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  4. [10-Q] FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORP /PA/ Quarterly Earnings Report

[10-Q] FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORP /PA/ Quarterly Earnings Report

Filing Impact
(Neutral)
Filing Sentiment
(Neutral)
Form Type
10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
 
ýQUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025
Or
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from             to            
Commission File Number 001-11138
First Commonwealth Financial Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Pennsylvania25-1428528
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
601 Philadelphia Street
IndianaPA15701
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
724-349-7220
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $1.00 par valueFCFNew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by a check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer  x    Accelerated filer  ¨    Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company  ☐
Non-accelerated filer  ¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No x
The number of shares outstanding of issuer’s common stock, $1.00 par value, as of November 7, 2025, was 103,765,987.

Table of Contents


FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
FORM 10-Q
INDEX
 
  PAGE
PART I.
Financial Information
ITEM 1.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Included in Part I of this report:
First Commonwealth Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (Unaudited)
3
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)
4
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)
5
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
8
Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
9
ITEM 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
60
ITEM 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
88
ITEM 4.
Controls and Procedures
88
PART II.
Other Information
ITEM 1.
Legal Proceedings
89
ITEM 1A.
Risk Factors
89
ITEM 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
89
ITEM 3.
Defaults Upon Senior Securities
89
ITEM 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures
89
ITEM 5.
Other Information
89
ITEM 6.
Exhibits
90
Signatures
91

2
Table of Contents



ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION (Unaudited)
September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
 (dollars in thousands, except share data)
Assets
Cash and due from banks$117,241 $105,051 
Interest-bearing bank deposits44,170 28,358 
Securities available for sale, at fair value1,058,979 1,147,623 
Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (Fair value of $428,162 and $336,719 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)
479,915 405,639 
Other investments41,458 30,954 
Loans held for sale (Includes fair value of $38,600 and $50,110 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)
62,566 51,991 
Loans and leases:
Portfolio loans and leases9,688,288 8,983,754 
Allowance for credit losses(129,605)(118,906)
Net loans and leases9,558,683 8,864,848 
Premises and equipment, net116,531 116,108 
Other real estate owned853 895 
Goodwill378,214 363,715 
Amortizing intangibles, net22,637 19,637 
Bank owned life insurance231,505 229,581 
Other assets197,624 220,536 
Total assets$12,310,376 $11,584,936 
Liabilities
Deposits (all domestic):
Noninterest-bearing$2,420,235 $2,249,615 
Interest-bearing7,811,105 7,428,404 
Total deposits10,231,340 9,678,019 
Short-term borrowings149,557 80,139 
Subordinated debentures128,425 128,305 
Other long-term debt129,757 130,353 
Capital lease obligation3,875 4,327 
Total long-term debt262,057 262,985 
Other liabilities125,585 158,628 
Total liabilities10,768,539 10,179,771 
Shareholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, $1 par value per share, 3,000,000 shares authorized, none issued
— — 
Common stock, $1 par value per share, 200,000,000 shares authorized; 126,599,991 and 123,603,380 shares issued at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and 104,293,298 and 101,758,450 shares outstanding at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively
126,600 123,603 
Additional paid-in capital676,077 631,367 
Retained earnings1,037,022 971,082 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net(69,217)(102,514)
Treasury stock (22,306,693 and 21,844,930 shares at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)
(228,645)(218,373)
Total shareholders’ equity1,541,837 1,405,165 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$12,310,376 $11,584,936 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
3
Table of Contents


ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited)
For the Three Months EndedFor the Nine Months Ended
 September 30,September 30,
 2025202420252024
(dollars in thousands, except share data)
Interest Income
Interest and fees on loans and leases$147,728 $137,555 $422,834 $405,989 
Interest and dividends on investments:
Taxable interest13,614 12,381 41,530 34,356 
Interest exempt from federal income taxes90 105 276 320 
Dividends786 444 2,017 1,498 
Interest on bank deposits491 3,838 2,106 8,304 
Total interest income162,709 154,323 468,763 450,467 
Interest Expense
Interest on deposits47,038 49,663 142,961 140,387 
Interest on short-term borrowings1,262 6,279 3,128 19,383 
Interest on subordinated debentures1,858 1,786 5,534 6,637 
Interest on other long-term debt1,389 35 4,132 109 
Interest on lease obligations39 45 122 140 
Total interest expense51,586 57,808 155,877 166,656 
Net Interest Income111,123 96,515 312,886 283,811 
Provision for credit losses11,327 10,615 25,961 22,680 
Provision for credit losses - acquisition day 1 non-PCD— — 3,759 — 
Net Interest Income after Provision for Credit Losses99,796 85,900 283,166 261,131 
Noninterest Income
Net securities gains (losses)369 88 (4,773)(5,447)
Gain on sale of VISA— 106 5,146 5,664 
Trust income3,477 3,242 9,528 8,790 
Service charges on deposit accounts5,913 5,840 16,946 16,769 
Insurance and retail brokerage commissions3,499 3,087 9,766 8,892 
Income from bank owned life insurance1,712 2,278 5,152 4,943 
Gain on sale of mortgage loans2,132 1,151 5,355 4,150 
Gain on sale of other loans and assets1,085 2,576 4,690 6,035 
Card-related interchange income3,985 4,137 11,637 17,964 
Derivatives mark to market2 (153)(151)(141)
Swap fee income243 88 1,517 88 
Other income2,440 2,258 7,295 6,189 
Total noninterest income24,857 24,698 72,108 73,896 
Noninterest Expense
Salaries and employee benefits40,717 38,618 121,716 111,262 
Net occupancy5,110 4,858 15,733 15,014 
Furniture and equipment4,427 4,335 13,167 13,093 
Data processing4,260 3,879 12,162 11,543 
Advertising and promotion1,931 1,960 4,760 4,177 
Pennsylvania shares tax1,337 1,126 4,012 3,454 
Intangible amortization1,567 1,223 4,009 3,656 
Other professional fees and services1,843 1,448 5,366 3,976 
FDIC insurance1,653 1,638 4,582 4,537 
Loss on sale or write-down of assets87 132 373 352 
Litigation and operational losses582 2,181 1,845 3,672 
Loss on early redemption of subordinated debt— — — 369 
Merger and acquisition related165 — 4,229 114 
Other operating9,155 8,672 28,398 26,222 
Total noninterest expense72,834 70,070 220,352 201,441 
Income Before Income Taxes51,819 40,528 134,922 133,586 
Income tax provision10,491 8,442 27,496 26,863 
Net Income$41,328 $32,086 $107,426 $106,723 
Average Shares Outstanding104,383,217 102,069,233 103,202,885 102,032,702 
Average Shares Outstanding Assuming Dilution104,754,917 102,418,964 103,509,902 102,293,213 
Per Share Data: Basic Earnings per Share
$0.40 $0.31 $1.04 $1.05 
 Diluted Earnings per Share$0.39 $0.31 $1.04 $1.04 
Cash Dividends Declared per Common Share$0.135 $0.130 $0.400 $0.385 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
4
Table of Contents


ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
 
For the Three Months EndedFor the Nine Months Ended
 September 30,September 30,
 2025202420252024
 (dollars in thousands)
Net Income$41,328 $32,086 $107,426 $106,723 
Other comprehensive income, before tax expense:
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period7,138 30,372 28,700 18,578 
Reclassifcation adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income(369)(88)4,773 5,447 
Unrealized holding gains on derivatives arising during the period2,006 8,108 8,674 12,266 
Total other comprehensive income, before tax expense8,775 38,392 42,147 36,291 
Income tax expense related to items of other comprehensive income(1,842)(8,062)(8,850)(7,621)
Total other comprehensive income6,933 30,330 33,297 28,670 
Comprehensive Income$48,261 $62,416 $140,723 $135,393 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
5
Table of Contents


ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)
Shares
Outstanding		Common
Stock		Additional
Paid-in-
Capital		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss),
net		Treasury
Stock		Total
Shareholders’
Equity
 (dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
Balance at December 31, 2024101,758,450 $123,603 $631,367 $971,082 $(102,514)$(218,373)$1,405,165 
Net income107,426 107,426 
Other comprehensive income33,297 33,297 
Cash dividends declared ($0.400 per share)
(41,486)(41,486)
Treasury stock acquired(774,325)(12,945)(12,945)
Treasury stock reissued190,547 993 — 1,879 2,872 
Restricted stock122,015 — 806 — 794 1,600 
Common stock issued2,996,611 2,997 42,911 45,908 
Balance at September 30, 2025104,293,298 $126,600 $676,077 $1,037,022 $(69,217)$(228,645)$1,541,837 
 Shares
Outstanding		Common
Stock		Additional
Paid-in-
Capital		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss),
net		Treasury
Stock		Total
Shareholders’
Equity
 (dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
Balance at December 31, 2023102,114,664 $123,603 $630,154 $881,112 $(111,756)$(208,839)$1,314,274 
Net income106,723 106,723 
Other comprehensive income28,670 28,670 
Cash dividends declared ($0.385 per share)
(39,371)(39,371)
Treasury stock acquired(303,471)(4,554)(4,554)
Treasury stock reissued230,051 313 — 2,216 2,529 
Restricted stock196,697 — 941 — 404 1,345 
Balance at September 30, 2024102,237,941 $123,603 $631,408 $948,464 $(83,086)$(210,773)$1,409,616 




The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
6
Table of Contents


ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)
Shares
Outstanding		Common
Stock		Additional
Paid-in-
Capital		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss),
net		Treasury
Stock		Total
Shareholders’
Equity
 (dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
Balance at June 30, 2025104,925,587 $126,600 $676,077 $1,009,790 $(76,150)$(218,550)$1,517,767 
Net income41,328 41,328 
Other comprehensive income6,933 6,933 
Cash dividends declared ($0.135 per share)
(14,096)(14,096)
Treasury stock acquired(632,289)(10,630)(10,630)
Treasury stock reissued— — — — — 
Restricted stock— — — — 535 535 
Common stock issued— — — — 
Balance at September 30, 2025104,293,298 $126,600 $676,077 $1,037,022 $(69,217)$(228,645)$1,541,837 
 Shares
Outstanding		Common
Stock		Additional
Paid-in-
Capital		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss),
net		Treasury
Stock		Total
Shareholders’
Equity
 (dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
Balance at June 30, 2024102,297,847 $123,603 $630,910 $929,686 $(113,416)$(208,278)$1,362,505 
Net income32,086 32,086 
Other comprehensive income30,330 30,330 
Cash dividends declared ($0.130 per share)
(13,308)(13,308)
Treasury stock acquired(147,531)(2,482)(2,482)
Treasury stock reissued— — — — — 
Restricted stock87,625 — 498 — (13)485 
Balance at September 30, 2024102,237,941 $123,603 $631,408 $948,464 $(83,086)$(210,773)$1,409,616 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
7
Table of Contents


ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
For the Nine Months Ended
 September 30,
 20252024
Operating Activities(dollars in thousands)
Net income$107,426 $106,723 
Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses29,720 22,680 
Deferred tax expense758 1,888 
Depreciation and amortization4,825 3,629 
Net gains on securities and other assets(9,625)(9,714)
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on securities33 635 
Loss on early redemption of subordinated debentures— 369 
Income from increase in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance(5,006)(3,935)
(Increase) decrease in interest receivable(998)2,771 
Mortgage loans originated for sale(202,036)(185,514)
Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans211,595 162,210 
(Decrease) increase in interest payable(747)17,601 
Increase in income taxes payable1,500 1,461 
Other, net(1,657)(4,858)
Net cash provided by operating activities135,788 115,946 
Investing Activities
Transactions with securities held to maturity:
Proceeds from maturities and redemptions53,187 43,400 
Purchases(127,860)(55,276)
Transactions with securities available for sale:
Proceeds from sales69,862 69,598 
Proceeds from maturities and redemptions180,754 140,079 
Purchases(111,514)(311,088)
Proceeds from sale of equity securities5,146 5,664 
Purchases of FHLB stock(51,501)(26,117)
Proceeds from the redemption of FHLB stock44,141 51,946 
Proceeds from the redemption of other investments— 450 
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance3,313 3,813 
Proceeds from sale of loans56,453 73,756 
Proceeds from sale of other assets 4,785 4,986 
Net cash received from business acquisition4,672 — 
Net increase in loans and leases(492,080)(69,614)
Purchases of premises and equipment and other assets(13,927)(11,771)
Net cash used in investing activities(374,569)(80,174)
Financing Activities
Net increase (decrease) in other short-term borrowings66,918 (59,007)
Net increase in deposits275,392 553,269 
Repayments of other long-term debt(20,881)(574)
Repayments of capital lease obligation(452)(423)
Repayments of subordinated debentures— (50,000)
Dividends paid(41,486)(39,371)
Proceeds from reissuance of treasury stock237 204 
Purchase of treasury stock(12,945)(4,554)
Net cash provided by financing activities266,783 399,544 
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents28,002 435,316 
Cash and cash equivalents at January 1133,409 146,993 
Cash and cash equivalents at September 30$161,411 $582,309 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
8

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 Basis of Presentation
The accounting and reporting policies of First Commonwealth Financial Corporation and subsidiaries (“First Commonwealth” or the “Company”) conform with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual realized amounts could differ from those estimates. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of First Commonwealth’s financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows and changes in shareholders’ equity as of and for the periods presented. Certain information and Note disclosures normally included in Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC.
For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing bank deposits. Generally, federal funds are sold for one-day periods.
The results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year of 2025. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with First Commonwealth’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Note 2 Acquisition
On April 30, 2025, the Company completed its acquisition of CenterGroup Financial, Inc. (“Center”) and its banking subsidiary, CenterBank, for consideration of 3,016,009 shares of the Company's common stock. Through the acquisition, the Company obtained three full-service banking offices, a loan production office and a mortgage office, all located in the Cincinnati, Ohio market.
9
ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The table below summarizes the net assets acquired (at fair value) and consideration transferred in connection with the Center acquisition (dollars in thousands):
Consideration paid
Cash paid to shareholders - fractional shares$1 
     Shares issued to shareholders (3,016,009 shares)
46,205 
            Total consideration paid$46,206 
Fair value of assets acquired
    Cash and due from banks4,672 
    Investment securities21,396 
    FHLB stock3,144 
    Loans, including loans held for sale291,852 
    Premises and equipment4,276 
    Core deposit intangible5,355 
    Bank owned life insurance430 
    Other assets5,039 
             Total assets acquired336,164 
Fair value of liabilities assumed
    Deposits277,980 
    Borrowings22,785 
    Other liabilities3,692 
             Total liabilities assumed304,457 
Total fair value of identifiable net assets$31,707 
Goodwill$14,499 
The Company determined that this acquisition constitutes a business combination and therefore was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, as of the date of the acquisition, the Company recorded the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and consideration paid at fair value. The $14.5 million excess of the consideration paid over the fair value of assets acquired was recorded as goodwill and is not amortizable or deductible for tax purposes. The amount of goodwill arising from the acquisition consists largely of the synergies and economies of scale expected from combining the operations of the Company with Center.
The fair value of the 3,016,009 common shares issued was determined based on the $15.32 closing market price of the Company's common shares on the acquisition date, April 30, 2025.
While the valuation of the acquired assets and liabilities is substantially complete, fair value estimates are subject to adjustment during the provisional period, which may last up to twelve months subsequent to the acquisition date. During this period, the Company may obtain additional information to refine the valuations and adjust the recorded fair value, although such adjustments are not expected to be significant. During the three-months ended September 30, 2025, valuations were finalized for provisional amounts for credit marks related to four PCD loans which were considered provisional until collateral valuations were complete. After receiving the collateral valuations a $0.6 million increase in fair value and decrease in the allowance for credit losses was recognized. Valuations still subject to adjustments include deferred and accrued income taxes due to Center's tax returns being open for the period ended April 30, 2025.
The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used to estimate the fair values of major categories of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company used an independent valuation specialist to assist with the determination of fair values for certain acquired assets and assumed liabilities.
Cash and due from banks - The estimated fair value was determined to approximate the carrying amount of these assets.
Investment securities - The estimated fair value of the investment portfolio was based on quoted market prices.
10

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Loans - The estimated fair value of loans was based on a discounted cash flow methodology applied on a pooled basis for non- purchased credit-deteriorated ("non-PCD") loans and on an individual basis for purchased credit-deteriorated ("PCD") loans. The valuation considered underlying characteristics including loan type, term, rate, payment schedule and credit rating. Other factors included assumptions related to prepayments, the probability of default and loss given default. The discount rates applied were based on a build-up approach considering the funding mix, servicing costs, liquidity premium and factors related to performance risk.
Acquired loans are classified into two categories: PCD loans and non-PCD loans. PCD loans are defined as a loan or group of loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. Non-PCD loans will have an allowance established on acquisition date, which is recognized as an expense through provision for credit losses. For PCD loans, an allowance is recognized on day 1 by adding it to the fair value of the loan, which is the “Day 1 amortized cost”. There is no provision for credit loss expense recognized on PCD loans because the initial allowance is established by grossing-up the amortized cost of the PCD loan.
A day 1 allowance for credit losses of $3.4 million related to non-PCD loans and $0.4 million related to the off-balance sheet commitment liability was recorded through the provision for credit losses within the Consolidated Statements of Income. At the date of acquisition, of the $303.7 million of portfolio loans acquired from Center, $29.2 million, or 9.6%, of Center's loan portfolio, was accounted for as PCD loans as of May 1, 2025.
Premise and equipment - The estimated fair value of land and buildings were determined by independent market-based appraisals.
Core deposit intangible - The core deposit intangible was valued utilizing the cost savings method approach, which recognizes the cost savings represented by the expense of maintaining the core deposit base versus the cost of an alternative funding source. The valuation incorporates assumptions related to account retention, discount rates, deposit interest rates, deposit maintenance costs and alternative funding rates.
Time deposits - The estimated fair value of time deposits was determined using a discounted cash flow approach incorporating a discount rate equal to current market interest rates offered on time deposits with similar terms and maturities.
Borrowings - The estimated fair value of short-term borrowings was determined to approximate stated value. Long-term debt with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati was valued using the prepayment penalty for payoff on April 30, 2025.
11

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following table provides details related to the fair value of acquired PCD loans as of April 30, 2025.
Unpaid Principal BalancePCD Allowance for Credit Loss at Acquisition(Discount) Premium on Acquired LoansFair Value of PCD Loans at Acquisition
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$13,302 $(1,616)$(487)$11,199 
Time and demand13,302 (1,616)(487)11,199 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction2,442 (810)(54)1,578 
Construction other557 (182)(17)358 
Construction residential1,885 (628)(37)1,220 
Residential real estate3,845 (45)(138)3,662 
Residential first lien3,372 (38)(137)3,197 
Residential junior lien/home equity473 (7)(1)465 
Commercial real estate9,604 (1,087)(330)8,187 
Multifamily1,210 (120)(78)1,012 
Non-owner occupied5,330 (943)(184)4,203 
Owner occupied3,064 (24)(68)2,972 
Loans to individuals30 (2)— 28 
Automobile and recreational vehicles14 (1)— 13 
Consumer other16 (1)— 15 
Total loans and leases$29,223 $(3,560)$(1,009)$24,654 
12

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following table provides details related to the fair value and Day 1 provision related to the acquired non-PCD loans as of April 30, 2025.
Unpaid Principal Balance(Discount) Premium on Acquired LoansFair Value of Non-PCD Loans at AcquisitionDay 1 Provision for Credit Losses - Non-PCD Loans
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$50,555 $(2,137)$48,418 $630 
Time and demand50,535 (2,137)48,398 630 
Time and demand other20 — 20 — 
Real estate construction32,074 (941)31,133 691 
Construction other18,829 (472)18,357 445 
Construction residential13,245 (469)12,776 246 
Residential real estate82,609 (3,396)79,213 665 
Residential first lien67,906 (3,145)64,761 556 
Residential junior lien/home equity14,703 (251)14,452 109 
Commercial real estate108,843 (3,550)105,293 1,389 
Multifamily17,405 (481)16,924 180 
Non-owner occupied43,927 (1,763)42,164 512 
Owner occupied47,511 (1,306)46,205 697 
Loans to individuals357 (10)347 4 
Automobile and recreational vehicles337 (9)328 4 
Consumer other20 (1)19 — 
Total loans and leases$274,438 $(10,034)$264,404 $3,379 
The following table presents the change in goodwill during the period (dollars in thousands):
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Goodwill at December 31, 2024$363,715 
Goodwill from Center acquisition14,499 
Goodwill at September 30, 2025$378,214 
Costs related to the acquisition totaled $4.2 million. These amounts were expensed as incurred and are recorded as a merger and acquisition related expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
As a result of the full integration of the operations of Center, it is not practicable to determine revenue or net income included in the Company's operating results relating to Center since the date of acquisition as Center's results cannot be separately identified.

