Roblox (NYSE: RBLX) hits 127M DAUs, pays creators $1.5B in 2025
Filing Impact
Filing Sentiment
Form Type
10-K
Rhea-AI Filing Summary
Roblox Corporation reports its annual business update, emphasizing the scale of its gaming and creation platform and the health of its creator-driven economy in 2025.
The company averaged 127 million daily active users across 180+ countries, who spent 123.9 billion hours on the platform, or about 2.7 hours per DAU each day. About 1.8 million were daily unique paying users, with average daily bookings of $0.15 per DAU and $10.36 per daily paying user, underscoring a small paying base that generates most monetization.
Roblox highlights a large, global creator community powered by its virtual currency Robux. As of December 31, 2025, over 35,500 creators were qualified and registered in its Developer Exchange Program, and more than 23,500 creators received fiat payouts in 2025. Total creator earnings reached $1,503.1 million in 2025, up from $922.8 million in 2024, reflecting growing economic activity on the platform.
The filing details Roblox’s focus on safety, age-checking, AI-driven moderation, and regulatory compliance across multiple jurisdictions. It also describes extensive investment in infrastructure and tools—such as Roblox Studio, Open Cloud, and generative AI—to make it easier for creators to build immersive experiences, while the business model continues to rely on a small share of users purchasing Robux and Premium subscriptions to support a broad free user base.
Positive
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
______________________________
FORM 10-K
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(Mark One)
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the fiscal year ended | |||||
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the transition period from to . | |||||
Commission file number 001-04321
______________________________
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
______________________________
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) | (Zip Code) | ||||
(888 ) 858-2569
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code
______________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
| None | ||
| (Title of class) | ||
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | |||||||||
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | |||||||||
Emerging growth company | |||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that has prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of voting Class A common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2025, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (based on a closing price of $105.20 per share on June 30, 2025 as reported on the New York Stock Exchange) was approximately $65.5 billion. Solely for purposes of this disclosure, shares of Class A common stock held by executive officers, directors, and holders of more than 10% of our common stock of the registrant as of such date have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
As of January 30, 2026, the registrant had 661,635,583 shares of Class A common stock and 47,070,464 of Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share, outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to its 2026 annual meeting of shareholders (the “2026 Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. The 2026 Proxy Statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | ||||||||
Special Note Regarding Operating Metrics | ||||||||
| Pages | ||||||||
Part I | ||||||||
Item 1. Business | 8 | |||||||
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 24 | |||||||
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments | 61 | |||||||
Item 1C. Cybersecurity | 61 | |||||||
Item 2. Properties | 63 | |||||||
Item 3. Legal Proceedings | 63 | |||||||
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 63 | |||||||
Part II | ||||||||
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 64 | |||||||
Item 6. [Reserved] | 65 | |||||||
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 66 | |||||||
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 84 | |||||||
Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | F-1 | |||||||
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures | 99 | |||||||
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures | 99 | |||||||
Item 9B. Other Information | 99 | |||||||
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspection | 100 | |||||||
Part III | ||||||||
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 101 | |||||||
Item 11. Executive Compensation | 101 | |||||||
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owner and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 101 | |||||||
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 101 | |||||||
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 101 | |||||||
Part IV | ||||||||
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 102 | |||||||
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary | 103 | |||||||
Signatures | 104 | |||||||
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “should,” “believe,” “hope,” “target,” “project,” “plan,” “goals,” “estimate,” “potential,” “predict,” “may,” “will,” “might,” “could,” “would,” “intend,” “shall,” “contemplate,” “opportunity,” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about:
•our expectations regarding future financial performance, including but not limited to our expectations regarding revenue, cost of revenue, changes in the estimated average lifetime of a paying user, operating expenses, operating losses, operating leverage, our key metrics, and our ability to achieve and maintain future profitability;
•our ability to successfully execute our business and growth strategy, including our potential to scale and grow our advertising business, our international users and creators, and our ability to create new revenue opportunities and capture a greater percentage of global gaming revenue;
•our efforts to provide a safe and civil online environment, particularly for children;
•our efforts related to age-checking of users who access chat on platform;
•the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents and investments to meet our liquidity needs;
•economic, seasonal, and industry trends;
•the functionality and economics of our platform on operating systems and through distribution channels and software application stores;
•the demand for our platform in general;
•our ability to retain and increase our number of users and creators;
•the impact of inflation and global economic conditions on our operations;
•our ability to develop enhancements to our platform, and bring them to market in a timely manner;
•our beliefs about and objectives for future operations;
•our ability to attract and retain employees and key personnel and maintain our corporate culture;
•future acquisitions or investments, including infrastructure investments to increase capacity and investments in AI and automation;
•the ability for creators to build, launch, scale, and monetize content for users;
•our expectations regarding our ability to generate revenue from our users;
•our ability to convert users into creators;
•our expectations regarding target demographics on platform and genres;
•our ability to develop and protect our brand;
•our ability to maintain the security and availability of our platform;
•our ability to detect and minimize unauthorized use of our platform;
•the impact of disruption in supply chains on our ability to expand or increase the capacity of our platform or replace defective equipment;
•our business model and expectations and management of future growth, including for headcount growth rate, expansion in international markets, and expenditures associated with such growth;
•our ability to compete with existing and new competitors;
•our expectations regarding outstanding litigation and legal and regulatory matters;
•the impact and effects of inaccurate or unfavorable third-party reports, including reports of short sellers about us, our business, or our market;
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•our expectations regarding the effects of existing and developing laws and regulations, including with respect to privacy, data protection, online safety, and the regulation of Robux as a security, both in the U.S. and internationally, including how such laws and regulations may interfere with user and creator access to our platform and experiences;
•our expectations surrounding Robux as an attractive virtual currency;
•our goal to increase creator earnings, including by improving creator economics through price optimization tools, regional pricing expansions, and other investments in our creator community;
•our goal for creators to build better experiences;
•the impact of geopolitical events such as in Ukraine and the Middle East, and their impacts on economies globally;
•our expectations regarding new accounting standards;
•our ability to achieve and maintain effective control over financial reporting;
•the impact of foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates on results of operations; and
•generating sufficient cash to service our debt and other obligations that apply to our indebtedness.
We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We cannot assure you that the results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.
Neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. Moreover, the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments we may make.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING OPERATING METRICS
We manage our business by tracking several operating metrics, including average daily active users (“DAUs”), hours engaged, bookings, average bookings per DAU (“ABPDAU”), average monthly unique payers, and average bookings per monthly unique payer. As a management team, we believe each of these operating metrics provides useful information to investors and others. For information concerning these metrics as measured by us, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
While these metrics are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our user base for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring how our platform is used. These metrics are determined by using internal data gathered on an analytics platform that we developed and operate and have not been validated by an independent third party. This platform tracks user account and session activity, and its accuracy and precision may be and, at times, has been impacted by implementation challenges, methodological limitations, and operational constraints. If we fail to maintain an effective analytics platform, our metrics calculations may be inaccurate. These metrics are also determined by certain demographic data historically provided to us by the user, such as age or gender and increasingly using age-check data, as further described below. If our users provide us with incorrect or incomplete information or if our age-check systems misrepresent user ages, then our estimates may be inaccurate. Our estimates also may change as our methodologies and platform evolve, including through the application of new data sets or technologies or as our platform changes with new features and enhancements.
We believe that these metrics are reasonable estimates of our user base for the applicable period of measurement, and that the methodologies we employ and update from time to time to create these metrics are reasonable bases to identify trends in user behavior. Because we update the methodologies we employ to create metrics, our current and future period metrics may not be comparable to those in prior periods. For example, historically our reported age demographics were based on age information self-reported by our users. We are currently developing, testing, and implementing new systems designed to check the ages of our users, which we refer to as “age-checking,” and currently we incorporate facial age estimation technology, identity verification, and parent or caregiver provided age data. As a result of this transition, we are not reporting age demographic data for the fourth quarter of 2025. Age-checked metrics will not be comparable to historical periods that relied on self-reported data.
Similarly, our metrics may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly-titled metrics from other companies due to differences in methodology.
Finally, the accuracy of our metrics may be affected by certain factors relating to user activity and our platform’s systems and our ability to identify and detect attempts to replicate legitimate user activity, often referred to as botting. See the section titled “Risk Factors—Our user metrics and other estimates are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in those metrics may significantly harm and negatively affect our reputation and our business.”
DAUs
We define a DAU as a user who has logged in and visited Roblox through our website or application on a unique registered account on a given calendar day. If a registered, logged in user visits Roblox more than once within a 24-hour period that spans two calendar days, that user is counted as a DAU only for the first calendar day. We believe this method better reflects global engagement on the platform compared to a method based purely on a calendar-day cutoff. DAUs for a specified period is the average of the DAUs for each day during that period. As an example, DAUs for the month of September would be an average of DAUs during that 30 day period.
Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate DAUs differently.
We track DAUs as an indicator of the size of the audience engaged on our platform. DAUs are also broken out by geographic region to help us understand the global engagement on our platform. The geographic location data collected is based on the IP address associated with the account when an account is initially registered on Roblox. The IP address may not always accurately reflect a user’s actual location at the time they engaged with our platform.
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Because DAUs measure account activity and an individual user may actively use our platform within a particular day on multiple accounts for which that individual registered, our DAUs are not a measure of unique individuals accessing Roblox. References to “user” or our “user base” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to users as described in our definition of DAUs. Additionally, if undetected, fraud and unauthorized access to our platform may contribute, from time to time, to an overstatement of DAUs. In many cases, fraudulent accounts are created by bots to inflate user activity for a particular creator’s content on our platform, thus making the creator’s experience (which refer to the titles that have been developed by creators) or other content appear more popular than it really is. We strive to detect and minimize fraud and unauthorized access to our platform. See the sections titled “Risk Factors—Our user metrics and other estimates are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in those metrics may significantly harm and negatively affect our reputation and our business.” and “Risk Factors—Some creators and users on our Platform may make unauthorized, fraudulent, or illegal use of Robux and other digital goods or experiences on our Platform, including by use of unauthorized third-party websites or “cheating” programs.”
Hours Engaged
We define hours engaged as the time spent by our users on the platform. We calculate total hours engaged as the aggregate of user session lengths in a given period. We estimate this length of time using internal company systems that track user activity on our platform as discrete events, and aggregate these discrete activities into a user session. A given user session on our platform may include, among other things, time spent in experiences, in Roblox Studio, in platform features such as chat and avatar personalization, in the Creator Store, and some amount of non-active time due to limits within the tracking systems and our estimation methodology. User sessions on our platform may be tracked differently across devices and platforms, including mobile, tablet, web, desktop, and game console due to inherent differences in functionality and user behaviors. As we continue to develop new features and products, we expect that our user session calculation will continue to evolve. We continue to review our user session calculation methodologies and may develop alternative calculation methods to increase consistency and accuracy in future periods.
We track hours engaged as an indicator of the user engagement on our platform. Hours engaged are also broken out by geographic region, based on the IP address associated with the account when an account was initially registered on Roblox, to help us understand the global engagement on our platform. The IP address may not always accurately reflect a user’s actual location at the time they engaged with our platform.
We continuously strive to increase the sophistication of our company systems to detect different user activities, including botting, non-active time, and other activities across all devices. As we continue to improve our ability to detect and deter certain user behaviors on the platform and different devices, including unauthorized use of our platform, we may see an impact to our overall hours engaged as our measurement systems evolve and our efforts to reduce botting become more successful.
See the section titled “Risk Factors—Our user metrics and other estimates are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in those metrics may significantly harm and negatively affect our reputation and our business.”
Bookings
Bookings represent the sales activity in a given period without giving effect to certain non-cash adjustments, as detailed below. Substantially all of our bookings are generated from sales of virtual currency, which can ultimately be converted to virtual items on the platform. Sales of virtual currency reflected as bookings include one-time purchases or monthly subscriptions purchased via payment processors or through prepaid cards. Bookings are initially recorded in deferred revenue and recognized as revenues over the estimated period of time the virtual items purchased with the virtual currency are available on the platform (estimated to be the average lifetime of a paying user) or as the virtual items purchased with the virtual currency are consumed. Bookings also include an insignificant amount from advertising and licensing arrangements.
We believe bookings provide a timelier indication of trends in our operating results that are not necessarily reflected in our revenue as a result of the fact that we recognize the majority of revenue over the estimated average lifetime of a paying user, which was 27 months as of December 31, 2025. The change in deferred revenue constitutes the vast majority of the reconciling difference from revenue to bookings. By removing these non-cash adjustments, we are able to measure and monitor our business performance based on the timing of actual transactions with our users and the cash that is generated from these transactions. Over the long term, the factors impacting our revenue and bookings trends are the same. However, in the short-term, there are factors that may cause revenue and bookings trends to differ.
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We use this non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that this non-GAAP financial information may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance. However, non-GAAP financial measures have limitations in their usefulness to investors because they have no standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and are not prepared under any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles. In addition, other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP financial information as a tool for comparison. As a result, our non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP.
Bookings are also broken out by geographic region based on the billing country of our payers, to help us understand the global engagement and monetization on our platform. The billing address may not always accurately reflect a payer’s actual location at the time of their purchase.
ABPDAU
We define ABPDAU as bookings in a given period divided by the DAUs for such period. We primarily use ABPDAU as a way to understand how we are monetizing across all of our users. ABPDAU is also broken out by geographic region to help us understand the global monetization on our platform.
Average Monthly Unique Payers
We define monthly unique payers as user accounts that made a payment on the platform or redeemed a prepaid card during a given month. A user account that makes multiple purchases during a given month is counted as a single monthly unique payer. Average monthly unique payers for a specified period is the average of the monthly unique payers for each month during that period. Because an individual user may pay on our platform within a particular month on multiple user accounts for which that individual registered, our monthly unique payers are not a measure of unique individual payers on Roblox.
Average Bookings per Monthly Unique Payer
We define average bookings per monthly unique payer as bookings in the specified period divided by the average monthly unique payers for the same specified period.
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Part I
Item 1. BUSINESS
Overview
Roblox is an immersive gaming and creation platform (the “Roblox Platform” or “Platform”) that offers people millions of ways to be together, inviting its community to explore, create, and share endless unique experiences. Our vision is to reimagine the way people come together– in a world that’s safe, civil, and optimistic. To achieve this vision, we are building an innovative company that, together with the Roblox community, has the ability to strengthen our social fabric and support economic growth for people around the world.
Our Platform consists of the Roblox Client, the Roblox Studio, and the Roblox Cloud. Roblox Client is the application that allows users to seamlessly explore immersive experiences. Roblox Studio is the free toolset that allows creators to build, publish, and operate immersive experiences and other content accessed with the Roblox Client. Roblox Cloud includes the services and infrastructure that power our Platform.
Our mission is to connect a billion users with optimism and civility. We are constantly improving the ways in which our Platform supports shared experiences, ranging from how these experiences are built by an engaged community of creators to how they are enjoyed and safely accessed by users across the globe. We also believe there is a strong potential to capture a greater percentage of the global gaming market within the Roblox ecosystem. Our goal is to make it as easy as possible for creators to build better and safer experiences, including games, and ultimately reach more users. We continue to invest in creating tools for our creators designed to promote key experience genres and deepen engagement on our Platform.
Growth at Roblox has been driven primarily by a significant investment in technology and two mutually reinforcing network effects: content and connections.
First, user-generated content built by our community of creators powers our Platform. As creators build increasingly high-quality and diverse content, more users are attracted to our Platform. With more users on our Platform, greater engagement and monetization opportunities exist, which in turn, makes Roblox more attractive to creators, incentivizing them to design increasingly engaging content and encouraging new creators to start building on our Platform.
Second, our Platform encourages connections. When users join, they typically interact with friends, which inspires them to invite more friends, who in turn, invite their friends, driving organic growth. The more friends that each of our users have interacting on the Platform, the more valuable and engaging the Platform becomes. This drives more users to our Platform through word of mouth from their existing friends on the Platform.
Our User and Creator Community
Roblox is powered by content from our community of creators who build immersive and engaging experiences on Roblox, as well as the vast majority of the items for customizing avatars. This content attracts our users to immerse themselves in the millions of experiences found on the Platform. Many of our users may also eventually become creators.
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Our Users
In the year ended December 31, 2025, 127 million average DAUs across over 180 countries enjoyed experiences on Roblox across mobile, desktop, and console platforms, of which on average, approximately 1.8 million were daily unique paying users. Our users are diversified across multiple dimensions, including age, geography, platform, and gender. Each day, users express themselves through their avatars, explore different worlds, and engage with others in the Roblox community. During the year ended December 31, 2025, users spent 123.9 billion hours engaged on our Platform, or an average of 2.7 hours per DAU each day. Over the same period, our users explored an average of over 24 different experiences on our Platform per month.
DAUs = 127 million(1)
(1)Represents the average during the year ended December 31, 2025. Refer to “Special Note Regarding Operating Metrics” for details on operating metrics used. Percentages presented are calculated from the underlying numbers in thousands and may not add to their respective totals due to rounding.
Our Creators
We believe that everyone can become a creator. We offer creators the ability to build engaging, immersive experiences, and avatar related items in our Marketplace and custom models, plugins, audio, fonts, images, meshes, and video in our Creator Store that they can easily share with the Roblox community. Our creators enable us to offer a wide variety of content on our Platform and cost-effectively crowd-source the experiences available on our Platform, Marketplace items, and creator tool ecosystem. In the year ended December 31, 2025, we had millions of creators across more than 170 countries building on our Platform. Our creator community includes individuals with a wide spectrum of professional capabilities and team sizes, ranging from young students and independent hobbyists, all the way to full-time studios.
We measure the health and success of our creator community based on our economy and user engagement. As our Platform has scaled, our monetizing creators have enjoyed meaningful growth over time, reflecting the increasing popularity and opportunities for monetization of our Platform and driving a growing incentive for our creators to continue building high-quality content.
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We offer our creator community several models to help support their goals. Specifically, creators can accumulate Robux (which we refer to as “earned Robux”), or, in some circumstances, be paid directly in money (referred to herein as “fiat currency”, to differentiate from Robux, which is an in-game currency), through the following methods:
1.Monetizing a developed experience: Creators can accumulate earned Robux through:
a.In-experience purchases, which consist of microtransactions generated from the sale of in-experience virtual items, subscription-based offerings (including access to private servers), access to certain experiences (referred to as paid access), and/or passes granting special in-experience privileges.
b.The Creator Rewards Program, which launched in July 2025 and replaced our legacy Engagement-Based Payouts Program. This program allows creators who publish experiences to accumulate earned Robux based on the achievement of various metrics that we believe drive user engagement and monetization supporting the long-term health of our Platform. Prior to the launch of the Creator Rewards Program, our Engagement-Based Payouts Program allowed creators to accumulate earned Robux based solely on the share of time that Roblox Premium subscribers engage in their experience.
c.Advertisements (“ads”), which include a range of high-quality, programmatically served ad units through which creators can accumulate earned Robux from impressions and/or teleports generated.
2.IP licensing: Powered by our self-serve License Manager (launched in late 2025), which enables rights holders to partner with our creator community to accumulate earned Robux from their intellectual property.
3.Creating and selling or reselling avatar items: Creators can create and sell entire avatars, accessories, clothes, bodies, and heads for avatars in the Marketplace or inside experiences.
4.Creating and selling Roblox Studio plugins: Through the Creator Store, creators can sell Roblox Studio plugins which are extensions that add additional features or functionality to Roblox Studio and help improve creator workflows.
As of December 31, 2025, over 35,500 creators qualified for and were registered in our Developer Exchange Program, of which over 10,500 were newly qualified and registered during 2025. Creators that qualify for our Developer Exchange Program are eligible to be paid fiat currency by Roblox, based on the amount of earned Robux the creator has accumulated through the Platform. Creators must meet certain conditions, such as having accumulated the minimum amount of earned Robux required to qualify for the program, and having a verified creator account in good standing. On January 31, 2022, we reduced the minimum amount of accumulated earned Robux required to qualify for the program from 100,000 Robux to 50,000 Robux and subsequently on January 31, 2023, we further reduced the minimum requirement from 50,000 Robux to 30,000 Robux. We believe these reductions in the minimum amounts required incentivize our creator community, while promoting its long-term growth and health. For the year ended December 31, 2025, over 23,500 creators participated in our Developer Exchange Program and were paid fiat currency by Roblox based on their earned Robux. Beginning September 5, 2025 and applying prospectively, we also increased the amount creators can receive in fiat currency based on earned Robux by 8.5%.
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We invest in our creator community by providing a comprehensive set of free tools and services through Roblox Studio, the Roblox Open Cloud, and a range of other creator resources that enable them to easily build, publish, analyze, grow, and monetize experiences. We empower creators to get started with minimal upfront costs by providing a comprehensive suite of services to creators including hosting, storage, distribution, discovery, customer support, localization, certain regulatory support, and managing certain third-party payment processing fees. Roblox retains a portion of every Robux transaction for the Platform and support services we provide to creators and distributes the rest to creators. We support our creators to promote engagement and growth in our creator community. This includes managing and moderating our online Developer Forum and operating special programs for aspiring and top creators such as our annual Roblox Developers Conference. With Roblox Open Cloud, creators can leverage a suite of backend APIs to seamlessly build and scale their experiences.
The investment in our creator community has resulted in an ever-changing offering of diverse content for our users to explore and engage in. The chart below provides detail on the diversity of content our users engage in within experiences. Specifically, this chart reflects the distribution of in-experience hours engaged within the top 1,000 experiences by month from January to December 2025.
Our Products and Technology
The Roblox Platform is the underlying technology and infrastructure that supports shared experiences and is composed of three elements:
•Roblox Client—The free application that allows users to explore immersive experiences.
•Roblox Studio—The free toolset that allows creators to build, publish, and operate immersive experiences and other content accessed with the Roblox Client.
•Roblox Cloud—The services and infrastructure that power the Roblox Client and Roblox Studio.
Since our founding, we have invested heavily in building the Roblox Platform, and as of December 31, 2025, 75% of our employees were dedicated to maintaining, improving, and expanding it. Our technology supports the following key characteristics of the Roblox Platform: Safety, Self-Expression, Connection and Communication, Immersive, Low Friction, Variety of Content, Economy, and Anywhere.
Safety
Safety is core to everything we do. Our Community Standards govern what is acceptable content and behavior, including communications, on the Platform, and we have multi-layered moderation systems, including both automated and human review, that are designed to assess content uploaded to Roblox and communications on Platform for potential violations of our policies. Because a large number of our users are children, our Community Standards and moderation enforcement are purpose-built to be strict and we strive to quickly remove violative content and bad actors from our community.
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Moderation Systems
We leverage text-filtering, voice moderation, content moderation, and other automated systems powered by artificial intelligence (“AI”) such as Roblox Sentinel that are designed to proactively identify content and behaviors, including communications, that may violate our policies. We have open-sourced multiple models, including our Voice Safety, PII Classifier, Roblox Guard, and Child Safety models, to the entire industry to allow other companies to benefit from our technological advancements in these areas. All images, audio files, and video files that creators upload to the Roblox Platform to include in their experiences and in the Marketplace are subject to review by humans or by AI trained on our Community Standards. During the year ended December 31, 2025, including automated reviews, we evaluated millions of such files. Images and videos are evaluated for Child Sexual Abuse Material using tools such as PhotoDNA, with flagged content promptly reported to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children upon review. When experiences are published or updated on the Roblox Platform, they are evaluated by a suite of AI driven tools that identify problematic language, potential bypasses to our safety systems, and content that falls outside our policies, and a human review team is continuously operating to evaluate flagged content.
In the fourth quarter of 2025, we began introducing age-checks to the Platform. Our methodologies, policies, and procedures for age-checking our users continue to evolve, but as of the date of this filing include facial age estimation, identity verification, and parent or caregiver provided age data. Beginning in January 2026, we implemented mandatory age-check systems in all chat-enabled regions designed to check a user’s age prior to accessing chat on our Platform. The age-check system is designed to enable chat only between users in similar age groups or Trusted Connections.
We also operate a customer service portal that provides self-help information along with direct reporting channels via email, a chat-bot, or from within the Roblox Client. In the year ended December 31, 2025, we responded to millions of user inquiries. Our safety systems prioritize high-severity reports, enabling human teams to respond to actionable safety issues rapidly after submission.
User Reporting & Parental Controls
We provide our users with the ability to report activity that they find objectionable. Users can also block other users with whom they do not want to interact. We also provide parents and caregivers with customizable controls, which allow them to limit access to features like chat, control screen time and spending, and view their child’s friends list. In addition, parents and caregivers can restrict access to experiences based on Content Maturity Labels designed for users to make informed decisions about the content they interact with. In 2025, we continued to innovate and expand our safety initiatives, including increased transparency tools for parents and caregivers and beginning the rollout of our age-check systems designed to promote safer communications on our Platform.
Safety Partnerships
We work closely with regulators, authorities, and safety groups in many countries. We endeavor to promptly report any suspected child exploitation or sexual abuse material to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children and cooperate in all related investigations with relevant authorities. Our Platform is designed to comply with the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”) and we regularly monitor and evaluate compliance with other U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection, including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and Network Information Systems Directive 2 (“NIS2”).
We partner with leading global organizations focused on child and internet safety, including the WeProtect Global Alliance, Digital Wellness Lab, Family Online Safety Institute, UK Safer Internet Centre, Internet Matters, the Internet Watch Foundation, and kidSAFE, among others. We are also a member of various organizations, such as the Association for United Kingdom Interactive Entertainment and the Technology Coalition, with a goal of cross-industry collaboration, knowledge, and technology exchange in areas of user safety and child safety. As a member of the Technology Coalition and a founding member of its cross-platform signal sharing Lantern program, we are committed to providing transparency and promoting child safety online. We also nominate the board chair position of the Family Online Safety Institute where we educate and provide balanced perspectives to policy makers to help draft thoughtful online safety legislation. We also have a Safety Advisory Board (“SAB”) made up of global industry experts that advise on the best practices to protect our community. In addition to the SAB, we also have a Teen Council, a Parent & Caregiver Council, and a Community Safety Council (composed of Roblox creators). Each of those groups is made up of members of our community who provide valuable input regarding safety features on the Platform, and provide a diversity of viewpoints on safety matters.
Self-Expression
The Roblox avatar system allows users to create and personalize their unique identities. Our avatar technology supports a wide variety of character styles, ranging from classic avatars with blocky body shapes, to ones with more human proportions, from anime characters, to fantasy avatars, and more. Avatars can also be animated and mirror a user’s movements and facial expressions on the avatar in real time, allowing more interactive and authentic communication. Creators can also build avatar creation tools in their experiences, allowing users to create more personalized avatars.
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The Roblox Client features the Avatar Editor, which enables users to manipulate the size and body shape of their avatars as well as equip their avatar with clothing, gear, animations, simulated gestures, or emotes, and other accessories from the Marketplace. Our avatar system allows users to attach practically any accessory to any avatar maximizing the combinatorial variety of avatar configurations supported by the Platform. Users manipulate their avatar through a consistent set of controls for emotes, basic movement, and tap-to-move functionality which adapts to dynamically changing virtual environments. The Roblox Client normalizes camera and avatar control inputs from different device form factors, including mobile, tablet, desktop, and game console, to simplify the process of building multi-user, multi-platform, and avatar-based experiences.
Within most experiences, avatars appear exactly how they were configured in the Avatar Editor, creating a sense of persistent identity. However, creators, when designing experiences, have the freedom to dynamically reconfigure all or part of the participating avatars to meet the specific needs of the creator’s experience.
Connection and Communication
The Roblox Client allows users to easily connect with people they know and trust (through features such as contact importer) and make new connections (by matching users with similar characteristics, such as country location, for example). The social graph created by these connections is stored in the Roblox Cloud and requires mutual opt-in to form a connection.
Our social graph is the engine of human connection and communication on the Platform, driving organic growth and retention. When a user chooses to join an experience, the Roblox Cloud is designed to automatically place that user into the same virtual environment as others connected through the social graph. In addition, with Party, up to six friends can easily join the same instance of an experience and even move together from one experience to another. Further, most creators allow users to purchase private servers that allow groups of friends to share an exclusive, invite-only instance of an immersive experience. Finally, in September 2025, we launched Moments, which allows users to capture, edit, and share gameplay moments, which in turn helps other users find new, diverse experiences.
Additionally, the Roblox Platform facilitates communication with in-experience text-based chat amongst users. The system is designed to enable chat based on a user’s Trusted Connections or similar age groups after a user age checks. For safety, every text message passes through filters that are designed to block content which violates applicable Roblox Community Standards. Using advanced pattern matching and machine learning, our chat filters are constantly evolving and process billions of messages per day.
Our communication features also include voice chat, available in over 50 countries around the world and in several supported languages, to users aged 13 and over who have age-checked. This proximity-based feature simulates realistic communication through lip sync and is based on how close users are in an experience to other users who are speaking in that experience. In addition, avatar animation allows all users to use their camera to animate their avatar with their movement, allowing them to communicate and express themselves in more natural, real-time, and immersive ways.
Immersive
The Roblox Platform allows creators to build deeply immersive 3D and 4D environments where users can share synchronous experiences with others, independent of where they may be physically. The Roblox Client provides users with intuitive camera and input controls that are tuned for each device’s form factor. By abstracting these controls from creators, the process of building cross-platform immersive experiences is greatly simplified.
Creators use Roblox Studio to easily build immersive experiences that are then rendered and simulated on the Roblox Platform. The Roblox Client leverages efficient low-level hardware-specific device APIs, such as Vulkan for Android devices and Metal for Apple devices, to efficiently render those experiences. Each experience combines thousands of meshes, textures, 3D and 4D models, and animations. Using Roblox Studio, creators can also insert immersive ads, such as Rewarded Video, Billboards, and Portals, into their experiences with relatively low effort. Each immersive experience is simulated in the Roblox Cloud with a custom physics engine built for rigid body and constraint-based physics. Using a combination of novel mathematical formulations and aggressive optimization, the engine can simulate a large number of complex mechanisms at high levels of fidelity. To achieve an optimal balance between latency, scale, and consistency, computations for the simulation are distributed across Roblox Clients and the Roblox Cloud.
Assets that make up the immersive experience are stored in a persistent tree hierarchy that is the foundation for collaborative editing and interactive multi-user experiences. The hierarchy can be modified through APIs which serve as a powerful abstraction layer making it easy to create experiences that are consistent across all Roblox Clients, regardless of device type. During simulation, this data is dynamically replicated within the Roblox Cloud and selectively transmitted to Roblox Clients. The Roblox Client then constructs and renders its own view of the immersive experience.
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Low Friction
The Roblox Platform gives users the ability to interact with experiences almost instantly, on most popular client devices, and from anywhere in the world over existing broadband and cellular networks. As of December 31, 2025, the Roblox Client operates on iOS, Android, Windows, Mac, Xbox, PlayStation, Chromebook, and select virtual reality (“VR”) hardware. With the Roblox Platform, creators can build an experience once and then expect that experience to operate consistently on all supported devices to both take advantage of the capabilities of high end systems and also scale down the experience to work on lower end devices. We continually focus on improving frame rates, increasing stability, and enhancing graphics quality.
The Roblox Client is designed for the rapid movement of users between experiences. Almost immediately upon launching a new experience, the Roblox Client will begin simulating and rendering the virtual world using a partial representation of the environment at a low level of detail. As more and higher fidelity assets are received by the Roblox Client, the fidelity of the experience automatically improves.
