other expense | - | (5 | ) | (5 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||||
| Other income | 46 | 9 | 37 | (411 | )% | |||||||||||
| Total for continuing operations | $ | (2,149 | ) | $ | (1,981 | ) | $ | (168 | ) | (8 | )% | |||||
| Discontinued Operations: | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest income/(expense) | $ | - | $ | (3,278 | ) | $ | 3,278 | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Other expense | - | (221 | ) | 221 | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total for discontinued operations | $ | - | $ | (3,499 | ) | $ | 3,499 | (100 | )% | |||||||
| Total for the period | $ | (2,149 | ) | $ | (5,480 | ) | $ | (3,331 | ) | (61 | )% | |||||
Total interest expense, other income, and other expense for continuing operations decreased by approximately $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The primary drivers was a net increase of $0.5 million in interest expense, as shown below, offset by a gain on extinguishment of debt of $0.2 million and a loss on movement if fair value of the FPA asset in the same period of 2024.
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change ($) | Change (%) | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest charged on debt | $ | 790 | $ | 1,149 | $ | (360 | ) | (31 | )% | |||||||
| Amortization of debt discount | 1,400 | 532 | 868 | 163 | % | |||||||||||
| Total interest expense for continuing operations | $ | 2,190 | $ | 1,681 | $ | 509 | 33 | % | ||||||||
Total other expenses for discontinued operations decreased by $3.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 due to all operating parks in Poland, the Netherlands and Romania being sold on January 19, 2024, February 21, 2024 and October 3, 2024, respectively.
Net Loss
Net loss for continuing operations decreased by $4.9 million, -for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. This is primarily due to a decrease in SG&A expenses of $1.7 million and a gain of $3.5 million from the sale of the Spanish subsidiaries.
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change ($) | Change (%) | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | - | $ | 93 | $ | 93 | (100 | )% | ||||||||
| Cost of revenues | - | (15 | ) | (15 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||||
| Selling, general, and administrative | (1,490 | ) | (3,107 | ) | (1,707 | ) | (55 | )% | ||||||||
| Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | (130 | ) | (70 | ) | 60 | 85 | % | |||||||||
| Development costs | - | (7 | ) | (7 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||||
| Gain on sale of continuing operations | 3,589 | - | 3,588 | 100 | % | |||||||||||
| Other expenses | (2,149 | ) | (1,981 | ) | (158 | ) | (8 | )% | ||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | $ | (180 | ) | $ | (5,087 | ) | $ | 4,907 | (96 | )% | ||||||
Net loss for discontinued operations decreased by $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. This is primarily due to a decrease in cost of revenues of $1.0 million, SG&A expenses of $0.6 million, depreciation of $0.7 million, interest expense of $3.3 million, and other expenses of $0.2 million. This was offset by a decrease in revenues of $2.2 million and decrease in the gain of disposal of assets of $2.2 million for the net sale of the Poland, Netherlands, and Romanian operating parks in January, February, and October 2024, respectively.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Capital Resources
A key element to the Company’s financing strategy is to raise much of its debt in the form of project specific non-recourse borrowings at its subsidiaries with investment grade metrics. Going forward, the Company intends to primarily finance acquisitions or growth capital expenditures using long-term non-recourse debt that fully amortizes within the asset’s contracted life, as well as retained cash flows from operations and issuance of equity securities through public markets.
The following table summarizes certain financial measures that are not calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, along with the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, for each period presented below. In addition to its results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company believes the following non-U.S. GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating its operating performance. The Company uses the following non-U.S. GAAP financial information, collectively, to evaluate its ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes.