13

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Note 3 Supplemental Comprehensive Income Disclosures
The following table identifies the related tax effects allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Reclassification adjustments related to securities available for sale are included in the "Net securities gains" line in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income.
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
20252024
Pretax AmountTax (Expense) BenefitNet of Tax AmountPretax AmountTax (Expense) BenefitNet of Tax Amount
(dollars in thousands)
Unrealized gains on securities:
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period$28,700 $(6,027)$22,673 $18,578 $(3,901)$14,677 
Reclassification adjustment for losses on securities included in net income4,773 (1,002)3,771 5,447 (1,144)4,303 
Total unrealized gains on securities33,473 (7,029)26,444 24,025 (5,045)18,980 
Unrealized gains on derivatives:
Unrealized holding gains on derivatives arising during the period8,674 (1,821)6,853 12,266 (2,576)9,690 
Total unrealized gains on derivatives8,674 (1,821)6,853 12,266 (2,576)9,690 
Total other comprehensive income$42,147 $(8,850)$33,297 $36,291 $(7,621)$28,670 

For the Three Months Ended September 30,
20252024
Pretax AmountTax (Expense) BenefitNet of Tax AmountPretax AmountTax (Expense) BenefitNet of Tax Amount
(dollars in thousands)
Unrealized gains on securities:
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period$7,138 $(1,499)$5,639 $30,372 $(6,377)$23,995 
Reclassification adjustment for gains on securities included in net income(369)78 (291)(88)18 (70)
Total unrealized gains on securities6,769 (1,421)5,348 30,284 (6,359)23,925 
Unrealized gains on derivatives:
Unrealized holding gains on derivatives arising during the period2,006 (421)1,585 8,108 (1,703)6,405 
Total unrealized gains on derivatives2,006 (421)1,585 8,108 (1,703)6,405 
Total other comprehensive income$8,775 $(1,842)$6,933 $38,392 $(8,062)$30,330 


14

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following table details the change in components of OCI for the nine months ended September 30:

20252024
 Securities Available for SalePost-Retirement ObligationDerivativesAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Securities Available for SalePost-Retirement ObligationDerivativesAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 (dollars in thousands)
Balance at December 31$(94,403)$339 $(8,450)$(102,514)$(92,340)$344 $(19,760)$(111,756)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification adjustment22,673 — 6,853 29,526 14,677 — 9,690 24,367 
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income3,771 — — 3,771 4,303 — — 4,303 
Net other comprehensive income during the period26,444 — 6,853 33,297 18,980 — 9,690 28,670 
Balance at September 30$(67,959)$339 $(1,597)$(69,217)$(73,360)$344 $(10,070)$(83,086)

The following table details the change in components of OCI for the three months ended September 30:

20252024
 Securities Available for SalePost-Retirement ObligationDerivativesAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Securities Available for SalePost-Retirement ObligationDerivativesAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 (dollars in thousands)
Balance at June 30$(73,307)$339 $(3,182)$(76,150)$(97,285)$344 $(16,475)$(113,416)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification adjustment5,639 — 1,585 7,224 23,995 — 6,405 30,400 
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income(291)— — (291)(70)— — (70)
Net other comprehensive income during the period5,348 — 1,585 6,933 23,925 — 6,405 30,330 
Balance at September 30$(67,959)$339 $(1,597)$(69,217)$(73,360)$344 $(10,070)$(83,086)
Note 4 Supplemental Cash Flow Disclosures
The following table presents information related to cash paid during the period for interest and income taxes, as well as detail on non-cash investing and financing activities for the nine months ended September 30:
20252024
(dollars in thousands)
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest$156,526 $148,897 
Income taxes17,445 22,946 
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Loans transferred to other real estate owned and repossessed assets4,717 4,472 
Loans transferred from held to maturity to held for sale75,414 65,427 
Loans transferred from held for sale to held to maturity(5,033)(3,127)
Gross increase in market value adjustment to securities available for sale33,473 24,025 
Gross increase in market value adjustment to derivatives8,674 12,266 
Noncash treasury stock reissuance2,339 2,325 
Net assets acquired through acquisition27,035 — 
Proceeds from death benefit on bank owned life insurance not received199 — 
15

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Note 5 Earnings per Share
The following table summarizes the composition of the weighted-average common shares (denominator) used in the basic and diluted earnings per share computations:
For the Three Months Ended September 30,For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025202420252024
Weighted average common shares issued126,599,991 123,603,380 125,282,799 123,603,380 
Average treasury stock shares(21,923,199)(21,238,907)(21,775,771)(21,322,792)
Average deferred compensation shares(56,625)(57,617)(56,583)(57,298)
Average unearned non-vested shares(236,950)(237,623)(247,560)(190,588)
Weighted average common shares and common stock equivalents used to calculate basic earnings per share
104,383,217 102,069,233 103,202,885 102,032,702 
Additional common stock equivalents (non-vested stock) used to calculate diluted earnings per share315,037 292,820 250,354 203,600 
Additional common stock equivalents (deferred compensation) used to calculate diluted earnings per share
56,663 56,911 56,663 56,911 
Weighted average common shares and common stock equivalents used to calculate diluted earnings per share
104,754,917 102,418,964 103,509,902 102,293,213 
Per Share Data:
Basic Earnings per Share$0.40 $0.31 $1.04 $1.05 
Diluted Earnings per Share$0.39 $0.31 $1.04 $1.04 
The following table shows the number of shares and the price per share related to common stock equivalents that were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share for the nine months ended September 30, because to do so would have been antidilutive.
20252024
Price RangePrice Range
SharesFromToSharesFromTo
Restricted Stock201,199 $12.39 $18.62 140,439 $12.39 $18.08 
Restricted Stock Units— $— $— 34,700 $17.09 $17.09 

Note 6 Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
Commitments and Letters of Credit
Standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by First Commonwealth to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The contract or notional amount of these instruments reflects the maximum amount of future payments that First Commonwealth could be required to pay under the guarantees if there were a total default by the guaranteed parties, without consideration of possible recoveries under recourse provisions or from collateral held or pledged. In addition, many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon; therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
The following table identifies the notional amount of those instruments at the date shown below:
September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
 (dollars in thousands)
Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent credit risk:
Commitments to extend credit$2,468,321 $2,254,445 
Financial standby letters of credit14,526 13,791 
Performance standby letters of credit17,121 29,265 
Commercial letters of credit568 554 
 
16

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The notional amounts outstanding as of September 30, 2025 include amounts issued in 2025 of $2.2 million in performance standby letters of credit and $0.1 million in financial standby letters of credit. There were no commercial letters of credit issued in 2025. A liability of $0.3 million has been recorded as of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which represents the estimated fair value of letters of credit issued. The fair value of letters of credit is estimated based on the unrecognized portion of fees received at the time the commitment was issued.
Unused commitments and letters of credit provide exposure to future credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the borrower or guaranteed parties. Management’s evaluation of the credit risk related to these commitments resulted in the recording of a liability of $8.6 million and $4.1 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. In the second quarter of 2025, $0.4 million in credit risk was recognized for commitments acquired as part of the Center acquisition. This liability is reflected in "Other liabilities" in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The credit risk evaluation incorporates the expected loss percentage calculated for comparable loan categories as part of the allowance for credit losses for loans as well as estimated utilization for each loan category.
Legal Proceedings
First Commonwealth and its subsidiaries are subject in the normal course of business to various pending and threatened legal proceedings in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. As of September 30, 2025, management, after consultation with legal counsel, does not anticipate that the aggregate ultimate liability arising out of litigation pending or threatened against First Commonwealth or its subsidiaries will be material to First Commonwealth’s consolidated financial position. On at least a quarterly basis, First Commonwealth assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with such legal proceedings. For those matters where it is probable that First Commonwealth will incur losses and the amounts of the losses can be reasonably estimated, First Commonwealth records an expense and corresponding liability in its consolidated financial statements. To the extent the pending or threatened litigation could result in exposure in excess of that liability, the amount of such excess is not currently estimable. Although not considered probable, the range of reasonably possible losses for such matters in the aggregate, beyond the existing recorded liability (if any), is between $0 and $1 million. Although First Commonwealth does not believe that the outcome of pending litigation will be material to First Commonwealth’s consolidated financial position, it cannot rule out the possibility that such outcomes will be material to the consolidated results of operations and cash flows for a particular reporting period in the future.

17

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Note 7 Investment Securities
Securities Available for Sale
Below is an analysis of the amortized cost and estimated fair values of securities available for sale at:
 September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
 Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value		Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value
 (dollars in thousands)
Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies:
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Residential$2,738 $21 $(164)$2,595 $3,096 $14 $(212)$2,898 
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Commercial716,893 3,791 (45,777)674,907 779,232 2,489 (57,546)724,175 
Obligations of U.S. Government-Sponsored Enterprises:
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Residential358,751 1,471 (45,176)315,046 413,434 1,481 (64,331)350,584 
Other Government-Sponsored Enterprises1,000 — (24)976 1,000 — (54)946 
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions8,011 3 (631)7,383 8,510 — (983)7,527 
Corporate Securities58,236 1,393 (1,557)58,072 62,475 1,454 (2,436)61,493 
Total Debt Securities Available for Sale$1,145,629 $6,679 $(93,329)$1,058,979 $1,267,747 $5,438 $(125,562)$1,147,623 
Mortgage-backed securities include mortgage-backed obligations of U.S. Government agencies and obligations of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises. These obligations have contractual maturities ranging from less than one year to approximately 42 years, with lower anticipated lives to maturity due to prepayments. All mortgage-backed securities contain a certain amount of risk related to the uncertainty of prepayments of the underlying mortgages. Interest rate changes have a direct impact upon prepayment speeds; therefore, First Commonwealth uses computer simulation models to test the average life and yield volatility of all mortgage-backed securities under various interest rate scenarios to monitor the potential impact on earnings and interest rate risk positions.
Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or repay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Other fixed income securities within the portfolio also contain prepayment risk.
18

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities available for sale at September 30, 2025, by contractual maturity, are shown below.
Amortized
Cost		Estimated
Fair Value
 (dollars in thousands)
Due within 1 year$8,219 $8,195 
Due after 1 but within 5 years30,245 30,867 
Due after 5 but within 10 years28,783 27,369 
Due after 10 years— — 
67,247 66,431 
Mortgage-Backed Securities (a)1,078,382 992,548 
Total Debt Securities$1,145,629 $1,058,979 
(a)  Mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds. Mortgage-Backed Securities include an amortized cost of $719.6 million and a fair value of $677.5 million for Obligations of U.S. Government agencies issued by Ginnie Mae and an amortized cost of $358.8 million and a fair value of $315.0 million for Obligations of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

 
Proceeds from sales, gross gains (losses) realized on sales and maturities related to securities held to maturity and securities available for sale were as follows for the nine months ended September 30:
20252024
 (dollars in thousands)
Proceeds from sales$69,862 $69,598 
Gross gains (losses) realized:
Sales transactions:
Gross gains$— $— 
Gross losses(5,142)(5,535)
(5,142)(5,535)
Maturities
Gross gains369 88 
Gross losses— — 
369 88 
Net losses$(4,773)$(5,447)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, $48.5 million of the proceeds from sales in the above table are a result of management selling $53.7 million in available for sale investment securities yielding 2.61% and reinvesting the proceeds into securities yielding 5.41%. Additionally, $21.4 million in proceeds from sales are a result of the sale of investments acquired as part of the Center acquisition. All of the acquired investments were recorded at fair value at the time of acquisition and subsequently sold at the same value. Gains from maturities in the above table are related to the call of one corporate subordinated debt issue.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, proceeds from sales included in the above table are a result of management selling $75.1 million in available for sale investment securities yielding 2.17% and reinvesting the proceeds into securities yielding 5.49%.
Securities available for sale with an estimated fair value of $721.5 million and $580.5 million were pledged as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law.
Equity Securities
During the second quarter of 2024, Visa commenced an exchange offer for any and all outstanding shares of its Class B-1 common stock for a combination of Visa's Class B-2 common stock, Class C common stock and, where applicable cash in lieu of fractional shares. As part of this exchange, each share of Class B-1 common stock would be exchanged for one half share of
19

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

the newly issued Class B-2 common stock and Class C common stock would be issued in an amount equivalent to one half of a share of Class B-1 common stock. The Company opted to participate in this exchange offer prior to its expiration and received 13,340 Class B-2 shares and 5,294 Class C shares. In 2024, the Class C shares were sold at fair value resulting in a gain of $5.7 million. During the first quarter of 2025, the Class B-2 shares, which were carried with a zero basis, were sold, resulting in a $5.1 million gain.
Securities Held to Maturity
Below is an analysis of the amortized cost and fair values of debt securities held to maturity at:
 September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
 Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value		Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value
 (dollars in thousands)
Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies:
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Residential$1,454 $— $(161)$1,293 $1,586 $— $(220)$1,366 
Mortgage-Backed Securities- Commercial128,911 627 (12,587)116,951 89,404 66 (14,785)74,685 
Obligations of U.S. Government-Sponsored Enterprises:
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Residential301,895 508 (35,800)266,603 266,587 — (47,564)219,023 
Other Government-Sponsored Enterprises23,115 — (2,939)20,176 22,869 — (4,155)18,714 
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions23,740 — (1,396)22,344 24,193 — (2,246)21,947 
Debt Securities Issued by Foreign Governments800 — (5)795 1,000 — (16)984 
Total Securities Held to Maturity$479,915 $1,135 $(52,888)$428,162 $405,639 $66 $(68,986)$336,719 
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities held to maturity at September 30, 2025, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or repay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Amortized
Cost		Estimated
Fair Value
 (dollars in thousands)
Due within 1 year$1,088 $1,085 
Due after 1 but within 5 years14,818 14,325 
Due after 5 but within 10 years31,185 27,452 
Due after 10 years564 453 
47,655 43,315 
Mortgage-Backed Securities (a)432,260 384,847 
Total Debt Securities$479,915 $428,162 
(a)Mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds. Mortgage-Backed Securities include an amortized cost of $130.4 million and a fair value of $118.2 million for Obligations of U.S. Government agencies issued by Ginnie Mae and an amortized cost of $301.9 million and a fair value of $266.6 million for Obligations of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
Securities held to maturity with an amortized cost of $346.4 million and $247.5 million were pledged as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law.
20

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Other Investments
As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB"), First Commonwealth is required to purchase and hold stock in the FHLB to satisfy membership and borrowing requirements. The level of stock required to be held is dependent on the amount of First Commonwealth's mortgage-related assets and outstanding borrowings with the FHLB. This stock is restricted in that it can only be sold to the FHLB or to another member institution, and all sales of FHLB stock must be at par. As a result of these restrictions, FHLB stock is unlike other investment securities insofar as there is no trading market for FHLB stock and the transfer price is determined by FHLB membership rules and not by market participants. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our FHLB stock totaled $35.7 million and $25.2 million, respectively, and is included in “Other investments” on the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
FHLB stock is held as a long-term investment and its value is determined based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. First Commonwealth evaluates impairment quarterly and has concluded that the par value of its investment in FHLB stock will be recovered. Accordingly, no impairment charge was recorded on these securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, "Other investments" also includes $5.7 million in equity securities. These securities do not have a readily determinable fair value and are carried at cost. During the nine-months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no gains or losses recognized through earnings on these equity securities. On a quarterly basis, management evaluates equity securities by reviewing the severity and duration of any decline in estimated fair value, research reports, analysts’ recommendations, credit rating changes, news stories, annual reports, regulatory filings, the impact of interest rate changes and other relevant information.
Impairment of Investment Securities
We review our investment portfolio on a quarterly basis for indications of impairment. For available for sale securities, the review includes analyzing the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, including any specific events which may influence the operations of the issuer and whether we are more likely than not to sell the security. We evaluate whether we are more likely than not to sell debt securities based upon our investment strategy for the particular type of security and our cash flow needs, liquidity position, capital adequacy, tax position and interest rate risk position. Held-to-maturity securities are evaluated for impairment on a quarterly basis using historical probability of default and loss given default information specific to the investment category. If this evaluation determines that credit losses exist, an allowance for credit loss is recorded and included in earnings as a component of credit loss expense.
First Commonwealth utilizes the specific identification method to determine the net gain or loss on debt securities and the average cost method to determine the net gain or loss on equity securities.
The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and estimated fair values at September 30, 2025, for both available for sale and held to maturity securities by investment category and time frame for which securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:
 
 Less Than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
 Estimated
Fair Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 (dollars in thousands)
Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies:
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Residential$— $— $2,870 $(325)$2,870 $(325)
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Commercial31,438 (740)249,463 (57,624)280,901 (58,364)
Obligations of U.S. Government-Sponsored Enterprises:
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Residential— — 447,269 (80,976)447,269 (80,976)
Other Government-Sponsored Enterprises— — 21,152 (2,963)21,152 (2,963)
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions— — 27,436 (2,027)27,436 (2,027)
Debt Securities Issued by Foreign Governments— — 395 (5)395 (5)
Corporate Securities— — 22,497 (1,557)22,497 (1,557)
Total Securities$31,438 $(740)$771,082 $(145,477)$802,520 $(146,217)
    
21

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

At September 30, 2025, fixed income securities issued by the U.S. Government and U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises comprised 94% of the estimated fair value for the total portfolio and 98% of total unrealized losses. All unrealized losses are the result of changes in market interest rates. At September 30, 2025, there are 235 debt securities in the portfolio, with 141 debt securities in an unrealized loss position.
The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and estimated fair values at December 31, 2024 by investment category and the time frame for which securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:
 Less Than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
 Estimated
Fair Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value		Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 (dollars in thousands)
Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies:
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Residential$242 $(1)$3,002 $(431)$3,244 $(432)
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Commercial258,712 (4,119)274,358 (68,212)533,070 (72,331)
Obligations of U.S. Government-Sponsored Enterprises:
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Residential4,759 (56)497,445 (111,839)502,204 (111,895)
Other Government-Sponsored Enterprises— — 19,660 (4,209)19,660 (4,209)
Obligation of States and Political Subdivisions1,104 (11)28,097 (3,218)29,201 (3,229)
Debt Securities Issued by Foreign Governments— — 584 (16)584 (16)
Corporate Securities9,701 (506)17,321 (1,930)27,022 (2,436)
Total Securities$274,518 $(4,693)$840,467 $(189,855)$1,114,985 $(194,548)
As of September 30, 2025, our corporate securities had an amortized cost and an estimated fair value of $58.2 million and $58.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, our corporate securities had an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $62.5 million and $61.5 million, respectively. Corporate securities are comprised of debt issued by large regional banks. There were 6 corporate securities out of a total of 14 that were in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2025 and 7 corporate securities out of a total of 15 that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024. When unrealized losses exist, management reviews each of the issuer’s asset quality, earnings trends and capital position to determine whether the unrealized loss position is a result of credit losses. All interest payments on the corporate securities are being made as contractually required.
There was no expected credit related impairment recognized on investment securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
22

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Note 8 Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses
Loans and leases are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition net of deferred fees and costs, and discounts related to purchased loans. Net deferred fees were $19.0 million and $14.7 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and discounts on purchased loans from acquisitions were $24.4 million and $18.9 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The following table provides outstanding balances related to each of our loan types:
 
September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$2,009,025 $1,677,989 
Time and demand1,251,980 1,133,595 
Commercial credit cards11,709 11,718 
Equipment finance634,398 427,320 
Time and demand other110,938 105,356 
Real estate construction445,442 483,384 
Construction other403,548 475,367 
Construction residential41,894 8,017 
Residential real estate2,382,725 2,341,703 
Residential first lien1,664,891 1,670,547 
Residential junior lien/home equity717,834 671,156 
Commercial real estate3,408,801 3,124,704 
Multifamily656,182 597,145 
Non-owner occupied1,944,990 1,804,950 
Owner occupied807,629 722,609 
Loans to individuals1,442,295 1,355,974 
Automobile and recreational vehicles1,370,551 1,280,645 
Consumer credit cards9,359 9,865 
Consumer other62,385 65,464 
Total loans and leases$9,688,288 $8,983,754 
First Commonwealth’s loan portfolio includes five primary loan categories. When calculating the allowance for credit losses these categories are classified into fourteen portfolio segments. The composition of loans by portfolio segment includes:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other
Time & Demand - Consists primarily of commercial and industrial loans. This category consists of loans that are typically cash flow dependent and therefore have different risk and loss characteristics than other commercial loans. Loans in this category include revolving and term structures with fixed and variable interest rates. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of business bankruptcies and economic conditions measured by GDP. In the third quarter of 2025, as a result of a periodic review of loss history and loss drivers, business bankruptcies replaced national unemployment as one of the primary macroeconomic drivers in this category.
Commercial Credit Cards - Consists of unsecured credit cards for commercial customers. These commercial credit cards have separate characteristics outside of normal commercial non-real estate loans, as they tend to have shorter overall duration. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of business bankruptcies and economic conditions measured by GDP. In the third quarter of 2025, as a result of a periodic review of loss history and loss drivers, business bankruptcies replaced national unemployment as one of the primary macroeconomic drivers in this category.
Equipment Finance - Consists of loans and leases to finance the purchase of equipment for commercial customers. The risk and loss characteristics are unique for this group due to the type of collateral. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of business bankruptcies and economic conditions measured by GDP. In the third quarter of 2025, as a result of a periodic review of loss history and loss drivers, business bankruptcies replaced national unemployment as one of the primary macroeconomic drivers in this category.
23

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Time & Demand Other - Consists primarily of loans to state and political subdivisions and other commercial loans that have different characteristics than loans in the Time and Demand category. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of household obligations ratio and economic conditions measured by GDP.
Real estate construction
Construction Other - Consists of construction loans to commercial builders and developers and are secured by the properties under development.
Construction Residential - Consists of loans to finance the construction of residential properties during the construction period. Borrowers are typically individuals who will occupy the completed single family property.
The risk and loss characteristics of these two construction categories are different than other real estate secured categories due to the collateral being at various stages of completion. The nature of the project and type of borrower of the two construction categories provides for unique risk and loss characteristics for each category. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for construction loans include forecasts of national unemployment and measures of completed construction projects.
Residential real estate
Residential first lien - Consists of loans with collateral of 1-4 family residencies with a senior lien position. The risk and loss characteristics are unique for this group because the collateral for these loans are the borrower’s primary residence. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of national unemployment and residential property values.
Residential Junior Lien/Home Equity - Consists of loans with collateral of 1-4 family residencies with an open end line of credit or junior lien position. The junior lien position for the majority of these loans provides a higher risk of loss than other residential real estate loans. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of national unemployment and residential property values.
Commercial real estate
Multifamily - Consists of loans secured by commercial multifamily properties. Real estate related to rentals to consumers provide unique risk and loss characteristics. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of completed multifamily construction projects and national unemployment. In the third quarter of 2025, as a result of a periodic review of loss history and loss drivers, completed multifamily construction projects replaced commercial real estate values as one of the primary macroeconomic drivers in this category.
Non-owner Occupied - Consists of loans secured by non-owner occupied commercial real estate and provides different loss characteristics than other real estate categories. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of national unemployment and changes in the price of commercial real estate. In the third quarter of 2025, as a result of a periodic review of loss history and loss drivers, completed multifamily construction projects replaced economic conditions measured by GDP as one of the primary macroeconomic drivers in this category.
Owner Occupied - Consists of loans secured by owner occupied commercial real estate properties. The risk and loss characteristics of this category were considered different than other real estate categories because it is owner occupied and would impact the ability to conduct business. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of national unemployment and economic conditions measured by GDP.
Loans to individuals
Automobile and Recreational Vehicles - Consists of both direct and indirect loans with automobiles and recreational vehicles held as collateral. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of automobile retention value and business bankruptcies. In the third quarter of 2025, as a result of a periodic review of loss history and loss drivers, business bankruptcies replaced consumer sentiment as one of the primary macroeconomic drivers in this category. This change reflects the view that business bankruptcies are better correlated with defaults in this category at this point in the economic cycle.
Consumer Credit Cards – Consists of unsecured consumer credit cards. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of consumer sentiment and median family income. In the third quarter of 2025,
24

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

as a result of a periodic review of loss history and loss drivers, median family income projections replaced economic conditions measured by GDP as one of the primary macroeconomic drivers in this category.
Other Consumer - Consists of lines of credit, student loans and other consumer loans, not secured by real estate or autos. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of consumer confidence and retail sales.
Calculation of the Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses is calculated by pooling loans of similar credit risk characteristics and applying a discounted cash flow methodology after incorporating probability of default and loss given default estimates. Probability of default represents an estimate of the likelihood of default, and loss given default measures the expected loss upon default. Inputs impacting the expected losses include a forecast of macroeconomic factors, using a weighted forecast from a nationally recognized firm. Our model incorporates a one-year forecast of macroeconomic factors, after which the factors revert back to the historical mean over a one-year period. The most significant macroeconomic factor used in estimating credit losses is the national unemployment rate. The forecasted value for national unemployment at the beginning of the forecast period was 4.32%, and during the one-year forecast period it was projected to average 5.15%, with a peak of 5.54%.
Credit Quality Information
As part of the on-going monitoring of credit quality within the loan portfolio, the following credit worthiness categories are used in grading our loans:
Pass  Acceptable levels of risk exist in the relationship. Includes all loans not classified as OAEM, substandard or doubtful.
Other Assets Especially Mentioned (OAEM)Potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. The potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or weaken the Company’s credit position at some future date. The credit risk may be relatively minor, yet constitute an undesirable risk in light of the circumstances surrounding the specific credit. No loss of principal or interest is expected.
SubstandardWell-defined weakness or a weakness that jeopardizes the repayment of the debt. A loan may be classified as substandard as a result of deterioration of the borrower’s financial condition and repayment capacity. Loans for which repayment plans have not been met or collateral equity margins do not protect the Company may also be classified as substandard.
DoubtfulLoans with the characteristics of substandard loans with the added characteristic that collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of presently existing facts and conditions, is highly improbable.
The Company’s internal creditworthiness grading system provides a measurement of credit risk based primarily on an evaluation of the borrower’s cash flow and collateral. Category ratings are reviewed each quarter, at which time management analyzes the results, as well as other external statistics and factors related to loan performance.
25