Assets are delivered to the Roblox Client through geographically distributed content delivery networks. The Roblox Cloud determines the format, level of detail, and priority of each asset sent in order to optimize for the capabilities and bandwidth available to the client device. The Roblox Client can dynamically load and unload instances and assets as the player moves throughout the experience without waiting for long content preloads, in a process otherwise referred to as streaming. All else being equal, streaming enables faster join times and larger, more complex experiences that can be joined synchronously on different devices regardless of device memory capacity.
The Roblox Cloud enables low-latency, responsive interactivity between millions of concurrent users within 3D and 4D environments. When a user joins an immersive experience, the Roblox Cloud assigns that user to a particular game instance based on, among other considerations, the user’s social graph, geographic location, spoken language, and age group. Roblox Cloud is designed to automatically scale up and down the number and size of server instances to effectively serve the current user demand for an experience, thereby allowing the Platform to scale up to handle the most popular experiences while also scaling down when demand reduces. Creators can choose to allow up to 200 users within an instance, but may choose fewer to optimize their experience.
Creators have access to persistent data stores in the Roblox Cloud where information about users and each simulated environment can be stored across play sessions. This, along with other services hosted in the Roblox Cloud, make it possible for creators to build, launch, scale, and monetize an immersive experience without any additional tools or services.
The majority of services operated by the Roblox Cloud are hosted in Roblox managed data centers. For some of our databases, object storage, message queuing services, and bursting during large user peaks, we primarily leverage Amazon Web Services to augment our owned and operated infrastructure. The virtual environments and assets used by Roblox Clients are simulated on servers running in 25 regional data centers distributed across North America, South America, Asia-Pacific, and Europe. As of December 31, 2025, the Roblox Cloud uses over 150,000 servers. The Roblox Cloud is designed to be fault tolerant, prepared for disaster recovery, and resistant to malicious attacks and we continue to expand into multiple data centers within and across geographic regions to improve reliability and fault tolerance. Further, as we increasingly leverage AI across our Platform, we continue to expand our graphics processing units (“GPU”) infrastructure both in our owned and operated data centers and in the public cloud.
Data centers in the Roblox Cloud are linked through a high-performance dedicated backbone network bypassing the public internet for traffic within and between our data centers and we operate under an open peering policy where we have direct interconnection with internet providers globally. Operating our own network maximizes performance, security, and increases the immersiveness experienced by our users.
Variety of Content
Creators build nearly all of the content for the Roblox Platform, including a variety of experiences from gaming, to education, to entertainment, and beyond. Their efforts contribute to an expanding content library that included over 14 million active experiences and millions of available Marketplace items during the year ended December 31, 2025.
Creators build, publish, and operate immersive experiences with Roblox Studio, a free suite of tools accessible to all skill levels. Teams can work together using built-in access control management and collaborative editing. Once content is built, it can be replicated and shared across multiple experiences, giving creators the ability to scale their efforts and make rapid updates.
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In addition to constructing 3D and 4D objects and environments, creators can script complex behaviors into their experience with Roblox Luau. Based on Lua, an interpreted light-weight programming language popular in the gaming industry, Roblox Luau adds an optional static type system and a highly optimized interpreter that maximizes performance on Roblox Clients and in the Roblox Cloud. Using scripts, creators can modify the environment, control object behavior, and create new ways for users to interact with the virtual environment. Within Roblox Studio, creators have access to a powerful script editor which supports autocomplete, debugging, and the ability to emulate the Roblox Client running on supported devices.
Roblox Studio also leverages AI to help reduce friction for creators, making it easier to build content on the Platform. These AI tools help creators with varying levels of experience. For example, AI tools such as Assistant help beginner creators by answering common questions, Code Assist or Material Generator help creators with some coding experience learn how to write and improve code and easily create more complex materials, and Avatar Auto-Setup saves creators time by turning avatar models into animated avatar technology. In 2025, we released Roblox Cube, a generative AI system for 3D and 4D content creation, allowing creators to include 3D and 4D generative features as part of any immersive experience.
Creators can share their work with other creators through the Creator Store. The Creator Store drives collaboration within our creator community, accelerates creation of new experiences, and provides additional ways for creators to monetize their work. As of December 31, 2025, the Creator Store contained millions of models, meshes, textures, scripts, audio clips, creator tools, and packaged combinations of these items.
We provide creators with reference material, tutorials, community forums, and analytics to build their creations. Creator Hub includes reference material, API documentation, and tutorials for creators. Developer Forum is a private forum for qualified creators which provides insight on new features, community initiatives, recruitment opportunities, bug reporting, and direct engagement with our employees. Learning Hub provides content for educators, students, and parents who are using Roblox as a tool to learn coding, design, and digital civility. All creators on the Roblox Platform have access to dashboards that show daily visits to their experience, as well as earned Robux accumulated from their experience and Marketplace items.
Within the Roblox Client, users find experiences through personalized content recommendations, curated homepage sorts, and search. Personalized AI-driven content recommendations are based on past user behavior, the social graph, and demographic information. An emphasis is always placed on experiences where someone you are connected with is present. Additionally, we utilize our homepage to highlight experiences from up-and-coming creators, recently updated experiences, platform-wide events curated by Roblox, and key genres helping our users to try more experiences and increasing the diversity of the content with which they engage. The search engine automatically learns user intent, accounting for misspellings, slang, and multilingual queries.
Economy
Roblox has a vibrant economy built on an in-Platform virtual currency called Robux, which can be purchased through the Roblox Client and Roblox website or through prepaid cards purchased online and at physical retailers. Roblox relies on payment processor partners to process payments and store user’s payment information, if applicable.
Users can also acquire Robux through a monthly subscription to Roblox Premium. With a subscription, users receive Robux at a discount compared to one-off purchases. Creators may also choose to offer additional benefits to active Roblox Premium subscribers in the form of discounted virtual merchandise or access to exclusive in-experience features.
Creators accumulate earned Robux by selling virtual content or access to virtual content (including through subscriptions), as well as through the incorporation of immersive ads into their experiences, which are ad units that creators can insert into their experience for Roblox to programmatically serve ad content from advertisers. This native integration allows for monetization that respects the user experience, maintaining immersion while providing value to advertisers. Roblox also allows creators to enable regional pricing, which in turn offers users region-specific prices based on economic location, allowing creators to build a more inclusive and accessible global economy.
Creators can also accumulate earned Robux through the Creator Rewards Program, which launched in July 2025 and replaced our legacy Engagement-Based Payouts Program. The Creator Rewards Program allows creators who publish experiences to accumulate earned Robux based on the achievement of various metrics that we believe drive user engagement and monetization supporting the long-term health of our Platform. Creators are compensated for producing enjoyable, replayable gameplay loops through daily engagement rewards and for helping grow the Platform by bringing new and returning users through audience expansion rewards. Members of the Roblox Video Stars program, which is a program for Roblox video and livestream content creators, are also eligible to earn daily engagement and audience expansion rewards.
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Roblox allows creators to be paid out through our Developer Exchange Program based on the amount of earned Robux the creator has accumulated through access to experiences and virtual items they have created. Roblox uses a risk-based approach to review requests to be paid through the Developer Exchange Program to mitigate fraud and money laundering. Creators participating in the program are required to create an account with our third-party vendor which collects tax information, conducts customer due diligence, and executes the payouts.
Anywhere
The Roblox Platform serves a global audience. In the year ended December 31, 2025, creators from over 170 countries and users spanning over 180 countries accessed our Platform.
Localization systems embedded within the Roblox Client and Roblox Cloud help to lower cultural barriers. Creators can build experiences in their native language and then, using machine translation and advanced pattern recognition, the Roblox Cloud automatically translates those experiences into 17 languages including Arabic, simplified Chinese, traditional Chinese, English, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Thai, Turkish, and Vietnamese. Creators also have the ability to customize all or part of their translations if needed.
The Roblox Client can adjust a user’s experience and available content based on their age, location, and where the client application was obtained. This allows Roblox to dynamically apply relevant content filters, payment limits, and parental consent requirements.
The Roblox Economy
We support our creator community by providing the tools to build, publish, operate, drive discovery, and ultimately monetize content. As of December 31, 2025, over 35,500 creators qualified for and were registered in our Developer Exchange Program and therefore met certain conditions, such as having accumulated the minimum amount of earned Robux required to qualify and having a verified creator account in good standing. These creators were therefore eligible to be paid fiat currency by Roblox, based on the amount of earned Robux the creator accumulated through the Platform. For the year ended December 31, 2025, over 23,500 creators participated in our Developer Exchange Program and were paid in fiat currency by Roblox based on their earned Robux.
Business Model
When users sign up for Roblox, they can create an avatar and explore the vast majority of our experiences for free, although the business model for any given experience is ultimately up to its creator. Most free experiences allow users to use Robux to purchase experience-specific enhancements. Users can also use Robux to obtain items such as clothing, accessories, and emotes from our Marketplace or within an experience. Roblox retains a portion of every Robux transaction for the Platform and support services we provide to creators and distributes the rest to creators. Robux can only be purchased from us at prices set by us, and can only be used within our Platform. Robux have no monetary value and no authorized market or application outside of our Platform. Creators that participate in our Developer Exchange Program can only be paid fiat currency based on the amount of earned Robux they have accumulated, subject to eligibility. We are aware that some users seek to use unauthorized third-party websites to exchange Robux for fiat currency which is not permitted under our terms of use. We regularly monitor and screen usage of our Platform with the aim of identifying and preventing these activities, as well as regularly seek to identify operators of third-party websites offering fraudulent Robux or digital goods offers and send cease-and-desist letters when we identify such websites.
Consistent with our free to use business model, a small portion of our users have historically been payers. For example, in the year ended December 31, 2025, of our 127 million average DAUs, only approximately 1.8 million represented our average daily unique paying users. Similarly, in the year ended December 31, 2025, our average daily bookings per DAU was $0.15, whereas our average daily bookings per daily unique paying user was $10.36. We believe that maintaining and growing our overall number of users, including the number of users who may not purchase and spend Robux, is important to the success of our business. As a result, we believe that the number of users who choose to purchase and spend Robux will continue to constitute a small portion of our overall users.
Roblox also allows creators and third-party brands to reach their audiences by purchasing ads. Further, Roblox offers sponsored experiences and sponsored items, whereby creators can pay to purchase ads to increase discoverability of their creations, which appear where experiences and items are discovered, including through search.
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How Users Purchase Robux
Users can generally purchase Robux in two ways: as one-time purchases or via Roblox Premium, a subscription service that is billed monthly and includes Robux at a discount compared to one-time purchases, access to exclusive in-experience benefits, and the ability to buy, sell, and trade certain avatar items. Roblox accepts payments through app stores and directly through payment methods such as credit cards, debit cards, and prepaid cards. Through differential Robux pricing, Roblox also offers more Robux for users purchasing Robux through payment processing channels with lower transaction processing fees. The average selling price for a Robux for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $0.01.
How Creators Accumulate Earned Robux
A creator can accumulate earned Robux when users spend Robux for a bona fide third-party transaction with the creator through the Roblox Platform. We offer creators the following mechanisms to accumulate earned Robux:
•sale to users of access to their experiences and enhancements in their experiences, which may be one-time or recurring;
•through the Creator Rewards Program, which launched in July 2025 and replaced our legacy Engagement-Based Payouts Program, and allows creators who publish experiences to accumulate earned Robux based on the achievement of various metrics that we believe drive user engagement and monetization supporting the long-term health of our Platform;
•generating impressions for ad units within their experiences and teleporting users to other experiences through ad portals;
•sale of avatar items to users (through the Marketplace or directly within experiences); and
•IP licensing, which enables rights holders to partner with our creator community to accumulate earned Robux from their intellectual property.
Generally, as users purchase and subsequently use Robux on Roblox, creators of the virtual item receive 30% of the Robux, the distributor of the virtual item receives 40% of the Robux, and the Platform receives 30% of the Robux. Oftentimes, the creator of the virtual item is also the seller of that item. Creators that sell their own creations within their experiences receive 70% of the Robux spent, as they are acting both as the creator and the seller. Creators that make their virtual items available through the Marketplace receive a minimum of 30% of the Robux spent, as Roblox serves as both the seller and the Platform for these transactions. As it relates to generating impressions for ad units and portals, creators accumulate earned Robux based on the number of impressions and teleports that occur within their experience.
Earned Robux that creators accumulate as consideration for their virtual content are allocated to their respective accounts with Roblox on the Platform. As noted, creators that qualify for our Developer Exchange Program are eligible to be paid fiat currency by Roblox, based on the amount of earned Robux the creator has received through the Platform. The amount creators can receive in fiat currency is based on the amount of earned Robux they have accumulated and is determined by Roblox in its sole discretion. Beginning September 5, 2025, Roblox pays eligible creators $0.0038 per earned Robux, an increase from $0.0035 prior to that, if they qualify for and are registered in our Developer Exchange Program. In order to be qualified for our Developer Exchange Program, creators must meet certain conditions, such as having accumulated the minimum amount of earned Robux required to qualify for the program and having a verified creator account in good standing. On January 31, 2022, we reduced the minimum amount of earned Robux required to qualify for the program from 100,000 Robux to 50,000 Robux and subsequently on January 31, 2023, we further reduced the minimum requirement from 50,000 Robux to 30,000 Robux. We believe these reductions in the minimum amounts required incentivize our creator community, while promoting its long-term growth and health. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, over 35,500 and 24,500 creators were qualified and registered in our Developer Exchange Program, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, creators earned $1,503.1 million and $922.8 million, respectively.
Our creators do not always seek to receive fiat currency payouts from Roblox based on the earned Robux they have accumulated. Some choose to purchase ad credits to promote their experiences on the Platform or use the Robux on the Platform as any other user would.
Our Growth Strategies
Our long-term vision is to connect one billion users with optimism and civility. We are working towards an ambitious target of capturing 10% of the global gaming content market and winning an even greater share of the U.S. market. We continue to invest in creating a safe and civil Platform for users across geographies and devices, while creating a vibrant economy for our creators. As we continue to scale, we believe we will be able to further expand our capabilities in communication, entertainment, commerce, and advertising.
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In order to achieve this goal, we are focused on the following levers:
•Novel Game Expansion to Serve All Audiences: We see a large opportunity to expand our footprint among older audiences by optimizing our Platform to facilitate the creation of “novel” games that expand into new genres, use different gameplay mechanics, and have a different look and feel than classic Roblox games.
•Harnessing the Power of AI: We are innovating aggressively in AI to accelerate the creation of content, improve the safety of our Platform, and fuel ongoing user engagement, discovery, and monetization improvements.
•Safety & Civility as a Strategic Advantage: We seek to make Roblox a safe place for children on the internet and believe there is significant value to be captured by serving this audience.
•Accelerating our Flywheel: We expect to continue enhancing monetization, while investing in our creators and our Platform to drive growth that unlocks further capacity for investment and long-term margin expansion.
Brand and Marketing
Our go-to-market approach is driven by the strength and continued enhancement of our brand, organic adoption across our user, creator communities, and an influencer-based marketing strategy, with a goal to demonstrate the Platform’s wide-ranging appeal across demographics, geographies, and interests.
Users build a direct relationship with the Roblox brand by establishing an identity and creating their social graph. Users are able to navigate across an integrated universe of experiences on our Platform and engage on the Platform with other users in their social graph. We believe this approach helps to create a flywheel that brings new users to the Platform, and promotes loyalty and engagement.
We have millions of experiences to choose from on Roblox, and creators continue to build new experiences on the Platform and publish them daily. As experiences on the Platform grow in popularity, this success accrues to the Roblox brand and serves to draw in new audiences. Our approach is to amplify these experiences on both earned and owned channels which builds awareness and affinity for Roblox. This approach includes educating our creators, users, and brands on the Platform’s capabilities and innovations, all of which elevates each stakeholder’s experience.
We operate a highly efficient marketing model. Our approach is highly organic, with our user and creator adoption driven by mutually reinforcing content and social network effects. We also leverage our influencer community to increase brand awareness and our reach across all age demographics.
We believe safety and civility is an integral and differentiating part of our brand. We have invested heavily in creating a safe and civil platform, which has allowed us to both grow and retain our user base. To further this commitment, we plan to increase our outbound messaging regarding Roblox’s safety ecosystem in the near term to better inform our community and partners. This includes providing timely, transparent information to our social media ecosystem alongside more targeted paid media strategies designed to reach the right audiences with precision.
Competition
We compete for both users and creators. We compete to attract and retain our users’ attention on the basis of our content and user experiences. We compete for users and their engagement hours with global technology leaders such as Amazon, Apple, Meta Platforms, Google, Microsoft, and Tencent, global entertainment companies such as Comcast, Disney, Paramount Global, and Warner Bros Discovery, global gaming companies such as Activision Blizzard (now owned by Microsoft), Electronic Arts, Take-Two, Epic Games, Krafton, NetEase, and Valve, online content platforms such as Netflix, Spotify, and YouTube, as well as platforms such as Facebook, TikTok, Instagram, WhatsApp, Pinterest, X, Reddit, Discord, and Snap. We are able to compete for these users based on our variety of content, personalized user experience, and various engagement features.
We rely on creators to create the content that leads to and maintains user engagement (including maintaining the quality of experiences). We compete to attract and retain creators by providing them with the free tools to easily build, publish, operate, and monetize content. We compete for creators and engineering talent with gaming and metaverse platforms such as Epic Games, Unity, Meta Platforms, and Valve, who also provide creators the ability to create or distribute interactive content. We are able to compete for these creators because of our comprehensive offering to build, publish, and operate experiences on our Platform, our free and easy-to-use technology, our broad user reach, our economic rewards system, our brand, our reputation for innovation, our creator-centric culture, and our mission.
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Seasonality
We have historically experienced seasonality in monetization on our Platform and tend to generate higher levels of bookings in the fourth quarter of the year primarily due to the end-of-year holiday season. We also typically see higher levels of engagement in the months of June, July, and August, which are summer periods in the northern hemisphere, and lower levels of engagement in the post-summer months of September, October, and November. Other periods of seasonality include holidays such as Lunar New Year, Easter, and Ramadan, as well as school holidays around the world, each of which may differ in timing year-over-year. While bookings are typically strongest in the fourth quarter, this trend may not be reflected in the revenue recognized in the same period due to the timing of our revenue recognition (see section “Revenue Recognition” within Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, “Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, for further discussion on our revenue recognition policy). These seasonal impacts may be more or less pronounced in the future or different altogether.
Government Regulation
We operate in a complex, rapidly evolving, and increasingly fragmented regulatory environment. We are subject to a wide array of domestic and international laws and regulations concerning matters central to our business, including but not limited to, privacy, data protection, security, rights of publicity, content regulation, intellectual property, use of AI, online safety, gambling, loot boxes, ratings, competition, protection of minors, consumer protection, communication, payment processing, taxation, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and corruption, economic or other trade prohibitions or sanctions, and securities law compliance. These laws and regulations often differ significantly by jurisdiction and are subject to frequent changes, uncertain or novel interpretations, conflicting compliance requirements, and shifting regulatory enforcement priorities, any of which could subject our established business practices to new or enhanced scrutiny. For example, there has been increased regulatory focus on areas that impact our business including the protection of minors online and online safety overall in recent periods.
The costs of complying with these laws and regulations are high and likely to increase in the future, particularly as the degree of regulation increases, our business grows, and our geographic scope expands. To comply with these regulations, in certain jurisdictions and for subsets of our users, we have been required to and could in the future be required to modify or remove certain content on our Platform, change the default settings of our Platform, modify, restrict access to, or disable certain features or tools on our Platform, including communication features, change our business model for specific jurisdictions or subsets of our users, and take on more onerous obligations. In addition, certain government authorities have restricted access to or blocked our Platform entirely. Further, the impact of these regulations may place a disproportionate compliance burden on us relative to larger technology peers with more extensive resources. Any failure on our part to comply with these laws and regulations may subject us to significant liabilities or penalties, or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, or operating results.
We rely on a variety of statutory and common-law frameworks and defenses relevant to the content available on our Platform, including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”), the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (“CDA”), the fair-use doctrine in the U.S., and the Digital Services Act (“DSA”) in the European Union (“EU”). However, each of these statutes and regulations is subject to uncertain or evolving judicial interpretation, regulatory guidance, and legislative amendments. For example, there have been various congressional, executive and state efforts to eliminate or modify Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934, enacted as part of the CDA. If existing legal frameworks or safe harbor defenses are eroded, international jurisdictions decline to adopt or enforce similar protections, or a court or regulator were to disagree with our application of those rules to our business, we could be required to expend significant resources to try to comply with the new rules or incur liability, and our business, revenue, and financial results could be harmed. Further, pending or recently adopted legislation globally imposes additional obligations on us associated with user behavior and content on our Platform, including obligations to publish transparency reports, implement product changes, and to carry out risk assessments and mitigate identified risks.
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We are subject to U.S. federal and state laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection, including with respect to the collection, storage, sharing, use, processing, transfer, disclosure, and protection of personal data. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) requires covered companies to, among other things, provide new disclosures to California consumers, afford consumers opt-out rights for the sale of personal information, and requires companies to obtain the consent of children in California under the age of 16 (or parental consent for children under the age of 13) before selling their personal information. Additionally, the latest CPPA regulation requires companies to conduct risk assessments, complete annual cybersecurity audits, and implement consumers’ rights to access and opt-out of businesses’ use of automated decision making technology. Similar legislation has been proposed or adopted in other states. We continue to monitor the status of the California Age-Appropriate Design Code Act (“CA ADCA”). Although currently enjoined by federal court, if the injunction is lifted or if similar legislation such as the proposed federal Kids Online Safety Act is enacted, we may be required to alter our Platform design, age estimation methods, and content recommendation algorithms. We are subject to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”), which governs the collection of personal information from children under the age of 13. On April 22, 2025, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) published final amendments to COPPA that expand the definition of personal information (to include biometric data), require separate parental consents for third-party data disclosures, and impose stricter data retention limits. Operators have until April 22, 2026 to bring their operations into compliance.
In addition, foreign data protection, privacy, online safety, children’s privacy, consumer protection, communication, content regulation, cybersecurity, and other laws and regulations are constantly evolving and subject our business to product requirements and potential liability that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or operating results. For example, GDPR imposes stringent operational requirements for entities processing personal information, particularly of children under the age of 13 or 16 (depending on the country) without parental consent, and significant penalties for non-compliance. Under GDPR, fines up to 20 million Euros or up to 4% of the annual global revenues of the infringer, whichever is greater, can be imposed for violations. NIS2 sets an enhanced standard for security, including cybersecurity risk management measures and rigorous, multi-stage incident reporting obligations. Similar to GDPR, NIS2 introduces significant monetary penalties, such as fines up to 2% of global annual turnover, and non-monetary penalties, including personal executive liability. The DSA imposes content moderation obligations, notice and transparency obligations, advertising restrictions, children’s privacy and safety requirements, and other product requirements on digital platforms to protect consumers and their rights online. Allegations of noncompliance with the DSA can and have led to investigations and other proceedings, such as the Roblox investigation announced in January 2026 by the Netherlands. The DSA imposes significant penalties for non-compliance including fines of up to 6% of annual global revenues, in addition to the ability of civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations to lodge class action lawsuits. The United Kingdom’s Online Safety Act (“UK OSA”) imposes, among other things, duties to protect children online, complete risk assessments, and remove illegal content. Noncompliance with the UK OSA could lead to investigations and other proceedings, substantial fines of up to 10% of global revenues of the previous year and the imposition of business disruption measures such as access restriction orders. Australia’s Online Safety Act also imposes similar duties, and Brazil and Indonesia have introduced a series of requirements on digital services, with a particular emphasis on children’s online safety and illegal content. In addition to online safety requirements, Australia has also adopted its Social Media Minimum Age Act (“SMMA”) that imposes a ban on certain social media platforms for users under 16 years old. There are similar discussions and legislative efforts ongoing in several jurisdictions, including the U.S. and EU, related to restricting minors’ access to social media platforms, with a particular emphasis on restricting access to features that may be considered addictive or harmful to minors, with certain legislation and regulation addressing these matters having been enacted. Should Roblox be considered or asserted to be in scope of the SMMA or any similar laws or regulations in the future, it could have a substantial impact on usage of our Platform in those markets.
Additionally, there are ongoing discussions in the U.S. and abroad regarding whether certain mechanisms that may be included in experiences on our Platform, such as features referred to as “loot boxes,” and certain genres of experiences, such as social casino, that may reward gambling-like behavior, should be limited and/or restricted to protect consumers, and particularly minors and persons susceptible to addiction. For example, in Belgium and the Netherlands, “loot box” mechanics may be considered gambling and are restricted as a result and in Australia, gaming content containing “loot boxes” requires a mature age rating (15 years of age and older). We also are subject to regulations with respect to advertising, in particular, advertising to minors, and advertising regulations could differ based on the jurisdiction of a user. For example, in the U.S., the FTC and other regulators restrict deceptive or unfair commercial activities, including in relation to targeted advertising and advertising to minors.
Also, actual or perceived noncompliance with the U.K. Age Appropriate Design Code (“AADC”) may result in audits or other proceedings by the U.K.’s Information Commissioner Office and other regulators in the European Economic Area or Switzerland, as noncompliance with the AADC may indicate noncompliance with applicable data protection law. Additionally, in the EU, the Artificial Intelligence Act (“EU AI Act”) establishes a comprehensive risk-based regulatory framework for AI systems. The EU AI Act imposes tiered obligations based on the potential risk of the AI technology, ranging from transparency requirements for limited-risk systems (such as chatbots) to strict compliance mandates for ‘high-risk’ systems and ‘general-purpose AI’ models. These mandates include extensive data governance, risk management, and fundamental rights impact assessments. Violations of the EU AI Act could result in fines of up to 35 million Euros or 7% of total worldwide annual turnover, whichever is higher.
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The evolving regulatory landscape internationally results in uncertainty. As our user base in key jurisdictions continues to grow, we expect to be subject to more stringent compliance obligations and increased costs, including annual independent audits, mandatory risk assessments of online safety risks (such as illegal content and negative effects on minors), increased transparency requirements, and potentially additional supervisory fees.
We have policies and procedures designed to promote compliance with applicable laws and regulations, but we cannot assure you that authorities will not assert or determine that our practices violate such laws and regulations. There are also a number of legislative proposals pending before the U.S. Congress, various state legislative bodies, and foreign governments concerning content regulation, online safety, privacy, and data protection that could affect us if enacted and we may not be able to comply with certain of these laws and regulations in a timely fashion. Non-compliance with any applicable laws and regulations could result in penalties or significant legal liability, including platform blocking or throttling. Although we take reasonable efforts to comply with applicable laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that we will not be subject to regulatory action, including fines, in the event of an incident or as the result of a regulatory investigation. We or our third-party service providers could be adversely affected if legislation or regulations are expanded to require changes in our or our third-party service providers’ business practices or if governing jurisdictions interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively affect our or our third-party service providers’ business, results of operations, or financial condition.
We are and expect to continue to be, the subject of inquiries, investigations, audits, and other actions and proceedings by domestic and international government authorities and regulators, particularly in the areas of privacy, data use, data protection, consumer protection, online safety, children’s safety, and content moderation. The occurrence of any of these can and could continue to cause us to incur substantial costs, expose us to civil and criminal liability (including liability for our personnel) or penalties (including substantial monetary remedies), interrupt or require us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business (including changes to our products or user data practices), result in negative publicity and reputational harm, divert resources and the time and attention of management from our business, or subject us to other structural or behavioral remedies that adversely affect our business.
For additional information on government regulation applicable to our business, please see the section titled “Risk Factors” elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For additional information on our cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance framework, see the section titled “Cybersecurity” in Item 1C of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Intellectual Property
Our intellectual property is an important aspect of our business, and our success depends in part on our ability to enforce and defend our intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, know-how, license agreements, contractual provisions, non-disclosure agreements, and confidentiality procedures to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. In addition to the protection provided by our intellectual property rights, we maintain a policy requiring our employees, consultants, and other third parties to enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements to control access to our intellectual property.
As of December 31, 2025, we owned more than 200 U.S. patents relating to aspects of our actual or contemplated operations and technologies. Our issued patents are scheduled to expire between 2027 and 2044. We also had more than 350 pending patent applications in the U.S. and abroad. There can be no assurance that each of our patent applications will result in the issuance of a patent. In addition, any resulting issued patents may have claims narrower than those in our patent applications. We seek to protect our proprietary inventions relevant to our business through patent protection; however, we are not dependent on any particular patent or application for the operation of our business.
We have registered “Roblox,” “Robux,” and our corporate logo as trademarks in the U.S. and other jurisdictions. In total (including our subsidiary entities), we are the owner of over 530 trademark filings, including over 50 trademark applications in the U.S. and foreign countries as of December 31, 2025. There can be no assurance that each of our trademark applications will result in the issuance of a trademark or that each resulting trademark registration will be able to be maintained. As of December 31, 2025, we were the registered holder of over 850 domestic and international domain names. We continually monitor the registration of our domain names, trademarks, and service marks in the U.S. and in certain locations outside the U.S.
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Despite our efforts, we may not be able to obtain or maintain sufficient protection for or successfully enforce our intellectual property. Any current and future patents, trademarks, and other intellectual property or other proprietary rights we own or license, or otherwise have a right to use, may be contested, circumvented, or found unenforceable or invalid. Our existing and future patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, domain names, and other intellectual property rights may not provide us with competitive advantages, distinguish our products from those of our competitors, or prevent competitors from launching comparable products. We may also be dependent on third-party content, technology, and intellectual property in connection with our business. Further, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing, diluting, or otherwise misappropriating or violating our intellectual property rights, and we may face challenges to the validity or enforceability of our intellectual property rights. We cannot guarantee that our business does not and will not infringe or misappropriate the rights of third parties. We expect to continue to face allegations from third parties, including our competitors and “non-practicing entities,” that we have infringed or otherwise violated their intellectual property rights. While we do not anticipate that these allegations, if they were to result in litigation against us, would have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition, or operating results, there can be no guarantee that such lawsuits would not have a materially adverse impact on us. Further, certain federal statutes in the U.S. may apply to us with respect to various activities of our users, including the DMCA, provide immunity from monetary damages for online service providers such as us from, among other things, infringing content uploaded to our Platform by our users provided we comply with certain statutory requirements. The immunity is part of a statutory safe harbor. To enjoy the benefits of the safe harbor and be immune from monetary damages for infringing content uploaded by our users, we have to register a designated agent with the U.S. Copyright Office and maintain that filing on a periodic basis with the U.S. Copyright Office. We must also expeditiously remove any infringing content upon acquiring actual knowledge of such infringement or, in the absence of actual knowledge, if we become aware of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent. We must also adopt, reasonably implement, and inform users of our Platform about a policy that provides for the termination in appropriate circumstances of users who are repeat infringers of the copyrights of third parties. If we fail to comply with the conditions for qualifying for safe harbor protection, we may be subject to monetary damages for infringing content on our Platform. The damages for copyright infringement can range from $750 to $30,000 per work infringed and, in the case of willful infringement, up to $150,000 per work infringed. Alternatively, copyright owners could seek to recover their actual damages and our profits. As we host millions of user uploaded works, we could be subject to significant damages claims if we are determined not to comply with the DMCA safe harbors. Intellectual property disputes are common in our sector, and, as we face increasing competition or grow our business, there is an ongoing risk that we may become involved in legal disputes involving intellectual property claims.