The following non-U.S. GAAP table summarizes the total capitalization and debt as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
| As of March 31, | As of December 31, | |||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Convertible debt, secured | $ | 605 | $ | 2,626 | ||||
| Senior Secured debt and promissory notes | 9,775 | 27,718 | ||||||
| Total debt | 10,380 | 30,344 | ||||||
| Less current maturities | (10,380 | ) | (28,715 | ) | ||||
| Long term debt, net of current maturities | $ | - | $ | 1,629 | ||||
| Current Maturities | $ | 10,380 | $ | 28,715 | ||||
| Less current debt discount | (633 | ) | (1,239 | ) | ||||
| Less net loss on issuance of convertible note & warrant | - | 520 | ||||||
| Less movement in fair value | (154 | ) | (632 | ) | ||||
| Current Maturities net of debt discount | $ | 9.593 | $ | 27,364 | ||||
| Long-term maturities | $ | - | $ | 1,629 | ||||
| Less long-term debt discount | - | - | ||||||
| Long-term maturities net of debt discount | $ | - | $ | 1,629 | ||||
| As of March 31, | As of December 31, | |||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 81 | $ | 161 | ||||
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Liquidity Position
Our consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and for the year ended December 31, 2024 identifies the existence of certain conditions that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the issuance of this report. Refer to Footnote 2 of the accompanying financial statements for more information.
On October 3, 2024, because Solis was unable to fully repay the Solis Bonds, the Company sold Solis and its subsidiaries in Romania to Solis Trustee Special Vehicle Limited, the Solis Bondholders’ ownership vehicle, for €1 in accordance with the terms of the Solis Bonds, as amended. As a result of the sale, the Company eliminated approximately $115 million in debt and payables related to Solis activities and improved shareholders equity by approximately $59 million. Solis accounted for 98% of group revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Solis bondholders continue to hold a preference share in an Alternus holding company which holds certain development projects in Spain and Italy. The preference share gives the bondholders the right on any distributions up to €10 million, and such assets will be divested to ensure repayment of up to €10 million should it not be fully repaid by the Maturity Date.
On November 8, 2024, the Company was notified by the staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) that the Company did not meet the market value of listed securities requirement in Listing Rule 5550(b)(2) (the “MVLS Rule”) for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market (the “Staff Determination”). The Company requested a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) to appeal the Staff Determination.
On February 10, 2025, the Company received a determination letter (the “Delisting Notification”) from the Nasdaq Hearings Advisor stating that the Panel has determined to delist the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”) from the Nasdaq Capital Market, and Nasdaq suspended trading in the Company’s Common Stock on February 12, 2025 because the Company has not demonstrated compliance with the MVLS Rule, nor does it meet any of the alternative requirements under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b) and has failed to demonstrate that additional time to regain compliance is appropriate. The Company was additionally in violation of the bid price requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Bid Price Rule”), as disclosed recently on January 31, 2025, which was taken into consideration by the Panel in its Delisting Notification.
The Company’s Common Stock is currently quoted on an over-the-counter trading market.
The Company is currently working on several processes to address the going concern issue. We are working with multiple global banks and funds to secure the necessary project financing to execute our transatlantic business plan.