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following tables represent our credit risk profile by creditworthiness category:
 September 30, 2025
Non-Pass
PassOAEMSubstandardDoubtfulLossTotal Non-PassTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$1,888,960 $59,591 $60,474 $— $— $120,065 $2,009,025 
Time and demand1,136,110 56,967 58,903 — — 115,870 1,251,980 
Commercial credit cards11,709 — — — — — 11,709 
Equipment finance630,206 2,621 1,571 — — 4,192 634,398 
Time and demand other110,935 3 — — — 3 110,938 
Real estate construction443,616 176 1,650 — — 1,826 445,442 
Construction other401,722 176 1,650 — — 1,826 403,548 
Construction residential41,894 — — — — — 41,894 
Residential real estate2,367,437 2,764 12,524 — — 15,288 2,382,725 
Residential first lien1,654,093 2,764 8,034 — — 10,798 1,664,891 
Residential junior lien/home equity713,344 — 4,490 — — 4,490 717,834 
Commercial real estate3,297,787 60,781 50,233 — — 111,014 3,408,801 
Multifamily636,440 19,687 55 — — 19,742 656,182 
Non-owner occupied1,900,625 26,648 17,717 — — 44,365 1,944,990 
Owner occupied760,722 14,446 32,461 — — 46,907 807,629 
Loans to individuals1,442,274 — 21 — — 21 1,442,295 
Automobile and recreational vehicles1,370,532 — 19 — — 19 1,370,551 
Consumer credit cards9,359 — — — — — 9,359 
Consumer other62,383 — 2 — — 2 62,385 
Total loans and leases$9,440,074 $123,312 $124,902 $— $— $248,214 $9,688,288 
26

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

 
 December 31, 2024
Non-Pass
PassOAEMSubstandardDoubtfulLossTotal Non-PassTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$1,579,704 $65,892 $32,393 $— $— $98,285 $1,677,989 
Time and demand1,037,723 64,757 31,115 — — 95,872 1,133,595 
Commercial credit cards11,718 — — — — — 11,718 
Equipment finance424,911 1,131 1,278 — — 2,409 427,320 
Time and demand other105,352 4 — — — 4 105,356 
Real estate construction480,675 180 2,529 — — 2,709 483,384 
Construction other472,658 180 2,529 — — 2,709 475,367 
Construction residential8,017 — — — — — 8,017 
Residential real estate2,328,571 1,297 11,835 — — 13,132 2,341,703 
Residential first lien1,661,868 1,297 7,382 — — 8,679 1,670,547 
Residential junior lien/home equity666,703 — 4,453 — — 4,453 671,156 
Commercial real estate3,014,905 60,510 49,289 — — 109,799 3,124,704 
Multifamily578,725 18,346 74 — — 18,420 597,145 
Non-owner occupied1,754,255 21,869 28,826 — — 50,695 1,804,950 
Owner occupied681,925 20,295 20,389 — — 40,684 722,609 
Loans to individuals1,355,724 — 250 — — 250 1,355,974 
Automobile and recreational vehicles1,280,498 — 147 — — 147 1,280,645 
Consumer credit cards9,865 — — — — — 9,865 
Consumer other65,361 — 103 — — 103 65,464 
Total loans and leases$8,759,579 $127,879 $96,296 $— $— $224,175 $8,983,754 
The following table summarizes the loan risk rating category by loan type including term loans on an amortized cost basis by origination year:
September 30, 2025
Term LoansRevolving Loans
20252024202320222021PriorTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Time and demand$104,642 $153,068 $107,714 $96,195 $70,858 $97,879 $621,624 $1,251,980 
Pass103,053 150,329 103,769 87,270 60,404 90,030 541,255 1,136,110 
OAEM1,589 1,006 2,707 2,858 1,823 2,079 44,905 56,967 
Substandard— 1,733 1,238 6,067 8,631 5,770 35,464 58,903 
Gross charge-offs— (127)(230)(1,352)(353)(1,673)(6,136)(9,871)
Gross recoveries— — — 402 26 805 2,869 4,102 
Commercial credit cards— — — — — — 11,709 11,709 
Pass— — — — — — 11,709 11,709 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — (183)(183)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — 25 25 
Equipment finance294,696 212,878 98,629 28,195 — — — 634,398 
Pass294,696 211,544 97,123 26,843 — — — 630,206 
OAEM— 1,042 844 735 — — — 2,621 
Substandard— 292 662 617 — — — 1,571 
Gross charge-offs— (387)(303)(945)— — — (1,635)
Gross recoveries— 7 160 383 — — — 550 
27

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

September 30, 2025
Term LoansRevolving Loans
20252024202320222021PriorTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Time and demand other6,709 11,102 12,198 4,357 15,278 55,102 6,192 110,938 
Pass6,709 11,102 12,198 4,357 15,278 55,102 6,189 110,935 
OAEM— — — — — — 3 3 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — (1,151)(1,151)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 1 180 181 
Construction other93,271 68,216 146,827 39,234 33,495 19,633 2,872 403,548 
Pass93,271 68,216 146,827 39,058 31,984 19,494 2,872 401,722 
OAEM— — — 176 — — — 176 
Substandard— — — — 1,511 139 — 1,650 
Gross charge-offs— — — (267)— — — (267)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — — — 
Construction residential12,054 8,887 14,528 3,530 1,704 26 1,165 41,894 
Pass12,054 8,887 14,528 3,530 1,704 26 1,165 41,894 
Gross charge-offs— — — — (562)— — (562)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — — — 
Residential first lien57,867 57,098 148,794 355,822 455,105 587,678 2,527 1,664,891 
Pass57,867 56,859 146,376 353,115 453,189 584,225 2,462 1,654,093 
OAEM— — — 1,644 171 884 65 2,764 
Substandard— 239 2,418 1,063 1,745 2,569 — 8,034 
Gross charge-offs— — (204)(5)(8)(4)— (221)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 55 — 55 
Residential junior lien/home equity36,268 18,427 47,966 51,565 33,440 5,354 524,814 717,834 
Pass36,268 18,427 47,955 51,490 33,440 5,161 520,603 713,344 
Substandard— — 11 75 — 193 4,211 4,490 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — (130)(130)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 2 145 147 
Multifamily21,675 29,146 70,544 245,039 127,710 160,245 1,823 656,182 
Pass21,675 29,146 70,544 231,751 122,687 159,113 1,524 636,440 
OAEM— — — 13,288 5,023 1,077 299 19,687 
Substandard— — — — — 55 — 55 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — (461)— (461)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — — — 
Non-owner occupied164,227 110,044 239,149 439,693 200,934 778,198 12,745 1,944,990 
Pass164,227 110,044 239,149 431,020 191,248 752,257 12,680 1,900,625 
OAEM— — — 6,845 9,686 10,117 — 26,648 
Substandard— — — 1,828 — 15,824 65 17,717 
Gross charge-offs— — — (785)— (2,678)— (3,463)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 142 — 142 
Owner occupied99,499 80,826 114,187 150,036 132,669 215,346 15,066 807,629 
Pass99,105 75,656 108,146 138,247 126,419 198,847 14,302 760,722 
OAEM— 178 3,916 3,109 2,939 3,882 422 14,446 
Substandard394 4,992 2,125 8,680 3,311 12,617 342 32,461 
Gross charge-offs— (130)(126)(957)— — — (1,213)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 63 — 63 
28

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

September 30, 2025
Term LoansRevolving Loans
20252024202320222021PriorTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Automobile and recreational vehicles432,814 313,662 239,771 230,023 100,872 53,409 — 1,370,551 
Pass432,814 313,662 239,771 230,023 100,863 53,399 — 1,370,532 
Substandard— — — — 9 10 — 19 
Gross charge-offs(45)(993)(1,563)(1,787)(672)(233)— (5,293)
Gross recoveries3 245 495 852 381 320 — 2,296 
Consumer credit cards— — — — — — 9,359 9,359 
Pass— — — — — — 9,359 9,359 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — (253)(253)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — 65 65 
Consumer other5,429 5,659 2,778 1,349 8,399 2,481 36,290 62,385 
Pass5,429 5,659 2,778 1,349 8,399 2,481 36,288 62,383 
Substandard— — — — — — 2 2 
Gross charge-offs(6)(66)(124)(67)(119)(1)(927)(1,310)
Gross recoveries— 1 14 14 25 28 202 284 
Total loans and leases$1,329,151 $1,069,013 $1,243,085 $1,645,038 $1,180,464 $1,975,351 $1,246,186 $9,688,288 
Total charge-offs$(51)$(1,703)$(2,550)$(6,165)$(1,714)$(5,050)$(8,780)$(26,013)
Total recoveries$3 $253 $669 $1,651 $432 $1,416 $3,486 $7,910 
December 31, 2024
Term LoansRevolving Loans
20242023202220212020PriorTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Time and demand$144,084 $115,113 $101,483 $80,688 $47,378 $67,103 $577,746 $1,133,595 
Pass142,872 107,764 96,068 60,244 44,645 56,393 529,737 1,037,723 
OAEM1,212 2,696 3,327 11,963 1,881 4,362 39,316 64,757 
Substandard— 4,653 2,088 8,481 852 6,348 8,693 31,115 
Gross charge-offs— (17)(45)(271)(658)(4,380)(5,760)(11,131)
Gross recoveries— — 1 — 208 197 29 435 
Commercial credit cards— — — — — — 11,718 11,718 
Pass— — — — — — 11,718 11,718 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — (251)(251)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — 6 6 
Equipment finance256,015 129,463 41,842 — — — — 427,320 
Pass255,572 128,560 40,779 — — — — 424,911 
OAEM443 267 421 — — — — 1,131 
Substandard— 636 642 — — — — 1,278 
Gross charge-offs(59)(984)(977)— — — — (2,020)
Gross recoveries— 98 76 — — — — 174 
Time and demand other10,746 10,813 4,561 16,526 18,435 41,261 3,014 105,356 
Pass10,746 10,813 4,561 16,526 18,435 41,261 3,010 105,352 
OAEM— — — — — — 4 4 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — (2,110)(2,110)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 10 188 198 
29

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

December 31, 2024
Term LoansRevolving Loans
20242023202220212020PriorTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Construction other54,109 195,536 136,010 62,890 7,030 18,766 1,026 475,367 
Pass54,109 195,536 134,812 61,379 7,030 18,766 1,026 472,658 
OAEM— — 180 — — — — 180 
Substandard— — 1,018 1,511 — — — 2,529 
Gross charge-offs— — (588)(504)— — — (1,092)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 6 — 6 
Construction residential1,743 3,366 1,740 1,140 — 28 — 8,017 
Pass1,743 3,366 1,740 1,140 — 28 — 8,017 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — 
Gross recoveries— — — — — — — — 
Residential first lien47,504 147,678 369,890 475,231 296,971 331,368 1,905 1,670,547 
Pass47,504 145,898 369,111 473,418 296,170 327,934 1,833 1,661,868 
OAEM— — — 255 345 625 72 1,297 
Substandard— 1,780 779 1,558 456 2,809 — 7,382 
Gross charge-offs— (108)(1)(20)(1)(61)— (191)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 168 — 168 
Residential junior lien/home equity21,770 53,985 58,662 37,644 1,163 5,406 492,526 671,156 
Pass21,770 53,974 58,587 37,644 1,163 5,207 488,358 666,703 
Substandard— 11 75 — — 199 4,168 4,453 
Gross charge-offs— — (1)— — — (291)(292)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 32 170 202 
Multifamily25,006 6,978 235,374 141,970 79,271 108,059 487 597,145 
Pass25,006 6,978 222,965 136,872 78,844 107,573 487 578,725 
OAEM— — 12,409 5,098 427 412 — 18,346 
Substandard— — — — — 74 — 74 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — 
Gross recoveries— — — — — — — — 
Non-owner occupied120,201 206,496 435,072 182,234 147,034 702,907 11,006 1,804,950 
Pass120,201 203,543 424,778 181,993 136,219 676,580 10,941 1,754,255 
OAEM— — 10,294 241 1,641 9,693 — 21,869 
Substandard— 2,953 — — 9,174 16,634 65 28,826 
Gross charge-offs— — (50)— (3,761)(3,327)— (7,138)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 59 — 59 
Owner occupied64,019 112,272 152,714 145,807 58,919 176,674 12,204 722,609 
Pass62,968 110,539 139,937 139,644 57,309 161,208 10,320 681,925 
OAEM— 876 7,002 6,129 198 4,260 1,830 20,295 
Substandard1,051 857 5,775 34 1,412 11,206 54 20,389 
Gross charge-offs— — (141)(136)(1,050)(163)(50)(1,540)
Gross recoveries— — — 28 — 49 41 118 
Automobile and recreational vehicles403,819 316,774 321,803 152,084 71,682 14,483 — 1,280,645 
Pass403,803 316,734 321,776 152,052 71,674 14,459 — 1,280,498 
Substandard16 40 27 32 8 24 — 147 
Gross charge-offs(310)(1,826)(3,223)(1,275)(525)(452)— (7,611)
Gross recoveries36 415 844 468 296 351 — 2,410 
Consumer credit cards— — — — — — 9,865 9,865 
Pass— — — — — — 9,865 9,865 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — (428)(428)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — 96 96 
30

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

December 31, 2024
Term LoansRevolving Loans
20242023202220212020PriorTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Consumer other7,878 4,351 2,530 10,325 642 2,291 37,447 65,464 
Pass7,878 4,351 2,530 10,323 642 2,291 37,346 65,361 
Substandard— — — 2 — — 101 103 
Gross charge-offs(17)(109)(93)(102)(20)(35)(1,248)(1,624)
Gross recoveries— — 14 21 16 111 214 376 
Total loans and leases$1,156,894 $1,302,825 $1,861,681 $1,306,539 $728,525 $1,468,346 $1,158,944 $8,983,754 
Total charge-offs$(386)$(3,044)$(5,119)$(2,308)$(6,015)$(8,418)$(10,138)$(35,428)
Total recoveries$36 $513 $935 $517 $520 $983 $744 $4,248 
Portfolio Risks
The credit quality of our loan portfolio can potentially represent significant risk to our earnings, capital and liquidity. First Commonwealth devotes substantial resources to managing this risk primarily through our credit administration department that develops and administers policies and procedures for underwriting, maintaining, monitoring and collecting loans. Credit administration is independent of lending departments and oversight is provided by the Risk Committee of the First Commonwealth Board of Directors.
Total net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were $18.1 million and $17.5 million, respectively.
Age Analysis of Past Due Loans by Segment
The following tables delineate the aging analysis of the recorded investments in past due loans as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Also included in these tables are loans that are 90 days or more past due and still accruing because they are well-secured and in the process of collection.

31

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

 September 30, 2025
 30 - 59 days past due60 - 89 days past due90 days or greater and still accruingNonaccrualTotal past due and nonaccrualCurrentTotal
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$8,589 $3,135 $360 $44,738 $56,822 $1,952,203 $2,009,025 
Time and demand7,197 2,238 360 43,890 53,685 1,198,295 1,251,980 
Commercial credit cards33 — — — 33 11,676 11,709 
Equipment finance1,359 897 — 848 3,104 631,294 634,398 
Time and demand other— — — — — 110,938 110,938 
Real estate construction6,595 — — 1,511 8,106 437,336 445,442 
Construction other6,595 — — 1,511 8,106 395,442 403,548 
Construction residential— — — — — 41,894 41,894 
Residential real estate6,315 2,391 896 12,355 21,957 2,360,768 2,382,725 
Residential first lien5,148 1,932 421 7,864 15,365 1,649,526 1,664,891 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,167 459 475 4,491 6,592 711,242 717,834 
Commercial real estate5,783 326 648 28,924 35,681 3,373,120 3,408,801 
Multifamily— — — 19 19 656,163 656,182 
Non-owner occupied3,063 326 — 12,664 16,053 1,928,937 1,944,990 
Owner occupied2,720 — 648 16,241 19,609 788,020 807,629 
Loans to individuals4,787 871 213 19 5,890 1,436,405 1,442,295 
Automobile and recreational vehicles4,385 742 41 17 5,185 1,365,366 1,370,551 
Consumer credit cards45 45 — — 90 9,269 9,359 
Consumer other357 84 172 2 615 61,770 62,385 
Total loans and leases$32,069 $6,723 $2,117 $87,547 $128,456 $9,559,832 $9,688,288 
32

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

 
 December 31, 2024
 30 - 59 days past due60 - 89 days past due90 days or greater and still accruingNonaccrualTotal past due and nonaccrual CurrentTotal
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$2,379 $1,544 $26 $14,987 $18,936 $1,659,053 $1,677,989 
Time and demand649 1,126 26 14,181 15,982 1,117,613 1,133,595 
Commercial credit cards61 26 — — 87 11,631 11,718 
Equipment finance1,659 392 — 806 2,857 424,463 427,320 
Time and demand other10 — — — 10 105,346 105,356 
Real estate construction— — — 2,529 2,529 480,855 483,384 
Construction other— — — 2,529 2,529 472,838 475,367 
Construction residential— — — — — 8,017 8,017 
Residential real estate5,677 1,659 1,588 11,587 20,511 2,321,192 2,341,703 
Residential first lien3,904 1,184 1,134 7,134 13,356 1,657,191 1,670,547 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,773 475 454 4,453 7,155 664,001 671,156 
Commercial real estate1,597 1,099 — 32,103 34,799 3,089,905 3,124,704 
Multifamily212 — — 20 232 596,913 597,145 
Non-owner occupied72 742 — 24,550 25,364 1,779,586 1,804,950 
Owner occupied1,313 357 — 7,533 9,203 713,406 722,609 
Loans to individuals5,020 1,143 450 250 6,863 1,349,111 1,355,974 
Automobile and recreational vehicles4,667 930 149 147 5,893 1,274,752 1,280,645 
Consumer credit cards24 28 — — 52 9,813 9,865 
Consumer other329 185 301 103 918 64,546 65,464 
Total loans and leases$14,673 $5,445 $2,064 $61,456 $83,638 $8,900,116 $8,983,754 
Nonaccrual Loans
The previous tables summarize nonaccrual loans by loan segment. The Company generally places loans on nonaccrual status when the full and timely collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain, when part of the principal balance has been charged off and no restructuring has occurred, or the loans reach a certain number of days past due. Generally, loans 90 days or more past due are placed on nonaccrual status, except for most consumer loans, which are placed on nonaccrual status at 150 days past due. Consumer loans related to automobile and recreational vehicles are either charged off or repossessed at no later than 90 days past due unless the borrower is in the process of collection through bankruptcy proceedings.
When a loan is placed on nonaccrual, the accrued unpaid interest receivable is reversed against interest income and all future payments received are applied as a reduction to the loan principal. Generally, the loan is returned to accrual status when (a) all delinquent interest and principal becomes current under the terms of the loan agreement or (b) the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection and collectability is no longer in doubt.
Nonaccrual loans in the above tables include loans with government guarantees of $24.4 million at September 30, 2025 and $8.1 million at December 31, 2024.
Nonperforming Loans
Management considers loans to be nonperforming when, based on current information and events, it is determined that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the loan contract, including scheduled interest payments. When management identifies a loan as nonperforming, the credit loss is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, except when the sole source for repayment of the loan is the operation or liquidation of collateral. When the loan is collateral dependent, the appraised value less estimated cost to sell is
33

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
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NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

utilized. If management determines that the value of the loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, a credit loss is recognized through an allowance estimate or a charge-off to the allowance for credit losses.
When the ultimate collectability of the total principal of a nonperforming loan is in doubt and the loan is on nonaccrual status, all payments are applied to principal under the cost recovery method. When the ultimate collectability of the total principal of a nonperforming loan is not in doubt and the loan is on nonaccrual status, contractual interest is credited to interest income when received under the cash basis method.
At September 30, 2025, there was $1.1 million in nonperforming loans held for sale. At December 31, 2024, there were no nonperforming loans held for sale. During both the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no gains recognized on the sale of nonperforming loans.
The following tables include the recorded investment and unpaid principal balance for nonperforming loans with the associated allowance amount, if applicable, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Also presented are the average recorded investment in nonperforming loans and the related amount of interest recognized while the loan was considered nonperforming. Average balances are calculated using month-end balances of the loans for the period reported and are included in the table below based on their period-end allowance position.
34

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

 September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
 Recorded
investment		Unpaid
principal
balance		Related specific
allowance		Recorded
investment		Unpaid
principal
balance		Related specific
allowance
 (dollars in thousands)
With no related specific allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$8,707 $17,266 $5,619 $21,745 
Time and demand7,859 16,418 4,813 20,939 
Equipment finance848 848 806 806 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction1,511 1,511 2,529 2,581 
Construction other1,511 1,511 2,529 2,581 
Construction residential— — — — 
Residential real estate9,525 11,122 8,875 10,524 
Residential first lien6,626 7,565 6,020 6,993 
Residential junior lien/home equity2,899 3,557 2,855 3,531 
Commercial real estate18,699 25,398 18,346 24,047 
Multifamily19 21 20 21 
Non-owner occupied10,008 15,171 16,948 22,372 
Owner occupied8,672 10,206 1,378 1,654 
Loans to individuals19 44 250 2,237 
Automobile and recreational vehicles17 28 147 2,080 
Consumer other2 16 103 157 
Subtotal38,461 55,341 35,619 61,134 
With a specific allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other36,031 44,988 $10,290 9,368 10,459 $4,724 
Time and demand36,031 44,988 10,290 9,368 10,459 4,724 
Equipment finance— — — — — — 
Time and demand other— — — — — — 
Real estate construction— — — — — — 
Construction other— — — — — — 
Construction residential— — — — — — 
Residential real estate2,830 3,017 375 2,712 2,885 369 
Residential first lien1,238 1,252 150 1,114 1,113 47 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,592 1,765 225 1,598 1,772 322 
Commercial real estate10,225 10,329 708 13,757 15,058 2,872 
Multifamily— — — — — — 
Non-owner occupied2,656 2,656 195 7,602 8,686 2,093 
Owner occupied7,569 7,673 513 6,155 6,372 779 
Loans to individuals— — — — — — 
Automobile and recreational vehicles— — — — — — 
Consumer other— — — — — — 
Subtotal49,086 58,334 11,373 25,837 28,402 7,965 
Total$87,547 $113,675 $11,373 $61,456 $89,536 $7,965 

35

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

 For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 20252024
 Average
recorded
investment		Interest
income
recognized		Average
recorded
investment		Interest
income
recognized
 (dollars in thousands)
With no related specific allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$9,795 $89 $5,720 $10 
Time and demand8,896 89 4,673 10 
Equipment finance899 — 1,047 — 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction2,156 106 4,424 — 
Construction other1,801 106 4,424 — 
Construction residential355 — — — 
Residential real estate9,619 88 8,223 117 
Residential first lien6,763 75 4,946 114 
Residential junior lien/home equity2,856 13 3,277 3 
Commercial real estate21,696 252 8,951 62 
Multifamily331 — 38 — 
Non-owner occupied13,947 188 6,177 20 
Owner occupied7,418 64 2,736 42 
Loans to individuals183 2 136 5 
Automobile and recreational vehicles156 2 134 5 
Consumer other27 — 2 — 
Subtotal43,449 537 27,454 194 
With a specific allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other24,223 2 5,128 37 
Time and demand24,223 2 5,083 37 
Equipment finance— — 45 — 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction— — — — 
Construction other— — — — 
Construction residential— — — — 
Residential real estate2,777 — 1,283 — 
Residential first lien1,181 — 33 — 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,596 — 1,250 — 
Commercial real estate6,639 — 15,034 233 
Multifamily— — — — 
Non-owner occupied2,656 — 12,979 — 
Owner occupied3,983 — 2,055 233 
Loans to individuals— — — — 
Automobile and recreational vehicles— — — — 
Consumer other— — — — 
Subtotal33,639 2 21,445 270 
Total$77,088 $539 $48,899 $464 
36