For additional information on risks relating to intellectual property, please see the section titled “Risk Factors” elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2025, we employed 3,065 full time employees, the majority of whom work from our San Mateo, California headquarters. In addition, we had thousands of trust & safety agents across the globe. In order to continue to evolve the Roblox Platform, we plan to continue to invest in attracting and retaining key talent, especially those focused on product and engineering. We monitor our progress with human capital metrics such as turnover, time to fill open roles, ratio of internally developed talent to external hires, ratio of technical talent to overall employees, and employee engagement. Our brand, market position, reputation for innovation, and creator-centric culture support our ability to recruit best-in-class engineering talent. As of December 31, 2025, we had over 2,300 employees in product and engineering functions, accounting for approximately 75% of our total full time employees, and over 200 of our full time employees were located outside of the U.S.
We have embraced four core values since we founded Roblox and focus on incorporating them into our daily actions:
•Respect the Community. We consider our impact on the world, strive to make decisions with everyone’s best interests in mind, and communicate authentically. We prioritize our community before company, company before team, and team before individual.
•We are Responsible. We are empowered and responsible for both the intended and unintended consequences of our actions.
•Take the Long View. We drive innovation by setting a long-term vision first, even when making short term decisions and making incremental advancements.
•Get Stuff Done. We drive execution every day by taking initiative and relentlessly iterating towards long-term goals.
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Corporate Information
We were incorporated in 2004 in Delaware, and reincorporated to Nevada in May 2025. Our principal executive offices are located at 3150 South Delaware Street, San Mateo, California 94403, and our telephone number is (888) 858-2569. Our website address is www.corp.roblox.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. “Roblox,” “Robux,” our logo, and our other registered or common law trademarks, service marks, or trade names appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of Roblox Corporation. Other trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including logos, artwork, and other visual displays, may appear without a trademark symbol, but such references are not intended to indicate in any way that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other entities’ trade names, trademarks, or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other entity.
Available Information
We file electronically with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. We make available on our website at ir.roblox.com, free of charge, copies of these reports and other information as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.
Investors, the media, and others should note that we intend to announce material information to the public through filings with the SEC, the investor relations page on our website, at www.ir.roblox.com, press releases, public conference calls, and webcasts. We use these channels, as well as social media, our blog at https://blog.roblox.com/, our Creator Hub page at https://create.roblox.com/docs, and our Developer Forum at https://devforum.roblox.com/, to communicate with our creators, users, and the public about our company, our Platform, and other issues, and the information disclosed by the foregoing channels could be deemed to be material information. As such, we encourage investors, the media, and others to follow the channels listed above and to review the information disclosed through such channels. However, information contained on, or that can be accessed through, these channels does not constitute a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference herein. Any updates to the list of disclosure channels through which we will announce information will be posted on the investor relations page on our website.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
RISK FACTORS
A description of the risks and uncertainties associated with our business is set forth below. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects. In such an event, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are not material may also impair our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.
Risk Factors Summary
Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our Class A common stock speculative or risky:
•We have a history of net losses and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future.
•Our business is affected by seasonal demands, and our financial condition and results of operations will fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which makes our financial results difficult to predict and may not fully reflect our underlying performance.
•We are subject to laws and regulations worldwide that are constantly evolving, which could increase our costs or adversely affect our business, including preventing our ability to operate our Platform in certain jurisdictions.
•We have experienced rapid growth at times, in part due to the virality of certain experiences on our Platform, and our growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth or the growth of our market.
•We depend on effectively operating with third-party operating systems, hardware, and networks that may make changes affecting our operating costs, as well as our ability to maintain our Platform, which would hurt our business.
•The success of our business model is contingent upon maintaining a strong reputation and brand, including our ability to provide a safe online environment for our users, many of whom are children, to experience and if we are not able to provide such an environment, our business will suffer dramatically.
•We are subject to numerous legal proceedings that are costly and time-consuming to defend and could harm our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
•If we fail to retain users or add new users, or if our users decrease their level of engagement with our Platform, our revenue, bookings, and operating results will be harmed.
•We depend on our creators to create digital content that our users find compelling, and if we fail to properly incentivize our creators to develop and monetize content, our business will suffer.
•If we are unable to further monetize our Platform and user base, our business will suffer.
•The loss of one or more of our key personnel, or our failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could harm our business.
•If we experience loss of availability or degradation in our services, Platform support, and/or technological infrastructure, our ability to provide sufficiently reliable services to our users and maintain the performance of our Platform could be negatively impacted, which could harm our relationships with our creators and users, and consequently, our business.
•Security compromises of our Platform, our private information, and our users’ private information could disrupt our internal operations and harm public perception of our Platform, which could cause our business and reputation to suffer.
•The operation of our Platform outside the United States exposes us to risks inherent in international operations.
•Our continued success significantly depends on our ability to effectively navigate the integration of rapidly evolving technologies such as generative AI into our business and address their impact on our threat landscape.
•Because we recognize revenue from bookings over the estimated average lifetime of a paying user or as the virtual items are consumed, changes in our business may not be immediately reflected in our operating results.
•Our user metrics and other estimates are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in those metrics may significantly harm and negatively affect our reputation and our business.
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•We may incur liability as a result of content published using our Platform or as a result of claims related to content generated by our creators and users, including copyright infringement, and legislation regulating content on our Platform may require us to change our Platform or business practices.
•The market price of our Class A common stock has fluctuated and could decline regardless of our operating performance.
•The dual class stock structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control in David Baszucki, our Founder, President, CEO, and Chair of our Board of Directors, which limits or precludes your ability to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors and the approval of any change of control transaction.
Risks Related to Our Business
We have a history of net losses and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future.
We have incurred net losses since our inception, and we expect to continue to incur net losses in the foreseeable future. We incurred net losses attributable to common stockholders of $1,065.1 million, $935.4 million, and $1,151.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $5,060.7 million. We also expect our operating expenses to continue to increase, and if our growth does not increase to offset these anticipated increases in our operating expenses, our business, results of operations, and financial condition will be harmed, and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability. We expect our costs and investments to continue to increase in future periods as we intend to continue to make investments to grow our business, including an expected increase in infrastructure and stock-based compensation expenses. These efforts may be more costly than we expect and may not result in increased revenue or growth of our business. If we fail to increase our revenue to sufficiently offset the increases in our operating expenses, we will not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future.
Our business is affected by seasonal demands, and our financial condition and results of operations will fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which makes our financial results difficult to predict and may not fully reflect our underlying performance.
Historically, our business has been highly seasonal, with the highest percentage of our bookings occurring in the fourth quarter when holidays permit our users to spend increased time on our Platform and lead to increased spend on prepaid gift cards, and we expect this trend to continue. We also typically see higher levels of engagement in the months of June, July, and August, which are summer periods in the northern hemisphere, and lower levels of engagement in the post-summer months of September, October, and November. However, school holidays around the world differ in timing year-over-year and therefore have impacted and may continue to impact our quarterly results. Similarly, other periods of seasonality include holidays such as Lunar New Year, Easter, and Ramadan, each of which may differ in timing year-over-year, and therefore have impacted and may continue to impact our quarterly results. We also have and may continue to experience fluctuations due to external factors that we are unable to predict or control that affect user or creator engagement with our Platform as further described in our other Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Accordingly, we expect our quarterly results of operations will continue to fluctuate and you should not rely on our past quarterly results of operations as indicators of future performance. You should take into account the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in rapidly evolving market segments.
We are subject to laws and regulations worldwide that are constantly evolving, which could increase our costs or adversely affect our business, including preventing our ability to operate our Platform in certain jurisdictions.
As a global platform, we are subject to a myriad of laws and regulations that affect our business, including but not limited to, laws and regulations regarding online gaming, user-generated content, online safety, privacy, AI, online platform liability, social media platforms, content moderation, intellectual property ownership and infringement, consumer protection, protection of minors, anti-competition, taxation, labor, real estate, export and national security, requirements related to the use of parental consent, biometrics, cybersecurity, privacy data protection and data localization requirements, the use of prepaid cards, subscriptions, advertising, electronic marketing, illegal content, escheatment, tariffs, anti-corruption, campaign finance, gambling, loot boxes, ratings, telecommunications, and payments regulation, all of which are continuously evolving and developing. In recent periods, there has been increased regulatory scrutiny, investigations, and litigation on areas that impact our business including the protection of minors online and online safety overall. The scope and interpretation of laws, regulations, and other requirements that are or may be applicable to us, are often uncertain and may differ or conflict from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. We have policies and procedures designed to promote compliance with applicable laws and regulations, but we cannot assure you that authorities will not assert or determine that our practices violate such laws and regulations.
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The widespread availability of user-generated content online, and particularly to minors, is relatively new, and the regulatory framework is new and continuously evolving with increased legislative initiatives and regulatory focus on areas including the protection of minors online and users’ personal information, among other areas. The scope and interpretation of these laws, regulations, and other requirements that are or may be applicable to us, are often uncertain, may differ and even conflict from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and compliance may be burdensome and expensive. Moreover, in some cases these new regulations can be enforced by private parties in addition to governmental agencies.
We are subject to global laws and regulations that address online safety, content moderation, and online platforms with social features. For example, the United Kingdom’s (“U.K.”) Online Safety Act (“OSA”) introduced, among other things, duties to protect children and other users online, complete risk assessments, remove illegal content, and address content harmful to children. Noncompliance with the OSA could lead to investigations and other proceedings, substantial fines of up to £18 million or 10% of the prior year’s global revenues, as well as the imposition of product requirements and other measures that could restrict access to the Platform. The EU’s Digital Services Act (“DSA”) imposes content moderation obligations, notice and transparency obligations, protection of minors obligations, advertising restrictions, and other requirements on digital platforms to protect consumers and their rights online. Guidelines for the DSA’s requirements specific to children include, among other matters, age assurance measures, default settings obligations and various other aspects of product design and function, risk assessment obligations, measures to improve moderation and reporting tools, and requirements for parental control tools. Allegations of noncompliance with the DSA can and have led to investigations and other proceedings, such as the Roblox investigation announced in January 2026 by the Netherlands. The DSA imposes significant penalties for non-compliance including fines of up to 6% of annual global revenues, in addition to the ability of civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations to commence class action lawsuits. Brazil’s Digital Statute for Children and Adolescents (“Digital ECA”) will take effect in March 2026 and includes a number of similar obligations around youth and adolescent default settings, parental controls, transparency, risk assessments, advertisement, localization, and harm prevention. Indonesia has also introduced a series of requirements on digital services, with a particular emphasis on children’s online safety and illegal content, which will go into effect in early 2027. Australia’s Online Safety Act of 2021 (“AUS OSA”) also includes a number of content and product design requirements. We expect such laws and regulations to continue to evolve over time. As our user base in key jurisdictions continues to grow, we expect to be subject to more stringent compliance obligations and increased costs, including annual independent audits, mandatory risk assessments of online safety risks (such as illegal content and negative effects on minors), increased transparency requirements, increased content takedown demands, and potentially additional supervisory fees.
In addition to these international laws and regulations, we are subject to U.S. federal and state regulation of online services accessed and used by children, which vary significantly. For example, in 2024 the State of Texas enacted restrictions on purchasing by minors, including requiring parental consent for minors to purchase digital items, including on our Platform. Further, in March 2025 the States of Utah, Louisiana, and Texas enacted restrictions on applications available via app stores, which include requiring app stores to collect parental consent for minors to download applications and engage in in-app purchases, including on our Platform. Additional states and the federal government are continuing to consider similar proposals. Pending the outcome of relevant constitutional challenges, these additional restrictions may have an adverse impact on our revenue and bookings from users in any states where enacted.
There are also evolving laws and regulations relating to social media. For example, Australia has implemented a ban on social media for children under 16 pursuant to its Social Media Minimum Age Act, requiring certain social media platforms to block underage accounts or face significant fines. There are similar discussions and legislative efforts ongoing in several jurisdictions, including the U.S and EU related to restricting minors’ access to social media platforms, with a particular emphasis on restricting access to features that may be considered addictive or harmful to minors, with certain legislation and regulation addressing these matters having been enacted. Depending on the scope of covered services, laws and regulations such as these may affect how we configure and present our Platform or our ability to offer our Platform to certain demographics entirely, which may in turn have an adverse impact on our bookings and revenue.
In the U.S. and abroad there are ongoing discussions and legislative and executive efforts to remove or restrict the protections from liability for third-party content found under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (“CDA”) and similar international regulations. For example, in June 2025, the Brazilian Supreme Court ruled that Article 19 of Brazil’s Internet Act is partially unconstitutional, creating platform liability for third-party content in certain instances. The resulting legal framework is in flux, but as it stands, platforms that host third party content like Roblox will be subject to presumptive civil liability for certain categories of content, as well as new regulatory requirements around localization, content moderation, transparency, risk assessment and management, and customer support.
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In addition, there are ongoing discussions and legislative efforts in the U.S. and abroad regarding whether certain mechanisms that may be included in experiences on our Platform, such as features referred to as “loot boxes,” and certain genres of experiences, such as social casino, that may reward gambling-like behavior, should be limited and/or restricted to protect consumers, and particularly minors and persons susceptible to addiction. For example, in countries such as Belgium and the Netherlands, “loot box” mechanics may be considered gambling and are restricted as a result. In Australia, gaming content containing “loot boxes” requires a mature age rating (15 years of age and older). Additionally, we are subject to regulations with respect to advertising, in particular, advertising to minors, and advertising regulations could differ based on the jurisdiction of a user. For example, in the U.S. the FTC and other regulators restrict deceptive or unfair commercial activities, including in relation to targeted advertising and advertising to minors.
Our efforts to comply with these evolving laws and regulations, as well as uncertainty over their scope and interpretation has led to, and will continue to lead to, increased operational costs for us, expose us to litigation, fines, or other injunctive and monetary penalties, and harm our brand and reputation if we are, or are alleged to be, unable to comply. To comply with these regulations, in certain jurisdictions and for subsets of our users, we have been required to and could in the future be required to modify or remove certain content on our Platform, change the default settings of our Platform, modify, restrict access to, or disable certain features or tools on our Platform, including communication-features, change our business model for specific jurisdictions or subsets of our users, and take on more onerous obligations, including, but not limited to, applying for government-issued licenses to operate, establishing a local presence, implementing specified age rating systems, developing localized product offerings and practices, storing user information on servers in a jurisdiction within which users are located, and developing local education initiatives. In addition, certain government authorities have restricted access to or blocked our Platform entirely. These requirements may impact user engagement, the functionality and effectiveness of our Platform, our ability to operate across demographics and geographies, our creators’ ability to monetize their experiences in some jurisdictions, and reduce the overall use or demand for our Platform, which would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We expect the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, these laws, regulations, standards, and obligations, to continue to increase and the costs could become prohibitively expensive. Required product or Platform changes may also make our Platform less attractive for or restrict availability to younger users and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We have partnered with the International Age Rating Coalition to facilitate age and content rating assignments for our experiences by rating authorities across various countries and regions. As we further develop our experience rating systems, ratings-based restrictions on our users’ ability to access specific content on our Platform may make our Platform less attractive for younger users and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Moreover, the adoption of any laws or regulations adversely affecting the growth, popularity or use of the internet, including laws impacting internet neutrality, could decrease the demand for our Platform and/or increase our operating costs.
We have experienced rapid growth at times, in part due to the virality of certain experiences on our Platform, and our growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth or the growth of our market.
We have experienced rapid growth in prior periods relative to our quarterly forecast and historic trends, which may not be indicative of our financial and operating results in future periods. For example, historically we experienced periods of increased activity levels due in part to the COVID-19 lockdowns, prepaid gift card partnerships, and from the emergence of viral hits, each of which led to increased demand for and engagement with our Platform. These periods of increased activity levels, while significant, have generally not been sustainable. For periods of increased engagement impacted by viral experiences, our results have generally moderated as peak engagement of viral experiences naturally declines. The long-term impact of these increased activity levels to our business, operations, and financial results will depend on numerous evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict. We may not experience any growth in bookings or our user base during periods where we are comparing against historical periods impacted by increased activity levels. In addition, our growth could be affected to the extent certain users only engage with our Platform due to viral experiences which may not remain popular. We believe our overall market acceptance, revenue growth, and increases in bookings depend on a number of factors, some of which are not within our control. There can be no assurance that users will not reduce their usage or engagement with our Platform or reduce their discretionary spending on our Platform, particularly if the popularity of viral or other key experiences wanes, which would adversely impact our revenue and financial condition. If we are unable to continue to maintain the attractiveness of our Platform to creators and users, including through a diverse and continuously engaging set of experiences, they may no longer seek new experiences in our Platform, which would result in decreased market acceptance, lower revenue, fewer bookings, and could harm our results of operations.
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We depend on effectively operating with third-party operating systems, hardware, and networks that may make changes affecting our operating costs, as well as our ability to maintain our Platform, which would hurt our business.
For the year ended December 31, 2025, 29% of our revenue was attributable to Robux sales through the Apple App Store and 15% of our revenue was attributable to Robux sales through the Google Play Store. Because of the significant use of our Platform on mobile devices, our application must remain interoperable with these and other popular mobile app stores and platforms, and related hardware. We are subject to the standard policies and terms of service of these operating systems, as well as policies and terms of service of the various software application stores that make our application and experiences available to our creators and users. These policies and terms of service govern the availability, promotion, distribution, content, and operation of applications and experiences on such operating systems and stores. Each provider of these operating systems and stores has broad discretion to change and interpret its terms of service and policies with respect to our Platform and those changes may be unfavorable to us and our creators’ and users’ use of our Platform. If an operating system provider or application store limits or discontinues access to, or changes the terms governing, its operating system or store for any reason, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Additionally, an operating system provider or application store could also limit or discontinue our access to its operating system or store if it establishes more favorable relationships with one or more of our competitors, launches a competing product itself, or it otherwise determines that it is in its business interests to do so. If competitors control the operating systems and related hardware our application runs on, they could make interoperability of our Platform more difficult or display their competitive offerings more prominently than ours. There is no guarantee that new devices, platforms, systems, and software application stores will continue to support our Platform or that we will be able to maintain the same level of service on these new systems. If it becomes more difficult for our users or creators to access and engage with our Platform, our business and user retention, growth, and engagement could be significantly harmed.
Similarly, at any time, our operating system providers or application stores can change their policies on how we operate on their operating system or in their application stores by, for example, applying content moderation for applications and advertising or imposing technical or code requirements. These actions by operating system providers or application stores may affect our ability to collect, process, and use data as desired and could negatively impact our ability to leverage data about the experiences our creators develop which in turn could impact our resource planning and feature development planning for our Platform.
We rely on third-party distribution channels and third-party payment processors to facilitate purchases by our Platform users. If we are unable to maintain a good relationship with such providers, if their terms and conditions change, or if we fail to process or ensure the safety of users’ payments, our business will suffer.
Purchases of Robux and other products (e.g., prepaid gift cards) or services on our Platform are facilitated through third-party online distribution channels and third-party payment processors. We utilize these distribution channels, such as Amazon, Apple, Blackhawk, ePay, Google, Incomm, PayPal, Stripe, Microsoft, Sony’s PlayStation Network, and Xsolla, to receive cash proceeds from purchases of Robux. For our experiences accessed through mobile platforms such as the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store and consoles, we are required to share a portion of the proceeds from in-game sales with the platform and console providers. For operations through the Apple App Store and Google Play Store, we are obligated to pay up to 30% of any money paid by users on our Platform to Apple and Google and this amount could increase. For operations through console providers, such as Microsoft Xbox and Sony PlayStation, we are obligated to pay around 30% of any money paid by users on our Platform, and these amounts could also increase. These costs are expected to remain a significant operating expense for the foreseeable future. If the amount these platform providers charge increases, it could have a material impact on our ability to pay creators and our results of operations. Each provider of an operating system, application store, or console may also change its fee structure or add fees associated with access to and use of its operating system, which could have an adverse impact on our business. There has been litigation, as well as governmental inquiries over application store fees, and Apple or Google could modify their platform in response to such litigation and inquiries in a manner that may harm us. Any scheduled or unscheduled interruption in the ability of our users to transact with these distribution channels could adversely affect our payment collection and, in turn, our revenue and bookings.
Additionally, we do not directly process purchases made on our Platform or payments to our creators under our Developer Exchange Program. Information on those purchases or under our Developer Exchange Program (e.g., debit and credit card numbers and expiration dates, personal information, including bank account information, and billing addresses) is disclosed to the third-party online platform and service providers (such as Stripe, Xsolla, and Tipalti). We do not have control over the security measures of those providers, and their security measures may not be adequate. We could be exposed to litigation and possible liability if our users’ (including our creators’) transaction information are compromised, which could harm our reputation and our ability to attract users and may materially adversely affect our business.
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We also rely on the stability of such distribution channels and their payment transmissions, and third-party payment processors for the continued payment services provided to our users. If any of these providers fail to process or ensure the security of users’ payments for any reason, our reputation may be damaged and we may lose our paying users, creators may lose interest in our Developer Exchange Program, creators may be discouraged from creating on our Platform, and users may be discouraged from making purchases on our Platform, which, in turn, would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and prospects.
In addition, from time to time, we or our partners encounter fraudulent use of payment methods, which could impact our results of operations and if not adequately controlled and managed could create negative consumer perceptions of our Platform services. If we are unable to maintain our fraud and chargeback rate at acceptable levels, card networks may impose fines, our users’ card approval rate may be impacted, and we may be subject to additional card authentication requirements. The termination of our ability to process payments on any major payment method would significantly impair our ability to operate our business.
The success of our business model is contingent upon maintaining a strong reputation and brand, including our ability to provide a safe online environment for our users, many of whom are children, to experience, and if we are not able to provide such an environment, our business will suffer dramatically.
Our Platform hosts experiences intended for audiences of varying ages, a significant percentage of which are designed to be experienced by children. As a user-generated content platform, it is relatively easy for creators and users to upload content that can be viewed broadly. We continue to make significant efforts to provide a safe, civil, and enjoyable experience for users of all ages. Although illicit activities violate our terms and policies, and we attempt to block objectionable material and ban bad actors from our Platform, we are unable to prevent all such violations from occurring and banned actors have, at times, been able to evade our detection systems and regain access to our Platform through alternative accounts.
We invest significant technical and human resources to proactively identify inappropriate content and activity on our Platform, including leveraging text-filtering, voice moderation, content moderation, and other automated systems powered by AI such as Roblox Sentinel. We provide our users with the ability to report activity that they find objectionable, and also provide customizable controls for parents and caregivers to restrict children’s access to experiences and communication features, such as our Content Maturity Labels that are designed for users to make informed decisions about the content they interact with. We work closely with regulators, authorities, and safety groups in many countries to promptly report illegal content, and also partner with leading global organizations and members of our community for continued input on the safety features of our Platform.
Notwithstanding our efforts and significant investment, bad actors have and may continue to circumvent our moderation and safety systems by engaging in activities including, but not limited to, uploading or generating inappropriate experiences or content, creating inappropriate environments or content in otherwise non-violative experiences by engaging in offensive behavior, or directing users off-Platform to less moderated third-party platforms to engage in inappropriate behavior. The occurrence of these activities can and has led to reputational harm, legal actions, and regulatory scrutiny on certain occasions, which could adversely affect our business and financial results. Such activities have and may continue to evolve in their complexity as bad actors become more sophisticated, which will require us to continue investing significant technical and human resources.
Some activities and content on our Platform has and may continue to be considered objectionable by certain users, parents, or members of our community, even if it does not violate our Community Standards or terms of use and may not be considered objectionable by certain demographics. Although permitting such content to remain on our Platform is consistent with our policies, this has resulted in and could in the future result in negative publicity or user backlash, which may damage our brand and reputation, lead to a decline in user engagement and growth, and negatively impact our business, financial condition, and operating results. Additionally, violative content that has been removed from our Platform, at times, continues to be shared on social media, resulting in negative publicity and damage to our brand and reputation.
Measures intended to make our Platform more attractive to an older audience, including, but not limited to, chat without filters, Trusted Connections, and experiences with mature content could fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by their intended audience and have and may continue to create the perception that our Platform is not safe for younger users. This in turn has caused and may continue to cause some operating system providers, application stores, or regulatory agencies to require a higher age rating for our Platform, which could cause our Platform to become less available to younger users and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For example, USK, who are responsible for game ratings in Germany, increased our age rating from USK12 to USK16 in January 2025.
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Beginning in January 2026, we implemented mandatory age-check systems in all chat-enabled regions designed to check a user’s age prior to accessing chat on our Platform. Notwithstanding our efforts, from time to time users have been able to evade our systems and our age-check methodology has misclassified a user’s age. Evasion of our systems, misrepresentations of user age, or inaccuracies with our age-checking technology or policies have led to and may continue to lead to users being exposed to inappropriate content or behavior by participating in experiences that are not age-appropriate or gaining access to features we have restricted to older users. We have at times experienced negative media coverage related to content that may be age-inappropriate but younger users have accessed, and inaccuracies with our age-checking technology. In addition, as more of our brand partners and creators offer physical products for sale through our Platform, younger users may be able to purchase products that may not be age-appropriate. Unintentional access to content or physical products could cause harm to our audience and to our reputation of providing a safe environment for younger users.
In addition, we have statutory obligations under U.S. federal law to block or remove child pornography and report apparent offenses to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Under the OSA, we have an additional set of obligations regarding content relating to child sexual abuse and exploitation (“CSEA”) on our Platform. CSEA content is considered to be one type of “priority illegal content,” which we are required to prevent individuals from encountering and swiftly take down if we are made aware. We are also required to report detected CSEA content on our Platform to the relevant authorities. While we have dedicated technology and trained human moderator staff that can detect and remove sexual content involving children, there have been instances where such content has been uploaded, and any unforeseen future non-compliance by us or allegations of non-compliance by us with respect to applicable domestic and international laws and regulations relating to child pornography and the sexual exploitation of children could significantly harm our reputation, create criminal liability, and be costly and time consuming to address or defend. We expect laws and regulations relating to CSEA content to continue to evolve over time and we expect to be subject to increased scrutiny as a result.
We believe that maintaining, protecting, and enhancing our reputation and brand is critical to grow the number of creators and users on our Platform, especially given the safe and civil atmosphere that we strive to achieve for our users, many of whom are children. Maintaining, protecting, and enhancing our brand will depend largely on our ability to continue to provide reliable high-quality, engaging, and shared experiences and activities on our Platform. If users or creators do not perceive our Platform to be reliable or of high quality, the value of our brand could diminish, thereby decreasing the attractiveness of our Platform. Further, we have faced and are currently defending against class actions and civil lawsuits alleging that our Platform has been used by criminal offenders to identify and communicate with children and to possibly entice them to interact off-Platform, outside of the restrictions of our moderated chat, content blockers, and other on-Platform safety measures. While we devote considerable resources to prevent this from occurring, we are unable to prevent all such interactions from taking place. We have also received and expect to continue to receive a high degree of media coverage alleging the use of our Platform for illicit or objectionable ends. For example, we have experienced negative media publicity from traditional media sources and self-described short seller investors related to the age of some of our creators, the content that creators produce, our operating metrics and disclosures, the strength of our moderation practices, and the conduct of users on our Platform that may be deemed illicit, explicit, profane, or otherwise objectionable. Additional unfavorable publicity has covered, and may in the future cover, our privacy, cybersecurity or data protection practices, terms of service, including our advertising policies, product changes, product quality, litigation or regulatory activity, actions we take to address content on our Platform, accusations that certain of our trust and safety efforts favor certain viewpoints or suppress freedom of expression, our use of and policies regarding generative AI, the actions of our users, our use of age-checking technology, and the actions of our creators whose products are integrated with our Platform.
Our reputation and brand could also be negatively affected by the actions of creators, contractors, and users that are hostile, inappropriate, or illegal, whether on or off our Platform. Actual or perceived incidents or misuses of user data or other privacy or security incidents, the substance or enforcement of our Community Standards, the quality, integrity, characterization, and age-appropriateness of content shared on our Platform, or the actions of other companies that provide similar services to ours, have and could adversely affect our reputation and lead to scrutiny and inquiries, investigations, and other actions and proceedings from governments and regulators. Criminal incidents or allegations involving Roblox, whether or not we are directly responsible, have and could continue to adversely affect our reputation as a safe place for children and hurt our business. Negative publicity has and could continue to create the perception that we do not provide a safe online environment and may have an adverse effect on the size, engagement, and loyalty of our creator and user community, which would adversely affect our business and financial results. Maintaining, protecting, and enhancing our reputation and brand has required us to make substantial investments, and these investments may not be successful.
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We are subject to numerous legal proceedings that are costly and time-consuming to defend and could harm our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
We are subject to numerous legal proceedings and expect to continue to be the target of litigation and regulatory scrutiny globally. The legal proceedings have involved or could involve claims by private parties as well as regulators such as state Attorneys General that arise in the ordinary course of business, including intellectual property, privacy, biometrics, cybersecurity, data protection, consumer protection, product liability, social media and video game addiction, false and misleading advertising, employment, class action, fiduciary duty and governance matters, whistleblower, contract, securities, tort, the civil provisions of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, human trafficking, unfair competition, the False Claims Act, unclaimed property, the use of generative AI, and our reincorporation from Delaware to Nevada that was completed in May 2025. We are and may continue to be subject to legal proceedings asserting claims arising from allegations that we have facilitated gambling by users of our Platform including by minors, that our Platform is unsafe, that we have misrepresented the safety of our Platform, that we have failed to warn of or misrepresented the risk of encountering bad actors on our Platform, that we provide inadequate safety controls on our Platform, that our Platform is addictive, that our terms of use are not enforceable against minors, that we unlawfully or unfairly benefit from child labor, that we have misrepresented information about our user base, that we have engaged in copyright infringement, that we have engaged in unlawful employment practices, and suits related to our refund policies. A number of cases have been filed in federal or state court against us alleging that our Platform design, moderation systems, and safety safeguards have been insufficient to protect minor users from predatory behavior and sexual exploitation and asserting various claims including negligence, design defect, failure to warn, and fraudulent misrepresentation. Additional cases have been filed in federal or state court against us related to allegations of social media or video game addiction. We have and may continue to be subject to legal proceedings asserting claims on behalf of shareholders related to allegations that discussions of our growth prospects have been misleading and unsustainable due to concerns related to safety and our implementation of parental controls on our Platform, as well as claims that our leadership has engaged in insider trading. Various state Attorneys General have filed claims or announced the intent to file claims against us based on various state laws and causes of action primarily relating to youth-related consumer protection and online safety matters. For a more detailed description on certain of such litigation, see “Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings” to the condensed consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Any such legal proceedings, claims, investigations, or other proceedings have been and in the future may be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability, or require us to change our business practices. The expenses related to such legal proceedings, claims, investigations, or other proceedings and the timing of these expenses from period to period are difficult to estimate, subject to change, and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Because of the potential risks, expenses, and uncertainties of legal proceedings, claims, investigations, or other proceedings, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we have meritorious claims or defenses, by agreeing to settlement agreements. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If we fail to retain users or add new users, or if our users decrease their level of engagement with our Platform, our revenue, bookings, and operating results will be harmed.