Financing Activities
In May 2022, AEG MH02 entered into a loan agreement with a group of private lenders of approximately $10.8 million with an initial stated interest rate of 8% and a maturity date of May 31, 2023. In February 2023, the loan agreement was amended stating a new interest rate of 16% retroactive to the date of the first draw in June 2022. In May 2023, the loan was extended, and the interest rate was revised to 18% from June 1, 2023. In July 2023, the loan agreement was further extended to October 31, 2023. In November 2023, the loan agreement further extended to May 31, 2024. On December 31, 2024, the loan agreement was further extended to September 30, 2025 while also stating any accrued interest up to the date of the amendment was to be added to the principal loan balance. As a result of these amendments, $3.2 million of interest was recognized during the year period ended December 31, 2024, $5.9 million of accrued interest was added to the existing loan balance. On May 7, 2025, AEG MH02 was sold, and the note was assumed by the Buyer. See Footnote 16 for more information. The Company had principal outstanding of $16.6 million and $16.0 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
In July 2023, Alt Spain Holdco, one of the Company’s Spanish subsidiaries acquired the project rights for a 32 MWp portfolio of Solar PV projects in Valencia, Spain, with an initial payment of $1.9 million, financed through a €3.0 million ($3.3 million) bank facility having a six-month term and accruing ‘Six Month Euribor’ plus 2% margin. On January 24, 2024, the maturity date was extended to July 28, 2024. On July 28, 2024, the loan was further extended to January 28, 2025 and the principal amount was reduced to €2.6 million ($2.8 million) from cash on hand. On March 25, 2025, Alt Spain Holdco was sold, and the note was assumed by the Buyer. See Footnote 15 for more information. This note had a principal outstanding balance of $0.0 million and $2.7 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
46
In January 2024, the Company assumed a $938 thousand (€850 thousand) convertible promissory note with a 10% interest maturing in March 2025 as part of the Business Combination that was completed in December 2023. On January 3, 2024, the noteholder converted all of the principal and accrued interest owed under the note, equal to $1.0 million, into 52,800 shares of restricted common stock.
On March 21, 2024, ALCE, SPAC Sponsor Capital Access (“SCAF”), and the Sponsor of Clean Earth (“CLIN”) agreed to a settlement of a $1.4 million note assumed by ALCE as part of the Business Combination that was completed in December 2023. The note had a maturity date of whenever CLIN closes its Business Combination Agreement and accrued interest of 25%. ALCE issued 9,000 shares to SCAF on March 21, 2024 and a payment plan of the rest of the outstanding balance was agreed to with payments to commence on July 15, 2024. The closing stock price of the Company was $11.75 on the date of issuance.
On April 19, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with an institutional investor pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the Investor a senior convertible note in the principal amount of $2,160,000, issued with an eight percent (8.0%) original issue discount and a warrant to purchase up to 96,444 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $5.76 per share. The Company received gross proceeds of $2,000,000, before fees and other expenses associated with the transaction. The Convertible Note matures on April 20, 2025, bears interest at 7% per annum, and ranks senior to the Company’s existing and future unsecured indebtedness. Refer to Footnote 4 for details on the conversions completed during the year ended December 31, 2024. This note had a principal outstanding balance of $0.4 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
On October 1, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), by and between the Company and an institutional investor (the “Investor”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the Investor a series of senior convertible notes up to an aggregate principal amount of $2,500,000, issued with a twelve percent (12.0%) original issue discount (each a “Convertible Note” and together, the “Convertible Notes”), and warrants (each a “Warrant” and together the “Warrants”) to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “Common Stock”), equal to 50% of the face value of the Convertible Note divided by the volume weighted average price, at an exercise price of $2.00 per share (the “Exercise Price”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, with the closing of the initial tranche of the Convertible Note and Warrant, the Company issued a Warrant to purchase up to 212,784 shares of Common Stock and the Company received gross proceeds of $700,000, before fees and other expenses associated with the transaction, accounting for the 12% original issue discount. This warrant was adjusted so that as of November 12, 2024 it is adjusted to purchase up to 283,714 shares exercisable at $1.50 per share. This warrant was again adjusted on December 5, 2024 to purchase up to 425,571 shares exercisable at $1.00 per share. In conjunction with the transaction, the Company issued warrants for the purchase of 21,278 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $2.20 per share to Maxim for their role as placement agent, which is exercisable at any time on or after April 1, 2025 and will expire on December 19, 2027.