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

For the Three Months Ended September 30,
20252024
Average
recorded
investment		Interest
income
recognized		Average
recorded
investment		Interest
Income
Recognized
(dollars in thousands)
With no related specific allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$9,452 $10 $5,252 $10 
Time and demand8,450 10 3,770 10 
Equipment finance1,002 — 1,482 — 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction2,570 — 5,834 — 
Construction other1,861 — 5,834 — 
Construction residential709 — — — 
Residential real estate9,574 46 8,781 4 
Residential first lien6,687 46 5,420 4 
Residential junior lien/home equity2,887 — 3,361 — 
Commercial real estate21,510 24 10,089 17 
Multifamily640 — 14 — 
Non-owner occupied13,122 4 7,593 17 
Owner occupied7,748 20 2,482 — 
Loans to individuals25 1 121 2 
Automobile and recreational vehicles23 1 119 2 
Consumer other2 — 2 — 
Subtotal43,131 81 30,077 33 
With a specific allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other37,510 2 7,816 28 
Time and demand37,510 2 7,679 28 
Equipment finance— — 137 — 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction— — — — 
Construction other— — — — 
Construction residential— — — — 
Residential real estate2,840 — 1,351 — 
Residential first lien1,249 — 98 — 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,591 — 1,253 — 
Commercial real estate8,270 — 24,633 233 
Multifamily— — — — 
Non-owner occupied2,656 — 20,406 — 
Owner occupied5,614 — 4,227 233 
Loans to individuals— — — — 
Automobile and recreational vehicles— — — — 
Consumer other— — — — 
Subtotal48,620 2 33,800 261 
Total$91,751 $83 $63,877 $294 
Unfunded commitments related to nonperforming loans were $7.5 million and $0.3 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. After consideration of the requirements to draw and available collateral related to these
37

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

commitments, it was determined that no reserve was required for these commitments at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
In accordance with ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures ("ASU 2022-02"), modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may include interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness, other-than-insignificant payment delay, term extensions or any combination thereof. When calculating the allowance for credit losses, these modifications are included in their respective loan segment and an allowance is determined by a loss given default and probability of default methodology.
The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Rate ReductionTerm ExtensionPayment DeferralTerm Extension and Payment DeferralRate Reduction, Term Extension and Payment DeferralRate Reduction and Payment DeferralTotalPercentage of Total Loans and Leases
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$— $— $16,015 $309 $— $— $16,324 0.81 %
Time and demand— — 16,015 — — — 16,015 1.28 
Equipment finance— — — 309 — — 309 0.05 
Residential real estate— — 25 1,059 — — 1,084 0.05 
Residential first lien— — — 1,038 — — 1,038 0.06 
Residential junior lien/home equity— — 25 21 — — 46 0.01 
Commercial real estate— 6,207 — — 3,201 — 9,408 0.28 
Non-owner occupied— 6,207 — — 3,201 — 9,408 0.48 
Total$— $6,207 $16,040 $1,368 $3,201 $— $26,816 0.28 %
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Rate ReductionTerm ExtensionPayment DeferralTerm Extension and Payment DeferralRate Reduction, Term Extension and Payment DeferralRate Reduction and Payment DeferralTotalPercentage of Total Loans and Leases
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$254 $5,995 $— $898 $— $100 $7,247 0.44 %
Time and demand254 5,995 — 834 — — 7,083 0.62 
Equipment finance— — — 64 — 100 164 0.04 
Residential real estate— 160 — 509 — — 669 0.03 
Residential first lien— 160 — 482 — — 642 0.04 
Residential junior lien/home equity— — — 27 — — 27 — 
Commercial real estate— — 9,674 — — — 9,674 0.32 
Owner occupied— — 9,674 — — — 9,674 1.33 
Loans to individuals— 11 — 9 12 — 32 — 
Automobile and recreational vehicles— 11 — 9 12 — 32 — 
Total$254 $6,166 $9,674 $1,416 $12 $100 $17,622 0.20 %
38

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

 For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
Rate ReductionTerm ExtensionPayment DeferralTerm Extension and Payment DeferralTotalPercentage of Total Loans and Leases
(dollars in thousands)
Residential real estate$— $— $— $345 $345 0.01 %
Residential first lien— — — 345 345 0.02 
Commercial real estate— 6,207 — — 6,207 0.18 
Non-owner occupied— 6,207 — — 6,207 0.32 
Total$— $6,207 $— $345 $6,552 0.07 %
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Rate ReductionTerm ExtensionPayment DeferralTerm Extension and Payment DeferralTotalPercentage of Total Loans and Leases
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$75 $4,885 $— $834 $5,794 0.36 %
Time and demand75 4,885 — 834 5,794 0.51 
Residential real estate— 72 — 124 196 0.01 
Residential first lien— 72 — 124 196 0.01 
Total loans and leases$75 $4,957 $— $958 $5,990 0.07 %
The following tables describe the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Rate ReductionTerm Extension (Years)Principal ForgivenessPayment Deferral (Years)
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other— %1.7$— 0.5
Time and demand— 0.0— 0.5
Equipment finance— 1.7— 1.0
Residential real estate— 2.5— 1.1
Residential first lien— 2.5— 1.1
Residential junior lien/home equity— 2.1— 0.5
Commercial real estate4.00 0.8— 0.1
Non-owner occupied4.00 0.8— 0.1
Total4.00 %1.0$— 0.5
39

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Rate ReductionTerm Extension (Years)Principal ForgivenessPayment Deferral (Years)
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other1.99 %1.5$— 0.9
Time and demand1.87 1.5— 1.0
Equipment finance2.30 0.5— 0.4
Residential real estate— 3.8— 0.7
Residential first lien— 3.5— 0.7
Residential junior lien/home equity— 10.3— 0.3
Commercial real estate— 0.5— 0.9
Owner occupied— 0.5— 0.9
Loans to individuals2.39 2.6— 0.4
Automobile and recreational vehicles2.39 2.6— 0.4
Total2.01 %1.7$— 0.9

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
Rate ReductionTerm Extension (Years)Principal ForgivenessPayment Deferral (Years)
(dollars in thousands)
Residential real estate— %1.5— 0.7
Residential first lien— 1.5— 0.7
Commercial real estate— 1.0— 0.0
Non-owner occupied— 1.0— 0.0
Total— %1.0$— 0.7
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Rate ReductionTerm Extension (Years)Principal ForgivenessPayment Deferral (Years)
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other2.75 %1.4$— 1.0
Time and demand2.75 1.4— 1.0
Residential real estate— 2.9— 0.7
Residential first lien— 2.9— 0.7
Total2.75 %1.5$— 1.0
40

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

A modification is considered to be in default when the loan is 90 days or more past due. The following table shows modifications considered to be in default.
September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
Number of ContractsBalanceNumber of ContractsBalance
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other2 $16,196 — $— 
Time and demand1 16,015 — — 
Equipment finance1 181 — — 
Residential real estate1 290 2 179 
Residential first lien1 290 2 179 
Total loans and leases3 $16,486 2 $179 
The following table shows the payment status of loans that have been modified in the last twelve months prior to the date presented:
September 30, 2025
Current30 - 59 days past due60 - 89 days past due90 days or greaterTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$128 $— $— $16,196 $16,324 
Time and demand— — — 16,015 16,015 
Equipment finance128 — — 181 309 
Real estate construction176 — — — 176 
Construction other176 — — — 176 
Residential real estate1,034 286 — 290 1,610 
Residential first lien852 286 — 290 1,428 
Residential junior lien/home equity182 — — — 182 
Commercial real estate9,408 — — — 9,408 
Non-owner occupied9,408 — — — 9,408 
Total loans and leases$10,746 $286 $— $16,486 $27,518 

41

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

December 31, 2024
Current30 - 59 days past due60 - 89 days past due90 days or greaterTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$3,871 $— $— $— $3,871 
Time and demand3,871 — — — 3,871 
Real estate construction180 — — — 180 
Construction other180 — — — 180 
Residential real estate1,455 88 99 179 1,821 
Residential first lien1,258 88 99 179 1,624 
Residential junior lien/home equity197 — — — 197 
Commercial real estate9,796 — — — 9,796 
Non-owner occupied123 — — — 123 
Owner occupied9,673 — — — 9,673 
Loans to individuals30 — — — 30 
Automobile and recreational vehicles30 — — — 30 
Total loans and leases$15,332 $88 $99 $179 $15,698 

The following tables provide detail related to the allowance for credit losses:
 For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Beginning balanceDay 1 Allowance for credit loss on PCD acquired loansCharge-offsRecoveries
Provision (credit)a
Ending balance
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$29,131 $1,616 $(12,840)$4,858 $17,532 $40,297 
Time and demand19,433 1,616 (9,871)4,102 10,491 25,771 
Commercial credit cards182 — (183)25 249 273 
Equipment finance7,844 — (1,635)550 5,991 12,750 
Time and demand other1,672 — (1,151)181 801 1,503 
Real estate construction6,030 810 (829)— 1,885 7,896 
Construction other5,916 182 (267)— 1,457 7,288 
Construction residential114 628 (562)— 428 608 
Residential real estate22,396 45 (351)202 (856)21,436 
Residential first lien15,758 38 (221)55 (823)14,807 
Residential junior lien/home equity6,638 7 (130)147 (33)6,629 
Commercial real estate40,232 1,087 (5,137)205 5,872 42,259 
Multifamily5,431 120 (461)— 1,099 6,189 
Non-owner occupied23,332 943 (3,463)142 4,610 25,564 
Owner occupied11,469 24 (1,213)63 163 10,506 
Loans to individuals21,117 2 (6,856)2,645 809 17,717 
Automobile and recreational vehicles18,693 1 (5,293)2,296 (988)14,709 
Consumer credit cards341 — (253)65 321 474 
Consumer other2,083 1 (1,310)284 1,476 2,534 
Total loans and leases$118,906 $3,560 $(26,013)$7,910 $25,242 $129,605 
a) The provision expense (credit) shown here includes the day 1 provision on non-PCD loans acquired from Center and excludes the provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure included in the income statement.
42

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

 For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
 Beginning balanceCharge-offsRecoveries
Provision (credit)a
Ending balance
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$27,996 $(11,230)$633 $13,304 $30,703 
Time and demand22,819 (8,161)405 7,483 22,546 
Commercial credit cards278 (183)5 137 237 
Equipment finance3,399 (1,235)72 4,294 6,530 
Time and demand other1,500 (1,651)151 1,390 1,390 
Real estate construction7,418 (35)6 (1,209)6,180 
Construction other6,448 (35)6 (527)5,892 
Construction residential970 — — (682)288 
Residential real estate23,901 (361)221 (1,122)22,639 
Residential first lien16,975 (137)150 (985)16,003 
Residential junior lien/home equity6,926 (224)71 (137)6,636 
Commercial real estate37,071 (2,047)166 9,492 44,682 
Multifamily5,233 — — (178)5,055 
Non-owner occupied19,995 (507)53 8,405 27,946 
Owner occupied11,843 (1,540)113 1,265 11,681 
Loans to individuals21,332 (7,148)2,306 5,418 21,908 
Automobile and recreational vehicles19,142 (5,552)1,937 4,065 19,592 
Consumer credit cards372 (348)78 238 340 
Consumer other1,818 (1,248)291 1,115 1,976 
Total loans and leases$117,718 $(20,821)$3,332 $25,883 $126,112 
a) The provision expense (credit) shown here excludes the provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure included in the income statement.
43

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
Beginning balanceDay 1 Allowance for credit loss on PCD acquired loansCharge-offsRecoveries
Provision (credit)a
Ending balance
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$38,552 $— $(7,418)$491 $8,672 $40,297 
Time and demand26,467 — (6,532)300 5,536 25,771 
Commercial credit cards213 — (59)3 116 273 
Equipment finance9,387 — (509)128 3,744 12,750 
Time and demand other2,485 — (318)60 (724)1,503 
Real estate construction7,536 (294)(829)— 1,483 7,896 
Construction other6,518 (188)(267)— 1,225 7,288 
Construction residential1,018 (106)(562)— 258 608 
Residential real estate23,768 (262)(125)19 (1,964)21,436 
Residential first lien16,672 (262)(113)13 (1,503)14,807 
Residential junior lien/home equity7,096 — (12)6 (461)6,629 
Commercial real estate40,846 — (3,049)38 4,424 42,259 
Multifamily5,439 — (461)— 1,211 6,189 
Non-owner occupied22,906 — (2,588)27 5,219 25,564 
Owner occupied12,501 — — 11 (2,006)10,506 
Loans to individuals22,264 — (2,156)782 (3,173)17,717 
Automobile and recreational vehicles20,183 — (1,743)668 (4,399)14,709 
Consumer credit cards338 — (84)17 203 474 
Consumer other1,743 — (329)97 1,023 2,534 
Total loans and leases$132,966 $(556)$(13,577)$1,330 $9,442 $129,605 
a) The provision expense (credit) shown here excludes the provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure included in the income statement.
44

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

 For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
 Beginning balanceCharge-offsRecoveries
Provision (credit)a
Ending balance
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$30,608 $(5,980)$110 $5,965 $30,703 
Time and demand23,589 (4,784)11 3,730 22,546 
Commercial credit cards244 (81)5 69 237 
Equipment finance5,292 (521)36 1,723 6,530 
Time and demand other1,483 (594)58 443 1,390 
Real estate construction6,389 — — (209)6,180 
Construction other6,017 — — (125)5,892 
Construction residential372 — — (84)288 
Residential real estate22,173 (106)51 521 22,639 
Residential first lien15,745 (28)37 249 16,003 
Residential junior lien/home equity6,428 (78)14 272 6,636 
Commercial real estate42,544 (1,423)42 3,519 44,682 
Multifamily5,206 — — (151)5,055 
Non-owner occupied25,036 (37)5 2,942 27,946 
Owner occupied12,302 (1,386)37 728 11,681 
Loans to individuals21,940 (2,280)801 1,447 21,908 
Automobile and recreational vehicles19,676 (1,827)676 1,067 19,592 
Consumer credit cards346 (120)33 81 340 
Consumer other1,918 (333)92 299 1,976 
Total loans and leases$123,654 $(9,789)$1,004 $11,243 $126,112 
a) The provision expense (credit) shown here excludes the provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure included in the income statement.

Note 9 Leases
First Commonwealth has elected to apply certain practical expedients provided under ASU 2016-02 "Leases" (Topic 842) including (i) to not apply the requirements in the new standard to short-term leases; (ii) to not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing lease; (iii) to account for lease and non-lease components separately; and (iv) to not reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. The impact of this standard primarily relates to operating leases of certain real estate properties, including certain branch and ATM locations and office space. First Commonwealth has no material leasing arrangements for which it is the lessor of property or equipment.
45

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following table represents the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Condition classification of the Company’s right of use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities, lease costs and other lease information.
September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
Balance sheet:
Operating lease asset classified as premises and equipment$39,120 $40,171 
Operating lease liability classified as other liabilities43,590 44,654 
For the Three Months EndedFor the Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
Income statement:
    Operating lease cost classified as occupancy and equipment expense
$1,467 $1,406 $4,265 $4,333 
Weighted average lease term, in years12.4413.12
Weighted average discount rate3.88 %3.72 %
Operating cash flows$4,276 $4,327 
The ROU assets and lease liabilities are impacted by the length of the lease term and the discount rate used to present value the minimum lease payments. First Commonwealth's lease agreements often include one or more options to renew at the Company's discretion. If we consider the renewal option to be reasonably certain, we include the extended term in the calculation of the ROU asset and lease liability.
First Commonwealth uses incremental borrowing rates when calculating the lease liability because the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rate used by First Commonwealth is an amortizing loan rate obtained from the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") of Pittsburgh. This rate is consistent with a collateralized borrowing rate and is available for terms similar to the lease payment schedules.
Future minimum payments for operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more as of September 30, 2025 were as follows (dollars in thousands):
For the twelve months ended:
September 30, 2026$5,431 
September 30, 20275,175 
September 30, 20284,769 
September 30, 20294,708 
September 30, 20304,350 
Thereafter31,191 
Total future minimum lease payments55,624 
Less remaining imputed interest12,034 
Operating lease liability$43,590 

Note 10 Income Taxes
In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740-10, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes,” at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, First Commonwealth had no material unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties. If applicable, First Commonwealth will record interest and penalties as a component of noninterest expense.
First Commonwealth is subject to routine audits of our tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) as well as all states in which we conduct business. Generally, tax years prior to the year ended December 31, 2021 are no longer open to examination by federal and state taxing authorities.
46

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed into law the legislation formally titled “An Act to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14” and commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill (“the Act”). The Company is currently evaluating income tax implications of the Act and at this time does not expect the Act to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
Note 11 Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” ("Topic 820"), requires disclosures for non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities, except for items that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually). All non-financial assets are included either as a separate line item on the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition or in the “Other assets” category of the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Currently, First Commonwealth does not have any non-financial liabilities to disclose.
FASB ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments” ("Topic 825"), permits entities to irrevocably elect to measure select financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. The unrealized gains and losses are required to be included in earnings each reporting period for the items that fair value measurement is elected. First Commonwealth has elected not to measure any existing financial instruments at fair value under Topic 825; however, in the future we may elect to adopt this guidance for select financial instruments.
 
In accordance with Topic 820, First Commonwealth groups financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value in three levels based on the principal markets in which the assets and liabilities are transacted and the observability of the data points used to determine fair value. These levels are:
•Level 1 – Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in active exchange markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2 – Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in less active dealer or broker markets. Valuations are obtained for observable inputs for identical or comparable assets or liabilities from alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. Level 2 includes Obligations of U.S. Government securities issued by Agencies and Sponsored Enterprises, Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions, corporate securities, loans held for sale, interest rate derivatives (including interest rate caps, interest rate collars, interest rate swaps and risk participation agreements), certain other real estate owned and certain nonperforming loans.
Level 2 investment securities are valued by a recognized third party pricing service using observable inputs. The model used by the pricing service varies by asset class and incorporates available market, trade and bid information as well as cash flow information when applicable. Because many fixed-income investment securities do not trade on a daily basis, the model uses available information such as benchmark yield curves, benchmarking of like investment securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing. The model will also use processes such as an option-adjusted spread to assess the impact of interest rates and to develop prepayment estimates. Market inputs normally used in the pricing model include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data including market research publications.
Management validates the market values provided by the third party service by having another source price 100% of the securities on a monthly basis, monthly monitoring of variances from prior period pricing and, on a monthly basis, evaluating pricing changes compared to expectations based on changes in the financial markets.
Loans held for sale include residential mortgage loans originated for sale in the secondary mortgage market. The estimated fair value for these loans was determined on the basis of rates obtained in the respective secondary market. Loans held for sale could also include the Small Business Administration guaranteed portion of small business loans. The estimated fair value of these loans is based on the contract with the third party investor. When loans held for sale include other commercial loans, fair value is determined using an executed trade or market bid obtained from potential buyers. The estimated fair value of nonaccrual commercial loans held for sale as of September 30, 2025 totaled $1.1 million. There were no held for sale loans in a nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2024.
Interest rate derivatives are reported at an estimated fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs and are included in other assets and other liabilities, and consist of interest rate swaps where there is no significant deterioration in the counterparties' and/or loan customers' credit risk since origination of the interest rate swap, as well as interest rate caps, interest rate collars and risk participation agreements. First Commonwealth values its interest rate swap and cap positions using a yield curve by taking
47

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

market prices/rates for an appropriate set of instruments. The set of instruments used to determine the U.S. Dollar yield curve includes Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") rates from overnight to one year, Eurodollar futures contracts and SOFR swap rates from one year to thirty years. These yield curves determine the valuations of interest rate swaps. Interest rate derivatives are further described in Note 12, “Derivatives.”
For purposes of potential valuation adjustments to our derivative positions, First Commonwealth evaluates the credit risk of its counterparties as well as our own credit risk. Accordingly, we have considered factors such as the likelihood of default, expected loss given default, net exposures and remaining contractual life, among other things, in determining if any estimated fair value adjustments related to credit risk are required. We review our counterparty exposure quarterly, and when necessary, appropriate adjustments are made to reflect the exposure.
We also utilize this approach to estimate our own credit risk on derivative liability positions. In 2025 and 2024, we have not realized any losses due to a counterparty's inability to pay any net uncollateralized position.
Interest rate derivatives also include interest rate forwards entered to hedge residential mortgage loans held for sale and the related interest-rate lock commitments. This includes forward commitments to sell mortgage loans. The fair value of these derivative financial instruments are based on derivative market data inputs as of the valuation date and the underlying value of mortgage loans for rate lock commitments.
•Level 3 – Valuations for assets and liabilities that are derived from other valuation methodologies, including option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques, and not based on market exchange, dealer or broker traded transactions. If the inputs used to provide the valuation are unobservable and/or there is very little, if any, market activity for the security or similar securities, the securities would be considered Level 3 securities. Level 3 valuations incorporate certain assumptions and projections in determining the fair value assigned to such assets or liabilities. The assets included in Level 3 are certain nonperforming loans.
There are no Level 3 fair value measurements that require quantitative inputs and assumptions.
The tables below present the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
 September 30, 2025
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (dollars in thousands)
Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies:
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Residential$— $2,595 $— $2,595 
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Commercial— 674,907 — 674,907 
Obligations of U.S. Government-Sponsored Enterprises:
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Residential— 315,046 — 315,046 
Other Government-Sponsored Enterprises— 976 — 976 
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions— 7,383 — 7,383 
Corporate Securities— 58,072 — 58,072 
Total Securities Available for Sale— 1,058,979 — 1,058,979 
Loans Held for Sale— 38,600 — 38,600 
Other Assets(a)
— 10,564 — 10,564 
Total Assets$— $1,108,143 $— $1,108,143 
Other Liabilities(a)
$— $12,835 $— $12,835 
Total Liabilities$— $12,835 $— $12,835 
(a)Hedging and non-hedging interest rate derivatives
48

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

 December 31, 2024
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (dollars in thousands)
Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies:
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Residential$— $2,898 $— $2,898 
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Commercial— 724,175 — 724,175 
Obligations of U.S. Government-Sponsored Enterprises:
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Residential— 350,584 — 350,584 
Other Government-Sponsored Enterprises— 946 — 946 
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions— 7,527 — 7,527 
Corporate Securities— 61,493 — 61,493 
Total Securities Available for Sale— 1,147,623 — 1,147,623 
Loans Held for Sale— 51,991 — 51,991 
Other Assets(a)
— 41,569 — 41,569 
Total Assets$— $1,241,183 $— $1,241,183 
Other Liabilities(a)
$— $51,983 $— $51,983 
Total Liabilities$— $51,983 $— $51,983 
(a)Hedging and non-hedging interest rate derivatives
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no transfers between fair value Levels 1, 2 or 3.
There were no gains or losses included in earnings for the periods presented that are attributable to the change in realized gains (losses) relating to assets held at September 30, 2025 and 2024.
The tables below present the balances of assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at the dates shown below:
 September 30, 2025
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (dollars in thousands)
Nonperforming loans$— $52,755 $23,419 $76,174 
Other real estate owned— 919 — 919 
Total Assets$— $53,674 $23,419 $77,093 