We view DAUs as a critical measure of our user engagement, and adding, maintaining, and engaging users has been and will continue to be necessary to our continued growth. Accordingly, we have made and continue to make investments to enable our creators to design and build compelling content and deliver it to our users on our Platform in order to grow and maintain their userbase. Our DAU growth rate has fluctuated in the past and may slow in the future due to various factors including:
•the introduction of new or updated experiences or virtual content on our Platform;
•the variety of experiences and genres on our Platform;
•the virality of experiences or content on our Platform;
•our ability to personalize and feature relevant experiences to our users;
•performance issues with our Platform;
•the modification and/or removal of popular experiences or other content on our Platform due to factors that may or may not be within our control;
•the availability of our Platform across markets and user demographics, which may be impacted by regulatory or legal requirements, including the use of parental consent and age-check technologies and policies;
•changes to the default settings, features, and/or tools on our Platform overall, or for specific user groups;
•changes to our terms of use, advertising policies, and generative AI policies; and
•higher market penetration rates and competition from a variety of sources for our users and their time.
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In addition, our strategy seeks to expand the demographic make-up of our user base. If and when we achieve maximum market penetration rates among any particular user cohort overall and in particular geographic markets, future growth in DAUs will need to come from other demographic cohorts, which may be difficult, costly, or time consuming for us to achieve. As we are better able to estimate the demographic makeup of our user base, our product and growth strategies may need to evolve. We are continuing to expand safety initiatives on our Platform, including limitations on access to voice and text-based chat on the Platform. We cannot currently determine how such measures may impact activities on the Platform and user engagement, retention, and demographics across our Platform and whether it could have a material impact on our business, financial condition, and operations. Our safety changes have impacted and in the future may continue to impact user engagement, retention, revenue, and bookings. Accessibility to the internet and bandwidth or connectivity limitations as well as regulatory requirements, may also affect our ability to further expand our user base in a variety of geographies. If the growth rate in our key metrics such as DAUs or hours engaged slows or becomes stagnant, or we have a decline in one of our key metrics such as DAUs or hours engaged, our financial performance could be significantly harmed and we may not be able to achieve our goal of capturing 10% of the global gaming content market.
Our business plan assumes that the demand for interactive entertainment offerings will increase for the foreseeable future. However, if this market shrinks or grows more slowly than anticipated or if demand for our Platform does not grow as quickly as we anticipate, whether as a result of competition, product obsolescence, budgetary constraints of our creators and users, technological changes, unfavorable economic conditions, uncertain geopolitical or regulatory environments, or other factors, we may not be able to increase our revenue and bookings sufficiently to ever achieve profitability and our stock price would decline. We compete to attract and retain our users’ attention and their hours engaged with other global technology leaders such as Amazon, Apple, Meta Platforms, Google, Microsoft, and Tencent, global entertainment companies such as Comcast, Disney, Paramount Global, and Warner Bros Discovery, global gaming companies such as Activision Blizzard (now owned by Microsoft), Electronic Arts, Take-Two, Epic Games, Krafton, NetEase, and Valve, online content platforms such as Netflix, Spotify, and YouTube, as well as platforms such as Facebook, TikTok, Instagram, WhatsApp, Pinterest, X, Reddit, Discord, and Snap. We expect competition to continue to increase in the future. Many of our existing competitors have, and some of our potential competitors could have, substantial competitive advantages, such as larger sales and marketing budgets and resources; broader and more established relationships with our target demographics; greater resources to make acquisitions and enter into strategic partnerships; lower labor and research and development costs; larger and more mature intellectual property portfolios; and substantially greater financial, technical, and other resources. Moreover, a large number of our users are under the age of 13. This demographic may be less brand loyal and more likely to follow trends, including viral trends, than other demographics. These and other factors may lead users to switch to another entertainment option rapidly, which can interfere with our ability to forecast usage or DAUs and would negatively affect our user retention, growth, and engagement. We also may not be able to penetrate other demographics in a meaningful manner to compensate for the loss of DAUs in this age group.
We depend on our creators to create digital content that our users find compelling, and if we fail to properly incentivize our creators to develop and monetize content, our business will suffer.
Our Platform relies on our creators to create experiences and virtual items on our Platform for our users, and we believe the interactions between and within the creator and user communities on our Platform create a thriving and organic ecosystem. To facilitate and incentivize the creation of experiences and virtual items by creators, our Platform offers creators an opportunity to accumulate Robux, a virtual currency on our Platform, which, as described in our terms of use, is a license to engage in experiences and/or obtain virtual items. When virtual items are acquired on our Platform, the originating creator accumulates a portion of the Robux paid for the item. Creators are paid fiat currency based on the amount of earned Robux they have accumulated under certain conditions outlined in our Developer Exchange Program. In addition, we have paid access experiences where creators can offer access to their experiences to users for a set price in fiat currency and in exchange earn a higher revenue share of these user purchases.
While we have millions of creators on our Platform, a substantial portion of user engagement is concentrated in a relatively small number of highly popular experiences. For example, 51% of in-experience hours engaged were spent in the top 50 experiences in the month ended December 31, 2025. If the popularity of such experiences decreases and our users do not consider other content to be appealing, our DAUs and engagement could decline, which would have a material impact on our business, financial condition, and operations.
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We compete to attract and retain creators with gaming and metaverse platforms such as Epic Games, Unity, Meta Platforms, and Valve, which also give creators the ability to create or distribute interactive content, and we expect competition to continue to increase in the future. We do not have any agreements with our creators that require them to continue to use our Platform for any time period. Some of our creators have developed attractive businesses in developing content, including experiences, on our Platform. Many of our existing competitors have, and some of our potential competitors could have, substantial competitive advantages, such as larger sales and marketing budgets and resources; broader and more established relationships with our target demographics; greater resources to make acquisitions and enter into strategic partnerships; lower labor and research and development costs; larger and more mature intellectual property portfolios; and substantially greater financial, technical, and other resources. We continue to update our Platform in an effort to increase creator earnings to further incentivize them to build on our Platform. For example, in July 2025 we launched our Creator Rewards Program and beginning September 5, 2025 and applying prospectively, we increased the amount creators can receive in fiat currency by 8.5% for all earned Robux accumulated by creators in our Developer Exchange Program. If we are unable to continue attracting and retaining creators and they elect to develop content on other platforms, this could result in an overall reduction in the quantity and quality of our content, make our Platform less appealing for creators, and harm our results of operations.
In addition, we continuously review and revise our Platform policies to enhance regulatory compliance and the trust and safety of our Platform. Changes to our Platform policies may reduce or create the perception that they may reduce the ability of creators to monetize their experience. For example, we have implemented age-check systems designed to age-check users prior to accessing chat on Platform. The system is designed to enable chat only between users in similar age groups or Trusted Connections. We have also implemented new eligibility requirements for publishing and updating experiences that are designed to reduce spam and potentially violating content. We have received negative feedback from certain of our creators on these changes because of their perceived impact to monetization and profitability. If our creators believe these changes will materially impact the monetization and profitability of their content, they may stop developing content on our Platform, which could harm our results of operations, and particularly if such creators are responsible for a substantial portion of our user engagement.
We spend substantial amounts of time and money to evolve our Platform to incorporate additional features, improve functionality, and make other enhancements to meet the rapidly evolving demands of our creators and users while also prioritizing safety and security. Developments and innovations on our Platform may rely on new or evolving technologies which may at times be still in development and may never be fully developed. Maintaining adequate research and development resources, such as the appropriate personnel and development technology, to meet the demands of the market is essential. Despite our efforts, creators may become dissatisfied with our Platform technology or policies, billing or payment policies, our handling of personal data, or other aspects of our Platform, such as our efforts to control botting and other forms of automated play on our Platform. If we fail to adequately address these or other complaints, negative publicity about us or our Platform could diminish confidence in and the use of our Platform. If we do not provide the right technologies, education, or financial incentives to our creators, they may develop less or lower quality content or choose not to monetize their content, which could decrease engagement of our Platform and adversely affect our revenue and bookings. Furthermore, when we develop new or enhanced features for our Platform, we typically incur expenses and expend resources upfront to develop, market, promote, and sell new features, and we may not be able to realize some or all of the anticipated benefits of these investments.
If we are unable to further monetize our Platform and user base, our business will suffer.
Only a small portion of our users regularly purchase Robux compared to all users who use our Platform in any period. If our efforts to attract and retain paying users are not successful, our business, operating results, and financial condition may be adversely impacted. We may not succeed in further monetizing our Platform and user base, which would harm our ability to grow revenue and our financial performance generally due to various factors including, but not limited to if:
•our user growth outpaces our ability to monetize our users, and particularly as our user growth occurs in markets that are not profitable or less profitable;
•we fail to provide the tools and education to our creators to enable them to monetize their experiences and creators do not create engaging or new experiences for users;
•we fail to continue to incentivize creators on our Platform to develop content that our users consider to be of value;
•we launch new features on our Platform that cannot be monetized;
•we fail to accurately predict which specific Platform features encourage users to become paying users;
•we introduce new or adjust existing features or pricing in a manner that is not favorably received by our users;
•we fail to establish a successful advertising model;
•we fail to increase or maintain the amount of time spent on our Platform;
•we fail to increase the number of experiences or content that our users are willing to pay for;
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•we fail to increase the features of our Platform, allowing it to more broadly serve the entertainment, education, communication, and business markets;
•we fail to increase penetration and engagement across all demographics, including our goal of reaching 10% of the global gaming content market;
•measures intended to make our Platform more attractive to older users create the perception that our Platform is not safe for younger users;
•our paying users stop interacting with our Platform and purchasing Robux as they increase in age; and
•if paying users reduce their spend on our Platform due to reasons such as the need to reduce household expenses or the perception that competitive services provide better value.
The loss of one or more of our key personnel, or our failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could harm our business.
We depend on the continued services and performance of our Founder, President, CEO, and Chair of our Board of Directors, David Baszucki, members of our senior management team, and other key personnel. Mr. Baszucki has been responsible for our strategic vision, and should he stop working for us for any reason, it is unlikely that we would be able to immediately find a suitable replacement. We do not maintain key man life insurance for Mr. Baszucki, and do not believe any amount of key man insurance would allow us to recover from the harm to our business if Mr. Baszucki were to leave us for any reason. Similarly, members of our senior management team and other key personnel are highly sought after and others may attempt to encourage these individuals to leave us. The loss of one or more of the members of the senior management team or other key personnel for any reason, or the inability to attract new or replacement members of our senior management team or other key personnel could disrupt our operations, create uncertainty among investors, adversely impact employee retention and morale, and significantly harm our business.
If we experience loss of availability or degradation in our services, Platform support, and/or technological infrastructure, our ability to provide sufficiently reliable services to our users and maintain the performance of our Platform could be negatively impacted, which could harm our relationships with our creators and users, and consequently, our business.
Our users expect fast, reliable, and resilient systems to enhance their experience and support their activity on our Platform, which depends on the continuing operation and availability of our Platform from our global network of data centers controlled and operated by us and our external service providers, including third-party “cloud” computing services. Our reliance on these third-party providers introduces inherent risks, as their actions, security practices, and operational resilience directly impact our ability to deliver services. We also provide services to our creator community through our Platform, including Developer Forum and Creator Hub for tutorials, hosting, customer service, regulatory compliance, and translation, among many others. The experiences and technologies on our Platform are complex software products and maintaining the sophisticated internal and external technological infrastructure required to reliably deliver these experiences and technologies is expensive and complex. The reliable delivery and stability of our Platform, referred to collectively as availability, has been, and could in the future be, adversely impacted by outages, disruptions, failures, or degradations in our network and related infrastructure or those of our partners or service providers, including those stemming from the malicious activities of threat actors such as the exploitation of vulnerabilities or via social engineering attacks such as phishing, or due to non-malicious root causes such as misconfigurations, insufficient capacity, or the inherent complexity of managing microsystems architecture.
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We have experienced outages from time to time since our inception when our Platform is unavailable for all or some of our users and creators. In addition, there may be times when access to our Platform for users and creators may be limited. Outages or service degradation can be caused by a number of factors, including as a result of proactive actions we take while we provide critical updates or an unexpected outcome of routine maintenance, a move to a new technology or exploitation of security vulnerabilities in new or existing technologies, the demand on our Platform exceeding the capabilities of our technological infrastructure (e.g., spikes in usage volume), delays or failures resulting from natural disasters, manmade disasters, or other catastrophic events, the migration of data among data centers and to third-party hosted environments, a decision to close our facilities without adequate notice, our inability to secure additional or replacement data center capacity as needed, increased energy consumption as a result of AI-related growth, a cyber event or act of terrorism, and issues relating to our reliance on third-party software, third-party application stores, and third parties that host our Platform in areas where we do not operate our own data centers. The unavailability of our Platform, particularly if outages should become more frequent or longer in duration, could cause our users to seek other entertainment options, including those provided by our competitors, which may adversely affect our financial results. If we or our partners or third-party service providers experience outages and our Platform is unavailable or if our creators and users are unable to access our Platform within a reasonable amount of time or at all, as a result of any such events, our reputation and brand may be harmed, creator and user engagement with our Platform may be reduced, we could be subject to fines, and our revenue, bookings, and profitability could be, and has been in the past, negatively impacted. We may also experience a negative impact to our financial results due to decreased usage on our Platform or decrease of payouts to creators, as well as potential monetary penalties. Despite a reliability program focused on anticipating and solving issues that may impact the availability of our Platform and precautions taken at our data centers, we may not have full redundancy for all of our systems and data at all times and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient to mitigate the risks of technological exploitation by threat actors, address all aspects of any consequence or incident, or allow us to maintain business continuity at profitable levels or at all. Further, in the event of damage or service interruption, our business interruption insurance policies may not adequately compensate us for losses that we may incur.
In addition to the events described above, our data and our technological infrastructure may also be subject to laws, administrative actions or regulations, changes to legal or permitting requirements, and litigation that could stop, limit, or delay operations, particularly as we expand operations globally. Accordingly, the occurrence of any or all of these factors could result in interruptions or delays on our Platform, impede our ability to scale our operations or have other adverse impacts upon our business, and adversely impact our ability to serve our creators and users.
Customer support personnel and technologies are critical to resolve issues and to allow creators and users to realize the full benefits that our Platform provides and deliver an excellent customer experience. High-quality support is important for the retention of our creators and users and to encourage the expansion of their use of our Platform. We rely on third-party service providers for a variety of services, including to assist in our customer support. Our third-party service providers, employees, creators, and users have been and may in the future be a source of exploitation for threat actors to attempt to compromise our systems and information. For example, third-party service providers with weak security protocols or individuals engaged by third-party service providers with malicious intent have and could in the future inadvertently or intentionally expose our systems to unauthorized access, data breaches, or other cyber events. We do not have sufficient control over the security practices of all our third-party service providers, which could lead to vulnerabilities that can be exploited by threat actors. If a threat actor is successful in using one or more of our third-party service providers, employees, creators, or users to compromise our systems or personal information of our users, it could impact our business and results of operation as well as our reputation.
We must continue to invest in the infrastructure required to support our Platform. If we do not help our creators and users quickly resolve issues and provide effective ongoing support, our ability to maintain and expand our Platform to existing and new creators and users could suffer. In addition, if we do not make sufficient investments in servers, software, or personnel in support of our infrastructure, to scale effectively and accommodate increased demands placed on our infrastructure, the reliability of our underlying infrastructure will be harmed and our ability to provide a quality experience for our creators and users will be significantly harmed. This would lead to a reduction in the number of creators and users on our Platform, a reduction in our revenues, bookings, and ability to compete, and our reputation with existing or potential creators or users could suffer.
The lack of comprehensive encryption for communications on our Platform may increase the impact of a security breach or incident.
Communications on our Platform are not comprehensively encrypted at this time. As such, any security breach or incident that involves unauthorized access, acquisition, disclosure, or use of communications on our Platform may be particularly impactful to our business. We may experience greater incident response forensics, data recovery, legal fees, and costs of notification related to any such potential incident or vulnerabilities, and we may face an increased risk of reputational harm, regulatory enforcement, and consumer litigation, which could further harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future business opportunities.
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Security compromises of our Platform, our private information, and our users’ private information could disrupt our internal operations and harm public perception of our Platform, which could cause our business and reputation to suffer.
We collect and store personal data and certain other sensitive, confidential, and proprietary information in the operation of our business, including creator, user, and employee information. While we have implemented measures designed to prevent unauthorized access to or loss of our confidential data, attacks such as malware, ransomware, viruses, hacking, social engineering, spam, and phishing attempts across our organization have occurred and may continue to occur on our Platform, our systems, and those of our third-party service providers. Because of the popularity of our Platform, we believe that we are an attractive target for these sorts of attacks and have seen the frequency of these types of attacks increase over time
The techniques used by malicious actors to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, our systems or networks, or to utilize our systems maliciously, are constantly evolving and generally are not identified as a threat vector until launched against a target. In addition to actions by individuals, such attacks could also potentially be launched by nation states, state-sponsored bad actors, or other well-funded and highly sophisticated individuals. Despite the measures we have taken, we at times have not been able to anticipate these techniques by implementing preventive measures, detecting, or reacting in a timely manner, which has resulted in and could continue to result in, delays in our detection or remediation of, or other responses to, security breaches and other security-related incidents. In addition, the use of open source software in our Platform has exposed us to security vulnerabilities in the past and will likely continue to expose us to security vulnerabilities in the future. The use of AI in our products and business practices may increase or create additional cybersecurity and privacy risks, including risks of data breaches and security incidents.
Our Platform and services operate in conjunction with, and we are dependent upon, third-party products, services, and components. Our reliance on third-party service providers, including cloud infrastructure providers, payment processors, analytics tools, distribution channels, and customer support platforms, introduces significant and evolving risks related to cybersecurity and data privacy. Our ability to influence and monitor our third-party service providers’ cybersecurity is limited, and in any event, attackers may be able to circumvent our third-party service providers’ cybersecurity measures. There have been and may continue to be significant attacks on certain of our third-party providers, and we cannot guarantee that our or our third-party providers’ systems and networks have not been breached or that they do not contain exploitable defects or bugs that could result in a breach of or disruption to our systems and networks or the systems and networks of third parties that support us. Specifically, these third parties have been and may in the future be targeted by threat actors seeking to gain access to our data or systems through a less secure entry point; experience their own security incidents, data breaches, or operational failures, even if unrelated to our specific data, which could still impact our services or expose our users’ information; or employ individuals who are bad actors and could intentionally compromise data or systems, or who may be susceptible to social engineering or other tactics by malicious individuals. Additionally, these third parties may have inadequate security protocols, policies, or infrastructure, creating security weaknesses that we cannot directly control; or fail to promptly identify or remediate vulnerabilities, leading to prolonged exposure.
Actual or alleged security vulnerabilities, errors, or other bugs in these third-party products, services, or components, and security exploits targeting them has at times and could continue to cause us to face increased costs, claims, liability, reduced revenue, and harm to our reputation or competitive position. We and our service providers may be unable to anticipate these techniques, react, remediate, or otherwise address any security vulnerability, breach, or other incident in a timely manner, or implement adequate preventative measures.
If any unauthorized access to our network, systems, or data, including our sensitive and proprietary information, personal data from our users or creators, or other data, or any other loss or unavailability of, or unauthorized use, modification, disclosure, or other processing of personal data or any other security breach or incident occurs or is believed to have occurred, whether as a result of third-party action, employee negligence, error or malfeasance, defects, social engineering techniques, ransomware attacks, or otherwise, our reputation, brand, and competitive position could be damaged, our and our users’ and creators’ data and intellectual property could potentially be lost or compromised, and we could be required to spend capital and other resources to alleviate problems caused by such actual or perceived breaches or incidents and remediate our systems. In the past, we have experienced social engineering and phishing attacks aimed at compromising sensitive data, and if similar attacks occur and are successful, this could have a negative impact on our business or result in unfavorable publicity.
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We incur significant costs in an effort to detect and prevent security breaches and other security-related incidents, including those to secure our product development, test, evaluation, and deployment activities, and we expect our costs will increase as we make improvements to our systems and processes to prevent future breaches and incidents. The economic costs to us to reduce cyber or other security problems, such as spammers, errors, bugs, flaws, “cheating” programs, defects, or corrupted data, could be significant and may be difficult to anticipate or measure. Even the perception of these issues may cause creators and users to use our Platform less or stop using it altogether, and the costs could divert our attention and resources, any of which could result in claims, demands, and legal liability to us, regulatory investigations and other proceedings, and otherwise harm our business, reputation, financial condition, or results of operations. There could also be regulatory fines or non-monetary penalties imposed in connection with certain cyber incidents or data breaches that take place around the world. Further, certain laws and regulations relating to privacy, biometrics, cybersecurity, and data protection, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), allow for a private right of action, which may lead to consumer litigation for certain data breaches that relate to specified categories of personal information. From time to time, we identify product vulnerabilities, including through our bug bounty program. Although we have policies and procedures in place designed to promptly characterize the potential impact of such vulnerabilities and develop appropriate patching or upgrade recommendations and also maintain policies and procedures related to vulnerability scanning and management of our internal corporate systems and networks, such policies and procedures may not be followed or detect every issue, and from time to time, we have, and may in the future again, need to proactively disable access to our Platform in order to provide necessary patching or upgrades.
Although we maintain cyber and privacy insurance, subject to applicable deductibles and policy limits, such coverage may not extend to all types of incidents relating to privacy, data protection, or cybersecurity, and it may be insufficient to cover all costs and expenses associated with such incidents. Further, such insurance may not continue to be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms, or at all, and insurers may deny us coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, operating results, and reputation.
The operation of our Platform outside the United States exposes us to risks inherent in international operations.
We operate our Platform throughout the world and are subject to risks and challenges associated with international business which require considerable management attention and resources. For the year ended December 31, 2025, approximately 82% of our DAUs and 39% of our revenue was derived from outside the U.S. and Canada region. We intend to continue to expand internationally, and this expansion is a critical element of our future business strategy. However, as we continue to expand internationally, including into developing countries where consumer discretionary spending is relatively weak, while our DAUs increase, the growth rate of our bookings could decelerate due to weaker spending by users from those regions, and our ABPDAU has been and may continue to be negatively impacted. While we have data centers, contractors, creators, and users outside of the U.S., we have limited offices located outside of the U.S. and Canada, and there is no guarantee that our international expansion efforts will be successful. The risks and challenges associated with expanding our international presence and operations include the below, and the occurrence of these and other factors could harm our ability to generate revenue and bookings outside of the U.S. and, consequently, adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations:
•greater difficulty in enforcing contracts and accounts receivable collection, and longer collection periods;
•higher costs of doing business internationally, including increased accounting, travel, infrastructure, security, legal, and compliance costs;
•double taxation of our international earnings and potentially adverse tax consequences due to changes in the tax laws of the U.S. or the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate;
•compliance with multiple, ambiguous, or evolving laws and regulations, including those relating to employment, tax, child protection, consumer protection, content regulation, online safety, privacy, data protection, anti-corruption, import/export, customs, anti-boycott, sanctions and embargoes, antitrust, data transfer, storage and security, content monitoring, preclusion, and removal, online entertainment offerings, advertising, and industry-specific laws and regulations, particularly as these requirements apply to users under the age of 18;
•increased cybersecurity, technology and physical security risks to the data, systems, facilities, and people supporting the operation of the Platform;
•uncertainty regarding the imposition of and changes in the U.S.’ and other governments’ trade regulations, trade wars, tariffs or other restrictions, and responsive retaliatory actions as a result thereof or other geopolitical events, including, without limitation, the evolving relations between the U.S. and China, the issuance of new executive orders and related national security-based data transfer restrictions, and geopolitical conflicts such as in Ukraine and the Middle East;
•expenses related to monitoring and complying with differing labor and employment regulations, especially in jurisdictions where labor and employment laws may be more favorable to employees than in the U.S.;
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•increased exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies in markets where we do business;
•challenges inherent to efficiently recruiting and retaining qualified employees in foreign countries and maintaining our company culture and employee programs across all of our offices;
•management communication and integration problems resulting from language or cultural differences and geographic dispersion;
•the uncertainty of protection for intellectual property in some countries;
•the uncertainty of our exposure to third-party claims of intellectual property infringement and the availability of statutory safe harbors in some countries;
•foreign exchange controls that might prevent us from repatriating cash earned outside the U.S.;
•risks associated with trade restrictions and foreign legal requirements, and greater risk of unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, tariffs and tax laws, trade laws, foreign investment restrictions, and export controls (including data export) and other trade restrictions;
•negative perceptions of U.S.-based companies in regions where we operate or plan to operate;
•risks relating to the implementation of exchange controls, including restrictions promulgated by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”), and other similar trade protection regulations and measures;
•exposure to regional or global public health issues, and to travel restrictions and other measures undertaken by governments in response to such issues;
•general economic and political conditions in these foreign markets, including political and economic instability in some countries and regions;
•modifying our Platform in certain jurisdictions, including modifying or removing certain content, making certain experiences inaccessible, changing default settings, and modifying, restricting access to, or disabling certain features or tools, including but not limited to communication on-Platform, and implementing age-check technology;
•localization of our services, including translation into foreign languages and associated expenses and the ability to monitor and moderate our Platform in new and evolving markets and in different languages to confirm that we maintain standards, including trust and safety standards, consistent with our brand and reputation;
•our Platform being blocked in certain countries entirely, such as the Republic of Türkiye, certain Middle Eastern countries, and Russia;
•regulatory frameworks or business practices favoring local competitors;
•changes in the perception of our Platform by governments in the regions where we operate or plan to operate; and
•natural disasters, acts of war, and terrorism, and resulting changes to laws and regulations, including changes oriented to protecting local businesses.
If we are not successful in our efforts to develop virtual platform-wide events or live experiences on our Platform, our business could suffer.
We have undergone efforts to develop the live and limited-time events and experiences available on our Platform, such as virtual Platform-wide events, concerts, classrooms, and other meeting types, and to offer commercial partners with branding opportunities in conjunction with key events, such as a product launch. There is no guarantee that these efforts will be successful or that users will engage with these experiences. New features or enhancements and changes to the existing features of our Platform, such as VR applications, could fail to attain sufficient market acceptance for many reasons, including: failure to predict market demand accurately in terms of functionality and to supply features that meet this demand in a timely fashion; defects, errors, or failures; negative publicity about performance, safety, privacy, or effectiveness; delays in releasing new features or enhancements on our Platform; and introduction or anticipated introduction of competing products by competitors. The failure to obtain market acceptance for these live experiences would negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and brand.
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Our continued success significantly depends on our ability to effectively navigate the integration of rapidly evolving technologies such as generative AI into our business and address their impact on our threat landscape.
The market for an immersive platform for connection and communication is a new and evolving market characterized by rapid, complex, and disruptive changes in technology and user and creator demands that could make it difficult for us to effectively compete. The expectations and needs of our users and creators are constantly evolving. Our future success depends on a variety of factors, including our continued ability to innovate, introduce new products and services efficiently, enhance and integrate our products and services in a timely, safe, secure, and cost-effective manner, extend our core technology into new applications, and anticipate technological developments. If we are unable to react quickly to new technology trends compared to our competitors —such as the continued growth of generative AI solutions which affect the ways creators create experiences or the way users consume virtual content—it may harm our business and results of operation. Conversely, our adoption of generative AI solutions and changes to our generative AI policies may not be favored by our community of creators and users, and may result in diminished engagement on our Platform. The expertise in AI, as well as other emerging technologies, can be difficult and costly to obtain given the increasing focus on AI development and competition for talent. Further, legal, social, and ethical issues relating to the use of new and evolving technologies such as AI in our offerings, may result in reputational harm and liability, and may cause us to incur additional legal, security, and research and development costs to resolve such issues. If we enable or offer solutions that draw controversy due to their perceived or actual impact on society, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability. Failure to address AI ethics issues by us or others in our industry could undermine public confidence in our use of AI.
We have incorporated, and are continuing to develop and deploy, AI in our products and the operations of our business. Our use of generative AI in aspects of our Platform may present risks and challenges that could increase as AI solutions become more prevalent. The Roblox Cloud may be more relied upon in the future to facilitate increasingly complex decision-making as it integrates hardware and accelerated machine learning AI, including generative AI, for a broad range of compute tasks, including improved personalization, synthetic content generation, and enhanced automation of the player experience. However, AI algorithms may be flawed and datasets may be insufficient or contain biased information. Even with safeguards in place and oversight, AI systems may make decisions unpredictably or autonomously, such as generating incorrect, offensive, and/or infringing content. This can raise new or exacerbate existing ethical, technological, legal, and other challenges, and may negatively affect the performance or the perception of our Platform and the user and creator experience. Certain users have and may in the future attempt to manipulate AI systems to create violative content on our Platform. In addition, threat actors have used and in the future may use AI to enhance the effectiveness of their attacks against our Platform which may cause the loss of availability of the Platform, degradation in services, or compromises to user or company data. While we have and will continue to implement safeguards, these deficiencies and potential failures of AI systems due to their nature as increasingly complex technology or the use of AI by threat actors to enhance their attacks, could subject us to increased security risk, competitive harm, regulatory action, legal liability, and reputational harm, especially as the regulatory landscape around AI continues to rapidly develop.
There are also many new and evolving laws and regulations focused on the use of AI. For example, the EU’s Artificial Intelligence Act (“AI Act”) entered into force on August 1, 2024. Certain of its obligations entered into effect on February 2, 2025, and the majority of its applicable provisions are currently due to become effective by August 2, 2026, although the EU’s legislature may vary this date for certain obligations. The AI Act proposes a framework of prohibitions as well as disclosure, transparency, and other regulatory obligations based on various levels of risk for businesses introducing AI systems in the EU. Provisions of the AI Act could require us to alter or restrict our use of AI both in features or products available to our users and in our systems that interact with our users, depending on respective levels of risk-categorization, types of systems, and manner of use, as set forth in the AI Act. The AI Act also may require us to comply with monitoring and reporting requirements. As a result, we may need to devote substantial time and resources to evaluate our obligations under the AI Act and to develop and execute a plan designed to promote compliance. Noncompliance with the AI Act could result in fines of up to €35 million or 7% of annual global turnover for the previous year, whichever is higher. There have been numerous other laws and bills proposed at the domestic and international level aimed at regulating the deployment or provision of AI systems and services. These include, among others, the Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act which went into effect on January 1, 2026, and focuses on prohibiting harmful uses of AI, and the Colorado AI Act, which will become effective June 30, 2026, and, similar to the AI Act, provides for a regulatory risk-based framework. In addition, President Trump released a new executive order on December 11, 2025 seeking to establish national standards for AI that would supersede conflicting state laws.
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Our user metrics and other estimates are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in those metrics may significantly harm and negatively affect our reputation and our business.
We regularly review metrics, including our DAUs, hours engaged, unique payers, user demographics, and ABPDAU to evaluate growth trends, measure our performance, and make strategic decisions. These metrics are calculated using internal data gathered on an analytics platform that we developed and operate and have not been validated by an independent third party. Our metrics are based on estimates and may also differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics of our competitors due to differences in methodology or underlying assumptions. If our metrics are inaccurate, then investors will have less confidence in our company and our prospects, which could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline, and our reputation and brand could be harmed.