The Convertible Note matures on October 1, 2025 (unless accelerated due to an event of default, or accelerated up to six installments by the Investor), bears interest at a rate of seven percent (7%) per annum, which shall automatically be increased to eighteen percent (18.0%) per annum in the event of default and, other than the First Convertible Note, ranks senior to the Company’s existing and future unsecured indebtedness. The Convertible Note is convertible in whole or in part at the option of the Investor into shares of Common Stock (the “Conversion Shares”) at the Conversion Price (as defined below) at any time following the date of issuance of the Convertible Note. The Convertible Note is payable monthly on each Installment Date (as defined in the Convertible Note) commencing on the earlier of December 1, 2024 and the effective date of the initial registration statement required to be filed pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement (as defined below) in an amount equal the sum of (A) the lesser of (x) $79,545 and (y) the outstanding principal amount of the Convertible Note, (B) interest due and payable under the Convertible Note and (C) other amounts specified in the Convertible Note (such sum being the “Installment Amount”); provided, however, if on any Installment Date, no failure to meet the Equity Conditions (as defined in the Convertible Note) exits pursuant to the Convertible Note, the Company may pay all or a portion of the Installment Amount with shares of its common stock. The portion of the Installment Amount paid with common stock shall be based on the Installment Conversion Price. “Installment Conversion Price” means the lower of (i) the Conversion Price (defined below) and (ii) the greater of (x) 92% of the average of the two (2) lowest daily VWAPs (as defined in the Convertible Note) in the ten (10) trading days immediately prior to each conversion date and (y) $0.75. “Equity Conditions Failure” means that on any day during the period commencing twenty (20) trading days prior to the applicable Installment Notice Date or Interest Date (each as defined in the Convertible Note) through the later of the applicable Installment Date or Interest Date and the date on which the applicable shares of Common Stock are actually delivered to the Holder, the Equity Conditions have not been satisfied (or waived in writing by the Holder). This note had a principal outstanding balance of $0.2 and $2.2 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
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On October 21, 2024, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the closing of the second tranche of the Convertible Note and Warrant occurred, whereby the Company issued a Warrant to purchase 162,628 shares of Common Stock exercisable at $2.00 per share and the Company received gross proceeds of $535,000, before fees and other expenses associated with the transaction, accounting for the 12% original issue discount. In conjunction with the transaction, the Company issued warrants for the purchase of 16,263 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $2.20 per share for their role as placement agent, which is exercisable at any time on or after April 21, 2024 and will expire on the third anniversary of the effective date of the registration statement registering the underlying warrant shares. This warrant was adjusted on November 12, 2024 to purchase up to 216,838 shares at an exercise price of $1.50 per share.
On November 12, 2024, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the closing of the third tranche of the Convertible Note and Warrant occurred, whereby the Company issued a Warrant to purchase 303,978 shares of Common Stock exercisable at $1.50 per share and the Company received gross proceeds of $750,000, before fees and other expenses associated with the transaction, accounting for the 12% original issue discount.
On December 4, 2024, the Company entered into a Note Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Secure Net Capital LLC (“Secure Net”), pursuant to which the Company issued a 20% Original Issue Discount promissory convertible note (the “2024 Note”) with a maturity date in April 2025, in the principal sum of $1,250,000. Pursuant to the terms of the 2024 Note, the Company agreed to pay to Secure Net the entire principal amount on the Maturity Date, failing which and certain events of default (as described in the 2024 Note), the 20% Original Issue Discount shall increase to 30% Original Issue Discount. The Purchase Agreement resulted in net proceeds of $1,000,000 to the Company. The 2024 Note, issued pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, is convertible at the option of the Holder at any time after the Maturity Date, including with registration rights, at a conversion price per share equal to ninety percent (90%) of the Company’s common stock’s VWAP (which is the three (3) Trading Days immediately prior to such Conversion Date (or the nearest preceding date)) as of the date of such conversion (the “Conversion Date”). On December 5, 2024, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the closing of the fourth and final tranche of the Convertible Note and Warrant occurred, whereby the Company issued a Warrant to purchase 130,710 shares of Common Stock exercisable at $1.00 per shares and the Company received gross proceeds of $244,317 before fees and other expenses associated with the transaction, accounting for the 12% original issue discount.