 December 31, 2024
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (dollars in thousands)
Nonperforming loans$— $39,407 $14,084 $53,491 
Other real estate owned— 1,215 — 1,215 
Total Assets$— $40,622 $14,084 $54,706 
49

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following (losses) gains were realized on the assets measured on a nonrecurring basis:
 For the Three Months Ended September 30,For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2025202420252024
 (dollars in thousands)
Nonperforming loans$(6,251)$(6,914)$(15,488)$(12,413)
Other real estate owned(35)(34)(35)(68)
Total losses$(6,286)$(6,948)$(15,523)$(12,481)
Nonperforming loans over $250 thousand are individually reviewed to determine the amount of each loan considered to be at risk of non-collection. The fair value for nonperforming loans that are collateral-based is determined by reviewing real property appraisals, equipment valuations, accounts receivable listings and other financial information. A discounted cash flow analysis is performed to determine fair value for nonperforming loans when an observable market price or a current appraisal is not available. For real estate secured loans, First Commonwealth’s loan policy requires updated appraisals be obtained at least every twelve months on all nonperforming loans with balances of $250 thousand and over. For real estate secured loans with balances under $250 thousand, we rely on broker price opinions. For non-real estate secured assets, the Company normally relies on third party valuations specific to the collateral type.
The fair value for other real estate owned that is determined by either an independent market-based appraisal less estimated costs to sell or an executed sales agreement is classified as Level 2. The fair value for other real estate owned that is determined using an internal valuation is classified as Level 3. Other real estate owned has a current carrying value of $0.9 million as of September 30, 2025, and includes both commercial and residential real estate properties in Pennsylvania and Ohio. We review whether events and circumstances subsequent to a transfer to other real estate owned have occurred that indicate the balance of those assets may not be recoverable. If events and circumstances indicate further impairment, we will record a charge to the extent that the carrying value of the assets exceed their fair values, less estimated cost to sell, as determined by valuation techniques appropriate in the circumstances.
Certain other assets and liabilities, including goodwill, core deposit intangibles and customer list intangibles, are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis, but are subject to fair value adjustments only in certain circumstances. Additional information related to goodwill is provided in Note 13, “Goodwill.” There were no other assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
FASB ASC Topic 825-10, “Transition Related to FSP FAS 107-1” and APB 28-1, “Interim Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments,” requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or nonrecurring basis. The methodologies for estimating the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis are as discussed above. The methodologies for other financial assets and financial liabilities are discussed below.
Cash and due from banks and interest-bearing bank deposits: The carrying amounts for cash and due from banks and interest-bearing bank deposits approximate the estimated fair values of such assets.
Securities: Fair values for securities available for sale and held to maturity are based on quoted market prices, if available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable instruments. The carrying value of other investments, which includes FHLB stock and other equity investments, is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value.
Loans: The fair values of all loans are estimated by discounting the estimated future cash flows using interest rates currently offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality adjusted for past due and nonperforming loans.
Loans held for sale: The estimated fair value of loans held for sale is based on market bids obtained from potential buyers.
Off-balance sheet instruments: Many of First Commonwealth’s off-balance sheet instruments, primarily loan commitments and standby letters of credit, are expected to expire without being drawn upon; therefore, the commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. FASB ASC Topic 460, “Guarantees” clarified that a guarantor is required to recognize, at the inception of a guarantee, a liability for the fair value of the obligation undertaken in issuing the guarantee. The
50

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

carrying amount and estimated fair value for standby letters of credit was $0.3 million at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. See Note 6, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities,” for additional information.
Deposit liabilities: The estimated fair value of demand deposits, savings accounts and money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date because of the customers’ ability to withdraw funds immediately. The fair value of fixed rate time deposits is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using interest rates currently being offered and a schedule of aggregated expected maturities.
Short-term borrowings: The fair values of borrowings from the FHLB were estimated based on the estimated incremental borrowing rate for similar type borrowings. The carrying amounts of other short-term borrowings, such as federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreement to repurchase, were used to approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of the borrowings.
Subordinated debt and long-term debt: The fair value is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using First Commonwealth’s estimate of the current market rate for similar types of borrowing arrangements.
51

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following table presents carrying amounts and fair values of First Commonwealth’s financial instruments:
 September 30, 2025
  Fair Value Measurements Using:
 Carrying
Amount		TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
 (dollars in thousands)
Financial assets
Cash and due from banks$117,241 $117,241 $117,241 $— $— 
Interest-bearing deposits44,170 44,170 44,170 — — 
Securities available for sale1,058,979 1,058,979 — 1,058,979 — 
Securities held to maturity479,915 428,162 — 428,162 — 
Other investments41,458 41,458 — 35,726 5,732 
Loans held for sale62,566 63,766 — 63,766 — 
Loans and leases9,688,288 9,813,044 — 52,755 9,760,289 
Financial liabilities
Deposits10,231,340 10,277,533 — 10,277,533 — 
Short-term borrowings149,557 149,551 — 149,551 — 
Subordinated debt128,425 119,692 — — 119,692 
Long-term debt129,757 130,348 — 130,348 — 
Capital lease obligation3,875 3,875 — 3,875 — 
 December 31, 2024
  Fair Value Measurements Using:
 Carrying
Amount		TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
 (dollars in thousands)
Financial assets
Cash and due from banks$105,051 $105,051 $105,051 $— $— 
Interest-bearing deposits28,358 28,358 28,358 — — 
Securities available for sale1,147,623 1,147,623 — 1,147,623 — 
Securities held to maturity405,639 336,719 — 336,719 — 
Other investments30,954 30,954 — 25,222 5,732 
Loans held for sale51,991 52,219 — 52,219 — 
Loans and leases8,983,754 8,999,020 — 39,407 8,959,613 
Financial liabilities
Deposits9,678,019 9,672,358 — 9,672,358 — 
Short-term borrowings80,139 79,151 — 79,151 — 
Subordinated debt128,305 115,747 — — 115,747 
Long-term debt130,353 129,880 — 129,880 — 
Capital lease obligation4,327 4,327 — 4,327 — 
Note 12 Derivatives
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
First Commonwealth is a party to interest rate derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments. These derivatives relate to interest rate swaps that First Commonwealth enters into with customers to allow customers to convert variable rate loans to a fixed rate. First Commonwealth pays interest to the customer at a floating rate on the notional amount and receives interest from the customer at a fixed rate for the same notional amount. At the same time the interest rate swap is entered into with the customer, an offsetting interest rate swap is entered into with another financial institution. First Commonwealth pays the other financial institution interest at the same fixed rate on the same notional amount as the swap entered into with the customer, and receives interest from the financial institution for the same floating rate on the same notional amount.
52

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The changes in the fair value of the swaps offset each other, except for the credit risk of the counterparties, which is determined by taking into consideration the risk rating, probability of default and loss given default for all counterparties.
We have 20 risk participation agreements with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans in which we are a participant. The risk participation agreements provide credit protection to the financial institution should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with the financial institution. We have 21 risk participation agreements with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans in which we are the lead bank. The risk participation agreement provides credit protection to us should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with us.
First Commonwealth is also party to interest rate caps and collars that are not designated as hedging instruments. The interest rate caps relate to contracts that First Commonwealth enters into with loan customers that provide a maximum interest rate on their variable rate loan. At the same time the interest rate cap is entered into with the customer, First Commonwealth enters into an offsetting interest rate cap with another financial institution. The notional amount and maximum interest rate on both interest cap contracts are identical. The interest rate collars relate to contracts that First Commonwealth enters into with loan customers that provide both a maximum and minimum interest rate on their variable rate loan. At the same time the interest rate collar is entered into with the customer, First Commonwealth enters into an offsetting interest rate collar with another financial institution. The notional amount and the maximum and minimum interest rates on both interest collar contracts are identical.
The fee received for such derivatives, less the estimate of the loss for the credit exposure, is recognized in earnings at the time of the transaction.
The Company also enters into interest rate lock commitments in conjunction with its mortgage origination business. These are commitments to originate loans whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding and the customers have locked into that interest rate. The Company locks in the rate with an investor and commits to deliver the loan if settlement occurs (“best efforts”) or commits to deliver the locked loan in a binding (“mandatory”) delivery program with an investor. Loans under mandatory rate lock commitments are covered under forward sales contracts of mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”). Forward sales contracts of MBS are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in "Noninterest income" in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income. The impact to noninterest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was a decrease of $6 thousand and an increase of $0.5 million, respectively.
Interest rate lock commitments and commitments to deliver loans to investors are considered derivatives. The market value of interest rate lock commitments and best efforts contracts are not readily ascertainable with precision because they are not actively traded in stand-alone markets. We determine the fair value of rate lock commitments and delivery contracts by measuring the fair value of the underlying asset, which is impacted by current interest rates and takes into consideration the probability that the rate lock commitments will close or will be funded. At September 30, 2025, the underlying funded mortgage loan commitments had a carrying value of $10.2 million and a fair value of $12.0 million, while the underlying unfunded mortgage loan commitments had a notional amount of $60.0 million. At December 31, 2024, the underlying funded mortgage loan commitments had a carrying value of $8.3 million and a fair value of $9.6 million, while the underlying unfunded mortgage loan commitments had a notional amount of $60.9 million. The interest rate lock commitments increased other noninterest income by $0.4 million and decreased other noninterest income by $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively.
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
In August 2019, the Company entered into two interest rate swap contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges. One of the contracts, with a notional amount of $30.0 million, matured on August 15, 2024 and the other contract, with a notional amount of $40.0 million, matures on August 15, 2026. The Company's risk management objective for these hedges is to reduce its exposure to variability in expected future cash flows related to interest payments made on subordinated debentures. Initially, these swaps were benchmarked to the 3-month LIBOR rate; however, as a result of the discontinuance of the LIBOR rate on June 30, 2023, both of the swap contracts were amended to hedge exposure to the variability of the 3-month Daily Simple SOFR, compounded in arrears. This change is in agreement with amendments made to the interest rate on the subordinated debentures as a result of the discontinuance of LIBOR. Therefore, the interest rate swaps convert the interest rate benchmark on the first $40.0 million of 3-month SOFR based subordinated debentures to a fixed rate.
During 2021, the Company entered into eight interest rate swap contracts that were designated as cash flow hedges, $75.0 million of which matured during 2024, $150.0 million which matured in May 2025 and $25 million which matured in August
53

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2025. The remaining interest rate swaps have a total notional amount of $250.0 million: $225.0 million with an original maturity of four years and $25.0 million with an original maturity of five years. The Company's risk management objective for these hedges is to reduce its exposure to variability in expected future cash flows related to interest payments on commercial loans. Initially these swaps were benchmarked to the 1-month LIBOR rate; however, as a result of the discontinuance of the LIBOR rate on June 30, 2023, these swaps were amended to hedge exposure to the variability of the 1-month Daily Simple SOFR rate compounded in arrears. Therefore, the interest rate swaps convert the interest payments on the first $250.0 million of 1-month Daily Simple SOFR based commercial loans into fixed rate payments. The following table provides the notional amount of interest rate swap contracts and their maturity date.
Notional AmountMaturity Date
(dollars in thousands)
$25,000 10/10/25
50,00011/05/25
150,00005/01/26
25,00010/15/26
$250,000 
The periodic net settlement of these interest rate swaps are recorded as an adjustment to "Interest on subordinated debentures" or "Interest and fees on loans" in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, there was a negative impact on net interest income of $2.4 million and $8.4 million, respectively, as a result of these interest rate swaps. Changes in the fair value of the cash flow hedges are reported on the balance sheet and in OCI. When the cash flows associated with the hedged item are realized, the gain or loss included in OCI is recognized in "Interest on subordinated debentures," or "Interest and fees on loans", the same line items in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income as the income on the hedged items. The cash flow hedges were highly effective at September 30, 2025, and changes in the fair value attributed to hedge ineffectiveness were not material.
The following table depicts the credit value and fair value adjustments recorded related to the notional amount of derivatives outstanding as well as the notional amount of risk participation agreements participated to other banks:
September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
 (dollars in thousands)
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Interest rate derivatives:
Credit value adjustment$(210)$(59)
Notional amount:
Interest rate derivatives1,042,181 966,978 
Interest rate caps36,659 28,950 
Interest rate collars524 524 
Risk participation agreements155,481 179,959 
Sold credit protection on risk participation agreements(157,210)(151,079)
Interest rate options59,967 60,934 
Interest rate forwards:
Fair value adjustment18 398 
Notional amount48,000 60,000 
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Interest rate swaps:
Fair value adjustment(2,079)(10,754)
Notional amount290,000 465,000 
 
54

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)


The table below presents the change in the fair value of derivative assets and derivative liabilities attributable to credit risk or fair value changes included in "Other income", "Other expense," "Interest on subordinated debentures" or "Interest and fees on loans" in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income:
 For the Three Months Ended September 30,For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2025202420252024
 (dollars in thousands)
Non-hedging interest rate derivatives
(Decrease) increase in other income$(4)$425 $299 $721 
Non-hedging interest rate forwards
Increase (decrease) in other income360 (79)(381)329 
Hedging interest rate derivatives
Decrease in interest and fees on loans(2,385)(5,630)(9,290)(17,832)
Decrease in interest from subordinated debentures(315)(567)(937)(2,014)

The fair value of our derivatives is included in a table in Note 11, “Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities,” in the line items “Other assets” and “Other liabilities.”
Note 13 Goodwill
FASB ASC Topic 350-20, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other” requires an annual valuation of the fair value of a reporting unit that has goodwill and a comparison of the fair value to the book value of equity to determine whether the goodwill has been impaired. Goodwill is also required to be tested on an interim basis if an event or circumstance indicates that it is more likely than not that an impairment loss has been incurred. When circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that fair value is less than carrying value, a triggering event has occurred and a quantitative impairment test would be performed.
We consider First Commonwealth to be one reporting unit (see Note 16 - "Segment Reporting"). The carrying amount of goodwill at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $378.2 million and $363.7 million respectively. The increase in goodwill during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 is the result of the Center acquisition. No impairment charges on goodwill or other intangible assets were incurred in 2025 or 2024.
We test goodwill for impairment as of November 30th each year and again at any quarter-end if any material events occur during a quarter that may affect goodwill.
As of September 30, 2025, no indicators of impairment were identified; however, changing economic conditions that may adversely affect our performance, the fair value of our assets and liabilities, or our stock price could result in impairment, which could adversely affect earnings in future periods. Management will continue to monitor events that could impact this conclusion in the future.
55

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Note 14 Subordinated Debentures
Subordinated debentures outstanding are as follows:
  September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
 DueRateAmountAmount
  (dollars in thousands)
Owed to:
First Commonwealth Bank20335.50% until June 1, 2028, then 3-Month CME Term SOFR + 0.26161% + 2.37%$49,463 $49,411 
First Commonwealth Financial Corp20314.50% until March 29, 2026, then Prime + 1.00%6,795 6,727 
First Commonwealth Capital Trust II20343-Month CME Term SOFR + 0.26161% + 2.85%30,929 30,929 
First Commonwealth Capital Trust III20343-Month CME Term SOFR + 0.26161% + 2.85%41,238 41,238 
Total$128,425 $128,305 
With the acquisition of Centric in January 2023, First Commonwealth acquired a ten-year subordinated note with a principal balance of $6.0 million. The rate remains fixed at 4.50% until March 29, 2026, then adjusts quarterly to Prime + 1.00%. The Bank may redeem the notes, beginning with the interest payment due on March 29, 2026, in whole or in part at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the subordinated notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption. A fair value premium of $0.6 million was recognized in connection with the acquisition.
On May 21, 2018, First Commonwealth issued fifteen-year subordinated notes with an aggregate principal amount of $50.0 million and a fixed-to-floating rate of 5.50%. The rate remains fixed until June 1, 2028, then adjusts on a quarterly basis to three-month CME Term SOFR+ 0.26161% + 2.37%. The Bank may redeem the notes, subject to regulatory approval, beginning with the interest payment due on June 1, 2028, in whole or in part at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the subordinated notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption. Deferred issuance costs of $1.1 million are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the notes.
First Commonwealth currently has two trusts, First Commonwealth Capital Trust II and First Commonwealth Capital Trust III, of which 100% of the common equity is owned by First Commonwealth. The trusts were formed for the purpose of issuing company obligated mandatorily redeemable capital securities to third-party investors and investing the proceeds from the sale of the capital securities solely in junior subordinated debt securities (“subordinated debentures”) of First Commonwealth. The subordinated debentures held by each trust are the sole assets of the trust.
Interest on the debentures issued to First Commonwealth Capital Trust II is paid quarterly at a floating rate of three-month CME Term SOFR + 0.26161% + 2.85%, which is reset quarterly. Subject to regulatory approval, First Commonwealth may redeem the debentures, in whole or in part, at its option at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the debentures, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of the redemption. Deferred issuance costs of $0.5 million are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the securities.
Interest on the debentures issued to First Commonwealth Capital Trust III is paid quarterly at a floating rate of three-month CME Term SOFR + 0.26161% + 2.85%, which is reset quarterly. Subject to regulatory approval, First Commonwealth may redeem the debentures, in whole or in part, at its option on any interest payment date at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the debentures, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of the redemption. Deferred issuance costs of $0.6 million are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the securities.
In order to reduce its exposure to variability in expected future cash flows related to interest payments on First Commonwealth Capital Trust II and III, the Company entered into two interest rate swap contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges. These contracts fix the index rate based portion of the interest rate on Capital Trust III at 1.525% until August 15, 2026. A similar interest rate swap contract was entered for Capital Trust II which fixed the index rate based portion at 1.515%; however, that swap expired on August 15, 2024. Additional information related to these cash flow hedges can be found in Note 12 - "Derivatives".
Note 15 Revenue Recognition

Substantially all of the Company’s revenue is generated from contracts with customers. Revenue associated with financial instruments, including revenue from loans and securities, certain noninterest income streams such as fees associated with derivatives are not in scope of FASB ASC Topic 606 - "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("Topic 606"). Topic 606 is
56

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

applicable to noninterest revenue streams such as trust income, service charges on deposits, insurance and retail brokerage commissions, card-related interchange income and gain(loss) on sale of OREO. For contracts within the scope of Topic 606, the Company immediately expenses contract acquisition costs when the asset that would have resulted from capitalizing these costs would have been amortized in one year or less.
Noninterest revenue streams in-scope of Topic 606 are discussed below:
Trust Income
Trust income is primarily comprised of fees earned from the management and administration of trusts and other customer assets. The Company’s performance obligation is generally satisfied over time and the resulting fees are recognized monthly, based upon a tiered scale of market value of the assets under management at month-end. Payment is generally received a few days after month end through a direct charge to customers’ accounts. The Company does not earn performance-based incentives. Optional services such as financial planning or tax return preparation services are also available to trust customers. The Company’s performance obligation for these transactional-based services is generally satisfied and related revenue recognized at a point in time. Payment is received shortly after services are rendered.
Service Charges on Deposit Accounts
Service charges on deposit accounts consist of fees earned from its deposit customers for transaction-based, account maintenance, overdraft services and account analysis fees. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as ATM use fees, stop payment fees, statement rendering and ACH fees are recognized at the time the transaction is executed which is the point in time the Company fulfills the customer’s request. Monthly account maintenance fees are earned over the course of the month, representing the period over which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Overdraft fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs. The Company’s performance obligation for account analysis fees is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, during the month the service is provided. Payment for service charges on deposit accounts is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to customers’ accounts.
Insurance and Retail Brokerage Commissions
Insurance income primarily consists of commissions received from execution of personal, business and health insurance policies when acting as an agent on behalf of insurance carriers. The Company’s performance obligation is generally satisfied upon the issuance of the insurance policy. Because the Company’s contracts with the insurance carriers are generally cancellable by either party with minimal notice, insurance commissions are recognized during the policy period as received. Also, the majority of insurance commissions are received on a monthly basis during the policy period; however, some carriers pay the full annual commission to First Commonwealth at the time of policy issuance or renewal. In these cases, First Commonwealth would be required to refund any commissions it would not be entitled to as a result of cancelled or terminated policies. The Company has established a refund liability for the remaining term of the policies expected to be cancelled. The Company also receives incentive-based contingency fees from the insurance carriers. Contingency fee revenue, which totals approximately $0.3 million per year, is recognized as received due to the immaterial amount.
Retail brokerage income primarily consists of commissions received on annuity and investment product sales through a third-party service provider. The Company’s performance obligation is generally satisfied upon the issuance of the annuity policy or the execution of an investment transaction. The Company does not earn a significant amount of trailer fees on annuity sales. However, after considering the factors impacting these trailer fees, such as the uncertainty of investor behavior and changes in the market value of assets, First Commonwealth determined that it would recognize trailing fees as received because it could not reasonably estimate an amount of future trailing commissions for which collection is probable. Commissions from the third-party service provider are received on a monthly basis based upon customer activity for the month. The fees are recognized monthly with a receivable until commissions are received from the third-party service provider the following month. Because the Company acts as an agent in arranging the relationship between the customer and the third-party service provider and does not control the services rendered to the customers, retail brokerage fees are presented net of related costs, including $4.0 million and $3.9 million in commission expense for both the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
57

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Card-Related Interchange Income
Card-related interchange income is primarily comprised of debit and credit card income, ATM fees and merchant services income. Debit and credit card income is primarily comprised of interchange fees earned whenever the Company’s debit and credit cards are processed through card payment networks such as MasterCard. ATM fees are primarily generated when a Company cardholder uses a non-Company ATM or a non-Company cardholder uses a Company ATM. Merchant services income mainly represents fees charged to merchants to process their debit and credit card transactions, in addition to account management fees. Card-related interchange income is recognized daily as the customer transactions are settled.
Other Income
Other income includes service revenue from processing wire transfers, bill pay service, cashier’s checks, and other services. The Company’s performance obligation for these services are largely satisfied, and related revenue recognized, when the services are rendered or upon completion. Payment is typically received immediately or in the following month.
Gains (losses) on sales of OREO
First Commonwealth records a gain or loss from the sale of OREO when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed. When First Commonwealth finances the sale of OREO to the buyer, an assessment of whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract is completed along with an evaluation of whether collectability of the transaction price is probable. Once these criteria are met, the OREO asset is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon transfer of control of the property to the buyer. In determining the gain or loss on the sale, First Commonwealth adjusts the transaction price and the related gain or loss on sale if a significant financing component is present.
The following presents noninterest income, segregated by revenue streams in-scope and out-of-scope of Topic 606:
 For the Three Months Ended September 30,For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2025202420252024
 (dollars in thousands)
Noninterest Income
In-scope of Topic 606:
Trust income$3,477 $3,242 $9,528 $8,790 
Service charges on deposit accounts5,913 5,840 16,946 16,769 
Insurance and retail brokerage commissions3,499 3,087 9,766 8,892 
Card-related interchange income3,985 4,137 11,637 17,964 
Gain on sale of other loans and assets(178)290 446 567 
Other income703 697 2,158 2,159 
Noninterest Income (in-scope of Topic 606)17,399 17,293 50,481 55,141 
Noninterest Income (out-of-scope of Topic 606)7,458 7,405 21,627 18,755 
Total Noninterest Income$24,857 $24,698 $72,108 $73,896 
Note 16 Segment Reporting
We operate our business as a single integrated business unit that provides a number of products and services to meet our customers banking and financial needs. Our products and services include consumer lending such as secured and unsecured installment loans, home equity loans, construction and real estate loans, credit lines and credit cards. We also offer commercial customers lending and leasing products, which include real estate secured lending, equipment finance, working capital lines of credit, credit cards and construction loans. Our products also include deposit services, such as personal and business checking accounts, savings, money market and certificates of deposits. Additionally, we provide an array of cash management services, trust and wealth management services and insurance products. These services are all delivered through the same business network.
58

ITEM 1. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Company’s President and CEO is the chief operating decision maker who uses consolidated net income to assess performance and profitability of our single business segment. Consolidated net income is used to assess performance by comparing results on a monthly basis, including variances to budget and prior period results. Consideration is given to performance of components of the business, such as branches and geographic regions, which are then aggregated. This information is used to achieve strategic initiatives by allowing the chief operation decision maker to manage resources that drive our business and earnings. Additionally, consolidated net income is used to benchmark the Company against its banking peers.
The accounting policies of the single business unit are the same policies as disclosed in Note 1 - "Statement of Accounting Policies" of our December 31, 2024 Form 10-K and our segment assets are the same as assets presented in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
The following table presents information related to segment revenue, significant segment expenses and segment net income:
For the Three Months Ended September 30,For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025202420252024
(dollars in thousands)
Interest income$162,709 $154,323 $468,763 $450,467 
Interest expense51,586 57,808 155,877 166,656 
Net interest income111,123 96,515 312,886 283,811 
Provision for credit losses11,327 10,615 29,720 22,680 
Noninterest Income
Trust income3,477 3,242 9,528 8,790 
Service charges on deposit accounts5,913 5,840 16,946 16,769 
Insurance and retail brokerage commissions3,499 3,087 9,766 8,892 
Gain on sale of mortgage loans2,132 1,151 5,355 4,150 
Gain on sale of other loans and assets1,085 2,576 4,690 6,035 
Card-related interchange income3,985 4,137 11,637 17,964 
Other segment income (a)
4,766 4,665 14,186 11,296 
Noninterest expense
Salaries and employee benefits40,717 38,618 121,716 111,262 
Net occupancy5,110 4,858 15,733 15,014 
Furniture and equipment4,427 4,335 13,167 13,093 
Data processing4,260 3,879 12,162 11,543 
Other professional fees and services1,843 1,448 5,366 3,976 
Other segment expense (b)
16,477 16,932 52,208 46,553 
Income tax provision10,491 8,442 27,496 26,863 
Segment net income$41,328 $32,086 $107,426 $106,723 
Reconciliation of net income
Adjustments and reconciling items— — — — 
Consolidated net income$41,328 $32,086 $107,426 $106,723 
(a) Other segment income includes gain/loss on securities, income from bank owned life insurance, derivative mark to market, swap fee income and other miscellaneous income.
(b) Other segment expense includes FDIC insurance, loss on sale or write-down of assets, litigation and operational losses, merger related expenses and other miscellaneous expenses.