There are inherent challenges in measuring how our Platform is used. As a result, the metrics may misstate the number of DAUs, monthly unique payers, hours engaged, ABPDAU, and average bookings per monthly unique payer. The methodologies used to measure these metrics require significant judgment and are also susceptible to algorithm or other technical errors. In addition, we are continually seeking to improve our metrics and such metrics may change due to improvements or changes in our methodology or underlying assumptions. We regularly review our processes and assumptions for calculating these metrics, and from time to time we discover inaccuracies in our metrics or make adjustments to improve their accuracy, which can result in our use of updated metrics in a current period and corresponding adjustments to our historical metrics. Our ability to recalculate our historical metrics to reflect any change in methodology of a metric in a current period may be impacted by data limitations, limitations in functionality of and user behaviors on different platforms, or other factors that require us to apply different methodologies for such adjustments over current and historic periods.
Additionally, there are users who have multiple accounts, fake user accounts, or fraudulent accounts created by bots. These actions may be done to inflate user activity in order to make a creator’s experience or other content appear more popular than it really is or to enable users to level up or otherwise progress in an experience more rapidly. Detecting and taking action with respect to such issues requires considerable judgment and is technically challenging. We strive to detect and minimize fraud, the use of bots, and unauthorized use of our Platform, and while these practices are prohibited in our terms of service and we implement measures to detect and suppress that behavior, when we are unsuccessful, our operating results may be negatively affected. Users may also disagree with our rationale for terminating, suspending, or taking other actions on accounts, which has and could continue to lead to reputational harm and further negatively impact our operating results.
In addition, some of our demographic data may also be incomplete or inaccurate. In future periods, we may also change the information we report or the breakdown of our reported age demographics based on the data that is available to us at the time. For example, historically our reported age demographics were based on age information self-reported by our users. We are currently developing, testing, and implementing new systems designed to check the ages of our users, which we refer to as “age-checking,” and currently we incorporate facial age estimation technology, identity verification, and parent or caregiver provided age data. Age-checked metrics will not be comparable to historical periods that relied on self-reported data. In addition, since our age-check systems are only mandatory for users seeking to access chat features on our Platform, our future reported age-demographic data will not include all of our users, including those who engage on our Platform but do not use our chat features or users in geographies in which chat is not enabled. Therefore, there is no guarantee that the population of users who access chat is representative of our entire user base. As the number of users that choose to undergo age-check processes, the features or tools that require age-check, and our methodologies for age-checking continue to develop, prior period demographics may not be comparable to future ones. Our age demographic data could differ from users’ actual ages due to the functionality of our age-check systems, policies and technology. Users seeking to evade our age estimation systems and tools may also be more likely to create alternate or multiple accounts which would inflate our user activity.
Errors or inaccuracies in our metrics or data could also result in incorrect business decisions and inefficiencies. For instance, if a significant understatement or overstatement of active users, hours engaged, or our reported age demographics were to occur, we may expend resources to implement unnecessary business measures or fail to take required actions to attract a sufficient number of users to satisfy our growth strategies. If our investors or creators do not perceive our user, geographic, or other demographic metrics to be accurate representations of our user base, or if we discover material inaccuracies in our user, geographic, or other demographic metrics, our reputation may be seriously harmed. Our estimates also may change as our methodologies and Platform evolve, including through the application of new data sets, the introduction of new metrics or technologies, or as our Platform changes with new features and enhancements. Such changes could lead to investor confusion or the perception that our estimates, methodologies, and underlying assumptions are unreliable, which could also cause our creators and partners to be less willing to allocate their budgets or resources to our Platform, which could seriously harm our business.
Additionally, we have and continue to innovate and expand our safety initiatives, including the launch of our age-checking systems. These and any future safety changes have and may continue to impact engagement, retention, revenue, and bookings.
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We rely on suppliers for data center capacity and certain components of the equipment we use to operate our Platform and any disruption in the availability of data center capacity or components could delay our ability to expand or increase the capacity of our Platform or replace defective equipment.
We rely on suppliers for data center capacity and several components of the equipment we use to operate our Platform. Our reliance on these suppliers exposes us to risks, including reduced control over costs and constraints based on the current availability, terms, and pricing of these components and data center capacity. While the network equipment and servers we purchase generally are commodity equipment and we believe an alternative supply source for network equipment and servers on substantially similar terms could be identified quickly, our business could be adversely affected until those efforts are completed. In addition, the technology equipment industry has experienced component shortages and delivery delays, and we have and may in the future experience shortages or delays, including as a result of increased demand in the industry, such as due to rapid growth in AI demand, data center natural disasters, trade control and restrictions, or our suppliers lacking sufficient rights to supply the components in all jurisdictions in which we have data centers and edge data centers that support our Platform. For example, supply chain constraints for servers and other networking equipment required for our operations has resulted and could in the future result in disruptions and delays for these components and the delivery and installation of such components at our data centers and edge data centers. If our supply of certain components is disrupted or delayed, there can be no assurance that additional supplies or components can serve as adequate replacements for the existing components or that supplies will be available on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. Any disruption or delay in the supply of hardware components or data center availability may delay the opening of new data centers, edge data centers, co-location facilities or the creation of fully redundant operations, limit capacity expansion, or replacement of defective or obsolete equipment at existing data centers and edge data centers or cause other constraints on our operations that could damage our ability to serve our creators and users.
Some creators and users on our Platform may make unauthorized, fraudulent, or illegal use of Robux and other digital goods or experiences on our Platform, including by use of unauthorized third-party websites or “cheating” programs.
Robux and digital goods on our Platform have no monetary value and no authorized market or application outside of our Platform. Creators that participate in our Developer Exchange Program can be paid fiat currency based on the amount of Robux they have accumulated, subject to eligibility. However, users have made and may in the future make unauthorized, fraudulent, or illegal sales and/or purchases of Robux, other digital goods, and Roblox accounts on or off of our Platform, including by use of unauthorized third-party websites in exchange for fiat currency or to facilitate online wagers. For example, some users have made fraudulent use of credit cards owned by others to purchase Robux and offer the purchased Robux for sale at a discount on third-party websites. For the year ended December 31, 2025, total chargebacks and refunds to us, some of which may have been related to fraud were approximately 2.5% of bookings.
While we regularly monitor and screen usage of our Platform with the aim of identifying and preventing these activities, and regularly monitor third-party websites for fraudulent Robux or digital goods offers as well as regularly send cease-and-desist letters to operators of these third-party websites, we are unable to control or stop all unauthorized, fraudulent, or illegal transactions in Robux or other digital goods that occurs on or off of our Platform. Although we are not responsible for such activities conducted by these third parties, our user experience may be adversely affected, and users and/or creators may choose to leave our Platform if these activities are pervasive. These activities have and may in the future result in negative publicity, disputes, regulatory scrutiny, and legal claims, and measures we take in response may be expensive, time consuming, and disruptive to our operations.
In addition, unauthorized, fraudulent, and/or illegal purchases and/or sales of Robux, Roblox accounts, or other digital goods on or off of our Platform, including through third-party websites, bots, fake accounts, or “cheating” or malicious programs that enable users to exploit both vulnerabilities and legitimate mechanics in the experiences on our Platform or our partners’ websites and platforms, could reduce our revenue and bookings by, among other things, decreasing revenue from authorized and legitimate transactions, increasing chargebacks from unauthorized credit card transactions, or causing us to lose revenue and bookings from dissatisfied users who stop engaging with the experiences on our Platform. Additionally, such prohibited activity could increase costs that we incur to develop technological measures to curtail unauthorized transactions and other malicious programs, or could reduce other operating metrics.
Under our community rules for our Platform, which creators and users are obligated to comply with, we reserve the right to temporarily or permanently ban individuals for breaching our terms of use or Community Standards, including by engaging in any illegal activity on our Platform. We have banned individuals as a result of unauthorized, fraudulent, or illegal use of our Platform, Robux, or other digital goods on our Platform, which has and may continue to lead to reputational harm in cases where users disagree with our enforcement decisions. We have also employed technological measures to help detect unauthorized Robux transactions and continue to develop additional methods and processes through which we can identify unauthorized transactions and block such transactions. However, there can be no assurance that our efforts to prevent or minimize these unauthorized, fraudulent, or illegal transactions will be successful.
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We have made and are continuing to make investments in privacy, data protection, user safety, cybersecurity, and content review efforts to combat misuse of our services and user data by third parties, including investigations of individuals we have determined to have attempted to access and, in some cases, have accessed, user data without authorization. Our internal teams also continually monitor and work to address any identified unauthorized attempts to access data stored on servers that we own or control or data available to our third-party customer service providers. As a result of these efforts, we have discovered and disclosed, and anticipate that we will continue to discover and disclose, incidents of misuse of or unauthorized access of user data or other undesirable activity by third parties. We have taken steps to protect the data that we have access to, but despite these efforts, our security measures, or those of our third-party service providers, could be insufficient or breached as a result of third-party action, malfeasance, employee errors, service provider errors, technological limitations, defects, or vulnerabilities in our Platform or otherwise. Additionally, many of our employees and third-party service providers with access to user data currently are and may in the future be working remotely, or in higher risk geographic regions as we expand our global footprint, which may increase our employees’ or our third-party service providers’ risk of security breaches or incidents. Moreover, the risk of state-supported and geopolitical-related cyber-attacks may increase with geopolitical events. We have sometimes failed to discover and in the future may not discover all such incidents or activity or be able to respond to or otherwise address them, promptly, in sufficient respects or at all. Such incidents and activities have in the past, and may in the future, involve the use of user data or our systems in a manner inconsistent with our terms, contracts or policies, the existence of false or undesirable user accounts, theft of in-game currency or virtual items in valid user accounts, and activities that threaten people’s safety on- or offline. We may also be unsuccessful in our efforts to enforce our policies or otherwise remediate any such incidents. Any of the foregoing developments, whether actual or perceived, may negatively affect user trust and engagement, harm our reputation and brand, require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business, and adversely affect our business and financial results. Any such developments have and may continue to subject us to future litigation and regulatory inquiries, investigations, and proceedings, including from data protection authorities in countries where we offer services and/or have users, which could subject us to monetary penalties and damages, divert management’s time and attention, and lead to enhanced regulatory oversight.
We focus our business on our creators and users, and acting in their interests in the long term may conflict with the short-term expectations of analysts and investors.
A significant part of our business strategy and culture is to focus on long-term growth and creator and user experience over short-term financial results. We expect our expenses to continue to increase in the future as we broaden our creator and user community, as creators and users increase the amount and types of experiences and virtual items they make available on our Platform and the content they consume, as we continue to seek ways to increase payments to our creators, and as we develop and further enhance our Platform, expand our technical infrastructure and data centers, and hire additional employees to support our expanding operations. As a result, in the near- and medium-term, we may continue to operate at a loss, or our near- and medium-term profitability may be lower than it would be if our strategy were to maximize near- and medium-term profitability. We expect to continue making significant expenditures to grow our Platform and develop new features, integrations, capabilities, and enhancements to our Platform for the benefit of our creators and users. We will also be required to invest in our internal IT systems, technological operations infrastructure, financial infrastructure, and operating, compliance, and administrative systems and controls. Such expenditures may not result in improved business results or profitability over the long term. If we are ultimately unable to achieve or improve profitability at the level or during the time frame anticipated by securities or industry analysts, investors, and our stockholders, the market price of our Class A common stock may decline.
The popularity of our Lua-based scripting language is a key driver of content creation and engagement with our Platform, and if other programming languages or platforms become more popular with our creators, it may affect engagement with and content creation for our Platform.
Roblox experiences are programmed using our Lua-based scripting language on the Roblox Platform. In order to enhance the attractiveness of our Platform to potential creators, we have made our scripting language available without charge. Our scripting language permits creators on our Platform to develop customized add-on features for their own or others’ use, and we have provided education to our creators on how to write add-on programs using our scripting language. As part of this strategy, we have encouraged the development of an active community of programmers similar to those which have emerged for other software platforms. The widespread use and popularity of our Lua-based scripting language is critical to creating engaging content on and demand for our Platform. If creators do not find our scripting language or our Platform simple and attractive for developing content or determine that our scripting language or other features of our Platform are undesirable or inferior to other scripting languages or platforms, or the scripting language becomes unavailable for use by the creators for any reason, they may shift their resources to developing content on other platforms, and our business may be harmed.
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We rely on Amazon Web Services for a portion of our cloud infrastructure in certain areas, and as a result any disruption of AWS would negatively affect our operations and significantly harm our business.
We rely on Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) as a third-party provider for a portion of our backend services, including for some of our high-speed databases, scalable object storage, and message queuing services, as well as virtual cloud infrastructure. For location-based support areas, we outsource certain aspects of the infrastructure relating to our cloud-native Platform. As a result, our operations depend, in part, on AWS’ ability to protect their services against damage or interruption from natural or manmade disasters. Our creators and users need to be able to access our Platform at any time, without interruption or degradation of performance. Although we have disaster recovery plans that utilize multiple AWS availability zones to support our cloud infrastructure, any incident affecting their infrastructure that may be caused by natural or manmade disasters and other similar events beyond our control, could adversely affect our cloud-native Platform. Any disruption of or interference with our use of AWS could impair our ability to deliver our Platform reliably to our creators and users.
Additionally, if AWS were to experience a hacking attack or other security incident, it could result in unauthorized access to, damage to, disablement or encryption of, use or misuse of, disclosure of, modification of, destruction of, or loss of our data or our creators’ and users’ data, or disrupt our ability to provide our Platform or service. A prolonged AWS service disruption affecting our cloud-native Platform for any of the foregoing reasons would adversely impact our ability to serve our users and creators and could damage our reputation with current and potential users and creators, expose us to liability, regulatory action under NIS2 requirements, result in substantial costs for remediation, cause us to lose users and creators, or otherwise harm our business, financial condition, or results of operations. We may also incur significant costs for using alternative hosting cloud infrastructure services or taking other actions in preparation for, or in reaction to, events that damage or interfere with the AWS services we use.
We have entered into an enterprise agreement with AWS and a supplemental private pricing addendum that will remain in effect until June 2026. In the event that our AWS service agreements are terminated, or there is a lapse of service, elimination of AWS services or features that we utilize, we could experience interruptions in access to our Platform, especially during peak times for concurrent users, as well as significant delays and additional expense in arranging for or creating new facilities or re-architecting our Platform for deployment on a different cloud infrastructure service provider, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our business and results of operations are affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates.
As we continue to expand our international operations, we become more exposed to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. We generally collect revenue from our international markets in the local currency. For the year ended December 31, 2025, approximately 82% of our DAUs and 39% of our revenue was derived from outside the U.S. and Canada region. While we periodically adjust the price of Robux to account for the relative value of this local currency to the U.S. dollar, these adjustments are not immediate nor do they typically exactly track the underlying currency fluctuations. As a result, rapid appreciation of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies has harmed and may continue to harm our reported results and cause the revenue derived from our foreign users and overall revenue to decrease. In addition, even if we do adjust the cost of our Robux in foreign markets to fluctuations in the U.S. dollar, such fluctuations could change the costs of purchasing Robux to our users outside of the U.S., which may adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition, or improve our financial performance.
We also incur expenses for employee compensation and other operating expenses at our non-U.S. locations in the local currency. Additionally, global events as well as geopolitical developments, and inflation have caused, and may in the future cause, global economic uncertainty, and uncertainty about the interest rate environment, which could amplify the volatility of currency fluctuations. Fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies could result in the dollar equivalent of our expenses being higher which may not be offset by additional revenue earned in the local currency. This could impact our reported results of operations. To date, we have not engaged in any hedging strategies and any such strategies, such as forward contracts, options, and foreign exchange swaps related to transaction exposures that we may implement in the future to mitigate this risk may not eliminate our exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments.
We plan to continue to make acquisitions and investments in other companies, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute our stockholders, and significantly harm our business.
As part of our business strategy, we have made and intend to make acquisitions and investments to add or access specialized employees and complementary companies, products, features, and technologies. Our ability to acquire and successfully integrate larger or more complex companies, products, features, and technologies is unproven. In the future, we may not be able to find other suitable acquisition or investment candidates, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions, investments, or similar strategic transactions on favorable terms, if at all. The risks and challenges associated with acquisitions and investments include:
•The pursuit of potential acquisitions or investments may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur significant expenses related to identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable targets, whether or not they are consummated.
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•Our previous and future acquisitions and investments may not achieve our goals, and any future acquisitions or investments we complete could be viewed negatively by users, creators, partners, or investors.
•If we fail to successfully close transactions or integrate new teams into our corporate culture, or fail to integrate the products, features, and technologies associated with acquisitions or investments in a timely fashion, our business and reputation could be significantly harmed.
•Any integration process may require significant time and resources, and we may not be able to manage the process successfully.
•We may not successfully evaluate or use the acquired products, technology, and personnel, or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition, including accounting charges which could be recognized as a current period expense.
•We may not achieve the anticipated benefits of synergies from the target business, may encounter challenges with incorporating the acquired products, features, and technologies into our Platform while maintaining quality and security standards consistent with our brand, or may fail to identify security vulnerabilities in acquired technology prior to integration with our technology and Platform.
•We may incur unanticipated liabilities that we assume as a result of acquiring companies, including claims related to the acquired company, its offerings, or technologies or potential violations of applicable law or industry rules and regulations arising from prior or ongoing acts or omissions by the acquired business that were not discovered or deemed material during diligence.
•We will pay cash, incur debt, or issue equity securities to pay for any acquisitions or investments, any of which could reduce our ability to make future acquisitions or investments and significantly harm our financial results. In addition, if target companies view our Class A common stock unfavorably, we may be unable to consummate key acquisitions or investments.
•It generally takes several months after the closing of an acquisition to finalize the purchase price allocation. Therefore, it is possible that our valuation of an acquisition may change and result in unanticipated write-offs or charges, impairment of our goodwill, or a material change to the fair value of the assets and liabilities associated with a particular acquisition, any of which could significantly harm our business.
•Selling equity to finance any acquisition or investment would dilute our stockholders, and incurring debt would increase our fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations.
In addition, the U.S. government introduced regulations effective January 2025 that require notification of or prohibit certain transactions by U.S. persons with entities in China or with linkages to China (the “Outbound Investment Rules”). The Outbound Investment Rules could apply to certain intracompany activities between Roblox and Roblox China Holding Corp or Luobu, as well as other Roblox investments or activities with entities in China or with linkages to China. The Outbound Investment Rules regulations could also limit the ability of others to transact certain business with us if those transactions involve or benefit, directly or indirectly Roblox China Holding Corp, Luobu, or our other operations in China. Furthermore, the FY 2026 National Defense Authorization Act expands on the existing Outbound Investment Rules and directs new or updated regulations to be published by early 2027. Where the Outbound Investment Rules apply to a given transaction, it might limit our ability to carry out our long-term business strategy.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited, which could significantly harm our business.
As of December 31, 2025, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $3,241.5 million, which do not expire, federal net operating loss carryforwards of $32.8 million, which begin to expire in 2037, state net operating loss carryforwards of $1,717.7 million, which begin to expire in 2028, and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $61.9 million, which begin to expire in 2026. Utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be subject to limitations on utilization or benefit due to the ownership change limitations provided by Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and other similar provisions. All of the $3,241.5 million of federal net operating losses are carried forward indefinitely but the deductibility of these losses is generally limited to 80% of current year taxable income. Our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may also be subject to limitations under state law. For example, California legislation limits the use of state net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2024 and before January 1, 2027. If our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes expire before utilization or are subject to limitations, our business and financial results could be harmed.
If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies are based on assumptions that change or prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could fall below expectations of securities analysts and investors or our publicly announced guidance, and changes in our business may not be immediately reflected in our operating results.
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The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as described in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” For example, the majority of the virtual items available on our Platform are durable virtual items, which, when acquired, are recognized ratably over the estimated period of time the virtual items are available to the user (estimated to be the average lifetime of a paying user). Every quarter, we complete an assessment of our estimated average lifetime of a paying user, which is used for revenue recognition of durable virtual items and calculated based on historical monthly retention data for each paying user cohort to project future participation on our Platform. We calculate the average historical monthly retention data by determining the weighted average of monthly paying users that have spent time on our Platform. For example, in the second quarter of 2024, the estimated average lifetime of a paying user decreased from 28 months to 27 months, resulting in an increase in our fiscal year 2024 revenue and cost of revenue by $98.0 million and $20.4 million, respectively.
Much of the revenue we report in each quarter is the result of purchases of Robux during previous periods. Consequently, a decline in purchases of Robux in any one quarter will not be fully reflected in our revenue and operating results for that quarter. Any such decline, however, will negatively impact our revenue and operating results in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant near-term downturns in purchases of Robux for a variety of reasons may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods.
In addition to revenue recognition and estimates of the average lifetime of a paying user, our accounting policies involve other significant estimates and assumptions as described under Note 1, “Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our management believes that such estimates, and judgments upon which they rely, are reasonable based upon information available to them at the time that these estimates and judgments are made. However, if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, our results of operations could be adversely affected, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our Class A common stock.
Our results of operations may be harmed if we are required to collect sales, value added, or other similar taxes for the purchase of our virtual currency, for the sale of digital content, or purchase of physical goods, between our creators and users.
Although we, either directly or through our third-party distribution channels, collect and remit taxes from users in certain countries and regions on the sale of our virtual currency, there are some jurisdictions in which we operate where we do not currently collect taxes from users. The application of tax laws pertaining to the collection of sales, value added, and similar taxes to e-commerce businesses, such as ours, is a complex and evolving area. Jurisdictions may classify our product offerings differently such as intangible property, digital goods, or services, each with different tax rules and requirements. For example, many countries have enacted tax laws that require non-resident providers to register for and levy value added taxes on electronically provided services to such country’s residents. This would require us to calculate, collect, and remit value added taxes in some jurisdictions, even if we have no physical presence in such jurisdictions. Further, we may need to invest substantial amounts to modify our solutions or our business model to be able to collect and remit sales, value added, or similar taxes under such tax laws in the future.
Further, many jurisdictions have also adopted or are considering adopting marketplace facilitator laws that shift the burden of tax collection to online marketplaces. In certain jurisdictions, we may be characterized as a marketplace facilitator for the sale of digital content or physical goods between our creators and users, and in such instances, we may need to invest substantial amounts to modify our solutions or business model to be able to meet any reporting and collection obligations with respect to sales, value added, or similar taxes. A successful assertion by a jurisdiction that we should have been or should be collecting additional sales, value added, or other taxes for the sale of content or physical goods between our creators and users, could, among other things, result in substantial tax payments, create significant administrative burdens for us, discourage potential users or creators from subscribing to our Platform, or otherwise harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We may not realize the benefits expected through our China joint venture.
In February 2019, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Songhua River Investment Limited, referred to as Songhua, an affiliate of Tencent Holdings Limited (“Tencent Holdings”), under which we created Roblox China Holding Corp (the “China JV”), of which we own a 51% ownership interest. Through a wholly-owned subsidiary based in Shenzhen, branded as “Luobu,” the China JV is engaged in the development, localization, and licensing to Chinese creators of a Chinese version of Roblox Studio. Luobu also develops and oversees relations with local Chinese creators and helps them build and publish experiences and content for our global Platform. In December 2020, Shenzhen Tencent Computer Systems Co. Ltd (“Tencent”), received a required publishing license from the Chinese government, which enabled Tencent to publish a localized version of the Roblox Client as a game in China under the name “Luobulesi.” The license could be withdrawn if Tencent fails to comply with applicable existing or future regulations. Such withdrawal could significantly impair or eliminate the ability to publish and operate Luobulesi in China. The Luobulesi app is not currently available to users in China while we and Tencent build the next version of Luobulesi.
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Tensions between the U.S. and China have resulted in trade restrictions that could harm our ability to participate in Chinese markets and numerous additional such restrictions have been threatened by both countries. As an example, since February 2025, the U.S. government has imposed significant tariffs upon the import of almost all Chinese-origin items, subject to certain exemptions. The tariff policies and responses of both countries are currently fluid, and it is unclear whether or at what level tariff policies will stabilize. Sustained uncertainty about, or worsening of, current global economic conditions, as well as continued or further escalation of trade tensions between the U.S. and China, could result in a global economic slowdown and long-term impacts on global trade, including the imposition of retaliatory trade restrictions that could restrict our ability to participate in the China JV. As another example, the U.S. Department of Justice has promulgated new rules on Access to U.S. Sensitive Personal Data and Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern or Covered Persons (colloquially the “Data Security Program”), which place limitations, and in some cases prohibitions, on certain transfers of or grants of access to sensitive personal data to business partners located in China and other designated countries, or with other specified links to China and other designated countries. The Data Security Program may impact our ability to share certain kinds of data, platform access, or other important resources with Tencent or the China JV, or the China JV’s ability to interact with Tencent. We may find it difficult or impossible to comply with these or other conflicting regulations in the U.S. and China, which could make it difficult or impossible to achieve our business objectives in China or realize a return on our investment in this market.
Relations may also be compromised if the U.S. pressures the Chinese government regarding its monetary, economic, or social policies. Changes in political conditions in China and changes in the state of China-U.S. relations are difficult to predict and could adversely affect the operations or financial condition of the China JV. In addition, because of our proposed involvement in the Chinese market, any deterioration in political, economic, or trade relations might result in our products being perceived as less attractive in the U.S. or elsewhere. In January 2025, the U.S. Department of Defense (“DOD”) added Tencent Holdings to its list of Chinese military companies operating directly or indirectly in the U.S. under section 1260H of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (“1260H List”). Beginning in June 2026, this may restrict our ability to resell goods and services of Tencent Holdings to the DOD. The designation may also result in negative publicity for us and the China JV. Further regulatory changes adding Tencent Holdings to additional lists or export and sanctions related restricted or prohibited parties or further controls on entities viewed as connected to the Chinese military could impact our ability to work with Tencent Holdings. The Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. (“CFIUS”) has continued to apply a more stringent review of certain foreign investment in U.S. companies, including investment by Chinese entities, and has made inquiries to us with respect to Tencent Holding’s equity investment in us and involvement in the China JV. We cannot predict what effect any further inquiry by CFIUS into our relationship with Tencent and Tencent Holdings, developments with respect to the 1260H List, or changes in China-U.S. relations overall may have on our ability to effectively support the China JV or on the operations or success of the China JV.
The Chinese economic, legal, and political landscape also differs from other countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement and regulation, control of foreign exchange, and uncertainty regarding the practical enforceability of intellectual property rights. The laws, regulations, and legal requirements in China are also subject to frequent changes and the exact obligations under and enforcement of laws and regulations are often subject to unpublished internal government interpretations and policies which makes it challenging to ascertain compliance with such laws. We may incur increased operating expenses related to cybersecurity and data protection in China, including with respect to access to Chinese user data and confidential company information as well as any network interconnections and cross border system integrations.
In addition to market and regulatory factors, any future success of the China JV will require a collaborative effort with Tencent to build and operate Luobu and Luobulesi as together, they will form the exclusive basis for growing our penetration in the China market. In addition, upon the occurrence of certain events, such as a termination of certain of the contractual relationships applicable to Luobu, a change of control of us, or the acquisition of 20% of our outstanding securities by certain specified Chinese industry participants, we may be required to purchase Songhua’s interest in the China JV at a fair market value determined at the time of such purchase. Any future requirement to purchase the interest in China JV from Songhua may have a material adverse effect upon our liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations both as a result of the purchase of such interests and the fact that we would need to identify and partner with an alternative Chinese partner in order for operations to continue in the China market.
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We may require additional capital to meet our financial obligations and support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms or at all.
We intend to continue to make significant investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, improve our Platform and operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses, personnel, and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in additional equity or debt financings. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of our Class A common stock. Any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve offering security interests and undertaking restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. General market conditions including trading volatility affecting technology companies may reduce our ability to access capital on favorable terms or at all. Also, to the extent outstanding additional shares subject to options and warrants to purchase our capital stock are authorized and exercised, there will be further dilution. The amount of dilution could be substantial depending on the size of the issuance or exercise. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be harmed.
Risks Related to Government Regulations
Because we store, process, and use data, some of which contains personal information, we are subject to complex and evolving domestic and international laws and regulations regarding privacy, cybersecurity, data protection, and related matters. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in investigations, claims, changes to our business practices, increased cost of operations, and declines in user growth, retention, or engagement, any of which could significantly harm our business.
We are subject to a variety of evolving and uncertain laws and regulations in the U.S. and abroad related to privacy, cybersecurity, data protection, intellectual property, and related matters. The impact of any current and potential future regulations are far-reaching, create a patchwork of overlapping but different requirements, and have required and may continue to require us to, modify practices, policies, features and Platform defaults, incur substantial costs and expenses, and at times restrict our operations.
Certain privacy, biometrics, cybersecurity, and data protection laws and regulations have placed and will continue to place significant privacy, data protection, and cybersecurity obligations on organizations such as ours and may require us to continue to change our policies and procedures. For example, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) imposes stringent data protection requirements regarding EU personal data, and EU regulators may impose fines of the greater of €20 million or 4% of annual global revenues of the previous year for the most serious breaches or instances of noncompliance. Such fines would be in addition to (i) the rights of individuals to sue for damages in respect of any data privacy breach that causes them to suffer harm, (ii) the right of individual member states to impose additional sanctions under local privacy laws over and above the administrative fines specified in the GDPR, and (iii) the ability of supervisory authorities to impose orders requiring companies to modify their practices.
The U.K.’s data protection regime (UK GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018) imposes significant compliance obligations and penalties of up to the greater of £17.5 million or 4% of global revenue. The European Commission granted the U.K. an ‘adequacy’ decision allowing free data transfer from the EEA in 2021 and renewed the decision in 2025, extending the adequacy decision through December 27, 2031, with the possibility to be renewed. Any loss of adequacy or divergence between U.K. and EU laws could disrupt our data flows and increase compliance costs.
Because a large number of our DAUs are historically under 13, we face significant risks under the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”), Article 8 of the GDPR, and similar regulations. COPPA imposes requirements on operators of websites or online services directed to children under 13 years of age to obtain verifiable parental consent before collecting personal information from children under the age of 13, unless specific exceptions apply, and imposes data retention and information security obligations. No assurances can be given that our compliance efforts will be sufficient to avoid allegations of COPPA violations, and any non-compliance or allegations of non-compliance could expose us to significant liability, penalties and loss of revenue, significantly harm our reputation, and could be costly and time consuming to address or defend. To the extent we rely on consent for processing personal data under the GDPR, consent or authorization from the holder of parental responsibility is required in certain cases for the processing of personal data of children under the age of 16, and member states may enact laws that lower that age to 13. Additionally, in certain jurisdictions the law may allow minors to disaffirm their contracts, including our terms of use. If minors on our Platform are able to avoid enforcement of our terms of use under applicable law, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.
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We continue to monitor the development of new digital regulations and laws in the U.K. We have taken steps to comply with the U.K.’s Online Safety Act (“OSA”), including carrying out risk assessments and implementing measures to prevent illegal content from appearing on our service. We are observing ongoing developments and guidance from the U.K.’s Information Commissioner Office (“ICO”) on the Age Appropriate Design Code (“AADC”), which focuses on online safety and protection of children’s privacy online. Noncompliance with the AADC may result in publicized investigations, substantial fines, audits, or other proceedings by the ICO and other regulators in the EEA or Switzerland, as noncompliance with the AADC may indicate noncompliance with applicable data protection law. We may incur liabilities, expenses, costs, and other operational losses under the GDPR and laws and regulations of applicable EU Member States and the U.K. relating to privacy, cybersecurity, and data protection in connection with any measures we take to comply with them.