On December 11, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with LiiON LLC as part of the business acquisition for a $2,000,000 note with a maturity date of December 31, 2027. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, on April 28, 2025, the Company and LiiON LLC mutually agreed to rescind the Asset Purchase Agreement. See Footnote 5 for further information on.
On December 30, 2024, the Company assumed a $1,041,720 (€1,000,000) promissory note from AEG with a 10% interest maturing July 31, 2025. Additionally, the Company assumed multiple promissory notes totaling $1,025,000 million from AEG maturing June 30, 2025. This note had a principal outstanding balance of $1 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
On December 31, 2024, the Company terminated their agreement with Meteora Capital LLC by issuing a $500,000 promissory note with a 10% annual interest rate maturing January 31, 2026. This note had a principal outstanding balance of $0.5 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Cash Flow Discussion
The Company uses traditional measures of cash flows, including net cash flows from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities to evaluate its periodic cash flow results.
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For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 compared to March 31, 2024
The following table reflects the changes in cash flows for the comparative periods:
Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change ($) | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities | 552 | (2,036 | ) | 1,581 | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities – Discontinued Operations | - | (2,735 | ) | 2,735 | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities | - | (2,879 | ) | 2,879 | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities – Discontinued Operations | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities | 471 | (935 | ) | 1,427 | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities – Discontinued Operations | - | (13,162 | ) | 13,162 | ||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate on cash | 1 | (595 | ) | 512 | ||||||||
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Net cash provided in continuing operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to 2024 increased by $1.6 million. The net loss decreased by $4.9 million in 2025, which was mainly due to a decrease in selling, general, and administrative expenses, other expenses as described above, and in increase in interest expense and amortization expense. The offsetting increase was a result of the normal fluctuations of receivables and payables over the normal course of business operations. All expenses contributing to the decrease in the net loss are non-cash items recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Operation and Comprehensive Loss.
Net cash used in discontinued operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to 2024 decreased by $2.7 million due to all operating parks in Poland, the Netherlands and Romania being sold on January 19, 2024, February 21, 2024 and October 3, 2024, respectively.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
Net cash used in continuing investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to 2024 decreased by $2.9 as the Company did not pursue any additional developments in 2025.
There was no net cash used in or provided by discontinued investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 respectively.
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities
Net cash provided by continuing financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to 2024 increased by $1.4 million mainly driven by approximately $0.5 million of new debt and $0.9 million of intercompany transaction activity in 2024.
Net cash used in discontinued financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to 2024 decreased by $13.2 million due to all operating parks in Poland, the Netherlands and Romania being sold on January 19, 2024, February 21, 2024 and October 3, 2024, respectively.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
In the notes to our consolidated financial statements and in Part II, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have disclosed those accounting policies that we consider to be most significant in determining our results of operations and financial condition and involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity. There have been no changes to those policies that we consider to be material since the filing of our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The accounting principles used in preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements conform in all material respects to GAAP.
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
For quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk, see “Item 7A., Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our exposures to market risk have not changed materially since December 31, 2024.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that the information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, with the participation and supervision of Mr. Browne, our Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not, in design and operation, effective at a reasonable assurance level due to the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
The Company has identified the following material weakness in internal control over the financial reporting process.
| ● | The Company did not design and maintain an effective control environment commensurate with its financial reporting requirements. Specifically, the Company lacked a sufficient number of professionals with an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, training and experience to appropriately analyze, record and disclose accounting matters timely and accurately. Additionally, the lack of a sufficient number of professionals resulted in an inability to consistently establish appropriate authorities and responsibilities in pursuit of its financial reporting objectives, as demonstrated by, among other things, insufficient segregation of duties in its finance and accounting functions. |
To the extent reasonably possible given our limited resources, we intend to take measures to cure the aforementioned weaknesses, including, but not limited to, increasing the capacity of our qualified financial personnel to ensure that accounting policies and procedures are consistent across the organization and that we have adequate controls over our Exchange Act reporting disclosures.