59

Table of Contents


ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
This discussion and the related financial data are presented to assist in the understanding and evaluation of the consolidated financial condition and the results of operations of First Commonwealth Financial Corporation including its subsidiaries (“First Commonwealth”) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in this Form 10-Q.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not statements of historical fact constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Reform Act”), notwithstanding that such statements are not specifically identified as such. In addition, certain statements may be contained in our future filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in press releases, and in oral and written statements made by us or with our approval that are not statements of historical fact and constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Reform Act. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (i) projections of revenues, expenses, income or loss, earnings or loss per share, the payment or nonpayment of dividends, capital structure and other financial items; (ii) statements of plans, objectives and expectations of First Commonwealth or its management or Board of Directors, including those relating to products, services or operations; (iii) statements of future economic performance or interest rates; and (iv) statements of assumptions underlying such statements. Words such as “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” or words of similar meaning, or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could” or “may,” are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:
•Local, regional, national and international economic conditions and the impact they may have on us and our customers and our assessment of that impact.
•Volatility and disruption in national and international financial markets.
•The effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board and the implementation of tariffs and other protectionist trade policies.
•Government intervention in the U.S. financial system.
•Changes in the mix of loan geographies, sectors and types or the level of non-performing assets and charge-offs.
•Changes in estimates of future reserve requirements based upon the periodic review thereof under relevant regulatory and accounting requirements.
•Inflation, interest rate, securities market and monetary fluctuations.
•The effect of changes in laws and regulations (including laws and regulations concerning taxes, banking, securities and insurance) with which we and our subsidiaries must comply.
•The soundness of other financial institutions.
•Political instability.
•Impairment of our goodwill or other intangible assets.
•Acts of God or of war or terrorism.
•The timely development and acceptance of new products and services and perceived overall value of these products and services by users.
•Changes in consumer spending, borrowings and savings habits.
•Changes in the financial performance and/or condition of our borrowers.
•Technological changes.
•The cost and effects of cyber incidents or other failures, interruption or security breaches of our systems or those of third-party providers.
•Acquisitions and integration of acquired businesses.
•Our ability to increase market share and control expenses.
•Our ability to attract and retain qualified employees.
•Changes in the competitive environment in our markets and among banking organizations and other financial service providers.
•The effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and other accounting standard setters.
•Changes in the reliability of our vendors, internal control systems or information systems.
•Changes in our liquidity position.
•Changes in our organization, compensation and benefit plans.
60

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


•The costs and effects of legal and regulatory developments, the resolution of legal proceedings or regulatory or other governmental inquiries, the results of regulatory examinations or reviews and the ability to obtain required regulatory approvals.
•Greater than expected costs or difficulties related to the integration of new products and lines of business.
•Our success at managing the risks involved in the foregoing items.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such statements are made. We do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to the results of operations presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), First Commonwealth management uses, and this quarterly report contains or references, certain non-GAAP financial measures, such as net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide information that is useful to investors in understanding our underlying operational performance and our business and performance trends as they facilitate comparison with the performance of others in the financial services industry. Although we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance investors’ understanding of our business and performance, these non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered an alternative to GAAP.
We believe the presentation of net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis ensures comparability of net interest income arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practice. Interest income per the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income is reconciled to net interest income adjusted to a fully taxable equivalent basis on pages 65 and 73 for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES



Selected Financial Data
The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, which follows, and with the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes. 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025202420252024
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Net Income$41,328 $32,086 $107,426 $106,723 
Per Share Data:
Basic Earnings per Share$0.40 $0.31 $1.04 $1.05 
Diluted Earnings per Share0.39 0.31 1.04 1.04 
Cash Dividends Declared per Common Share0.135 0.130 0.400 0.385 
Average Balance:
Total assets$12,210,003 $11,776,532 $11,997,612 $11,664,788 
Total equity1,530,610 1,389,290 1,484,551 1,353,125 
End of Period Balance:
Net loans and leases (1)
$9,621,249 $8,886,173 
Total assets12,310,376 11,983,199 
Total deposits10,231,340 9,745,552 
Total equity1,541,837 1,409,616 
Key Ratios:
Return on average assets1.34 %1.08 %1.20 %1.22 %
Return on average equity10.71 %9.19 %9.67 %10.54 %
Dividends payout ratio33.75 %41.94 %38.46 %36.67 %
Average equity to average assets ratio12.54 %11.80 %12.37 %11.60 %
Net interest margin3.92 %3.56 %3.79 %3.55 %
Net loans to deposits ratio94.04 %91.18 %
(1) Includes loans held for sale.

Results of Operations
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Net Income
For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, First Commonwealth had net income of $107.4 million, or $1.04 diluted earnings per share, compared to net income of $106.7 million, or $1.04 diluted earnings per share, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in net income was primarily the result of a $29.1 million increase in net interest income offset by an $18.9 million increase in noninterest expense, including $4.2 million in merger-related expenses associated with the Center acquisition. Other items impacting results include an increase in the provision for credit losses of $7.0 million, including the $3.8 million in provision expense related to the day 1 CECL adjustment on non-PCD loans acquired in the Center acquisition.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company’s return on average equity was 9.67% and its return on average assets was 1.20%, compared to 10.54% and 1.22%, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Net Interest Income
Net interest income, on a fully taxable equivalent basis, was $313.9 million in the first nine months of 2025, compared to $284.8 million for the same period in 2024. The increase in net interest income can be attributed to a 26 basis point decrease in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities and a 5 basis point increase in the yield on interest-earning assets. Net interest income
62

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


comprises the majority of our operating revenue (net interest income before provision expense plus noninterest income), at 81.3% and 79.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
The net interest margin on a fully taxable equivalent basis was 3.79% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 3.55% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The net interest margin is affected by changes in the level of interest rates and the amount and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.
The taxable equivalent yield on interest-earning assets was 5.68% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of five basis points compared to the 5.63% yield for the same period in 2024. The yield on interest-earning assets benefited from higher reinvestment rates related to the investment portfolio, resulting in the investment portfolio yield increasing by 41 basis points when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, seven basis points of the yield on interest-earning assets can be attributed to the recognition of $5.7 million in accretion of purchase accounting marks. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, accretion of purchase accounting marks contributed $6.1 million, or eight basis points, to the yield on interest-earning assets.
The investment portfolio yield increased 41 basis points in comparison to the prior year as new volume rates were higher than the portfolio yield. The average investment portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased $112.9 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as a result of excess liquidity from growth in interest-bearing liabilities. Lower interest rates in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year resulted in a 76 basis point decrease in the yield on interest-bearing deposits with banks, while the average balance decreased from $199.9 million in 2024 to $58.7 million in 2025.
The cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased to 2.58% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, from 2.84% for the same period in 2024. The cost of interest-bearing deposits decreased 16 basis points and short-term borrowings decreased 78 basis points in comparison to the same period last year. The cost of interest-bearing deposits was impacted by declines in market interest rates as well as changes in the mix of deposits due to growth in money market and time deposits. Comparing the nine months ended September 30, 2025 with the comparable period in 2024, average time deposits increased $259.1 million, or 17.4%, with a decrease in the cost of these deposits of 48 basis points. Contributing to the average growth in time deposits was an average of $50.6 million acquired as part of the Center acquisition. Other interest-bearing deposits increased on average $331.3 million, or 5.9%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the cost of these deposits decreased 11 basis points. Average growth in other-interest bearing deposits attributable to the Center acquisition totaled $81.9 million. Compared to the prior period, short-term borrowings decreased an average of $451.9 million primarily due to the payoff of $516.0 million in short-term borrowings related to the Federal Reserve Term Funding program in the fourth quarter of 2024. Long-term debt increased an average of $98.0 million compared to the prior period as a result of a $127.0 million FHLB borrowing entered into in the fourth quarter of 2024.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, changes in rates positively impacted net interest income by $17.9 million when compared to the same period in 2024. The yield on interest-earning assets positively impacted net interest income by $4.3 million and the decrease in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities positively impacted net interest income by $13.6 million.
Changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities positively impacted net interest income by $11.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. Higher levels of interest-earning assets resulted in an increase of $14.0 million in interest income, while changes in the volume and mix of interest-bearing liabilities increased interest expense by $2.8 million. Average interest-earning assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased $351.0 million, or 3.3%, compared to the same period in 2024. Average loans for the comparable period increased $379.3 million, or 4.2%, and average investments increased $112.9 million, or 7.5%. Average loans attributable to the Center acquisition for the nine month period ended September 30, 2025 totaled $164.0 million.
Net interest income was positively impacted by a $114.4 million increase in average net free funds for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the corresponding period in 2024. Average net free funds are the excess of noninterest-bearing demand deposits, other noninterest-bearing liabilities and shareholders’ equity over noninterest-earning assets. The level of net free funds was impacted by growth in average noninterest-bearing demand deposits, as well as higher average shareholders' equity due to retained earnings and stock issued for the Center acquisition. Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased $12.8 million, or 0.6%, compared to the same period in 2024.
63

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


The following table reconciles interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income to net interest income adjusted to a fully taxable equivalent basis for the nine months ended September 30:
 
20252024
 (dollars in thousands)
Interest income per Consolidated Statements of Income$468,763 $450,467 
Adjustment to fully taxable equivalent basis1,027 994 
Interest income adjusted to fully taxable equivalent basis (non-GAAP)469,790 451,461 
Interest expense155,877 166,656 
Net interest income adjusted to fully taxable equivalent basis (non-GAAP)$313,913 $284,805 

64

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


The following is an analysis of the average balance sheet and net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis for the nine months ended September 30:
 
 20252024
 Average
Balance		Income /
Expense (a)		Yield
or
Rate		Average
Balance		Income /
Expense (a)		Yield
or
Rate
 (dollars in thousands)
Assets
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$58,735 $2,106 4.79 %$199,887 $8,304 5.55 %
Tax-free investment securities18,064 349 2.58 20,218 405 2.68 
Taxable investment securities1,603,394 43,547 3.63 1,488,386 35,854 3.22 
Loans and leases, net of unearned income (b)(c)
9,386,232 423,788 6.04 9,006,908 406,898 6.03 
Total interest-earning assets11,066,425 469,790 5.68 10,715,399 451,461 5.63 
Noninterest-earning assets:
Cash107,888 113,798 
Allowance for credit losses(127,862)(121,331)
Other assets951,161 956,922 
Total noninterest-earning assets931,187 949,389 
Total Assets$11,997,612 $11,664,788 
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits
$1,906,208 $21,388 1.50 %$1,909,166 $25,902 1.81 %
Savings deposits4,039,095 71,230 2.36 3,704,820 66,256 2.39 
Time deposits1,748,621 50,343 3.85 1,489,476 48,229 4.33 
Short-term borrowings108,877 3,128 3.84 560,743 19,383 4.62 
Long-term debt262,540 9,788 4.98 164,553 6,886 5.59 
Total interest-bearing liabilities8,065,341 155,877 2.58 7,828,758 166,656 2.84 
Noninterest-bearing liabilities and shareholders’ equity:
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits
2,312,469 2,299,650 
Other liabilities135,251 183,255 
Shareholders’ equity1,484,551 1,353,125 
Total Noninterest-Bearing Funding Sources3,932,271 3,836,030 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$11,997,612 $11,664,788 
Net Interest Income and Net Yield on Interest-Earning Assets$313,913 3.79 %$284,805 3.55 %
(a)Income on interest-earning assets has been computed on a fully taxable equivalent basis using the 21% federal income tax statutory rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
(b)Loan balances include held for sale and nonaccrual loans. Income on nonaccrual loans is accounted for on the cash basis.
(c)Loan income includes loan fees earned.


 
65

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


The following table shows the effect of changes in volumes and rates on interest income and interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared with September 30, 2024:
 
 Analysis of Year-to-Year Changes in Net Interest Income
 Total
Change		Change Due To
Volume		Change Due To
Rate (a)
 (dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$(6,198)$(5,865)$(333)
Tax-free investment securities(56)(43)(13)
Taxable investment securities7,693 2,772 4,921 
Loans and leases16,890 17,124 (234)
Total interest income (b)18,329 13,988 4,341 
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits(4,514)(40)(4,474)
Savings deposits4,974 5,981 (1,007)
Time deposits2,114 8,400 (6,286)
Short-term borrowings(16,255)(15,629)(626)
Long-term debt2,902 4,101 (1,199)
Total interest expense(10,779)2,813 (13,592)
Net interest income$29,108 $11,175 $17,933 
(a)Changes in interest income or expense not arising solely as a result of volume or rate variances are allocated to rate variances.
(b)Changes in interest income have been computed on a fully taxable equivalent basis using the 21% federal income tax statutory rate.

Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses is determined based on management’s estimates of the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses needed for expected losses inherent in the loan portfolio and off-balance sheet commitments. The provision for credit losses is an amount added to the allowance, against which credit losses are charged.  
66

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


The table below provides a breakout of the provision for credit losses by loan category for the nine months ended September 30: 
 20252024
 DollarsPercentageDollarsPercentage
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$16,902 77 %$13,304 51 %
Time and demand9,861 45 7,483 29 
Commercial credit cards249 1 137 1 
Equipment finance5,991 27 4,294 16 
Time and demand other801 4 1,390 5 
Real estate construction1,194 5 (1,209)(5)
Construction other1,012 5 (527)(2)
Construction residential182 1 (682)(3)
Residential real estate(1,521)(7)(1,122)(4)
Residential first lien(1,379)(6)(985)(3)
Residential junior lien/home equity(142)(1)(137)(1)
Commercial real estate4,483 21 9,492 37 
Multifamily919 4 (178)(1)
Non-owner occupied4,098 19 8,405 33 
Owner occupied(534)(2)1,265 5 
Loans to individuals805 4 5,418 21 
Automobile and recreational vehicles(992)(5)4,065 16 
Consumer credit cards321 2 238 1 
Consumer other1,476 7 1,115 4 
Provision for credit losses on loans and leases$21,863 100 %$25,883 100 %
Provision for credit losses - acquisition day 1 non-PCD3,379 — 
Total provision for credit losses on loans and leases25,242 25,883 
Provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure4,478 (3,203)
       Total provision for credit losses$29,720 $22,680 
Total provision expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, increased $7.0 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase is partially due to a $3.4 million provision recognized in the second quarter of 2025 as the day-1 non-PCD provision expense resulting from the Center acquisition. Included in the provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 is $8.6 million related to a dealer floor plan relationship moved to nonaccrual in the second quarter of 2025 as a result of being out of trust on sold vehicles. Provision expense for the period was also impacted by a $1.8 million chargeoff for a commercial loan that was moved to held for sale and $5.2 million related to the increase in the allowance for credit losses as a result of the mix and growth of the loan portfolio.
The provision expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 can be attributed to $17.5 million in net charge-offs as well as an increase of $9.2 million in specific reserves. The specific reserves can be attributed to $6.2 million for three non-owner occupied relationships and $2.8 million for a time and demand relationship, all of which were moved to nonaccrual during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Also impacting provision expense in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $4.5 million related to the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures. The level of provision for off-balance sheet exposure in 2025 is primarily due to increased commercial and residential construction commitments as well as the impact of periodic updates, completed in the third quarter of 2025, related to the expected loss rates for these loan categories. The negative provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure in 2024 is primarily attributed to lower commitments for commercial and residential construction loans.
The allowance for credit losses was $129.6 million, or 1.34%, of total loans and leases outstanding at September 30, 2025, compared to $118.9 million, or 1.32%, at December 31, 2024 and $126.1 million, or 1.41%, at September 30, 2024. Nonperforming loans as a percentage of total loans and leases increased to 0.91% at September 30, 2025 from 0.83% as of
67

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


September 30, 2024 and 0.68% at December 31, 2024. The allowance to nonperforming loan ratio was 148.04%, 193.48% and 168.77% as of September 30, 2025, December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively.
 
Management believes that the allowance for credit losses is at a level deemed appropriate to absorb expected losses inherent in the loan portfolio at September 30, 2025.
Below is an analysis of the consolidated allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and the year-ended December 31, 2024:
 
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024December 31, 2024
 (dollars in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$118,906 $117,718 $117,718 
Day 1 allowance for credit loss on PCD acquired loans3,560 — — 
Provision for credit losses - acquisition day 1 non-PCD3,379 — — 
Loans charged off:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other12,840 11,230 15,512 
Real estate construction829 35 1,092 
Residential real estate351 361 483 
Commercial real estate5,137 2,047 8,678 
Loans to individuals6,856 7,148 9,663 
Total loans charged off26,013 20,821 35,428 
Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other4,858 633 813 
Real estate construction— 6 6 
Residential real estate202 221 370 
Commercial real estate205 166 177 
Loans to individuals2,645 2,306 2,882 
Total recoveries7,910 3,332 4,248 
Net charge-offs18,103 17,489 31,180 
Provision for credit losses on loans and leases charged to expense21,863 25,883 32,368 
Balance, end of period$129,605 $126,112 $118,906 
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases outstanding (annualized)0.26 %0.26 %0.35 %
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of end-of-period loans and leases outstanding1.34 %1.41 %1.32 %
68

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


Noninterest Income
The following table presents the components of noninterest income for the nine months ended September 30: 
20252024$ Change% Change
 (dollars in thousands)
Noninterest Income:
Trust income$9,528 $8,790 $738 8 %
Service charges on deposit accounts16,946 16,769 177 1 
Insurance and retail brokerage commissions9,766 8,892 874 10 
Income from bank owned life insurance5,152 4,943 209 4 
Card-related interchange income11,637 17,964 (6,327)(35)
Swap fee income1,517 88 1,429 1,624 
Other income7,295 6,189 1,106 18 
Subtotal61,841 63,635 (1,794)(3)
Net securities losses(4,773)(5,447)674 (12)
Gain on sale of VISA5,146 5,664 (518)(9)
Gain on sale of mortgage loans5,355 4,150 1,205 29 
Gain on sale of other loans and assets4,690 6,035 (1,345)(22)
Derivatives mark to market(151)(141)(10)7 
Total noninterest income$72,108 $73,896 $(1,788)(2)%
Total noninterest income (excluding net securities losses, gain on VISA sale, gain on sale of mortgage loans, gain on sale of other loans and assets and the derivatives mark to market) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 decreased $1.8 million, or 3%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease is primarily due to a $6.3 million decline in card-related interchange income resulting from the Company being subject to the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act beginning July 1, 2024. The Durbin Amendment is now applicable to the Company because its total assets exceeded $10.0 billion as of December 31, 2023. As a result, its curtailment of card-related interchange income went into effect on July 1, 2024.
Swap fee income increased $1.4 million compared to the prior period as a result of new interest rate swaps entered into by our commercial loan customers. Other income increased $1.1 million largely due to a $0.4 million increase in limited partnership income. Trust income increased $0.7 million due to revenue for assets under management. Insurance and brokerage commissions increased $0.9 million primarily due to higher annuity sales.
Other items impacting noninterest income include gains on the sale of VISA shares of $5.1 million and $5.7 million, as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Offsetting these gains were net security losses of $4.8 million and $5.4 million, as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, resulting from the sale of available for sale securities that were sold in order to reinvest into higher yielding investments.
69

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


Noninterest Expense
The following table presents the components of noninterest expense for the nine months ended September 30: 
20252024$ Change% Change
 (dollars in thousands)
Noninterest Expense:
Salaries and employee benefits$121,716 $111,262 $10,454 9 %
Net occupancy15,733 15,014 719 5 
Furniture and equipment13,167 13,093 74 1 
Data processing12,162 11,543 619 5 
Advertising and promotion4,760 4,177 583 14 
Pennsylvania shares tax4,012 3,454 558 16 
Intangible amortization4,009 3,656 353 10 
Other professional fees and services5,366 3,976 1,390 35 
FDIC insurance4,582 4,537 45 1 
Other operating28,398 26,222 2,176 8 
Subtotal213,905 196,934 16,971 9 
Loss on sale or write-down of assets373 352 21 6 
Litigation and operational losses1,845 3,672 (1,827)(50)
Loss on early redemption of subordinated debt— 369 (369)— 
Merger and acquisition related4,229 114 4,115 3,610 
Total noninterest expense$220,352 $201,441 $18,911 9 %
Noninterest expense increased $18.9 million, or 9%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. This increase is primarily the result of an $10.5 million increase in salaries and benefits expense. Contributing to the higher salary expense in 2025 was a $5.7 million increase in incentive expense, of which $1.5 million can be attributed to finalizing payments related to prior year volumes and performance, with the remaining increase due to higher sales volumes in 2025. Also impacting the increase in salary and benefit expense is a $1.4 million increase in 401(k) expense, a $0.9 million increase in FICA taxes and a higher number of full time equivalent employees, partially due to the Center acquisition. The number of full time equivalent employees totaled 1,500 at September 30, 2024 and 1,548 at September 30, 2025.
Other operating expense increased $2.2 million compared to the prior period primarily due to loan related appraisal, credit reporting and OREO expenses. The increase in other professional fees and services is a result of services and advisors for several areas, none of which were individually material.
Merger and acquisition related expenses increased $4.1 million compared to the prior period as a result of the Center acquisition which occurred in the second quarter of 2025.
Income Tax
The provision for income taxes increased $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the corresponding period in 2024, primarily due to the higher level of income before tax. 
We applied the “annual effective tax rate approach” to determine the provision for income taxes, which applies an annual forecast of tax expense as a percentage of expected full year income, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
We generate an annual effective tax rate that is less than the statutory rate of 21% due to benefits resulting from tax-exempt interest, income from bank-owned life insurance and tax benefits associated with low income housing tax credits, all of which are relatively consistent regardless of the level of pretax income. These provided for an effective tax rate of 20.4% and 20.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
As of September 30, 2025, our deferred tax assets totaled $49.5 million. Based on our evaluation, we determined that it is more likely than not that all of these assets will be realized. As a result, a valuation allowance against these assets was not recorded. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we estimate future taxable income based on management approved forecasts, evaluation of historical earnings levels and consideration of potential tax strategies. If future events differ from our
70

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


current forecasts, we may need to establish a valuation allowance, which could have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Results of Operations
Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Net Income
For the three months ended September 30, 2025, First Commonwealth recognized net income of $41.3 million, or $0.39 diluted earnings per share, compared to net income of $32.1 million, or $0.31 diluted earnings per share, in the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in net income between the two periods is largely attributable to an increase of $14.6 million in net interest income. Offsetting this increase is a $2.8 million increase in noninterest expense, a $0.7 million increase in the provision for credit losses and a $2.0 million increase in income tax expense.
For the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company’s return on average equity was 10.71% and its return on average assets was 1.34%, compared to 9.19% and 1.08%, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2024.
Net Interest Income
Net interest income, on a fully taxable equivalent basis, was $111.5 million in the third quarter of 2025, compared to $96.9 million for the same period in 2024. The increase in net interest income can be attributed to a 41 basis point decrease in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities, partially offset by a 5 basis point increase in the yield on interest-earning assets. Net interest income comprises the majority of our operating revenue (i.e., net interest income before provision expense plus noninterest income), at 81.7% and 79.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
The net interest margin, on a fully taxable equivalent basis, was 3.92% and 3.56% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The taxable equivalent yield on interest-earning assets was 5.73% for the three months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of five basis points compared to the 5.68% yield for the same period in 2024. This is largely due to a 26 basis points increase in the investment portfolio yield in comparison to the prior year as new volume rates were higher than the portfolio yield. The average investment portfolio balance increased $54.6 million as a result of excess liquidity from growth in interest-bearing liabilities. The average balance of interest-bearing deposits with banks decreased from $278.0 million in 2024 to $40.2 million in 2025, with a yield decrease of 64 basis points.