Other jurisdictions have adopted laws and regulations addressing privacy, data protection, and cybersecurity, many of which share similarities with the GDPR. For example, Law no. 13.709/2018 of Brazil, the Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais or LGPD, applies to our processing of data for users in Brazil, regardless of our location, and grants users rights similar to the GDPR, including a private right of action. Non-compliance could result in fines of up to 2% of our revenue in Brazil or 50 million reais (approximately $9.5 million) per violation. Similarly, the Personal Information Protection Law, (“PIPL”) of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) imposes extraterritorial obligations similar to the GDPR, including strict data localization requirements. Violations can result in corporate fines of up to 50 million RMB or 5% of prior-year revenue. Notably, the PIPL also imposes personal liability on responsible individuals, including fines up to 1 million RMB and potential bans on serving as a director or senior managers.
Our approach with respect to regimes such as the LGPD, PIPL, and other foreign legislation may be subject to further evaluation and change, our compliance measures may not be fully adequate and may require modification, we may expend significant time and cost in developing and maintaining a privacy governance program, data transfer or localization mechanisms, or other processes or measures to comply with such regimes, and any implementing regulations or guidance under these regimes, and we may potentially face claims, litigation, investigations, or other proceedings or liability regarding such regimes and may incur liabilities, expenses, costs, and other operational losses under such regimes and any measures we take to comply with them. In addition to the changing international landscape, U.S. regulations on the restrictions on transfers of personal data to foreign jurisdictions continue to evolve and may increase operational complexity and compliance costs.
Additionally, NIS2 and its implementing laws regulate cybersecurity risk-management, including expanded incident reporting, of entities operating in a number of sectors. Assessed non-compliance with NIS2 may lead to administrative fines of a maximum of €10 million or up to 2% of the total worldwide revenue of the preceding fiscal year. Further, the EU’s Data Act (the “Data Act”) became applicable on September 12, 2025. Compliance with the Data Act may require us to adjust contract terms with business partners and enable data sharing in some situations. These changes may result in additional compliance and operational costs, which may affect our business.
In addition, the CCPA as modified and supplemented by the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), established a new privacy framework for covered businesses in California, such as ours, requires us to modify our data processing practices and policies, incur compliance related costs and expenses, and gives California residents the ability to opt-out of the selling and sharing of personal information and limit the use of their sensitive personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches, which may increase the likelihood and cost of data breach litigation. The CCPA has prompted similar legislative developments in other states in the U.S., including laws enacted in Virginia, Colorado, Utah, Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, Indiana, Montana, Tennessee, Oregon, Delaware, Texas, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Kentucky, Maryland, Nebraska, Rhode Island, and Minnesota.
We face a growing patchwork of states imposing substantial new obligations upon companies that offer online services, products, or features “likely to be accessed” by children 17 years of age or under, or certain types of social media and digital services, respectively. These state-level requirements include, among other things, data protection impact assessments, the implementation of privacy by design, restrictions and obligations in connection with users who are, or are deemed to be, under 18, including access restrictions, verifiable parental consent requirements, and other restrictions on abilities for minors to create accounts. Certain states such as New York and California are also considering or implementing laws that prohibit or restrict covered social media companies from providing individuals under 18 with allegedly “addictive feeds” or “chronological feeds.” Any or all of these restrictions and requirements may limit the use of our Platform or reduce overall demand for our Platform, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Some countries also are considering or have passed legislation requiring local storage and processing of data, or similar requirements, which could further increase the cost and complexity of operating our products and services and other aspects of our business.
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We have policies and procedures designed to promote compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and certain industry codes of conduct but we cannot assure you that authorities will not assert or determine that our practices violate such requirements. In addition, it is possible that the obligations imposed on us may be interpreted and applied in inconsistent manners and may conflict with other rules or our practices in certain jurisdictions. Additionally, due to the nature of our service, we are unable to maintain complete control over cybersecurity or the implementation of measures that reduce the risk of a security breach or incident. For example, our customers may accidentally disclose their passwords or store them on a mobile device that is “SIM swapped,” lost, or stolen, creating the perception that our systems are not secure against third-party access. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our obligations to users or other third parties relating to privacy, cybersecurity, data protection, or related matters, or our other policies or actual or asserted obligations relating to privacy, cybersecurity, data protection, or related matters, or any actual or perceived compromise of security, including any such compromise that results in the unauthorized loss, unavailability, modification, release, transfer, or other processing of personal information or other user or creator data, may result in governmental investigations, enforcement actions, inquiries, data requests, requests for information, actions, audits, and other actions and proceedings by domestic and international authorities and regulators, as well as litigation, claims, or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could cause our creators and users to lose trust in us, any or all of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Legal and regulatory restrictions on virtual currencies like Robux, prepaid gift cards, and payment-related activities may adversely affect our Platform, experiences, and virtual items on our Platform, which may negatively impact our revenue, bookings, business, and reputation.
The global regulatory landscape around payment-related activities is characterized by a lack of uniformity and increasing scrutiny especially when younger users are involved. Examples of payment-related activities on our Platform include the purchase of prepaid gift cards, Robux, and subscriptions. In addition, our Developer Exchange Program allows creators to be paid in fiat currency based on the amount of earned Robux they have accumulated under certain conditions. We have seen and may continue to see increased application of laws and regulations typically applicable to financial institutions such as regulations around money transmission, virtual currency, unclaimed property, and gift cards, many of which include anti-money laundering, KYC, and sanction screening obligations to online game and social media companies. Regulators may impose restrictions or bans on our ability to operate our Developer Exchange Program or on the sale of prepaid gift cards. Any such restrictions or prohibitions may adversely affect our Platform, business, revenue, bookings, and our creators. In the U.S., the SEC, its staff, and similar state regulators have deemed certain virtual currencies to be securities subject to regulation under the federal and state securities laws. While we do not consider Robux to be a regulated virtual currency, money transmission, or security, if Robux were deemed to be subject to such federal or state laws, we may be required to redesign our Platform in a manner that would be disruptive to operations and costly to implement, which may threaten the viability of the Platform. We may also be subject to enforcement or other regulatory actions by federal or state regulators, as well as private litigation, which could be costly to resolve. For example, some existing laws regarding the regulation of currency, money transmitters and other financial institutions, and unclaimed property have been interpreted to cover virtual currencies, and could potentially be viewed as covering Robux.
The increased use of interactive entertainment offerings like ours by consumers, including younger consumers, have prompted and may continue to prompt calls for more stringent consumer protection laws and regulations throughout the world that may impose additional burdens on companies such as ours making virtual currencies like Robux available for sale. For example, in the EU, consumer regulatory authorities issued the Consumer Protection Guidelines, which are new interpretations of existing law regarding virtual currencies that would treat certain virtual currencies as a representation of value and therefore impose strict disclosure and other requirements on the offer and acquisition of those virtual currencies. The European Commission has also indicated that it will seek to enact new legislation in the near future to provide additional protections for consumers online, including in the context of video games and e-commerce. In the U.K., the ICO has published industry guidance for game developers on how to comply with the AADC, including recommendations relating to in-game purchases, and the U.K. Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act also introduces specific obligations regarding transparent pricing and subscription contracts. These regulations and guidance could require us to make changes to our Platform, products, or policies or how we operate our business in certain jurisdictions and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Increased regulatory scrutiny globally may increase compliance obligations and require us to devote legal and other resources and make changes to our Platform to address such regulations or otherwise become subject to fines or other penalties, which may negatively impact our business and results of operations.
Although we have structured our virtual currency, prepaid gift cards, and Developer Exchange Program with applicable laws and regulations in mind, in some jurisdictions, the application or interpretation of applicable laws and regulations is not clear and a regulator could subject us to monetary fines or other penalties such as a cease and desist order, or we may be required to make product changes, any of which could be unpopular with or burdensome on our users or creators, or could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results. If a relevant regulator disagreed with our analysis of and compliance with applicable laws, we may be required to seek licenses, authorizations, or approvals from those regulators, which may be dependent on us meeting certain capital and other requirements and may subject us to additional regulation and oversight, all of which could significantly increase our operating costs.
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We are subject to various governmental export control, trade sanctions, and import laws and regulations that require our compliance and may subject us to liability if we violate these controls.
In some cases, our software and experiences are subject to export control laws and regulations, including the Export Administration Regulations administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Data Security Program, and trade and economic sanctions, including those administered by OFAC, which we collectively refer to as Trade Control Laws and Regulations. Thus, we are subject to laws and regulations that could limit our ability to offer access or full access to our Platform and experiences to certain persons and in certain countries or territories. For example, certain U.S. laws and regulations administered and enforced by OFAC, may limit our ability to give certain users and creators access to aspects of our Platform and experiences. Trade Control Laws and Regulations are complex and dynamic, and monitoring and ensuring compliance can be challenging. In addition, we rely on our payment processors for compliance with certain of these Trade Control Laws and Regulations, including preventing paid activity by users and creators that attempt to access our Platform from various jurisdictions comprehensively sanctioned by OFAC, including Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and sanctioned regions of Ukraine. Users and creators from certain of these countries and territories have access to our Platform and experiences and there can be no guarantee we will be found to have been in full compliance with Trade Control Laws and Regulations during all relevant periods. Any failure by us or our payment processors to comply with the Trade Control Laws and Regulations may lead to violations of the Trade Control Laws and Regulations that could expose us to liability. Additionally, following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the U.S. and other countries imposed certain economic sanctions and severe export control restrictions against Russia and Belarus and have continued to strengthen these controls. These countries could continue to increase these sanctions and export restrictions or take other actions that could impact our business. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could have negative consequences for us, including reputational harm, government investigations, and monetary penalties. In addition, various foreign governments may also impose controls, export license requirements, and/or restrictions applicable to our Platform and experiences. Compliance with such applicable regulatory requirements may create delays in the introduction of our Platform in some international markets or prevent certain international users and creators from accessing our Platform.
Changes in tax laws and unclaimed property audits by governmental authorities could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, results of operations, or financial conditions.
We are subject to tax laws, regulations, and policies of several taxing jurisdictions. Changes in tax laws, among other factors, may lead to fluctuations in our tax liability, reporting obligations, and effective tax rates. These changes could also adversely affect our tax positions and increase our cost of compliance. For example, on July 4, 2025, the U.S. enacted the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”), which contains numerous tax reform provisions that we continue to evaluate due to their potential impact on our overall tax strategy. Certain jurisdictions, such as Italy, the U.K., and France, have enacted a digital services tax on certain digital revenue streams, which could subject us to additional tax liabilities. Other jurisdictions, such as Brazil, have enacted or proposed indirect tax reform which may impose value added tax on the sales of electronically supplied services. Further, in response to new or additional U.S. tariffs or taxes, countries may impose retaliatory digital service taxes or other similar measures. Such laws and other attempts to impose taxes on e-commerce activities would likely increase the cost to us of operating our business, discourage potential customers from subscribing to our Platform, or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition. In addition, a number of U.S. states, the U.S. federal government, and foreign jurisdictions have implemented and may impose reporting or recording-keeping obligations for digital platforms. These new requirements may require us to modify our data processing and reporting practices and policies, which may cause us to incur substantial costs and expenses to comply with. Any failure by us to comply with these and similar information reporting and withholding obligations could result in substantial liabilities, monetary penalties, and other sanctions, adversely impact our ability to do business in certain jurisdictions, and harm our business.
In addition, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (the “OECD”) has proposed the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project, which contains a two-pillar solution to address tax challenges arising from the digitalization of the economy. Pillar One would revise existing profit allocation and nexus rules to require profit allocation based on location of sales versus physical presence for certain large multinational businesses, but if implemented, could result in the removal of unilateral digital services tax initiatives described above.
Pillar Two provides for a global minimum tax that establishes a floor for tax competition among jurisdictions. Pillar Two has been implemented into the domestic laws of EU members, among other jurisdictions, and is being considered for implementation by other countries. On January 5, 2026, the OECD announced a side-by-side elective safe harbor that exempts U.S.-parented multinational businesses from certain provisions of Pillar Two for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2026. We currently operate in countries that have digital service taxes and that have enacted all or portions of the Pillar Two framework. Any developments or changes in federal, state, or international tax laws or tax rulings, with respect to the foregoing or otherwise, could adversely affect our compliance costs, effective tax rate, and our operating results.
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In addition, we are subject to unclaimed property escheat laws which require us to turn over to certain government authorities the property of others held by us that has been unclaimed for a specified period of time. We are subject to state audits with regard to our escheatment practices. The legislation and regulations related to unclaimed property matters tend to be complex and subject to varying interpretations by government authorities. Although we believe that the positions we have taken are reasonable, authorities may challenge certain of the positions we have taken, which may also potentially result in additional liabilities for unclaimed property, interest and penalties in excess of accrued liabilities. An unfavorable resolution of assessments by a governmental authority could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows in future periods.
We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, and anti-money laundering laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal or civil liability and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, U.S. domestic bribery laws, the UK Bribery Act and other anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly to generally prohibit companies, their employees, agents, representatives, business partners, and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector in order to influence official action, direct business to any person, gain any improper advantage, or obtain or retain business. These laws also require that we keep accurate books and records and maintain internal controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions.
With regard to our international business, we have engaged with business partners and third-party intermediaries to market our solutions and obtain necessary permits, licenses, and other regulatory approvals. We or our employees, agents, representatives, business partners, or third-party intermediaries have had direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, representatives, business partners, or third-party intermediaries, even if we do not authorize such activities and notwithstanding having policies, training, and procedures designed to address compliance with these laws, we cannot assure you that no violations of our policies or these laws will occur.
Detecting, investigating, and resolving actual or alleged violations of anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws and anti-money laundering laws can require a significant diversion of time, resources, and attention from senior management, as well as significant defense costs and other professional fees. In addition, noncompliance with these laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, enforcement actions, fines, damages, other civil or criminal penalties or injunctions against us, our officers, or our employees, disgorgement of profits, suspension or debarment from contracting with the U.S. government or other persons, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal proceeding, our reputation, business, financial condition, prospects, results of operations, and the market price of our Class A common stock could be harmed. Responding to any investigation or action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.
We may incur liability as a result of content published using our Platform or as a result of claims related to content generated by our creators and users, including copyright infringement, and legislation regulating content on our Platform may require us to change our Platform or business practices.
Our success relies in part on the ability of creators to drive engagement with content that is challenging, engaging, fun, interesting, and novel. Creators are responsible for clearing the rights to all of the content they upload to our service or physical goods that they make available for sale, but some creators may upload content or link goods that infringes the rights or violates the terms of use of third parties in violation of our terms of use. We rely upon legal protections in various jurisdictions to protect us from claims of monetary damages for content that is uploaded to and stored on our system at the direction of our users, or counterfeit goods and copyright-infringing material made available for sale, but those protections may change or disappear over time, increasing our exposure for claims of copyright or other intellectual property infringement. If we should lose or fail to qualify for statutory or other legal protections that immunize us from monetary damages for intellectual property infringement, the damages could be significant and have a material impact on our business. While we have implemented measures designed to limit our exposure to claims of intellectual property infringement, such as our self-serve License Manager which enables our creators to partner with rights holders, intellectual property owners may still allege that we failed to take appropriate measures to prevent infringing activities on our systems, that we turned a blind eye to infringement, or that we facilitated, induced, or contributed to infringement.
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Even though we are not required to monitor uploaded content for copyright infringement in the U.S., we have chosen to do so through the services of a third-party audio monitoring service. We monitor all uploaded audio recordings in both audio and video files to exclude recordings owned or controlled by the major record labels and any other record labels who provide their music to the third-party audio monitoring service. These record labels register certain of their content with our service provider. When audio is uploaded to our Platform, we check the service provider’s system to exclude recordings owned or controlled by these record labels from being published on our Platform. If our monitoring proves ineffective, users manage to intentionally evade our detection measures, or we cease to rely upon a third-party monitoring service to exclude certain content from our Platform, our risk of liability may increase.
In the past, certain record companies and music publishers, either directly or through their authorized representatives, claimed that we are subject to liability for allegedly infringing content that was uploaded and may continue to exist on our Platform. We vigorously disputed such claims of infringement by such labels and publishers and reached settlements. However, we could be subject to additional claims in the future. An adverse judgment against us in any such lawsuit could require us to pay damages or settle any claims for an undetermined amount which could harm our reputation and have a material impact on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
We may also be required to enter into license agreements with various licensors, including record labels, music publishers, performing rights organizations, and collective management organizations, to obtain licenses that authorize the storage and use of content uploaded by our users. We may not be able to develop technological solutions to comply with these license agreements on economically reasonable terms and there is no guarantee that we will be able to enter into agreements with all relevant rights holders on terms that we deem reasonable. Compliance may therefore negatively impact our financial prospects.
The EU enacted copyright laws such as the Copyright Directive that came into effect on June 6, 2019, that may require us to use best efforts in accordance with the high industry standards of professional diligence to exclude infringing content from our Platform that may be uploaded by our users. In addition, the monitoring and reporting obligations of the DSA may apply also with respect to intellectual property infringements that would fall outside the scope of the Copyright Directive.
Risks Related to Intellectual Property
Claims by others that we infringe their proprietary technology or other rights, the activities of our users, or the content of the experiences on our Platform could subject us to liability and harm our business.
We have been and may in the future become subject to intellectual property disputes, as well as costs and awards of damages and/or injunctive relief as a result of these disputes, and we are subject to liability for our intellectual property that we license to third parties. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize our Platform without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties. However, there is no assurance that our technologies or Platform will not be found to infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of third parties. We also have entered into agreements with third parties to manufacture and distribute merchandise based on user content on our Platform, and there is a possibility that such content could be found to be infringing. Lawsuits are time consuming and expensive to resolve and they divert management’s time and attention. Further, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, we risk compromising our confidential information during this type of litigation. Companies in the internet, technology, and gaming industries own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks, domain names, and trade secrets and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation, or other violations of intellectual property or other rights. As we face increasing competition and gain a higher profile, the possibility of intellectual property rights and other claims against us grows. Our technologies may not be able to withstand any third-party claims against their use. In addition, many companies have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them.
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We have a number of issued patents. We have also filed a number of additional U.S. and foreign patent applications, but these applications may not successfully result in issued patents. Any patent litigation against us may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners that have no relevant product revenue, and therefore, our patents and patent applications may provide little or no deterrence as we would not be able to reach meaningful damages if we assert them against such entities or individuals. If a third party is able to obtain an injunction preventing us from exercising intellectual property rights, or if we cannot license or develop alternative technology for any infringing aspect of our business, we could be forced to limit or cease access to our Platform or cease business activities related to such intellectual property. In addition, we may need to settle litigation and disputes on terms that are unfavorable to us. We may be required to make substantial payments for legal fees, settlement fees, damages, royalties, license, or other fees in connection with a claimant securing a judgment against us. Although we carry general liability insurance, our insurance may not cover potential claims of this type or may not be adequate to cover all liability that may be imposed. We cannot predict the outcome of lawsuits and cannot ensure that the results of any such actions will not negatively affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Any intellectual property claim asserted against us, or for which we are required to provide indemnification, may require us to cease selling or using or to recall products that incorporate the intellectual property rights that we allegedly infringe, misappropriate, or violate; make substantial payments for legal fees, settlement payments, or other costs or damages; obtain a license, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, to sell or use the relevant technology; or redesign or rebrand the allegedly infringing products to avoid infringement, misappropriation, or violation, which could be costly, time-consuming, or impossible.
Furthermore, certain federal statutes in the U.S. may apply to us with respect to various activities of our users, including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (“DMCA”) and Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (“CDA”). For example, we filter communications to eliminate speech we determine to be offensive based on our objective of creating a civil and safe place for all users. Bills have recently been proposed in Congress calling for a range of changes to Section 230 which include a complete repudiation of the statute to modifications of it in such a way as to remove certain social media companies from its protection. The FCC may also consider reforms to Section 230, which could include taking action to limit the scope of Section 230 and certain liability protections provided to online service providers and other entities. If Section 230 were so repealed, amended, or modified by judicial determination, we could potentially be subject to liability if we continue to censor speech, even if that speech were offensive to our users, or we could experience a decrease in user activity and revenues if we are unable to maintain a safe environment for our users if certain blocking and screening activities are prohibited by law. In addition, certain states have either passed or are debating laws that would create potential liability for moderating or removing certain user content. While we believe these laws are of dubious validity under the U.S. Constitution and in light of Section 230, they nevertheless present some risk to our content-moderation efforts going forward.
While we rely on a variety of statutory and common-law frameworks and defenses, including those provided by the DMCA, the CDA, the fair-use doctrine in the U.S., and the DSA in the EU, differences between statutes, limitations on immunity, requirements to maintain immunity, and moderation efforts in the many jurisdictions in which we operate may affect our ability to rely on these frameworks and defenses, or create uncertainty regarding liability for information or content uploaded by creators or users or otherwise contributed by third parties to our Platform. As an example, Article 17 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market was passed in the EU, which affords copyright owners some enforcement rights that may conflict with U.S. safe harbor protections afforded to us under the DMCA. In countries in Asia and Latin America, generally there are no similar statutes to the CDA or the DSA. The laws of countries in Asia and Latin America generally provide for direct liability if a platform is involved in creating such content or has actual knowledge of the content without taking action to take it down. Further, laws in some Asian countries also provide for primary or secondary liability, which can include criminal liability, if a platform fails to take sufficient steps to prevent such content from being uploaded. Although these and other similar legal provisions provide limited protections from liability for platforms like ours, if we are found not to be protected by the safe harbor provisions of the DMCA, CDA, or other similar laws, or if we are deemed subject to laws in other countries that may not have the same protections or that may impose more onerous obligations on us, including Article 17, we may owe substantial damages, and our brand, reputation, and financial results may be harmed.
Additionally, we have incorporated, and are continuing to develop and deploy, AI in our products and the operations of our business. Any content used to create, or created by using, generative AI tools and products may not be subject to copyright protection, the determination of which may adversely affect our intellectual property rights in, or ability to deploy, commercialize or use, such tools and products or the underlying content. In the U.S., a number of companies have faced civil lawsuits related to the foregoing and other issues, the outcome of any one of which may, among other things, require us to limit the ways in which we use AI in our business. In addition, regulatory obligations may require us to modify our practices with respect to intellectual property used in AI development. In addition to lawsuits and regulations focused on the AI service providers and deployers themselves, our use of output produced by generative AI tools may also expose us to claims, increasing our risks of liability.
Even if claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and harm our business and operating results. Moreover, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could negatively affect the market price of our Class A common stock. We expect that the occurrence of asserted infringement claims will grow as the market for our Platform grows. Accordingly, our exposure to damages resulting from infringement claims could increase, and this could further exhaust our financial and management resources.
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Indemnity provisions in various agreements potentially expose us to substantial liability for intellectual property infringement and other losses.
Some of our agreements with third parties include indemnification provisions under which we agree to indemnify these third parties for losses suffered or incurred as a result of claims of intellectual property infringement, or other liabilities relating to or arising from our software, services, Platform, or other contractual obligations. Large indemnity payments could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Although we typically contractually limit our liability with respect to such indemnity obligations, those limitations may not be fully enforceable in all situations, and we may still incur substantial liability under the applicable agreements. Any dispute with a third-party with respect to such obligations could negatively affect our relationship with such a party and harm our business and results of operations.
Failure to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights or the costs involved in such enforcement would harm our business.
Our success depends to a significant degree on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property rights, including our proprietary software technology, know-how, and brand. We rely on a combination of trademarks, trade secret laws, patents, copyrights, service marks, contractual restrictions, and other intellectual property laws and confidentiality procedures to establish and protect our proprietary rights. However, the steps we take to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property rights may be inadequate. We will not be able to protect our intellectual property rights if we are unable to enforce our rights or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, or fail to continuously innovate and advance our technology, our competitors could gain access to our proprietary technology and develop and commercialize substantially identical products, services, or technologies. In addition, defending our intellectual property rights might entail significant expense and may not ultimately be successful.
Further, any patents, trademarks, or other intellectual property rights that we have or may obtain may be challenged or circumvented by others or invalidated or held unenforceable through administrative processes, including re-examination, inter partes review, interference and derivation proceedings, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions, such as opposition proceedings or litigation. In addition, despite our pending patent and trademark applications, there is no assurance that our patent and trademark applications will result in issued patents and trademarks. Even if we continue to seek patent and trademark protection in the future, we may be unable to obtain or maintain patent and trademark protection for our technology and brands. In addition, any patents and trademarks issued from pending or future patent and trademark applications or licensed to us in the future may not provide us with competitive advantages or may be successfully challenged by third parties. Furthermore, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy our Platform and use information that we regard as proprietary to create products that compete with ours. Patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may not be available to us in every country in which our products are available. The value of our intellectual property could diminish if others assert rights in or ownership of our trademarks and other intellectual property rights, or trademarks that are similar to our trademarks. We may be unable to successfully resolve these types of conflicts to our satisfaction. In some cases, litigation or other actions may be necessary to protect or enforce our trademarks and other intellectual property rights. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the U.S., and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. As we expand our global activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our Platform and proprietary information will likely increase.
We rely, in part, on trade secrets, proprietary know-how, and other confidential information to maintain our competitive position. While we enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and enter into confidentiality agreements with other third parties, including suppliers and other partners, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with every entity that has or may have had access to our proprietary information, know-how, and trade secrets or that has or may have developed intellectual property in connection with an engagement with us. Moreover, there are no assurances that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to, distribution, use, misuse, misappropriation, reverse engineering, or disclosure of our proprietary information, know-how, and trade secrets. Further, these agreements may not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our Platform. These agreements may be breached, and we may not be able to detect any such breach and may not have adequate remedies for any such breach even if we know about it.
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We use open source software as part of, and in connection with certain experiences on, our Platform, which may pose particular intellectual property and security risks to and could have a negative impact on our business.
We have and intend to continue to incorporate open source software in our codebase and our Platform. Some open source software licenses require users who make available open source software as part of their proprietary software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such proprietary software or make available any derivative works of such software free of charge, under open source licensing terms which would make it difficult to monetize such software and to protect and enforce our related intellectual property rights. Licensors of open source software included in our products may, from time to time, modify the terms of their license agreements in such a manner that those license terms may become incompatible with our business model and thus could, among other consequences, prevent us from incorporating the software subject to the modified license. Certain open source projects also include other open source software and there is a risk that those dependent open source libraries may be subject to incompatible licensing terms. In addition, some open source software may include output from generative AI software or other software that incorporates or relies on generative AI or other AI technologies. Software produced by generative AI may infringe the rights of others. In addition, the use of such open source software may expose us to risks as the intellectual property ownership and use rights of software produced by generative AI have not been fully interpreted by U.S. or international courts or been fully addressed by federal or state regulation or those of other international legal jurisdictions in which we do business. This could create further uncertainties as to the governing terms for the open source software we incorporate.
Were it determined that our use of open source software was not in compliance with a particular license or our use is found to trigger certain obligations under a particular license, we may lose our rights to the open source software, be required to release our proprietary source code, defend claims, pay damages for breach of contract or copyright infringement, grant licenses to our patents, re-engineer our games, products, or Platform, discontinue distribution in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis, or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our product development efforts, any of which could negatively impact our business. Open source compliance problems can also result in damage to reputation and challenges in recruitment or retention of engineering personnel.
We have certain policies and procedures in place to monitor our use of open-source software that are designed to avoid subjecting our Platform to adverse open source licensing conditions. However, the terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our use of or monetization of the open source software. We may from time to time face claims from third parties claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the software or derivative works that we developed using such open source software, which could include proprietary portions of our source code, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source licenses. Enforcement activity for open source licenses can be unpredictable and the terms of open source licenses can often be ambiguous. These claims could result in litigation and require us to make those proprietary portions of our source code freely available, purchase a costly license, make it difficult to monetize our products, or cease offering the implicated software or services unless and until we can re-engineer to no longer use the applicable open source software. This re-engineering process could require significant additional research and development resources and we may not be able to complete it successfully.
Additionally, although we devote significant resources to ensuring the security of our use of open source software on our Platform and in our systems, we cannot ensure that these security measures will be sufficient to prevent or mitigate the damage caused by a cybersecurity incident or network disruption, and our open source software may be vulnerable to hacking, insider threats, employee error or manipulation, theft, system malfunctions, or other adverse events. The use of third-party open source software can lead to greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties, indemnities, or other contractual protections with respect to the software (for example, non-infringement or functionality), and the source code is available for any bad actors to search for vulnerabilities. There is typically no support available for open source software, and we cannot ensure that the authors of such open source software will implement or push updates to address security risks or will not abandon further development and maintenance. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage and if not addressed, could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Risks Related to Ownership of our Class A Common Stock
The market price of our Class A common stock has fluctuated and could decline regardless of our operating performance.
The market price of our Class A common stock has fluctuated, and may continue to fluctuate in response to various factors, including those listed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, some of which are beyond our control and unrelated to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our Class A common stock since you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the market price of our Class A common stock include the following:
•the number of shares of our Class A common stock made available for trading;
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•sales or expectations with respect to sales of shares of our Class A common stock by holders of our Class A common stock including our directors, officers, and significant holders;
•price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
•volatility in the trading prices and trading volumes of technology stocks;
•changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;
•failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts who follow us, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;
•any plans we may have to provide or not provide disclosure about certain key metrics, financial guidance, or projections, which may increase the probability that our financial results are perceived as not in line with analysts’ expectations;
•if we do provide disclosure about certain key metrics, financial guidance, or projections, any changes to such reported items due to changes in our methodology or underlying assumptions for those items and with respect to timing or our failure to meet those projections;
•announcements by us or our competitors of new services or Platform features;
•the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements, and filings with the SEC;
•rumors, market speculation, and media reports involving us or other companies in our industry;
•actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations or fluctuations in our results of operations;
•actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses, or the competitive landscape generally;
•litigation involving us, our industry or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;
•actual or perceived privacy or security breaches or other incidents;
•developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;
•announced or completed acquisitions of businesses, services, or technologies by us or our competitors;
•new laws or regulations, public expectations regarding new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;
•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations, or principles;
•any significant change in our management or other key personnel;
•other events or factors, including those resulting from geopolitical conflicts such as in Ukraine and the Middle East, incidents of terrorism, pandemics, or wildfires, earthquakes, or severe weather and power outages or responses to these events; and
•general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets.
In addition, stock markets, and the market for technology companies in particular, have experienced price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Stock prices of many companies, including technology companies, have fluctuated in a manner often unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources. In addition, we may be subject to stockholder activism, which can lead to additional substantial costs, distract management, and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate.
Third parties also regularly publish data about us and other mobile, gaming, and social platform companies with respect to DAUs, revenue, bookings, top experience, game charts, hours engaged, and other information concerning application usage. These metrics are proprietary to the provider, and in many cases do not accurately reflect the actual levels of bookings, revenue, or usage of our experiences across all platforms. There is a possibility that third parties could change their methodologies for calculating these metrics in the future. For example, short sellers have and may in the future publish reports relying in part on such metrics. These reports appear intended to decrease the price of our Class A common stock and have resulted in and may result in claims, litigation, or investigations due to any published allegations by shareholders, regulators, and others. To the extent that securities analysts or investors base their views of our business or prospects on such third-party data, including reports of short sellers, the price of our Class A common stock may be volatile and may not reflect the performance of our business.
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The dual class stock structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control in David Baszucki, our Founder, President, CEO, and Chair of our Board of Directors, which limits or precludes your ability to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors and the approval of any change of control transaction.