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| ● | The Company did not design and maintain effective controls for communicating and sharing information within the Company. Specifically, the accounting and finance departments were not consistently provided the complete and adequate support, documentation, and information including the nature of relationships with certain counterparties to record transactions within the financial statements timely, completely and accurately. |
The accounting group has implemented a monthly review with the appropriate responsible parties within the Company, to review and confirm that the accounting department has received the proper documentation for various transactions.
| ● | The Company did not design and maintain effective controls for transactions between related parties and affiliates recorded between itself, the parent company and its subsidiaries. Specifically, the accounting and finance departments lacked formalized documentation establishing intercompany due to/from balances and did not periodically assess the collectability of such outstanding balances. |
| ● | The Company did not design and maintain effective controls to address the identification of and accounting for certain non-routine, unusual or complex transactions, including the proper application of U.S. GAAP to such transactions. Specifically, the Company did not design and maintain controls to timely identify and account for warrant instruments related to certain promissory notes, forward purchase agreements, debt modifications, and impairment of discontinued operations. |
The Company will have third party experts review non routine, unusual and complex transactions in order to have the required expertise to confirm the proper accounting treatment.
| ● | The Company did not design and maintain formal accounting policies, procedures and controls to achieve complete, accurate and timely financial accounting, reporting and disclosures, including controls over the period-end financial reporting process addressing areas including financial statement and footnote presentation and disclosures, account reconciliations and journal entries, including segregation of duties, assessing the reliability of reports and spreadsheets used in controls, and the timely identification and accounting for cut-off of expenditures. |
The Company is working with an external consultant to review and assess the Company’s current internal control structure to improve the overall effectiveness of the control environment. In addition, the Company is investing in third party software to improve the accuracy, review, and approval of account reconciliations and other accounting functions. Also, the Company is investing in third party software to improve the process around the completion of the financial statements.
The Company will have third party experts review non routine, unusual and complex transactions in order to have the required expertise to confirm the proper accounting treatment.
The material weaknesses described above could result in a material misstatement to substantially all of the Company’s accounts or disclosures. These material weaknesses leads management to conclude that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are not effective to give reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed in reports that the Company files under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported as and when required.
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Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management utilized the criteria established in the Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) to conduct an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have identified the material weaknesses described above in our internal controls over financial reporting and have therefore concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting are not effective at the reasonable assurance level.
As stated above, a material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control procedures over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during our fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we are subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. In connection with such litigation, the Company may be subject to significant damages. We may also be subject to equitable remedies and penalties. Such litigation could be costly and time-consuming and could divert or distract Company management and key personnel from its business operations. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, as of the date of this registration statement, we do not believe we are party to any claim or litigation, the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our business. However, due to the uncertainty of litigation and depending on the amount and the timing, an unfavorable resolution of some or all of these matters could materially affect the Company’s business, results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.
On October 15, 2024 Sunrise Development LLC (“Sunrise”) requested a hearing be scheduled in binding arbitration against the Company, two of its former indirect wholly owned subsidiaries, ALT US 03 and ALT US 04, and a related party, Alternus Energy Group PLC (“AEG”), to be conducted in Minneapolis, MN in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association (the “AAA”), claiming that approximately $5 million is due and owed to Sunrise pursuant to a settlement agreement by and among the parties, plus costs, expenses, legal fees and interest. On or about February 6, 2025, the Company entered into a second set of settlement terms with Sunrise, pursuant to which the Company agreed to make certain monthly payments to Sunrise, related to amounts allegedly owed by one of the Company’s former subsidiaries pursuant to a share purchase agreement, and in exchange Sunrise dismissed its arbitration case against the Company. As of March 10, 2025, the Company breached its payment obligations under the settlement terms, and on June 18, 2025 an arbitration award of $5.7 million was granted to Sunrise. The Company has accrued a liability for this loss contingency in the amount of approximately $5.7 million, which represents the amount allegedly owed.