The loan portfolio yield when compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024, decreased by 1 basis point. Accretion of purchase accounting marks contributed $1.8 million or 6 basis points to the yield on interest-earnings assets in the three months ended September 30, 2025. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, accretion of purchase accounting marks contributed $2.0 million, or seven basis points, to the yield on interest-earning assets.
The cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased to 2.50% for the three months ended September 30, 2025, from 2.91% for the same period in 2024, primarily due to decreases in the cost of time and interest-bearing deposits. Comparing the three months ended September 30, 2025 with the comparable period in 2024, average time deposits increased $158.8 million, or 10.1%, with a decrease in the cost of these deposits of 74 basis points. Over this period, interest-bearing demand and savings deposits increased on average $406.7 million, or 7.2%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 and the cost of those deposits decreased 24 basis points. The cost of short-term borrowings decreased 73 basis points in comparison to the same period last year. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Center acquisition contributed $146.2 million in average interest-bearing demand deposits and $90.3 million in average time deposits.
For the three months ended September 30, 2025, changes in interest rates positively impacted net interest income by $8.7 million when compared with the same period in 2024. The higher yield on loans contributed to interest-earning assets, positively impacting net interest income by $1.3 million, while a decrease in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities positively impacted net interest income by $7.4 million.
Changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities positively impacted net interest income by $5.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The growth and mix of interest-earning assets resulted in an increase of $7.1 million in interest income, while changes in the volume and mix of interest-bearing liabilities increased interest expense by $1.2 million. Average interest-earning assets for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased $465.0 million, or 4.3%, compared to the same period in 2024. Average loans for the comparable period increased $648.3 million, or 7.2%. Average time deposits for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by
71

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


$158.8 million compared to the comparable period in 2024, increasing interest expense by $1.8 million. The Center acquisition resulted in the addition of $316.3 million in average interest-earning assets, including $291.9 million in average loans.
Net interest income was positively impacted by a $186.2 million increase in average net free funds for the three months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to September 30, 2024. Average net free funds are the excess of noninterest-bearing demand deposits, other noninterest-bearing liabilities and shareholders’ equity over noninterest-earning assets. The increase in the level of net free funds was primarily the result of an increase in the balance of shareholders' equity due to retained earnings and stock issued for the Center acquisition as well as an increase in noninterest-bearing demand deposits.
The following table reconciles interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income to net interest income adjusted to a fully taxable equivalent basis for the three months ended September 30:
 
20252024
 (dollars in thousands)
Interest income per Consolidated Statements of Income$162,709 $154,323 
Adjustment to fully taxable equivalent basis351 342 
Interest income adjusted to fully taxable equivalent basis (non-GAAP)163,060 154,665 
Interest expense51,586 57,808 
Net interest income adjusted to fully taxable equivalent basis (non-GAAP)$111,474 $96,857 


72

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


The following is an analysis of the average balance sheets and net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis for the three months ended September 30:
 
 20252024
 Average
Balance		Income /
Expense (a)		Yield
or
Rate		Average
Balance		Income /
Expense (a)		Yield
or
Rate
 (dollars in thousands)
Assets
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$40,159 $491 4.85 %$278,006 $3,838 5.49 %
Tax-free investment securities17,831 114 2.54 20,016 133 2.64 
Taxable investment securities1,579,538 14,400 3.62 1,522,776 12,825 3.35 
Loans and leases, net of unearned income (b)(c)
9,653,118 148,055 6.08 9,004,808 137,869 6.09 
Total interest-earning assets11,290,646 163,060 5.73 10,825,606 154,665 5.68 
Noninterest-earning assets:
Cash108,546 113,301 
Allowance for credit losses(136,290)(124,070)
Other assets947,101 961,695 
Total noninterest-earning assets919,357 950,926 
Total Assets$12,210,003 $11,776,532 
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits
$1,948,886 $7,627 1.55 %$1,962,209 $9,663 1.96 %
Savings deposits4,115,564 23,407 2.26 3,695,587 22,565 2.43 
Time deposits1,734,804 16,004 3.66 1,575,975 17,435 4.40 
Short-term borrowings128,548 1,262 3.89 541,010 6,279 4.62 
Long-term debt262,186 3,286 4.97 136,408 1,866 5.44 
Total interest-bearing liabilities8,189,988 51,586 2.50 7,911,189 57,808 2.91 
Noninterest-bearing liabilities and shareholders’ equity:
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits 2,366,509 2,286,482 
Other liabilities122,896 189,571 
Shareholders’ equity1,530,610 1,389,290 
Total noninterest-bearing funding sources4,020,015 3,865,343 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$12,210,003 $11,776,532 
Net Interest Income and Net Yield on Interest-Earning Assets$111,474 3.92 %$96,857 3.56 %
(a)Income on interest-earning assets has been computed on a fully taxable equivalent basis using the 21% federal income tax statutory rate for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
(b)Loan balances include held for sale and nonaccrual loans. Income on nonaccrual loans is accounted for on the cash basis.
(c)Loan income includes loan fees earned.

 
73

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


The following table shows the effect of changes in volumes and rates on interest income and interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared with September 30, 2024:
 
 Analysis of Year-to-Year Changes in Net Interest Income
 Total
Change		Change Due To
Volume		Change Due To
Rate (a)
 (dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$(3,347)$(3,282)$(65)
Tax-free investment securities(19)(14)(5)
Taxable investment securities1,575 478 1,097 
Loans and leases10,186 9,924 262 
Total interest income (b)8,395 7,106 1,289 
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits(2,036)(66)(1,970)
Savings deposits842 2,565 (1,723)
Time deposits(1,431)1,757 (3,188)
Short-term borrowings(5,017)(4,790)(227)
Long-term debt1,420 1,720 (300)
Total interest expense(6,222)1,186 (7,408)
Net interest income$14,617 $5,920 $8,697 
 
(a)Changes in interest income or expense not arising solely as a result of volume or rate variances are allocated to rate variances.
(b)Changes in interest income have been computed on a fully taxable equivalent basis using the 21% federal income tax statutory rate.
Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses is determined based on management’s estimates of the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses needed for probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio, after giving consideration to charge-offs and recoveries for the period. The provision for credit losses is an amount added to the allowance, against which credit losses are charged.
 
74

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


The table below provides a breakout of the provision for credit losses by loan category for the three months ended September 30: 
20252024
DollarsPercentageDollarsPercentage
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$8,672 92 %$5,965 53 %
Time and demand5,536 59 3,730 33 
Commercial credit cards116 1 69 1 
Equipment finance3,744 40 1,723 15 
Time and demand other(724)(8)443 4 
Real estate construction1,483 16 (209)(2)
Construction other1,225 13 (125)(1)
Construction residential258 3 (84)(1)
Residential real estate(1,964)(21)521 5 
Residential first lien(1,503)(16)249 2 
Residential junior lien/home equity(461)(5)272 3 
Commercial real estate4,424 47 3,519 31 
Multifamily1,211 13 (151)(1)
Non-owner occupied5,219 55 2,942 26 
Owner occupied(2,006)(21)728 6 
Loans to individuals(3,173)(34)1,447 13 
Automobile and recreational vehicles(4,399)(47)1,067 9 
Consumer credit cards203 2 81 1 
Consumer other1,023 11 299 3 
Provision for credit losses on loans and leases$9,442 100 %$11,243 100 %
Provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure1,885 (628)
Total provision for credit losses$11,327 $10,615 

The provision for credit losses on loans and leases for the three months ended September 30, 2025 decreased in comparison to the three months ended September 30, 2024 by $1.8 million. Included in the provision for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 is $4.4 million related to a dealer floor plan relationship moved to nonaccrual in the second quarter of 2025 as a result of being out of trust on sold vehicles. Provision expense for the period was also impacted by a $1.8 million chargeoff for a commercial loan that was moved to held for sale and $1.3 million in provision expense related to the increase in the allowance for credit losses as a result of mix and growth of the loan portfolio. The level of provision expense in the third quarter of 2024 was impacted by $5.5 million in specific reserves for two commercial loans as well as $1.6 million in provision expense related to chargeoffs for two commercial borrowers.
Additionally, the provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure increased $2.5 million primarily due to the level of unfunded commitments for construction loans. Total net charge-offs for the three months ended September 30, 2025 were $12.2 million and $8.8 million for the three months ended September 30 ,2024.


75

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


Below is an analysis of the consolidated allowance for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and the year-ended December 31, 2024:
 
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024December 31, 2024
 (dollars in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$132,966 $123,654 $117,718 
Day 1 allowance for credit loss on PCD acquired loans— — — 
Provision for credit losses - acquisition day 1 non-PCD(556)— — 
Loans charged off:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other7,418 5,980 15,512 
Real estate construction829 — 1,092 
Residential real estate125 106 483 
Commercial real estate3,049 1,423 8,678 
Loans to individuals2,156 2,280 9,663 
Total loans charged off13,577 9,789 35,428 
Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other491 110 813 
Real estate construction— — 6 
Residential real estate19 51 370 
Commercial real estate38 42 177 
Loans to individuals782 801 2,882 
Total recoveries1,330 1,004 4,248 
Net charge-offs12,247 8,785 31,180 
Provision for credit losses on loans charged to expense9,442 11,243 32,368 
Balance, end of period$129,605 $126,112 $118,906 


Noninterest Income
The following table presents the components of noninterest income for the three months ended September 30: 
20252024$ Change% Change
 (dollars in thousands)
Noninterest Income:
Trust income$3,477 $3,242 $235 7 %
Service charges on deposit accounts5,913 5,840 73 1 
Insurance and retail brokerage commissions3,499 3,087 412 13 
Income from bank owned life insurance1,712 2,278 (566)(25)
Card-related interchange income3,985 4,137 (152)(4)
Swap fee income243 88 155 176 
Other income2,440 2,258 182 8 
Subtotal21,269 20,930 339 2 
Net securities gains369 88 281 319 
Gain on sale of VISA— 106 (106)(100)
Gain on sale of mortgage loans2,132 1,151 981 85 
Gain on sale of other loans and assets1,085 2,576 (1,491)(58)
Derivatives mark to market2 (153)155 (101)
Total noninterest income$24,857 $24,698 $159 1 %

76

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


Total noninterest income for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased $0.2 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. The most significant change includes a $1.0 million increase in the gain on mortgage loans due to the volume of loans sold offset by a $1.5 million decrease in gain on sale of loans and other assets due to the volume and spread of SBA loans sold. In addition, swap fee income increased $0.2 million due to new swaps entered into by our commercial loan borrowers, $0.4 million increase in insurance and retail brokerage commissions primarily due to higher annuity sales and a $0.2 million increase in trust income due to an increase in assets under management.

The increase in net security gains is primarily due to a gain related to the call of a corporate investment security recognized in the third quarter of 2025. Income from bank owned life insurance decreased compared to the prior period as a result of a decline of $0.9 million in death claims received.


Noninterest Expense
The following table presents the components of noninterest expense for the three months ended September 30:
 
20252024$ Change% Change
 (dollars in thousands)
Noninterest Expense:
Salaries and employee benefits$40,717 $38,618 $2,099 5 %
Net occupancy5,110 4,858 252 5 
Furniture and equipment4,427 4,335 92 2 
Data processing4,260 3,879 381 10 
Advertising and promotion1,931 1,960 (29)(1)
Pennsylvania shares tax1,337 1,126 211 19 
Intangible amortization1,567 1,223 344 28 
Other professional fees and services1,843 1,448 395 27 
FDIC insurance1,653 1,638 15 1 
Other operating9,155 8,672 483 6 
Subtotal72,000 67,757 4,243 6 
Loss on sale or write-down of assets87 132 (45)(34)
Litigation and operational losses582 2,181 (1,599)(73)
Merger and acquisition related165 — 165 — 
Total noninterest expense$72,834 $70,070 $2,764 4 %

Noninterest expense increased $2.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The increase is primarily a result of a $2.1 million increase in salaries and employee benefits expense due to annual merit increases, increased severance expense and a higher number of full time equivalent employees. In addition, other operating expense increased $0.5 million primarily due to loan related appraisal and credit reporting expenses.
Offsetting these increases was a decrease of $1.6 million in litigation and operational losses due to the recognition of $1.1 million in unusual fraud expense during the three months ended September 30, 2024.
Income Tax
The provision for income taxes increased $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the corresponding period in 2024.  The effective tax rate decreased 60 basis points from 20.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 to 20.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2025.
We applied the “annual effective tax rate approach” to determine the provision for income taxes, which applies an annual forecast of tax expense as a percentage of expected full year income, for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
77

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


Liquidity
Liquidity refers to our ability to meet the cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers, as well as our operating cash needs, with cost-effective funding. We generate funds to meet these needs primarily through the core deposit base of First Commonwealth Bank and the maturity or repayment of loans and other interest-earning assets, including investments. During the first nine months of 2025, the sale, maturity and redemption of investment securities provided $303.8 million in liquidity. These funds contributed to the liquidity available to originate loans, purchase investment securities and fund depositor withdrawals.
The following represents our expanded sources of liquidity as of September 30, 2025:
Total AvailableAmount UsedOutstanding Letters of CreditNet Available
(dollars in thousands)
Internal liquidity sources
Unencumbered securities$457,140 $— $— $457,140 
Other (excess pledged)61,633 — — 61,633 
External liquidity sources
FHLB advances2,686,261 247,757 8,220 2,430,284 
FRB borrowings1,114,664 — — 1,114,664 
Lines with other financial institutions160,000 — — 160,000 
CDARs (1)
1,228,247 77,033 — 1,151,214 
Total liquidity$5,707,945 $324,790 $8,220 $5,374,935 
(1) Reflects internal policy limit. Maximum capacity with CDARs is $1.8 billion.
Our participation in the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Services (“CDARS”) program is part of an Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”) strategy to increase and diversify funding sources. As of September 30, 2025, the outstanding CDARS balance of $77.0 million carried an average weighted rate of 3.49% and an average original term of 85 days. These deposits are part of two different programs, a reciprocal program that allows our depositors to receive expanded FDIC coverage by placing multiple certificates of deposit at other CDARS member banks, and brokered deposits. The reciprocal deposits represent $14.9 million and carry an average weighted rate of 2.92% and an average original term of 322 days while the brokered deposits total $62.1 million and carry an average weighted rate of 3.63% and an average original term of 28 days.
Liquidity available through the Federal Reserve is a result of the FRB Borrower-in-Custody of Collateral program, which enables us to take certain loans that are not being used as collateral at the FHLB and pledge them as collateral for borrowings at the FRB. 
78

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


First Commonwealth’s long-term liquidity source is its core deposit base. Core deposits are the most stable source of liquidity a bank can have due to the long-term relationship with a deposit customer. The following table shows a breakdown of the components of First Commonwealth’s deposits: 
September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
Originated
Acquired (a)
AmountAmount
 (dollars in thousands)
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits$2,378,751 $41,484 $2,420,235 $2,249,615 
Interest-bearing demand deposits1,891,377 13,004 1,904,381 1,855,633 
Savings deposits3,970,714 133,190 4,103,904 3,822,305 
Time deposits1,712,513 90,307 1,802,820 1,750,466 
Total$9,953,355 $277,985 $10,231,340 $9,678,019 
(a)Reflects the deposit balances, including purchase accounting marks, of deposits acquired from Center as of the acquisition date of April 30, 2025.

In the table above, compared to amounts previously disclosed, deposits for December 31, 2024 reflect a reclassification of $1.2 billion out of savings deposits into interest-bearing demand deposits. This reclassification removes the impact of an internal sweep program that has historically been in place for regulatory reserve requirements. In the second quarter of 2025, the internal sweep program was terminated; therefore for consistency purposes, interest-bearing demand deposits and savings deposits for periods prior to June 30, 2025 are now shown without the deposit reclassification.
The level of deposits during any period is influenced by factors outside of management’s control, such as the level of short-term and long-term market interest rates and yields offered on competing investments, such as money market mutual funds.
During the first nine months of 2025, total deposits increased $553.3 million, of which $278.0 million was from the Center acquisition. Interest-bearing demand and savings deposits increased $330.3 million, $146.2 million of which relates to Center, time deposits increased $52.4 million, with $90.3 million of the increase due to the Center acquisition offset by $38.0 million decrease in organic deposits; and noninterest-bearing demand deposits increased $170.6 million, $41.5 million of which relates to Center.
The estimated total of uninsured deposits was $3.0 billion and $2.6 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, of which $0.5 billion and $0.7 billion were secured by pledged investment securities or letters of credit as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Uninsured amounts are estimated based on known account relationships for each depositor and insurance guidelines provided by the FDIC.
Market Risk
The following gap analysis compares the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities subject to repricing over a period of time. The ratio of rate-sensitive assets to rate-sensitive liabilities repricing within a one-year period was 0.88 and 0.68 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. A ratio of less than one indicates a higher level of repricing liabilities over repricing assets over the next twelve months. The level of First Commonwealth's ratio is largely driven by the modeling of interest-bearing non-maturity deposits, which are included in the analysis as repricing within one year.
Gap analysis has limitations due to the static nature of the model, which holds volumes and consumer behaviors constant in all economic and interest rate scenarios. A lower level of rate sensitive assets to rate sensitive liabilities repricing in one year could indicate reduced net interest income in a rising interest rate scenario, and conversely, increased net interest income in a declining interest rate scenario. However, the gap analysis incorporates only the level of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and not the sensitivity each has to changes in interest rates. The impact of the sensitivity to changes in interest rates is provided in the table below the gap analysis.
79

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


The following is the gap analysis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024: 
 September 30, 2025
 0-90 Days91-180
Days		181-365
Days		Cumulative
0-365 Days		Over 1 Year
Through 5
Years		Over 5
Years
 (dollars in thousands)
Loans and leases$3,920,984 $480,667 $819,508 $5,221,159 $3,275,476 $1,076,535 
Investments94,004 60,822 129,581 284,407 679,393 661,745 
Other interest-earning assets42,920 — — 42,920 — 1,250 
Total interest-sensitive assets (ISA)4,057,908 541,489 949,089 5,548,486 3,954,869 1,739,530 
Certificates of deposit62,676 2,879 11,478 77,033 — — 
Other deposits6,008,285 — — 6,008,285 — — 
Borrowings228,519 — — 228,519 50,000 — 
Total interest-sensitive liabilities (ISL)6,299,480 2,879 11,478 6,313,837 50,000 — 
Gap$(2,241,572)$538,610 $937,611 $(765,351)$3,904,869 $1,739,530 
ISA/ISL0.64 188.08 82.69 0.88 79.10 — 
Gap/Total assets18.21 %4.38 %7.62 %6.22 %31.72 %14.13 %

 
 December 31, 2024
 0-90 Days91-180
Days		181-365
Days		Cumulative
0-365 Days		Over 1 Year
Through 5
Years		Over 5
Years
 (dollars in thousands)
Loans and leases$3,668,849 $423,523 $738,672 $4,831,044 $3,212,002 $851,465 
Investments57,039 50,445 119,475 226,959 675,061 771,365 
Other interest-earning assets27,160 — — 27,160 — 1,198 
Total interest-sensitive assets (ISA)3,753,048 473,968 858,147 5,085,163 3,887,063 1,624,028 
Certificates of deposit681,794 410,573 552,392 1,644,759 104,383 1,218 
Other deposits5,677,938 — — 5,677,938 — — 
Borrowings159,245 211 423 159,879 179,508 — 
Total interest-sensitive liabilities (ISL)6,518,977 410,784 552,815 7,482,576 283,891 1,218 
Gap$(2,765,929)$63,184 $305,332 $(2,397,413)$3,603,172 $1,622,810 
ISA/ISL0.58 1.15 1.55 0.68 13.69 1,333.36 
Gap/Total assets23.88 %0.55 %2.64 %20.69 %31.10 %14.01 %

The following table presents an analysis of the potential sensitivity of our annual net interest income to gradual changes in interest rates over a 12-month time frame as compared with net interest income if rates remained unchanged and there are no changes in balance sheet categories.
 