Our Class B common stock has 20 votes per share, and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. Our Founder, President, CEO, Chair of our Board of Directors, and largest stockholder, David Baszucki, and his affiliates, beneficially own 100% of our outstanding Class B common stock, together as a single class, representing a substantial percentage of the voting power of our capital stock, which voting power may increase over time as Mr. Baszucki exercises or vests in his equity awards. Mr. Baszucki and his affiliates could exert substantial influence over matters requiring approval by our stockholders. This concentration of ownership may limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders. We believe we are eligible for, but do not intend to take advantage of, the “controlled company” exemption to the corporate governance rules for NYSE-listed companies. The dual class structure of our common stock may trigger actions or publications by stockholder advisory firms or institutional investors critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure, which could result in the trading price of our Class A common stock being adversely affected. In May 2025, we completed our reincorporation from a Delaware corporation to a Nevada corporation. Nevada law and provisions in our articles of incorporation and bylaws could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the market price of our Class A common stock.
Nevada law and provisions in our articles of incorporation and bylaws could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the market price of our Class A common stock.
In May 2025, we completed our reincorporation from a Delaware corporation to a Nevada corporation governed by Chapter 78 and the other applicable provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes (“NRS”). Nevada’s “combinations with interested stockholders” statutes (NRS 78.411 through 78.444, inclusive) prohibit specified types of business “combinations” between certain Nevada corporations and any person deemed to be an “interested stockholder” for two years after such person first becomes an “interested stockholder” unless the corporation’s board of directors approves, in advance, either the combination or the transaction by which such person becomes an “interested stockholder,” or unless the combination is approved by the board of directors and sixty percent of the corporation’s voting power not beneficially owned by the interested stockholder, its affiliates, and associates. Further, in the absence of prior approval, certain restrictions may apply even after such two-year period. However, these statutes do not apply to any combination of a corporation and an interested stockholder after the expiration of four years after the person first became an interested stockholder. For purposes of these statutes, an “interested stockholder” is any person who is (1) the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of ten percent or more of the voting power of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation, or (2) an affiliate or associate of the corporation and at any time within the two previous years was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of ten percent or more of the voting power of the then outstanding shares of the corporation. The definition of the term “combination” is sufficiently broad to cover most significant transactions between a corporation and an “interested stockholder.” These statutes generally apply to Nevada corporations with 200 or more stockholders of record. However, a Nevada corporation may elect in its articles of incorporation not to be governed by these particular laws, but if such election is not made in the corporation’s original articles of incorporation or in an amendment effective prior to the company having 200 or more stockholders of record, then the amendment (1) must be approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of stock representing a majority of the outstanding voting power of the corporation not beneficially owned by interested stockholders or their affiliates and associates, and (2) is not effective until 18 months after the vote approving the amendment and does not apply to any combination with a person who first became an interested stockholder on or before the effective date of the amendment. We have expressly elected not to be governed by these provisions in our articles of incorporation, so they do not apply to us.
In addition, our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our company more difficult, including the following:
•certain amendments to our articles of incorporation or our bylaws will require the approval of at least 66 2/3% of our then-outstanding voting power, voting together as a single class;
•our Board of Directors is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms and stockholders will only be able to remove directors from office for cause and with the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the voting power of our then-outstanding capital stock entitled to vote in the election of directors;
•upon the conversion of our Class B common stock into Class A common stock (such that we have a single class of common stock), our stockholders will only be able to take action at a meeting of stockholders and will not be able to take action by written consent for any matter, and prior to the conversion of our Class B common stock into Class A common stock, our stockholders may only take action by written consent and without a meeting if the action is first recommended or approved by our Board of Directors;
•our articles of incorporation do not provide for cumulative voting;
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•vacancies on our Board of Directors may be filled only by our Board of Directors and not by stockholders;
•a special meeting of our stockholders may only be called by the chairperson of our Board of Directors, our CEO, our President, or a majority of our Board of Directors;
•certain litigation against us can only be brought in courts of our state of incorporation;
•our articles of incorporation authorize 100 million shares of undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued, in each case by our Board of Directors without further action by our stockholders; and
•advance notice procedures apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders.
These provisions, alone or together, could discourage, delay, or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions they desire, any of which, under certain circumstances, could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Class A common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class A common stock.
Our bylaws provide that the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County, Nevada and the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, stockholders, officers, or employees.
Our bylaws provide that, following our reincorporation from a Delaware corporation to a Nevada corporation, the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County, Nevada (or, if such court does not have jurisdiction, another state district court in Nevada) is the exclusive forum for any action, suit, or proceeding, whether civil, administrative, or investigative (except for any claim as to which such court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court following such determination)):
•brought derivatively on our behalf;
•asserting a claim for breach of a fiduciary duty or other duty owed by any current or former director, stockholder, officer, or other employee or fiduciary of our company to us or our stockholders;
•for any internal action (as defined in NRS 78.046) including any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of NRS Chapters 78 or 92A, our articles of incorporation or our bylaws (as either may be amended from time to time), any agreement entered into pursuant to NRS 78.365, or as to which the NRS confers jurisdiction on the district court of the State of Nevada;
•to interpret, apply, enforce, or determine the validity of our articles of incorporation or our bylaws; and
•asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine.
This provision would not apply to suits prior to completion of our reincorporation from a Delaware corporation to a Nevada corporation, which will continue to be subject to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. It would also not apply to suits brought to enforce any direct claim asserted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In the event that the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County, Nevada does not have jurisdiction over any such action, suit, or proceeding, then any other state district court located in the State of Nevada shall be the sole and exclusive forum therefor.
Our bylaws further provide that the federal district courts of the U.S. will be the exclusive forum for resolving any claim asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. These exclusive-forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, stockholders, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, stockholders, officers, and other employees. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions. There has been uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions, and the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents in Delaware has been challenged in legal proceedings; however, Nevada law (specifically, NRS 78.046) expressly permits the articles of incorporation or bylaws of a corporation, to the extent not inconsistent with any applicable jurisdictional requirements and the laws of the U.S., to include such provisions. We also note that stockholders cannot waive compliance (or consent to noncompliance) with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. It is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could significantly harm our business.
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Our articles of incorporation include a jury trial waiver that could limit the ability of our stockholders to bring or demand a jury trial for internal actions.
Our articles of incorporation provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by the NRS and not inconsistent with any applicable laws of the U.S., any and all internal actions (as defined in NRS 78.046) to be tried in any court of the State of Nevada must be tried before the presiding judge as the trier of fact, and not before a jury. Our articles of incorporation further provide that this requirement operates as a waiver of the right of trial by jury by each party to any internal action to which such requirement applies. However, this requirement does not limit or otherwise affect our stockholders’ right to a jury trial in any action, suit or proceeding that is not an internal action. This waiver is expressly authorized by statute in an amendment to NRS 78.046 enacted in May 2025 pursuant to Assembly Bill No. 239 adopted by the Nevada legislature, but the enforceability of this waiver has not yet been adjudicated in a court of competent jurisdiction.
We do not expect to pay dividends or other distributions in the foreseeable future.
We have never declared nor paid cash dividends or other distributions on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying any dividends or other distributions to holders of our capital stock in the foreseeable future. Consequently, you may need to rely on sales of our Class A common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on your investment.
Risks Related to our Indebtedness
We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service our debt and other obligations, including our obligations under the 2030 Notes.
Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness, including the 2030 Notes, and our other obligations will depend on our financial and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, and other factors beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, including the 2030 Notes, and other obligations.
If we are unable to service our debt and other obligations from cash flows, we may need to refinance or restructure all or a portion of our debt obligations prior to maturity. Our ability to refinance or restructure our debt and other obligations will depend on various factors, including the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing or restructuring could be at higher interest rates, less favorable terms, or may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. If our cash flows are insufficient to service our debt and other obligations, we may not be able to refinance or restructure any of these obligations on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Any refinancing or restructuring could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
If our cash flows are insufficient to fund our debt and other obligations and we are unable to refinance or restructure these obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell material assets or operations to meet our debt and other obligations. We cannot assure you that we would be able to implement any of these alternative measures on satisfactory terms (if at all) or that the proceeds from such alternatives would be adequate to meet any debt or other obligations then due. If it becomes necessary to implement any of these alternative measures, our business, results of operations, or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
Our indebtedness could have adverse consequences to us.
Our indebtedness could have adverse consequences to us, including the following:
•making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to the 2030 Notes and our other indebtedness;
•requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to debt service payments on our and our subsidiaries’ debt, which reduces the funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, and other general corporate purposes;
•requiring us to comply with restrictive covenants in the Indenture, which limit the manner in which we conduct our business;
•limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in the industry in which we operate;
•placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to any of our less leveraged competitors;
•increasing our vulnerability to both general and industry-specific adverse economic conditions; and
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•limiting our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, or other general corporate requirements and increasing our cost of borrowing.
General Risks
If we are unable to maintain effective disclosure and internal controls over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations may be impaired.
We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations of the listing standards of the NYSE. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Our disclosure controls and other procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers.
Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. In addition, changes in accounting principles or interpretations could also challenge our internal controls and require that we establish new business processes, systems, and controls to accommodate such changes. If these new systems, controls, or standards and the associated process changes do not operate as intended, it could adversely affect our financial reporting systems and processes, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial reports, or the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Moreover, our business may be harmed if we experience problems with any new systems and controls that result in delays in their implementation or increased costs to correct any post-implementation issues that may arise. We have identified in the past, and may identify in the future, deficiencies in our controls, which could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. If we are not able to, or if we are perceived as being unable to, comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to, or if we are perceived as being unable to, maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If that were to happen, our investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline, and we have been and could be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny, including sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports.
Catastrophic events may disrupt our business.
Natural disasters or other catastrophic events may cause damage or disruption to our operations, international commerce, and the global economy, and thus could harm our business. We have our headquarters and a large employee presence in San Mateo, California, an area which in recent years has been increasingly susceptible to fires, severe weather events, and power outages, any of which could disrupt our operations, and which contains active earthquake zones. In the event of a major earthquake, hurricane, or other catastrophic event such as fire, power loss, rolling blackouts or power loss, telecommunications failure, pandemic, geopolitical conflicts such as in Ukraine and the Middle East, cyber-attack, war, or other physical security threats, including violence or terrorist attacks, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our Platform development, lengthy interruptions in our Platform, breaches of security, and loss of critical data, all of which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Certain catastrophic events would also cause disruptions to the internet or the economy as a whole. Global climate change could also result in natural disasters occurring more frequently or with more intense effects, which could cause business interruptions. A future health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the actions taken by various governments, businesses, and individuals in response, may also impact our business, operations, and financial results in ways that we may not be able to accurately predict. In addition, the insurance we maintain would likely not be adequate to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other business interruptions. Our disaster recovery plan may not be sufficient to address all aspects of any unanticipated consequence or incident, we may not be able to maintain business continuity at profitable levels or at all, and our insurance may not be sufficient to compensate us for the losses that could occur.
Our operations are subject to the effects of changing inflation rates and volatile global economic conditions.
The U.S., Europe, and other key global markets have recently experienced historically high levels of inflation. If the inflation rate continues to remain high, it will likely affect all of our expenses, including, but not limited to, employee compensation expenses and energy expenses and it may reduce consumer discretionary spending, which could affect the buying power of our users and creators and lead to a reduced demand for our Platform.
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Geopolitical developments, such as changes in tariff policies of the U.S. and the retaliatory tariff and non-tariff responses by other countries, the prospect of further changes in tariff and trade policies and responses, geopolitical conflicts such as in Ukraine and the Middle East, continued tensions with China, the responses by central banking authorities to control inflation, and future U.S. federal government shutdowns, can increase levels of political and economic unpredictability globally and increase the volatility of global financial markets. Adverse macroeconomic conditions, including lower consumer confidence, persistent unemployment, wage and income stagnation, slower growth or a recession, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, inflation, changes in interest rates, foreign exchange fluctuations, economic and trade sanctions, the availability and cost of credit, and the strength of the economies in which we and our users are located, have adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, we maintain cash balances at third-party financial institutions in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) insurance limit. If the financial conditions affecting the banking industry and financial markets cause additional banks and financial institutions to enter receivership or become insolvent, our ability to access our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments, or to draw on our existing lines of credit, may be threatened and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Managing cybersecurity risk is a critical component of our overall risk management effort. We operate in an industry that is prone to cybersecurity threats and attacks, and we believe our prominence and scale, and the volume of sensitive data on our systems, make us a particularly attractive target. Our risk management strategy accounts for the scale and complexity of our operations, which span multiple jurisdictions across the globe and rely on a large network of employees, contractors, vendors, partners, and creators. Additionally, we depend on software and hardware that is highly technical and complex, creating an environment where cybersecurity risks are constantly evolving. To navigate these risks, we maintain an enterprise-wide information security program that is designed to identify, protect, detect, and respond to significant cybersecurity risks and threats and we have integrated this program into our overall enterprise risk management systems and processes. We routinely assess material risks from cybersecurity threats, including taking reasonable steps to detect any potential unauthorized occurrence on or behaviors conducted through our information systems that may result in adverse effects to the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information systems or any information residing therein. We maintain an incident response plan designed to identify, evaluate, respond to, and recover from a cybersecurity incident. The plans are designed to be flexible so that they may be adapted to an array of potential scenarios, and provide for the creation of cross-functional incident response teams in the event of a cybersecurity incident. We also periodically conduct testing, simulations, and tabletop exercises to help support our overall preparedness for a cybersecurity incident.
Risk Management and Strategy
We conduct periodic risk assessments to identify significant cybersecurity threats that may affect information systems that are vulnerable to such cybersecurity threats and regularly review these risk assessments for changes in our business practices and the external cybersecurity landscape as well as the impacts of our security processes. These risk assessments include identification of reasonably foreseeable internal and external risks and evaluation of the likelihood and potential damage that could result from the realization of such risks.
Following our risk assessments, we evaluate when and how to design, implement, and maintain reasonable safeguards to minimize the identified risks and address any identified gaps in existing safeguards, and proceed with such design, implementation, and maintenance as deemed appropriate. However, at any given time, we may face cybersecurity risks and threats that our existing safeguards do not fully mitigate, so we work on an ongoing basis to enhance our information security program. We devote significant resources and designate high-level personnel, including our Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) who reports to our Chief People and Systems Officer, to manage the risk assessment and mitigation process. Our CISO has served in various roles in information technology and information security for over 15 years, including leading information security initiatives and incident response at two other large public companies and serving as the Chief Security Officer for the Arkansas Department of Human Services and working for the United States Department of Defense. He has an MS in Information Assurance from the University of Advanced Technology in Arizona and a BS in Computer Science from the University of Arkansas at Little Rock.
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All employees receive cybersecurity training during their onboarding. In addition, we have implemented a cybersecurity awareness program designed to educate employees on best security practices, emerging risk areas, and how to identify and report security threats. We include security expectations in employee performance management systems. We also engage third-party service providers in connection with our risk assessment process and certain risk management processes. Our collaboration with these third-party service providers includes threat assessments, risk analyses, assessments of the capability, maturity, and effectiveness of our cybersecurity program, policies, and practices, and consultations on opportunities and potential enhancements to strengthen our cybersecurity program.
We perform risk-tiered information security risk reviews for certain third-party service providers who have access to sensitive Company, user or employee information, reviewing areas such as data protection, endpoint management and protection, access management, phishing, business continuity, incident response management, and, more recently, use of AI and AI subprocessors. We contractually require certain third-party service providers with access to our information technology systems, sensitive business data, and/or personal information to implement and maintain appropriate security controls and provide for contractual restrictions on their ability to use our data. Certain of our service providers are contractually required to notify us promptly of information security incidents that may affect our systems or data, including personal information.
We also share and receive threat intelligence with federal, state, and local government agencies, peers, and other organizations, information sharing and analysis centers, and cybersecurity associations.
Governance
Our CISO, and management committee on cybersecurity consisting of our Chief People and Systems Officer, Chief Legal Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and CISO , are primarily responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats and overseeing our cybersecurity policies and processes, including those described in “Risk Management and Strategy” above. The processes by which our CISO, and our management committee on cybersecurity, are informed about and monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents includes both manual reviews and automated reviews of our systems and data, a bug bounty program, self-reporting, participation in information sharing forums on cybersecurity, proactive education of our service providers, and product and application security reviews.
The ACC reports to the full Board of Directors regarding its oversight activities, including specific updates on cybersecurity risks. In addition to the ACC reports, the full Board of Directors receives periodic briefings directly from our CISO concerning the efficacy and status of our cyber risk management program.
In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the CISO is equipped with a well-defined incident response plan to guide response actions. This incident response plan includes immediate actions to assess and mitigate the impact of the incident, long-term strategies for remediation and prevention of future incidents, and provides for internal notification of the incident functional areas (e.g. legal) as well as senior leadership and the ACC, as appropriate.
Our CISO provides briefings to the ACC at least quarterly regarding, among other topics, recent notable cybersecurity incidents, even if immaterial, and our response, cybersecurity systems testing results, our cybersecurity threat landscape, which includes emerging risks and threats, compliance with regulatory requirements, and industry standards.
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Notwithstanding the extensive approach we take to cybersecurity, including managing associated risks, we may not be successful in managing risks from cybersecurity threats, including identifying, preventing, or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on us. While we maintain cybersecurity insurance, the costs related to cybersecurity threats or disruptions may not be fully insured.
For additional information regarding the cybersecurity risks we face, please refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in this annual report on Form 10-K, including the risk factors entitled “Risks Related to Our Business: Security compromises of our Platform, our private information, and our users’ private information could disrupt our internal operations and harm public perception of our Platform, which could cause our business and reputation to suffer.”
Item 2. Properties
On January 1, 2025, we relocated our corporate headquarters to a new leased office complex in San Mateo, California. As of December 31, 2025, all of our San Mateo-based employees were based out of the new corporate headquarters, which consisted of approximately 806,399 square feet, with lease terms expiring between 2033 and 2035.
In addition, as of December 31, 2025, we continue to lease approximately 427,271 square feet of office space at our prior corporate headquarters in San Mateo, California, with lease terms expiring between 2027 and 2031. As of December 31, 2025, we have sub-leased approximately 183,354 square feet of the office space from our prior corporate headquarters to various sub-lessees, with sub-lease terms expiring in 2028.
We lease additional office space internationally in Canada, the United Kingdom, China, South Korea, Japan, and India. We also operate several data centers in the U.S. in Florida, Georgia, Illinois, New Jersey, Texas, Virginia, California, and Washington and around the world including in France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, the Netherlands, India, Australia, Brazil, and the United Kingdom pursuant to various lease agreements.
We believe our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current requirements.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
The information set forth under the heading “Legal Proceedings” in Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
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Part II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), under the symbol “RBLX” and began trading on March 10, 2021. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our Class A common stock.
Our Class B common stock is not listed nor traded on any stock exchange, but is convertible into shares of our Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis.
Holders of Record
As of January 30, 2026, there were 1,556 stockholders of record of our Class A common stock. The actual number of holders of our Class A common stock is greater than the number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers or other nominees. The number of holders of record presented here also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.
As of January 30, 2026, there were 3 holders of record of our Class B common stock. All shares of our Class B common stock are beneficially owned by David Baszucki.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, general business conditions and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.
Stock Performance Graph
The performance graph below shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act.
The performance graph below shows the cumulative total return to our stockholders between March 10, 2021 (the date that our Class A common stock commenced trading on the NYSE) through December 31, 2025, in comparison to the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index. The graph assumes (i) that $100 was invested in our Class A common stock at its closing price on March 10, 2021 and in each of the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index at their respective closing prices on February 28, 2021, and (ii) reinvestment of gross dividends. The stock price performance shown in the graph represents past performance and should not be considered an indication of future stock price performance.
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*$100 invested on March 10, 2021 in Roblox Class A common stock or February 28, 2021 in index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
Other than any sales that were already disclosed under a Current Report on Form 8-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, there have been no other sales of unregistered securities by the Company during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
Item 6. [Reserved]
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, and related notes appearing under “Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in Item 8 of this filing. This discussion and analysis and other parts of this Annual Report on Form 10-K contain forward-looking statements, such as those relating to our plans, objectives, expectations, intentions, and beliefs, that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Our actual results could differ materially from these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors,” “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” and “Special Note Regarding Operating Metrics” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any periods in the future. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this report to “Roblox,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us,” or similar terms refer to Roblox Corporation and its subsidiaries.
This section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K discusses our financial condition as of and results of operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, as well as year-to-year comparisons between fiscal years 2025 and 2024. A discussion of our financial condition as of and results of operations for the fiscal year ended 2023 and year-to-year comparisons between fiscal years 2024 and 2023 that is not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Because certain reported amounts are rounded, the sum of the respective components reported for these amounts may not equal the total amount reported and the percentages presented may not add to their respective totals.
Overview
People from around the world come to Roblox every day to connect. Together they create, play, work, learn, and connect with each other in experiences built by our global community of creators. Our Platform is powered by user-generated content and draws inspiration from gaming, entertainment, social media, and even toys.
Our immersive gaming and creation Platform consists of the Roblox Client, the Roblox Studio, and the Roblox Cloud (collectively, the “Roblox Platform” or the “Platform”). Roblox Client is the free application that allows users to explore immersive experiences. Roblox Studio is the free toolset that allows creators to build, publish, and operate immersive experiences and other content accessed with the Roblox Client. Roblox Cloud includes the services and infrastructure that power our Platform. We are continually innovating our Platform by investing in high fidelity avatars, more realistic experiences, artificial intelligence (“AI”) tools, and other connection features.
Our mission is to connect a billion users with optimism and civility. We are constantly improving the ways in which our Platform supports shared experiences, ranging from how these experiences are built by an engaged community of creators to how they are enjoyed and safely accessed by users across the globe. We also believe there is a strong potential to capture a greater percentage of the global gaming market within the Roblox ecosystem. Our goal is to make it as easy as possible for creators to build better and safer experiences, including games, and ultimately reach more users. We continue to invest in creating tools for our creators designed to promote key experience genres and deepen engagement on our Platform.
Consistent with our free to use business model, a small portion of our users have historically been payers. For example, in the year ended December 31, 2025, of our 127 million average Daily Active Users (“DAUs”), only approximately 1.8 million represented our average daily unique paying users. Similarly, in the year ended December 31, 2025, our average daily bookings per DAU was $0.15, whereas our average daily bookings per daily unique paying user was $10.36. We believe that maintaining and growing our overall number of users, including the number of users who may not purchase and spend Robux, is important to the success of our business. As a result, we believe that the number of users who choose to purchase and spend Robux will continue to constitute a small portion of our overall users.
We are constantly innovating our safety tools and launching new safeguards to promote a safe and enjoyable environment for our users. As our safety teams continue to innovate and use advancements in technology to help users feel safe on our Platform, we expect to continue to implement Platform policy, product, technology, and other changes, including in anticipation of and in response to regulatory requirements and evolving guidance from leading global organizations focused on child and internet safety in the U.S. and abroad. We are currently developing, testing, and implementing age-check systems designed to check a user’s age prior to accessing chat on our Platform. Our safety changes have impacted and in the future may continue to impact engagement, retention, revenue, and bookings.
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Our primary areas of investment have been, and we expect will continue to be, our creator community, and the people, technology, and infrastructure, including our trust and safety systems, required to keep improving the Roblox Platform while maintaining and building a safe and civil online community. These areas of focus are how we drive the business, and along with payment processing fees, represent our primary operating costs.
Key Metrics
We believe our performance is dependent upon many factors, including the key metrics described below that we track and review to measure our performance, identify trends, formulate financial projections, and make strategic decisions.
Operating Metrics
We manage our business by tracking several operating metrics, including those outlined below. As a management team, we believe each of these operating metrics provides useful information to investors and others. For complete definitions and limitations of these metrics, refer to the section titled “Special Note Regarding Operating Metrics” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Average Daily Active Users (“DAUs”)
We define a DAU as a user who has logged in and visited Roblox through our website or application on a unique registered account on a given calendar day. If a registered, logged in user visits Roblox more than once within a 24-hour period that spans two calendar days, that user is counted as a DAU only for the first calendar day. We track DAUs as an indicator of the size of the audience engaged on our Platform. We believe that the long-term growth in DAUs reflects the increasing value of our Platform.
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Hours Engaged
We define hours engaged as the time spent by our users on the Platform. We calculate total hours engaged as the aggregate of user session lengths in a given period. We estimate this length of time using internal company systems that track user activity on our Platform as discrete events, and aggregate these discrete activities into a user session. A given user session on our Platform may include, among other things, time spent in experiences, in Roblox Studio, in Platform features such as chat and avatar personalization, in the Creator Store, and some amount of non-active time due to limits within the tracking systems and our estimation methodology. We believe that the long-term growth in hours engaged reflects the increasing value of our Platform.
Bookings
Bookings is a non-GAAP financial measure and represents the sales activity in a given period without giving effect to certain non-cash adjustments. Bookings is presented for supplemental informational purposes only and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in accordance with GAAP. Refer to the section “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for further discussion on this measure, including its limitations.
Below we also include revenue calculated in accordance with GAAP, the most directly comparable financial measure to bookings.
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Generally over time, as the content and functionality of our Platform improves and DAUs increase in tenure, hours engaged tend to go up. Similarly, we expect more users to become payers. Further, we expect growth in our payers and improvements in our products and strategy to lead to growth in revenue and bookings. Within any given period, the relative behavior of the metrics has not been, and will not always be, consistent. Additionally, engagement and monetization trends may vary depending on the popularity and virality of certain experiences and the mix of users from different regions.
Average Bookings per DAU (“ABPDAU”)
We define ABPDAU as bookings in a given period divided by the DAUs for the same period. We use ABPDAU as a way to understand our monetization across our users.
Refer to the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for the definition of and discussion on bookings, including its limitations as a non-GAAP financial measure.
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Average Monthly Unique Payers
We define monthly unique payers as user accounts that made a payment on the Platform or redeemed a prepaid card during a given month. Average monthly unique payers for a specified period is the average of the monthly unique payers for each month during that period. We use this measure to understand our monetization across our payers.
Average Bookings per Monthly Unique Payer
We define average bookings per monthly unique payer as bookings in the specified period divided by the average monthly unique payers for the same specified period. We use this measure to understand our monetization across our payers through the sale of virtual currency and subscriptions. Refer to the section titled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for the definition of and discussion on bookings, including its limitations as a non-GAAP financial measure.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP, we believe the following non-GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating our performance: bookings, Adjusted EBITDA, and free cash flow. We use this non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that this non-GAAP financial information may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance. However, non-GAAP financial measures have limitations in their usefulness to investors because they have no standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and are not prepared under any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles. In addition, other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP financial information as a tool for comparison. As a result, our non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP.
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Reconciliation tables of the most comparable GAAP financial measure to each non-GAAP financial measure used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are included below. We encourage investors and others to review our business, results of operations, and financial information in their entirety, not to rely on any single financial measure, and to view these non-GAAP measures in conjunction with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.
Bookings
Bookings represent the sales activity in a given period without giving effect to certain non-cash adjustments, as detailed below. Substantially all of our bookings are generated from sales of virtual currency, which can ultimately be converted to virtual items on the Roblox Platform. Sales of virtual currency reflected as bookings include one-time purchases or monthly subscriptions purchased via payment processors or through prepaid cards. Bookings are initially recorded in deferred revenue and recognized as revenues over the estimated period of time the virtual items purchased with the virtual currency are available on the Roblox Platform (estimated to be the average lifetime of a paying user) or as the virtual items purchased with the virtual currency are consumed. Bookings also include an insignificant amount from advertising and licensing arrangements.
We believe bookings provide a timelier indication of trends in our operating results that are not necessarily reflected in our revenue as a result of the fact that we recognize the majority of revenue over the estimated average lifetime of a paying user. The change in deferred revenue constitutes the vast majority of the reconciling difference from revenue to bookings. By removing these non-cash adjustments, we are able to measure and monitor our business performance based on the timing of actual transactions with our users and the cash that is generated from these transactions. Over the long term, the factors impacting our revenue and bookings trends are the same. However, in the short-term, there are factors that may cause revenue and bookings trends to differ.
The following table presents a reconciliation of revenue, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, to bookings, for each of the periods presented (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Reconciliation of revenue to bookings: | |||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 4,890,551 | $ | 3,601,979 | |||||||
| Add (deduct): | |||||||||||
| Change in deferred revenue | 1,933,954 | 792,434 | |||||||||
| Other | (36,075) | (25,317) | |||||||||
| Bookings | $ | 6,788,430 | $ | 4,369,096 | |||||||
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Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA represents our GAAP consolidated net loss, excluding interest income, interest expense, other (income)/expense, net, provision for/(benefit from) income taxes, depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based compensation expense, and certain other nonrecurring adjustments and differs from Covenant Adjusted EBITDA which is used in certain covenant calculations specified in the indenture governing our senior notes due 2030 (the “Indenture”). Refer to the section titled “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for the definition of and discussion on Covenant Adjusted EBITDA.
We believe that, when considered together with reported GAAP amounts, Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors and management in understanding our ongoing operations and operating trends. Our definition of Adjusted EBITDA may differ from the definition used by other companies and therefore comparability may be limited.
The following table presents a reconciliation of consolidated net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA, for each of the periods presented (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Reconciliation of consolidated net loss to Adjusted EBITDA: | |||||||||||
| Consolidated net loss | $ | (1,071,618) | $ | (940,614) | |||||||
| Add (deduct): | |||||||||||
| Interest income | (201,610) | (179,531) | |||||||||
| Interest expense | 41,457 | 41,184 | |||||||||
| Other (income)/expense, net | (4,164) | 11,530 | |||||||||
| Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes | 3,593 | 4,114 | |||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense(1) | 225,820 | 226,437 | |||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | 1,129,004 | 1,015,794 | |||||||||
Other charges | 2,274 | 1,274 | |||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 124,756 | $ | 180,188 | |||||||
(1)For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, includes a one-time charge of $17.9 million related to the re-assessment of the estimated useful life of certain software licenses, resulting in the acceleration of their remaining depreciation within infrastructure and trust & safety expenses in the third quarter of 2024.
Free cash flow
Free cash flow represents the net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities, less purchases of property and equipment and intangible assets acquired through asset acquisitions. We believe that free cash flow is a useful indicator of our unit economics and liquidity that provides information to management and investors about the amount of net cash and cash equivalents generated from our core operations that, after the purchases of property and equipment and intangible assets acquired through asset acquisitions, can be used for strategic initiatives.
The following table presents a reconciliation of net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, to free cash flow, for each of the periods presented (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Reconciliation of net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities to free cash flow: | |||||||||||
| Net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities | $ | 1,796,358 | $ | 822,316 | |||||||
| Deduct: | |||||||||||
| Acquisition of property and equipment | (440,978) | (179,646) | |||||||||
| Purchases of intangible assets | (2,500) | (1,370) | |||||||||
| Free cash flow | $ | 1,352,880 | $ | 641,300 | |||||||
Acquisition of property and equipment primarily includes leasehold improvements related to our leased office spaces and data centers, servers, infrastructure equipment, and capitalized software licenses.
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Change in Accounting Estimate
At the onset of each quarter, we complete an assessment of our estimated average lifetime of a paying user, which is used for revenue recognition of durable virtual items and calculated based on historical monthly retention data for each paying user cohort to project future participation on the Roblox Platform. Following that assessment and effective April 1, 2024, the average lifetime of a paying user was estimated to be 27 months, a decrease compared to the previous estimate of 28 months, where it remained through December 31, 2025. Based on the carrying amount of deferred revenue and deferred cost of revenue as of March 31, 2024, the change resulted in an increase in our fiscal year 2024 revenue and cost of revenue by $98.0 million and $20.4 million, respectively.