On March 11, 2025, the Company was served a complaint filed in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware by SPAC Sponsor Capital Access (“SCAF”) , claiming that approximately $1.5 million is due and owed to SCAF pursuant to a settlement agreement by and among the parties, plus costs, expenses, legal fees, interest and damages, if proven. The Company has accrued a liability for this loss contingency in the amount of approximately $1.5 million, which represents the contractual amount allegedly owed. It is reasonably possible that the potential loss may exceed our accrued liability due to costs, expenses, legal fees, interest and damages that are also alleged by SCAF as owed. On June 17, 2025 SCAF filed a motion for summary judgment. The parties are currently in further settlement discussions.
On May 8, 2025, the Company, Alternus Energy Group PLC (AEG) and one of AEG’s subsidiaries, Alternus Energy Americas Inc. (AEA), was served a Demand for Arbitration through JAMS in Washington DC by Orrick, Herrington and Sutcliffe LLP (“Orrick”), claiming that approximately $1 million is due and owed to Orrick pursuant to an engagement agreement entered into with AEA, plus interest. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself in this matter and has filed a motion to dismiss itself from the arbitration as the Company was not a party to this engagement agreement nor is AEA a subsidiary of the Company.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. There have been no material changes during fiscal 2025 to the risk factors that were included in Form 10-K.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Sales of Unregistered Securities
On January 2, 2025, a convertible promissory note holder converted $1,588,693 of the October Convertible Note into 2,118,262 shares of unrestricted common stock valued at $0.75 per share.
On January 8, 2025, a convertible promissory note holder converted $202,500 of the October Convertible Note into 270,000 shares of unrestricted common stock valued at $0.75 per share.
On January 23, 2025, the Company issued an aggregate of 1,526,058 shares of common stock to six accredited investors as part of a debt financing, valued at $563,268.
On February 6, 2025, 3i converted $85,113 of the October Convertible Note into 113,485 shares of unrestricted common stock valued at $0.75 per share.
On February 11, 2025, 3i converted $150,000 of the October Convertible Note into 200,000 shares of unrestricted common stock valued at $0.075 per share.
On February 18, 2025, the Company issued 1 share of Series A Super Voting Preferred Stock to Mr. Vincent Browne valued at $6.00 per share.
On March 21, 2025, the Company issued 10,000 shares of Series A Super Voting Preferred Stock to Mr. Browne valued at $6.00 per share.
On April 21, 2025 the Company issued a total of 96,820,000 shares of restricted common stock valued at $2,904,600, including 11,000,000 shares to Alternus Energy Group PLC, a related party, 3,000,000 shares to each of our 4 current independent directors (Ms. Bjornov, Mr. Wikborg, Mr. Parker and Mr. Ratner) and one past director, Mr. Chaudhri, 15,000,000 shares each to Mr. Browne, our CEO, and Mr. Thomas, our executive director, 5,000,000 shares to Ms. Durant, our CLO, 2,500,000 shares to an employee for past services rendered, 5,750,000 shares to Hover Energy LLC for certain assets acquired and 27,570,000 shares to four accredited third party debt holders.
On April 24, 2025 the Company issued an additional 50,000 shares of Series A Super Voting Preferred Stock to Mr. Browne.
On April 28, 2025 the Company issued a warrant to purchase up to 34,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.03 per share to an accredited investor. The warrant is exercisable immediately and will expire on the date that is five and one-half (5 1/2) years after its date of issuance.
On April 28, 2025, the Company entered into a Settlement Agreement and Stipulation (the “Agreement”) with Southern Point Capital Corporation (“SPC”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue Common Stock to SPC in exchange for the settlement of an aggregate of $4,242,963.60 (the “Settlement Amount”) to resolve outstanding overdue liabilities with different vendors. on May 2, 2025, the Company issued 4,000,000 shares of Common Stock to SPC as a settlement fee.