 Net interest income change (12 months) for basis point movements of:
 -200-100+100+200
 (dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2025 ($)$(2,739)$(1,202)$3,805 $7,494 
September 30, 2025 (%)(0.67)%(0.29)%0.93 %1.83 %
December 31, 2024 ($)$(8,351)$(4,213)$5,101 $9,080 
December 31, 2024 (%)(2.07)%(1.05)%1.27 %2.25 %
80

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


The following table represents the potential sensitivity of our annual net interest income to immediate changes in interest rates versus if rates remained unchanged and there are no changes in balance sheet categories.
 Net interest income change (12 months) for basis point movements of:
 -200-100+100+200
 (dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2025 ($)$(8,672)$(3,724)$11,774 $22,642 
September 30, 2025 (%)(2.11)%(0.91)%2.87 %5.51 %
December 31, 2024 ($)$(28,123)$(13,449)$13,690 $25,374 
December 31, 2024 (%)(6.98)%(3.34)%3.40 %6.30 %
The Company evaluates its potential interest rate sensitivity by utilizing several interest rate scenarios that incorporate both rising and declining rates. Results of these scenarios are impacted by variables that include the current level of interest rates, product characteristics such as floors and ceilings, the frequency with which variable rate products reset their rates, and projected pricing changes for non-maturity deposits. For example, the results in a declining rate scenario could be affected by the model's use of an assumed interest rate floor of zero. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the cost of our interest-bearing liabilities averaged 2.58% and 2.84%, respectively, and the yield on our average interest-earning assets, on a fully taxable equivalent basis, averaged 5.68% and 5.63%, respectively.
Asset/liability models require that certain assumptions be made, such as prepayment rates on earning assets and the impact of pricing on non-maturity deposits, which may differ from actual experience. These business assumptions are based upon our experience, business plans and published industry experience. While management believes such assumptions to be reasonable, there can be no assurance that modeled results will approximate actual results.
Credit Risk
Management of credit risk within our loan and lease portfolio is a focus of the Company and is a continuous process in order to address changing economic and lending environments. In order to identify and manage credit risk, segment and concentration limits are established and approved by our Board of Directors’ Risk Committee in order to maintain alignment with our credit risk appetite, loan strategic plan, loan policy and underwriting guidelines. In addition, our Credit Department completes industry studies to identify potential risk in the portfolio. For example, within the commercial real estate portfolio, industry studies are completed for the following sectors: hospitality, industrial, multifamily, office, retail, senior living, healthcare and student housing. All industry studies are completed on an annual basis with the exception of senior living and healthcare which are completed every other year.
On an annual basis, the Credit Department also reviews the commercial real estate portfolio as a whole, along with underwriting practices and loan level stress testing procedures, to enhance risk management practices and monitor commercial real estate concentrations. This review provides an overview of the portfolio to ensure that emerging risks have been identified, and documents and validates the standard interest rate and capitalization rate stress scenarios.
First Commonwealth maintains an allowance for credit losses at a level deemed sufficient for losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio at the date of each statement of financial condition. Management reviews the appropriateness of the allowance on a quarterly basis to ensure that the provision for credit losses has been charged against earnings in an amount necessary to maintain the allowance at a level that is appropriate based on management’s assessment of estimated expected losses.
First Commonwealth’s methodology for assessing the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses consists of several key elements. These elements include an assessment of individual nonperforming loans with a balance greater than $250 thousand, loss experience trends and other relevant factors.
First Commonwealth also maintains a reserve for unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit based upon credit risk and probability of funding. The reserve totaled $8.6 million at September 30, 2025 and is classified in "Other liabilities" on the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
We discontinue interest accruals on a loan when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to fully collect principal or interest due according to the contractual terms of the loan. A loan is also placed on nonaccrual status when, based on regulatory definitions, the loan is maintained on a “cash basis” due to the weakened financial condition of the borrower. Generally, loans 90 days or more past due are placed on nonaccrual status, except for consumer loans, which are
81

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


placed on nonaccrual status at 150 days past due. Consumer loans related to automobile and recreational vehicles are either charged off or repossessed at no later than 90 days past due.
Nonperforming loans are closely monitored on an ongoing basis as part of our loan review and work-out process. The probable risk of loss on these loans is evaluated by comparing the loan balance to the estimated fair value of any underlying collateral or the present value of projected future cash flows. Losses or a specifically assigned allowance for loan losses are recognized where appropriate.
Nonperforming loans and leases, including loans held for sale, increased $27.2 million to $88.7 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $61.5 million at December 31, 2024. The increase in nonperforming loans is primarily the results of a dealer floor plan relationship with a balance of $16.0 million at September 30, 2025 that was determined to be out of trust during the second quarter of 2025. This relationship totaled $31.9 million when placed in nonaccrual in the second quarter of 2025 and was reduced by a $10.4 million payment from the liquidation and sale of collateral and $5.5 million due to a chargeoff recorded in the third quarter of 2025. As of September 30, 2025, specific reserves of $3.1 million are included in the allowance for credit losses for this relationship. Other additions to nonaccrual during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 include $15.9 million in commercial relationships. Offsetting these additions are payoffs of nonperforming loans totaling $11.2 million. Charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 totaled $26.0 million and included $12.8 million related to commercial, financial, agricultural and other loans, which is inclusive of the previously mentioned $5.5 million dealer floorplan charge-off, and $5.1 million in commercial real estate loans.
The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of nonperforming loans was 148.04% as of September 30, 2025, compared to 193.48% at December 31, 2024, and 168.77% at September 30, 2024. The amount of individually assessed reserves included in the allowance for nonperforming loans and leases was determined by using fair values obtained from current appraisals and updated discounted cash flow analyses. The allowance for credit losses includes specific allocations of $9.1 million and general reserves of $120.5 million as of September 30, 2025. Specific reserves increased $3.4 million in comparison to December 31, 2024 and $5.2 million from September 30, 2024. The increase in specific reserves compared to December 31, 2024 is primarily due to a $3.1 million specific reserve established for the $16.0 million dealer floor plan relationship placed on nonaccrual status in the second quarter of 2025 and $3.6 million in a day-1 allowance for credit losses recognized related to PCD loans acquired from Center.
Criticized loans totaled $248.2 million at September 30, 2025 and represented 2.6% of the loan portfolio. The level of criticized loans increased as of September 30, 2025 when compared to December 31, 2024, by $24.0 million, or 11%. Classified loans totaled $124.9 million at September 30, 2025 compared to $96.3 million at December 31, 2024, an increase of $28.6 million, or 30%. The higher level of classified loans can be attributed to the increase in nonperforming loans as previously discussed.
The allowance for credit losses was $129.6 million at September 30, 2025, or 1.34% of total loans and leases outstanding, compared to 1.32% reported at December 31, 2024, and 1.41% at September 30, 2024. General reserves, or the portion of the allowance related to loans that were not specifically evaluated, as a percentage of performing loans were 1.25% at September 30, 2025 compared to 1.24% at December 31, 2024 and 1.26% at September 30, 2024.
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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


The following table provides information related to nonperforming assets, the allowance for credit losses and other credit-related measurements:
 September 30, December 31, 2024 
 2025 2024 
 (dollars in thousands) 
Nonperforming Loans:
Loans on nonaccrual basis$76,622   $50,929 $45,827   
Loans held for sale on a nonaccrual basis1,138   —   —   
Loans on nonaccrual basis - acquisition10,925   23,794   15,629   
    Total nonperforming loans$88,685   $74,723   $61,456   
Loans past due 30 to 90 days and still accruing$38,792 $35,133 $20,118 
Loans past due in excess of 90 days and still accruing$2,117   $1,191   $2,064   
Other real estate owned$853   $669   $895   
Loans held for sale at end of period$62,566 $46,785 $51,991 
Portfolio loans and leases outstanding at end of period$9,688,288   $8,965,500 $8,983,754   
Average loans and leases outstanding$9,386,232 (a) $9,006,908 (a) $9,013,742 (b) 
Nonperforming loans as a percentage of total loans and leases0.91 %0.83 %0.68 %
Provision for credit losses on loans and leases (e)
$21,863 (a) $25,883 (a) $32,368 (b) 
Allowance for credit losses$129,605   $126,112   $118,906   
Net charge-offs$18,103 (a) $17,489 (a) $31,180 (b) 
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases outstanding (annualized)0.26 %0.26 %0.35 %
Provision for credit losses as a percentage of net charge-offs (e)
120.77 %(a) 148.00 %(a) 103.81 %(b) 
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of end-of-period loans and leases outstanding (c)
1.34 %1.41 %1.32 %
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of nonperforming loans (d)
148.04 %168.77 %193.48 %
(a)For the nine-month period ended.
(b)For the twelve-month period ended.
(c)Does not include loans held for sale.
(d)Does not include nonperforming loans held for sale.
(e)Does not include provision for credit losses on loans and leases - acquisition day 1 non-PCD.
The following tables show the outstanding balances of our loan and lease portfolio and the breakdown of net charge-offs and nonperforming loans, excluding loans held for sale, by loan type as of and for the periods presented:
 
 September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
 Originated
Acquired (a)
Amount%Amount%
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$1,947,792 $61,233 $2,009,025 21 %$1,677,989 19 %
Real estate construction411,921 33,521 445,442 5 483,384 5 
Residential real estate2,299,805 82,920 2,382,725 24 2,341,703 26 
Commercial real estate3,294,234 114,567 3,408,801 35 3,124,704 35 
Loans to individuals1,441,918 377 1,442,295 15 1,355,974 15 
Total loans and leases, net of unearned income$9,395,670 $292,618 $9,688,288 100 %$8,983,754 100 %
(a)Reflects the balances, excluding loans held for sale and including purchase accounting marks, of loans acquired from Center as of the acquisition date of April 30, 2025.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, loans increased $704.5 million compared to balances outstanding at December 31, 2024, $292.6 million of which can be attributed to the Center acquisition.
Originated commercial, financial, agricultural and other loans increased $269.8 million, or 16.1%, of which $207.0 million can be attributed to growth in the equipment finance portfolio. Originated real estate construction loans decreased $71.5 million, or
83

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


14.8%, due to commercial real estate projects that were completed and moved to permanent funding. Originated residential real estate decreased $41.9 million, or 1.8%, primarily due to a decline in residential first lien loans. Originated commercial real estate loans increased $169.5 million, or 5.4%, as a result of growth in loans secured by non-owner occupied commercial real estate. Originated loans to individuals increased $85.9 million, or 6.3%, primarily due to growth in the automobile and recreational vehicles portfolio, offset by a decline in the personal line of credit portfolio.
Commercial real estate comprises 35% of our total loan portfolio. Commercial real estate loans are collateralized by real estate properties including, but not limited to, multifamily properties, office, retail, hotels and student housing. The following table summarizes the commercial real estate portfolio by type of property securing the credit.
September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
Amount%Amount%
(dollars in thousands)
Land$3,859 0.1 %$4,495 0.1 %
Residential 1-46,736 0.2 11,735 0.4 
Industrial and storage678,799 19.9 522,480 16.7 
Multifamily652,517 19.1 610,442 19.5 
Office515,200 15.1 533,216 17.1 
Healthcare156,570 4.6 153,609 4.9 
Student housing143,905 4.2 126,688 4.1 
Retail810,938 23.8 768,067 24.6 
Hospitality238,390 7.0 191,372 6.1 
Specialty use199,652 5.9 196,946 6.3 
Other2,235 0.1 5,654 0.2 
Total$3,408,801 100.0 %$3,124,704 100.0 %
The following tables represent our commercial real estate portfolio by type of property securing the credit as of September 30, 2025. Total non-pass commercial real estate loans decreased by $1.2 million to $111.0 million when compared to December 31, 2024.
PassOAEMSubstandard AccruingSubstandard NonaccruingTotal Non-PassTotal% Non-Pass
(dollars in thousands)
Land$3,859 $— $— $— $— $3,859 — %
Residential 1-46,432 — 304 — 304 6,736 4.5 
Industrial and storage671,660 1,860 4,540 739 7,139 678,799 1.1 
Multifamily618,525 24,861 35 9,096 33,992 652,517 5.2 
Office495,096 9,514 217 10,373 20,104 515,200 3.9 
Healthcare151,913 4,307 311 39 4,657 156,570 3.0 
Student housing143,905 — — — — 143,905 — 
Retail783,193 6,210 15,252 6,283 27,745 810,938 3.4 
Hospitality231,961 5,030 — 1,399 6,429 238,390 2.7 
Specialty use189,103 8,904 650 995 10,549 199,652 5.3 
Other2,140 95 — — 95 2,235 4.3 
Total$3,297,787 $60,781 $21,309 $28,924 $111,014 $3,408,801 3.3 %
The office portfolio comprises 15% of total commercial real estate loans and 18% of total commercial real estate non-pass loans. The average loan commitment size for the office portfolio is $1.1 million and the average outstanding balance as of September 30, 2025 is $1.0 million. Within the office portfolio, exposures over $1.0 million have an average debt service coverage ratio of 1.48x, which is in line with our internal guidelines of 1.35x to 1.50x, depending on property class. These internal guidelines were updated in July 2025 to 1.35x to 1.50x. Additionally, for loans with exposure over $1.0 million, the
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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


office portfolio has an average loan to value of 55.0% compared to internal guidelines of 60-75%, depending on property class. Our current measure is based off of the most recent appraisal on file, the majority of which are from origination.
As previously noted, portfolio segment limits are approved by our Board of Directors' Risk Committee. These segment limits incorporate loan commitments and are based off of total Tier 1 capital plus the allowable allowance for credit losses. In the second quarter of 2024, after considering the current environment and potential risks related to the office portfolio, the segment limit for the office portfolio was decreased from 65% to 50%, with the actual segment concentration at 37.0% as of September 30, 2025.
The following table summarizes commercial real estate loans by the location of the properties by which they are collateralized as of September 30, 2025. Some loans are collateralized by multiple properties spread over various states. In those instances, the loan is included below based on the location of the primary property collateralizing the loan.
Balance% of Total
(dollars in thousands)
Pennsylvania$1,544,428 45 %
Ohio1,391,086 41 
Kentucky108,032 3 
New Jersey56,019 2 
New York44,492 1 
Indiana40,348 1 
Other224,396 7 
$3,408,801 100 %
When calculating the allowance for credit losses the commercial real estate portfolio is segmented into three portfolio segments: multifamily, non-owner occupied and owner occupied. For additional information related to these segments, including credit quality, see Note 8 "Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses" of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.
As indicated in the table below, commercial real estate and commercial, financial and agricultural and other loans represent a significant portion of the nonperforming loans as of September 30, 2025.
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025As of September 30, 2025
 Net
Charge-
offs		% of
Total Net
Charge-offs		Net Charge-
offs as a % of
Average
Loans (annualized)		Nonperforming
Loans		% of Total
Nonperforming
Loans		Nonperforming
Loans as a % of
Total Loans
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$7,982 44.10 %0.12 %$44,738 51.10 %0.46 %
Real estate construction829 4.58 0.01 1,511 1.73 0.02 
Residential real estate149 0.82 — 12,355 14.11 0.13 
Commercial real estate4,932 27.24 0.07 28,924 33.04 0.30 
Loans to individuals4,211 23.26 0.06 19 0.02 — 
Total loans and leases, net of unearned income$18,103 100.00 %0.26 %$87,547 100.00 %0.91 %
Net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 totaled $18.1 million, compared to $17.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Charge-offs during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were primarily in the commercial real estate and loans to individual categories. See discussions related to the provision for credit losses and loans for more information.
Capital Resources
At September 30, 2025, shareholders’ equity was $1.5 billion, an increase of $136.7 million from December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily the result of $107.4 million in net income, $45.9 million in common shares issued in conjunction with the Center acquisition and a $33.3 million increase in the fair value of available for sale investments and interest rate swaps,
85

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


which is reflected in the Other Comprehensive Income component of capital. Other items impacting capital include a $4.5 million increase related to the reissuance of treasury stock and decreases resulting from $41.5 million of dividends paid to shareholders and $12.9 million of common stock repurchases. Cash dividends declared per common share were $0.40 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
First Commonwealth and First Commonwealth Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on First Commonwealth’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, First Commonwealth and First Commonwealth Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of First Commonwealth’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. First Commonwealth’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors.
Effective January 1, 2015, the Company became subject to the new regulatory risk-based capital rules adopted by the federal banking agencies implementing Basel III. The most significant changes included higher minimum capital requirements, as the minimum Tier I capital ratio increased from 4.0% to 6.0% and a new common equity Tier I capital ratio was established with a minimum level of 4.5%. Additionally, the rules improved the quality of capital by providing stricter eligibility criteria for regulatory capital instruments and provide for a phase-in, beginning January 1, 2016, of a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets. This buffer, which was fully phased-in as of January 1, 2019, provides a requirement to hold common equity Tier 1 capital above the minimum risk-based capital requirements, resulting in an effective common equity Tier I risk-weighted asset minimum ratio of 7.0% on a fully phased-in basis.
The Basel III Rules also permit banking organizations with less than $15.0 billion in assets to retain, through a one-time election, the existing treatment for accumulated other comprehensive income, which currently does not affect regulatory capital. The Company elected to retain this treatment, which reduces the volatility of regulatory capital levels.
In 2018, First Commonwealth Bank, the Company's banking subsidiary, issued $100 million in subordinated debt, of which $50 million remained outstanding at September 30, 2025, which under the regulatory rules qualifies as Tier II capital. As of September 30, 2025, this subordinated debt issuance increased the total risk-based capital ratio by 49 basis points.
As of September 30, 2025, First Commonwealth and First Commonwealth Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject and were considered well-capitalized under the regulatory rules. To be considered well capitalized, the Company must maintain minimum Total risk-based capital, Tier I risk-based capital, Tier I leverage ratio and Common equity tier I risk-based capital as set forth in the table below:
 ActualMinimum Capital RequiredRequired to be Considered Well Capitalized
 Capital
Amount		RatioCapital
Amount		RatioCapital
Amount		Ratio
 (dollars in thousands)
Total Capital to Risk Weighted Assets
First Commonwealth Financial Corporation$1,462,816 14.39 %$1,067,502 10.50 %$1,016,668 10.00 %
First Commonwealth Bank1,363,495 13.44 1,065,300 10.50 1,014,572 10.00 
Tier I Capital to Risk Weighted Assets
First Commonwealth Financial Corporation$1,286,208 12.65 %$864,168 8.50 %$813,335 8.00 %
First Commonwealth Bank1,187,146 11.70 862,386 8.50 811,658 8.00 
Tier I Capital to Average Assets
First Commonwealth Financial Corporation$1,286,208 10.80 %$476,393 4.00 %$595,491 5.00 %
First Commonwealth Bank1,187,146 9.99 475,325 4.00 594,156 5.00 
Common Equity Tier I to Risk Weighted Assets
First Commonwealth Financial Corporation$1,216,208 11.96 %$711,668 7.00 %$660,834 6.50 %
First Commonwealth Bank1,187,146 11.70 710,200 7.00 659,472 6.50 
On October 28, 2025, First Commonwealth Financial Corporation declared a quarterly dividend of $0.135 per share payable on November 21, 2025 to shareholders of record as of November 7, 2025. The timing and amount of future dividends are at the discretion of First Commonwealth's Board of Directors based upon, among other factors, capital levels, asset quality, liquidity and current and projected earnings.
86

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES


New Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2023, FASB released Accounting Standards Update 2023-09 (“ASU 2023-09”), Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires additional disclosure information in specified categories with respect to the reconciliation of the effective tax rate to the statutory rate (the rate reconciliation) for federal, state and foreign income taxes. ASU 2023-09 also requires greater detail about individual reconciling items in the rate reconciliation for those items that exceed a specified threshold. In addition to the new rate reconciliation disclosures, ASU 2023-09 requires information related to taxes paid (net of refunds received) to be disaggregated for federal, state and foreign taxes, along with further disaggregation for specific jurisdictions, to the extent the related amounts exceed a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. ASU 2023-09 should be applied prospectively, with an option for retrospective application to each period in the financial statements. The updated guidance, which was adopted on January 1, 2025, and is effective for annual reporting periods, has no impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, FASB released Accounting Standards Update 2024-03 ("ASU 2024-03"), “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). ASU 2024-03 requires disaggregated disclosure of certain expense categories included in the Company's consolidated statement of income. The required disclosure categories include, among other items, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. Additionally, entities must disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective, on a prospective basis, for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2024-03 should be applied prospectively, with an option for retrospective application to each period in the financial statements. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
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ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Information appearing in Item 2 of this report under the caption “Market Risk” is incorporated by reference in response to this item.
ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1-934 (the “Exchange Act”). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in applicable rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
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Table of Contents
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

 
ITEM 1.     LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The information required by this item is set forth in Part I, Item 1, Note 6, "Commitments and Contingent Liabilities," which is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.

ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS
There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed under Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.


ITEM 2.    UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
    
On October 26, 2021, a share repurchase program was authorized for up to $25.0 million in shares of the Company's common stock with a $25 million increase in April of 2023 and a $25.0 million increase in July of 2025. The following table details the amount of shares repurchased under this program in the third quarter of 2025:
Month Ending:Total Number of
Shares
Purchased		Average Price
Paid per Share
(or Unit)		Total Number of
Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs		Maximum Number
of Shares that
May Yet Be
Purchased Under
the Plans or
Programs*
July 31, 2025— $— — 1,890,217 
August 31, 2025381,740 16.52 381,740 1,402,839 
September 30, 2025243,743 17.27 243,743 1,213,524 
Total625,483 $16.81 625,483 
* Remaining number of shares approved under the Plan is based on the market value of the Company's common stock of $16.51 at July 31, 2025, $17.75 at August 31, 2025 and $17.05 at September 30, 2025.

ITEM 3.    DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
    None

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
    Not applicable

ITEM 5.    OTHER INFORMATION
    
None of our directors or executive officers adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during quarter ended September 30, 2025, as such terms are defined under Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K. On August 19, 2025, the Corporation entered into a Rule 10b5-1 Issuer Repurchase Plan with a registered broker to effect repurchases of the Corporation’s common stock under the Corporation’s treasury stock repurchase program. The Rule 10b5-1 plan provided for termination upon the earlier of $5,000,000 in shares of common stock authorized for repurchase having been repurchased or after market close on October 31, 2025. The Rule 10b5-1 plan terminated on October 1, 2025 when the aggregate total of all purchases of shares of common stock reached $5,000,000.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
ITEM 6.     EXHIBITS
Exhibit
Number		  Description  Incorporated by Reference to
31.1
  
Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
  Filed herewith
31.2
  
Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
  Filed herewith
32.1
  
Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
  Filed herewith
32.2
  
Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
  Filed herewith
101  The following materials from First Commonwealth Financial Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. Note that XBRL tags are embedded within the document.  Filed herewith

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORPORATION
(Registrant)
 
DATED: November 10, 2025 /s/ T. Michael Price
 
T. Michael Price
President and Chief Executive Officer
DATED: November 10, 2025 /s/ James R. Reske
 James R. Reske
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

91

Source: View Original Filing on SEC EDGAR

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First Commonwealth Financial

NYSE:FCF

FCF Rankings

#2285 Ranked by Market Cap
#1034 Ranked by Dividends

FCF Latest News

Nov 3, 2025
First Commonwealth Financial Corporation Appoints Joseph V. DiVito Jr. to Board of Directors
Oct 28, 2025
First Commonwealth Announces Third Quarter 2025 Earnings; Declares Quarterly Dividend
Oct 14, 2025
First Commonwealth to Host Third Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call on Wednesday, October 29, 2025
Jul 29, 2025
First Commonwealth Announces Second Quarter 2025 Earnings; Declares Quarterly Dividend
Jul 9, 2025
First Commonwealth to Host Second Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call on Wednesday, July 30, 2025

FCF Latest SEC Filings

Nov 10, 2025
[Form 4] FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORP /PA/ Insider Trading Activity
Nov 7, 2025
[Form 3] FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORP /PA/ Initial Statement of Beneficial Ownership
Nov 4, 2025
[8-K] FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORP /PA/ Reports Material Event
Nov 3, 2025
[Form 4] FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORP /PA/ Insider Trading Activity
Oct 31, 2025
[144] FIRST COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL CORP /PA/ SEC Filing

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1.64B
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78.67%
2.23%
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