On May 1, 2025 the Company issued 1,000,000 shares of restricted common stock to Assure Power, LLC for services pursuant to a consulting agreement, valued at $43,000.
On May 20, 2025 the Company issued 8 million shares of restricted common stock to a related party, Alternus Energy Group PLC, for services rendered, valued at $224,000.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
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Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information.
Item 6. Exhibits
| Exhibit No. | Description | |
| 3.1 | Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Alternus Clean Energy, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 9, 2024 | |
| 3.2 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Alternus Clean Energy, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 22, 2023) | |
| 3.3 | Amended And Restated Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series A Super Voting Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 27, 2025) | |
| 4.1 | Form of Warrant Certificate that was issued by the Registrant to Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-276630), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2024) | |
| 4.2 | Form of Note issued by the Registrant dated January 21, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 24, 2025) | |
| 4.3 | Form of Placement Agent Warrant issued by the Registrant on January 21, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 24, 2025) | |
| 4.4 | Form of Note. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No.001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 2, 2025) | |
| 4.5 | Form of Private Placement Warrant. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No.001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 2, 2025) | |
| 4.6* | Form of Note issued by the Registrant to the Investor dated June 6, 2025 | |
| 10.1 | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated January 21, 2025 by and between the Registrant and the Purchasers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 24, 2025) | |
| 10.2 | Form of Registration Rights Agremeent dated January 21, 2025 by and among the Registrant and the Purchasers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 24, 2025) | |
| 10.3 | Form of Lock-Up Agreement by and among the Company and the Purchasers dated January 21, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 24, 2025) | |
| 10.4 | Form of Placement Agency Agreement by and among the Company and the Purchasers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 24, 2025) | |
| 10.5 | Form of Note Purchase Agreement, by and between the Company and the Investor. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No.001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 2, 2025) |
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| 10.6 | Letter Agreement by and between the Company and the Investor. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No.001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 2, 2025) | |
| 10.7 | Rescission and Release Agreement dated May 1, 2025 by and between the Company and LiiON, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No.001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 2, 2025) | |
| 10.8 | Consulting Agreement dated May 1, 2025 by and between the Company and Assure Power LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No.001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 2, 2025) | |
| 10.9 | Settlement Agreement and Stipulation dated April 28, 2025 by and between the Company and Southern Point Capital Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No.001-41306), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 2, 2025) | |
| 10.10* | Note Purchase Agreement by and among the Registrant and Investor dated June 6, 2025 | |
| 31.1* | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
| 31.2** | Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
| 32.1** | Certification by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document. | |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. | |
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. | |
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. | |
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. | |
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. | |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). |
| * | Filed herewith |
| ** | Exhibit 32.1 is being furnished and shall not be deemed to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall such exhibits be deemed to be incorporated by reference in any registration statement or other document filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as otherwise specifically stated in such filing. |
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| Date: June 30, 2025 | ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY, INC. | |
| By: | /s/ Vincent Browne | |
| Vincent Browne | ||
| Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer | ||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on June 27, 2025.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||
| /s/ Vincent Browne | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer | June 30, 2025 | ||
| Vincent Browne | (Principal Executive Officer) and Interim Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | |||
| /s/ Aaron T. Ratner | Director | June 30, 2025 | ||
| Aaron T. Ratner | ||||
| /s/ Nicholas Parker | Director | June 30, 2025 | ||
| Nicholas Parker | ||||
| /s/ Tone Bjornov | Director | June 30, 2025 | ||
| Tone Bjornov | ||||
| /s/ Rolf Wikborg | Director | June 30, 2025 | ||
| Rolf Wikborg | ||||
| /s/ John Thomas | Director | June 30, 2025 | ||
| John Thomas |
57
FAQ
What exchanges is Alternus Clean Energy (ALCE) listed on?
Is Alternus Clean Energy considered a large accelerated filer?
What major corporate changes occurred during the reporting period?
What is the reporting period covered in this 10-Q?