Refer to the heading “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Revenue Recognition” below for a complete discussion on the Company’s revenue recognition policies.
Components of Results of Operations
Revenue
We generate substantially all of our revenue through the sale of or access to virtual items to users, enabling them to enhance their experience on the Roblox Platform. We recognize revenue over the estimated period of time the virtual items are available to the user on the Roblox Platform (estimated average lifetime of a paying user), which we refer to as durable virtual revenue, or at the time the virtual item is consumed, which we refer to as consumable revenue. We expect the mix of durable and consumable revenues to fluctuate based on user purchasing preferences, the variety of virtual content being offered by creators, and seasonal variations, amongst other factors, with higher consumable virtual item purchases resulting in higher revenue from bookings generated in the same period.
The estimated average lifetime of a paying user is calculated based on the monthly retention data for each paying user cohort. We then calculate the average retention period by determining the weighted-average period paying users have spent on the Platform and are projected to participate on the Roblox Platform.
Other revenue streams include an insignificant amount of revenue from advertising and licensing arrangements. We plan to invest in and expand our advertising business for the foreseeable future.
All of our revenue is recorded net of taxes assessed by a government authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue transactions between us and our users, and estimated chargebacks and refunds.
Costs and expenses
We allocate shared costs, such as certain facilities (including rent and depreciation on equipment and leasehold improvements shared by all departments), certain software costs, and certain other operating expenses, to all departments based on headcount. As such, allocated shared costs are reflected in each expense category, with the exception of cost of revenue and developer exchange fees expense.
Personnel costs generally include employee expenses (salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation expense) and contractor expenses, and are reflected in each expense category, with the exception of cost of revenue and developer exchange fees. In the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, personnel costs were $2,112.6 million and $1,849.2 million, respectively.
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue primarily consists of third-party payment processing fees charged by the various distribution channels in connection with sales of our virtual currency. We initially defer payment processing fees and recognize them as expense over the same period as the respective revenue. Cost of revenue also includes sales tax expense for jurisdictions where the Company does not collect sales tax from the purchaser at the time of the sale and costs associated with the printing of prepaid cards.
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Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue is affected by shifts in user purchasing preferences and trends, including those influenced by Robux offerings made by the Company, such as differential Robux pricing. Differential Robux pricing launched in November 2024, and offers more Robux for users purchasing Robux through payment processing channels with lower transaction processing fees. Since the introduction of differential Robux pricing, we have seen some shift of our sales towards distribution channels with lower transaction processing fees, such as desktop and prepaid cards. In the future, we expect the overall distribution channel mix to shift based on user purchasing preferences, including those influenced by Robux offerings made by the Company, demographics, and seasonal variations.
We intend to use efficiencies gained in this area over time to increase earnings for our creators.
Developer exchange fees
Developer exchange fees expense represent the fiat currency amount that qualified and registered creators in the Developer Exchange Program are eligible to be paid. Creators that qualify for our Developer Exchange Program are eligible to be paid fiat currency by Roblox based on the amount of earned Robux the creator has accumulated through the Platform. Creators must meet certain conditions, such as having accumulated the minimum amount of earned Robux required to qualify for the program, and having a verified creator account in good standing to be eligible to participate in our Developer Exchange Program. Creators can accumulate earned Robux by monetizing a developed experience, IP licensing, creating and selling or reselling avatar items, or creating and selling Roblox Studio plugins.
Through July 23, 2025, creators were also able to accumulate earned Robux through our Engagement-Based Payouts (“EBP”) Program which allowed creators to accumulate earned Robux based on the share of time that Roblox Premium subscribers engage in their experience. Beginning July 24, 2025, our EBP Program was replaced by our Creator Rewards Program that allows creators who publish experiences to accumulate earned Robux based on the achievement of various metrics that we believe drive user engagement and monetization supporting the long-term health of our Platform. We expect that moving forward, the aggregate Developer exchange fee expense related to the Creator Rewards Program will exceed the aggregate Developer exchange fee expense related to the legacy EBP Program.
On January 31, 2022, we reduced the minimum amount of earned Robux required to qualify for the Developer Exchange Program from 100,000 Robux to 50,000 Robux and subsequently on January 31, 2023, we further reduced the minimum requirement from 50,000 Robux to 30,000 Robux. We believe these reductions in the minimum amounts required incentivize our creator community, while promoting its long-term growth and health. As of December 31, 2025, over 35,500 creators qualified for and were registered in our Developer Exchange Program.
We continue to focus on increasing creator earnings by (i) creating new earnings methods and enhancing existing ones and (ii) passing on efficiencies realized in other areas of our business. For example, beginning September 5, 2025 and applying prospectively, we increased the amount creators can receive in fiat currency based on earned Robux by 8.5%.
Infrastructure and trust & safety
Infrastructure and trust & safety expenses consist primarily of expenses related to the operation of our data centers and technical infrastructure. These costs include third-party service provider costs, such as cloud computing or other hosting and data storage, facilities-related expenses for our co-located data centers and edge data centers that we lease and operate, and network and bandwidth costs, as well as depreciation and associated support and maintenance costs of our servers and infrastructure equipment. In the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, depreciation and amortization expense related to infrastructure and trust & safety was $184.6 million and $195.3 million, respectively.
We plan to continue increasing the capacity, capability, and reliability of our infrastructure to support more sophisticated content, more users, and increased engagement. Over the long term, as our Platform continues to grow, we expect to increase our investment to support our global infrastructure, including expanding our graphics processing units (“GPUs”) infrastructure both in our owned and operated data centers and in the public cloud. We intend to achieve scalability by building and maintaining our own technical infrastructure, while generating operating leverage over the long term.
Infrastructure and trust & safety expenses also include personnel costs, moderation and customer support related costs, and allocated overhead expenses. We have been and expect to continue investing in AI and automation to increase the accuracy and efficiency of our safety moderation and customer support related efforts, which has increased the quality of our safety and civility systems and led to a decrease in safety moderation and customer support costs in recent periods.
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Research and development
Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and allocated overhead expenses for our engineering, design, product management, data science, and other employees engaged in maintaining and enhancing the functionality of the Platform. We plan to increase research and development expenses for the foreseeable future primarily driven by increased headcount to develop new features, functionality, and innovation of our product.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and allocated overhead for our finance and accounting, legal, human resources, talent acquisition, and other administrative teams. General and administrative expenses also include professional services fees such as outside legal, accounting, audit, and outsourcing services, and other corporate expenses, as well as certain accruals and settlements associated with legal proceedings. We generally expect general and administrative expenses to increase for the foreseeable future, primarily to support the growth and increasing complexity of our business.
Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and allocated overhead for our marketing, business development, brand partnerships, and developer relations functions, as well as user acquisition expenses. Other expenses include those associated with market research, branding, public relations, and developer relations programs, including our annual Roblox Developer Conference. We plan to increase our sales and marketing expenses for the foreseeable future, primarily to support the growth of our business.
Interest income
Interest income consists primarily of interest earned and accretion/(amortization) of our short-term investments, long-term investments, and cash equivalents.
Interest expense
Interest expense consists primarily of contractual interest and amortization of debt issuance costs on our 3.875% Senior Notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes”).
Other income/(expense), net
Other income/(expense), net primarily includes foreign currency exchange gains/(losses) and realized gains/(losses) on our short-term and long-term investments.
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes consists primarily of income taxes in foreign jurisdictions and U.S. federal and state income taxes. We maintain a full valuation allowance on our federal, state, and certain foreign deferred tax assets as we have concluded that it is not likely that the deferred assets will be utilized.
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was signed into U.S. law. The OBBBA contains numerous tax reform provisions including immediate deduction of domestic research and development expenditures and accelerated fixed asset depreciation. The effects of tax law changes are recognized in the period of enactment, which was the third quarter of 2025. The OBBBA did not have a material impact on our financial statements due to the forecasted U.S. taxable loss and the full valuation allowance on the Company’s U.S. deferred tax assets.
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Results of Operations
The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented in dollars and as a percentage of our revenue for each period presented (in thousands, except per share data and percentages):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 4,890,551 | 100 | % | $ | 3,601,979 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
Costs and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue (1) | 1,072,299 | 22 | % | 801,162 | 22 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Developer exchange fees | 1,503,106 | 31 | % | 922,821 | 26 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Infrastructure and trust & safety (2) | 1,153,454 | 24 | % | 915,418 | 25 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Research and development (2) | 1,567,747 | 32 | % | 1,444,207 | 40 | % | |||||||||||||||||
General and administrative (2) | 580,114 | 12 | % | 407,507 | 11 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Sales and marketing (2) | 246,173 | 4 | % | 174,181 | 5 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Total costs and expenses | 6,122,893 | 125 | % | 4,665,296 | 130 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Loss from operations | (1,232,342) | (25) | % | (1,063,317) | (30) | % | |||||||||||||||||
Interest income | 201,610 | 4 | % | 179,531 | 5 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (41,457) | (1) | % | (41,184) | (1) | % | |||||||||||||||||
Other income/(expense), net | 4,164 | — | % | (11,530) | — | % | |||||||||||||||||
Loss before income taxes | (1,068,025) | (22) | % | (936,500) | (26) | % | |||||||||||||||||
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes | 3,593 | — | % | 4,114 | — | % | |||||||||||||||||
Consolidated net loss | (1,071,618) | (22) | % | (940,614) | (26) | % | |||||||||||||||||
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest (3) | (6,561) | — | % | (5,230) | — | % | |||||||||||||||||
Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (1,065,057) | (22) | % | $ | (935,384) | (26) | % | |||||||||||||||
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted | $ | (1.54) | $ | (1.44) | |||||||||||||||||||
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders—basic and diluted | 689,612 | 647,482 | |||||||||||||||||||||
______________________________
(1)Depreciation of servers and infrastructure equipment included in infrastructure and trust & safety.
(2)Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
Infrastructure and trust & safety | $ | 142,353 | $ | 113,708 | |||||||
Research and development | 764,124 | 723,326 | |||||||||
General and administrative | 172,373 | 138,444 | |||||||||
Sales and marketing | 50,154 | 40,316 | |||||||||
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 1,129,004 | $ | 1,015,794 | |||||||
(3)Our consolidated financial statements include our majority-owned subsidiary Roblox China Holding Corp. The ownership interest of a minority investor, Songhua River Investment Limited, is recorded as a noncontrolling interest.
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Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024
Revenue
| Year Ended December 31, | 2024 to 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 4,890,551 | $ | 3,601,979 | 36 | % | |||||||||||
Revenue in the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $1,288.6 million, or 36%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase is primarily due to a higher amortization of prior period deferred revenue and an increase in revenue recognized from current period bookings. The increase in the amortization of prior period deferred revenue was supplemented by the decrease of the estimated average lifetime of a paying user to 27 months in the second quarter of 2024. Refer to the heading “Change in Accounting Estimate” earlier in this section for more information on the change in paying user life estimate in fiscal year 2024.
The increase in bookings during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by a higher average number of daily unique paying users during the current period, which increased from approximately 1.0 million in 2024 to approximately 1.8 million in 2025. The average number of daily unique paying users represents the number of user accounts that made a payment on the Platform, including redemption of prepaid cards for Robux, on an average daily basis during the respective period. The increase in revenue recognized from current period bookings was also driven by an increase in consumable virtual item-related revenue, which accounted for 15% of virtual-item related revenue during the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to 9% in the year ended December 31, 2024.
Cost of revenue
| Year Ended December 31, | 2024 to 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue | $ | 1,072,299 | $ | 801,162 | 34 | % | |||||||||||
Cost of revenue increased $271.1 million, or 34%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to a net increase of $248.4 million in expense related to payment processing fees, primarily driven by a higher amortization of prior period deferred cost of revenue and an increase in current period payment processing fees from the related growth in bookings. The increase in the amortization of prior period deferred cost of revenue was supplemented by the decrease of the estimated average lifetime of a paying user to 27 months in the second quarter of 2024. Refer to the heading “Change in Accounting Estimate” earlier in this section for more information on the change in paying user life estimate in fiscal year 2024.
The increase in cost of revenue recognized from current period payment processing fees was driven by an increase in bookings, coupled with the aforementioned increase in consumable virtual item-related revenue, as the payment processing fees are expensed over the same period as the respective revenue.
Developer exchange fees
| Year Ended December 31, | 2024 to 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Developer exchange fees | $ | 1,503,106 | $ | 922,821 | 63 | % | |||||||||||
Developer exchange fees increased $580.3 million, or 63%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in amounts earned by creators due to the growth in bookings over the same period. The growth in developer exchange fees exceeded the growth in bookings, primarily driven by the aforementioned (i) differential Robux pricing which launched in November 2024 and offers more Robux for users purchasing through payment processing channels with lower transaction processing fees, which in turn increases the supply of Robux available for creators to accumulate, (ii) launch of our Creator Rewards Program in July 2025, and (iii) 8.5% increase in the amount creators can receive in fiat currency for earned Robux accumulated by creators from September 5, 2025 onwards.
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Infrastructure and trust & safety
| Year Ended December 31, | 2024 to 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Infrastructure and trust & safety | $ | 1,153,454 | $ | 915,418 | 26 | % | |||||||||||
Infrastructure and trust & safety expenses increased $238.0 million, or 26%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase is primarily due to an increase of $186.3 million related to data center and technical infrastructure expenses (including depreciation and amortization) associated with providing the Platform to our users. The overall change in data center and technical infrastructure expenses reflects the one-time $17.9 million acceleration of depreciation expense in the third quarter of 2024 related to the Company’s re-assessment of the estimated useful life of certain software licenses.
The increase in infrastructure and trust & safety expenses was supplemented by an increase of $47.5 million in personnel costs, which includes an increase of $28.6 million in stock-based compensation expense, primarily due to growth in headcount.
Research and development
| Year Ended December 31, | 2024 to 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | $ | 1,567,747 | $ | 1,444,207 | 9 | % | |||||||||||
Research and development expenses increased $123.5 million, or 9%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $121.0 million in personnel costs, which includes an increase of $40.8 million in stock-based compensation expense, primarily due to growth in headcount supporting our engineering, design, and product teams.
General and administrative
| Year Ended December 31, | 2024 to 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | $ | 580,114 | $ | 407,507 | 42 | % | |||||||||||
General and administrative expenses increased $172.6 million, or 42%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $68.5 million in personnel costs, which includes an increase of $33.9 million in stock-based compensation expense, primarily due to growth in headcount, an increase of $53.7 million in professional services-related expense primarily driven by legal fees associated with ongoing litigation, and an increase of $34.5 million in transactional taxes.
Sales and marketing
| Year Ended December 31, | 2024 to 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | $ | 246,173 | $ | 174,181 | 41 | % | |||||||||||
Sales and marketing expenses increased $72.0 million, or 41%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $45.6 million in advertising and promotional expenses and an increase of $26.4 million in personnel costs, which includes an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $9.8 million, primarily due to growth in headcount to support our sales and marketing teams.
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Interest income, interest expense, other income/(expense), net, and provision for/(benefit from) income taxes
| Year Ended December 31, | 2024 to 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | 201,610 | $ | 179,531 | 12 | % | |||||||||||
| Interest expense | $ | (41,457) | $ | (41,184) | 1 | % | |||||||||||
| Other income/(expense), net | $ | 4,164 | $ | (11,530) | (136) | % | |||||||||||
| Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes | $ | 3,593 | $ | 4,114 | (13) | % | |||||||||||
Interest income increased by $22.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to higher average investments in debt securities, partially offset by lower average interest rates.
Other income/(expense), net changed by $15.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily driven by changes in foreign currency exchange gains/(losses).
The changes in interest expense and provision for/(benefit from) income taxes were both relatively insignificant (in terms of amount) for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our principal sources of liquidity were cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments of $5.5 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively, which were primarily held for working capital purposes, capital expenditures, and acquisitions. Our investment policy and strategy are focused on the preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity requirements. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.
Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily through cash generated from operations and, to a lesser extent, sales of convertible preferred stock, borrowings under our credit facilities, and the sale of our 2030 Notes. We require payment upfront for substantially all of our bookings.
On October 29, 2021, we issued the 2030 Notes, which will mature on May 1, 2030, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year, commencing on May 1, 2022. The net proceeds from the 2030 Notes issuance were approximately $987.5 million and we intend to use the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital purposes, capital expenditures, and acquisitions.
The 2030 Notes are unsecured obligations and the Indenture contains covenants limiting the Company and its subsidiaries’ ability to: (i) create certain liens and enter into sale and lease-back transactions; (ii) create, assume, incur, or guarantee indebtedness; or (iii) consolidate or merge with or into, or sell or otherwise dispose of all of substantially all of the Company and its subsidiaries’ assets to another person, all of which are limited to amounts not to exceed the greater of $4.0 billion and 3.5x “Consolidated EBITDA” (as defined in the Indenture and referred to as “Covenant Adjusted EBITDA” throughout this section). Non-compliance with these covenants may result in the acceleration of repayment of the 2030 Notes and any accrued and unpaid interest.
Accordingly, the Company presents Covenant Adjusted EBITDA calculated in accordance with “Consolidated EBITDA” as that term is defined in the Indenture, which is not calculated in accordance with GAAP and may not conform to the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA by other companies. Covenant Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as a substitute for a measure of our financial performance or other liquidity measures prepared in accordance with GAAP and is also not indicative of income or loss calculated in accordance with GAAP. Management believes that this calculation is useful to investors for purposes of analyzing our compliance with certain covenants specified in the Indenture.
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The following table presents the calculation of Covenant Adjusted EBITDA in accordance with the terms of the Indenture, for each of the periods presented (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Calculation of Covenant Adjusted EBITDA: | |||||||||||
| Consolidated net loss | $ | (1,071,618) | $ | (940,614) | |||||||
| Add (deduct): | |||||||||||
| Interest income | (201,610) | (179,531) | |||||||||
| Interest expense | 41,457 | 41,184 | |||||||||
| Other (income)/expense, net | (4,164) | 11,530 | |||||||||
| Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes | 3,593 | 4,114 | |||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense(1) | 225,820 | 226,437 | |||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | 1,129,004 | 1,015,794 | |||||||||
Other charges | 2,274 | 1,274 | |||||||||
| Change in deferred revenue | 1,933,954 | 792,434 | |||||||||
| Change in deferred cost of revenue | (331,054) | (164,909) | |||||||||
Covenant Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,727,656 | $ | 807,713 | |||||||
(1)For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, includes a one time charge of $17.9 million related to the re-assessment of the estimated useful life of certain software licenses, resulting in the acceleration of their remaining depreciation within infrastructure and trust & safety expenses in the third quarter of 2024.
As of December 31, 2025, contractual obligations related to the 2030 Notes are remaining payments of $38.8 million each year from 2026 through 2029 and $1,019.4 million due in 2030. These amounts represent principal and interest cash payments over the term of the 2030 Notes based on the stated maturity date. Any future redemption of the 2030 Notes could impact the amount or timing of our cash payments. For more information regarding the 2030 Notes, refer to Note 8, “Debt” to the notes to consolidated financial statements.
For all periods presented, we have generated losses from our operations and positive cash flows from operating activities. A substantial source of our net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities is our deferred revenue, which is included in our consolidated balance sheets as a liability. Deferred revenue consists of the unearned portion of bookings for which we have not yet satisfied our performance obligations. Our deferred revenue obligation is recognized as revenue over the estimated average lifetime of a paying user or as the virtual items are consumed.
We also expect to continue making investments in our business, including, but not limited to, capital expenditures related to our technology infrastructure.
We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, together with expected cash to be provided by future operations, will be sufficient to meet our needs for the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements, however, will depend on many factors, including our growth rate, investment in our headcount, capital expenditures to build out new facilities and purchase hardware for infrastructure, timing and extent of spending to support our efforts to develop our Platform, amongst other factors. We may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services, and technologies, including intellectual property rights. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may seek to raise additional funds at any time through equity, equity-linked arrangements, or debt. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired and on favorable terms, our business, results of operations, and financial condition would be adversely affected. See Part 1, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for more information.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities | $ | 1,796,358 | $ | 822,316 | |||||||
Net cash and cash equivalents used in investing activities | $ | (1,392,641) | $ | (852,072) | |||||||
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by financing activities | $ | 88,526 | $ | 65,894 | |||||||
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Operating activities
Our largest source of operating cash is cash collection from sales of Robux and monthly subscriptions. Our primary uses of net cash and cash equivalents for operating activities are for payment processing fees, personnel-related expenses, data center and infrastructure-related operations, developer exchange fees, and other operating expenses.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities was $1,796.4 million, which consisted of consolidated net loss of $1,071.6 million, adjusted by non-cash charges of $1,414.0 million and net cash inflows from the change in net operating assets and liabilities of $1,454.0 million. The non-cash charges were primarily comprised of stock-based compensation expense of $1,129.0 million and depreciation and amortization expense of $225.8 million. The net cash and cash equivalents inflow from the change in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $1,935.3 million increase in deferred revenue, primarily due to bookings generated in the current period, and a $156.4 million increase in our developer exchange liability, primarily driven by the increase in bookings generated in the current period, coupled with the timing of payments. The overall increase was offset by a $331.4 million increase in deferred cost of revenue, primarily due to payment processing fees associated with bookings incurred in the current period, a $290.7 million increase in our accounts receivable balance, net due to the timing of cash receipts on bookings generated in the current period and collection of prior period bookings, and a $111.8 million decrease related to lease payments associated with our operating lease liabilities.
Investing activities
During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash and cash equivalents used in investing activities was $1,392.6 million, primarily consisting of $949.2 million of investment purchases – net of sales and maturities and $441.0 million of capital expenditures.
Financing activities
During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash and cash equivalents provided by financing activities was $88.5 million, driven by the exercise of stock options and purchase of shares under our employee stock purchase plan.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has letters of credit primarily in connection with its office facilities in San Mateo, California and data center facilities in Ashburn, Virginia and Chicago, Illinois totaling $9.3 million and $8.3 million, respectively, which are not reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. We did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other purposes.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
As of December 31, 2025, contractual commitments include obligations under operating leases for office facilities and space for data center operations expiring in various years through 2035 for leases that have commenced and 2041 for leases that have not yet commenced. For leases that have commenced, as of December 31, 2025, we had fixed lease payment obligations of $990.4 million, with $171.4 million payable within 12 months. For more information regarding the operating lease commitments, refer to Note 3, “Leases” to the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Other purchase obligations primarily consist of non-cancellable obligations with our data center hosting providers, software vendors, and payment processors. As of December 31, 2025, we had other purchase obligations of $99.0 million, with $85.4 million payable within 12 months. For more information regarding our contractual obligations, refer to Note 9, “Commitments and Contingencies” to the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Our estimates are based on various factors that we believe are reasonable. Actual results may differ from these estimates. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows will be affected.
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An accounting policy is considered to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, and if different estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the consolidated financial statements.
Refer to Note 1, “Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a full description of our revenue recognition policy.
Revenue Recognition
The Company operates the Roblox Platform as live services that allow users to play and connect with others for free. However, users can purchase virtual currency (“Robux”) to ultimately obtain virtual items to enhance their social experience. Proceeds from the sale of Robux are initially recorded in deferred revenue and recognized as revenue as a user purchases and uses virtual items. The Company classifies deferred revenue as short-term or long-term based on when the Company expects to recognize the revenue. The Company’s identified performance obligation is to provide users with the ability to acquire, use, and hold virtual items on the Roblox Platform over the estimated period of time the virtual items are available to the user or until the virtual items are consumed.
Users can purchase Robux via payment processors or through prepaid cards either as one-time purchases or through a monthly subscription. The Company offers prepaid cards through online and physical retailers, as well as on the Company website. The Company estimates expected breakage on prepaid card sales by taking into consideration historical patterns of redemption and escheatment laws as applicable.
Payments from users are non-refundable and relate to non-cancellable contracts for a fixed price that specify the Company’s obligations. Revenue is recorded net of taxes assessed by government authorities that are both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue transactions between the Company and its users, and estimated chargebacks and refunds.
The satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation is dependent on the nature of the virtual item purchased and as a result, the Company categorizes its virtual items as either consumable or durable.
•Consumable virtual items represent items that can be consumed by a specific user action (e.g., a one-time boost or the ability to skip or redo an action). Common characteristics of consumable virtual items may include items that are no longer displayed on the user’s inventory after a short period of time or do not provide the user any continuing benefit following consumption. For the sale of consumable virtual items, the Company recognizes revenue as the items are consumed.
•Durable virtual items represent items which result in a persistent change to a users’ character or item set (e.g., virtual hat, pet, or house). These items are generally available to the customer to hold, use, or display for as long as they are on the Roblox Platform. The Company recognizes revenue from the sale of durable virtual items ratably over the estimated period of time the items are available to the user which is estimated as the average lifetime of a paying user.
To separately account for consumable and durable virtual items, the Company specifically identifies each purchase for the majority of virtual items purchased on the Roblox Platform. For the remaining population, the Company estimates the amount of consumable and durable virtual items purchased based on data from specifically identified purchases and the expected behavior of the users within similar experiences. The estimation of consumable and durable virtual items purchased for the population of purchases not specifically identified requires management’s judgment as the Company evaluates and estimates the expected behavior of users in the population using information from known purchases in similar experiences.
At the onset of each quarter, the average lifetime of a paying user estimate is calculated based on historical monthly retention data for each user cohort to project future participation on the Roblox Platform. Determining the estimated average lifetime of a paying user requires management’s judgment as the Company analyzes the most recent trends in player cohort activity and other qualitative factors, including changes to paying user behavior influenced by broader product changes and/or content virality, the availability of the Roblox Platform across markets and user demographics, impacts due to macroeconomic factors such as COVID-19, existing and new competition from a variety of entertainment resources for our users, and other factors. The Company also considers results from prior analyses in determining the estimated average lifetime of a paying user. The Company believes this estimate is the best representation of the average life of the durable virtual items.
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The estimated average paying user life was 28 months during the first quarter of 2024 and decreased to 27 months in the second quarter of 2024. The decrease in the estimated average lifetime of a paying user from 28 months to 27 months was partially attributed to COVID-19 impacted payer cohorts dropping out of the estimated average lifetime of a paying user calculation (as we consider historical monthly retention data), whose average lives generally trended higher than more recent payer cohorts, along with the other qualitative factors including macroeconomic factors, competition, and availability of the Platform. Refer to the heading “Change in Accounting Estimate” for discussion on the quantitative amount of the change in accounting estimates for the respective periods impacted.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See section “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” within Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Information, Note 1, “Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, for discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.
Interest Rate Risk
As of December 31, 2025, our cash equivalents, short-term investments, and long-term investments primarily consist of debt securities, including corporate debt securities, commercial paper, money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities, and U.S. agency securities totaling $5.4 billion. Our debt securities are subject to market risk due to changes in prevailing interest rates that may cause their fair values to fluctuate in the future. Based on a sensitivity analysis, we have determined that a hypothetical 100 basis points increase in interest rates would have resulted in a decrease in the fair values of our debt securities of approximately $46.2 million as of December 31, 2025. Such losses would only be realized if we sold the investments prior to maturity.
We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our investment policy and strategy are focused on the preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity requirements.
In October 2021, we issued $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of the 2030 Notes. The 2030 Notes were issued at par and we incurred approximately $12.5 million in debt issuance costs. Interest on the 2030 Notes is payable semiannually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year, beginning on May 1, 2022, and the entire outstanding principal amount of the 2030 Notes is due at maturity on May 1, 2030. The 2030 Notes have a fixed interest rate; therefore, we have no financial statement risk associated with changes in interest rates with respect to the 2030 Notes. Additionally, on our consolidated balance sheets, we carry the 2030 Notes at face value less unamortized discount and debt issuance cost, and we present the fair value for disclosure purposes only. The fair value of our 2030 Notes will fluctuate with movements in interest rates, increasing in periods of declining rates of interest and declining in periods of increasing rates of interest, as well as from other factors.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
The majority of our revenue is generated in U.S. dollars, with revenue generated in Euros and British pound primarily comprising the remainder of our revenue. Our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies of the jurisdictions in which we conduct our operations, which are primarily in the U.S., United Kingdom, Canada, Europe, and China. Our results of current and future operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We have not entered into derivative or hedging transactions, but we may do so in the future if our exposure to foreign currency becomes more significant.
Due to fluctuations in exchange rates resulting from the current macroeconomic environment, we have, and may in the future, experience negative impacts to our revenue and operating expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
Inflation Risk
Inflationary factors, such as increases in overhead costs, may adversely affect our results of operations. We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations to date. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Additionally, increased inflation rates may reduce consumer discretionary spending, which could affect the buying power of our users and creators and lead to a reduced demand for our Platform.
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Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
ROBLOX CORPORATION
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID | F-2 | ||||
Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-5 | ||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations | F-6 | ||||
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss | F-7 | ||||
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | F-8 | ||||
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-9 | ||||
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-10 | ||||
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Roblox Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Roblox Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 11, 2026, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the Audit and Compliance Committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Revenue Recognition — Refer to Note 1 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company derives substantially all of its revenue from the sale of virtual items on the Roblox platform. The Company’s performance obligation when selling virtual items to users is to provide those users with the ability to acquire, use, and hold virtual items on the Roblox platform over the estimated period of time the virtual items are available to the user, which is estimated as the average lifetime of a paying user (“customer life” for durable virtual items) or until the virtual items are consumed (for consumable virtual items). To separately identify, and account for consumable and durable virtual items, the Company specifically categorizes each purchase for the majority of virtual items purchased on the Roblox platform. For the remaining population, the Company estimates the amount of consumable and durable virtual items purchased based on data from specifically categorized purchases and the expected behavior of the users within similar experiences.
Significant judgement is exercised by management when (1) estimating the customer life, which includes analyzing the most recent trends in player cohort activities and (2) estimating the amount of consumable and durable virtual items purchased for the remaining population of purchases that are not specifically categorized (“remaining population allocation”), which includes evaluating and estimating the expected behavior of users in the population using information from known purchases in similar experiences.
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Given the complexity of estimating the customer life and the remaining population allocation, auditing these estimates required a high degree of auditor judgement and increased extent of effort when performing audit procedures to evaluate the Company’s judgements and conclusions.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the Company’s estimated customer life and remaining population allocation included the following, among others:
•We obtained an understanding of the Company’s methodology for developing the estimated customer life and remaining population allocation.
•We tested the effectiveness of internal controls related to the review of the methodology and assumptions used in estimating the customer life and remaining population allocation, including the review of inputs and assumptions.
•For the customer life estimate, we (1) tested the accuracy and completeness of the historical monthly retention data for player cohorts, (2) tested the mathematical accuracy of the Company’s calculations to project future retention, and (3) assessed the impact of qualitative factors to evaluate management’s judgement on future retention utilizing competitor information that is publicly available and most recent historical trends in cohort activity.
•For the remaining population allocation estimate, we (1) tested the underlying data for specifically categorized purchases used in management’s analysis by selecting a sample of virtual items that were purchased as well as a sample of items from the Roblox platform and tested that such items were properly categorized between a consumable or a durable virtual item, (2) tested the mathematical accuracy of the percentage of consumable and durable goods for the specifically categorized purchases, (3) compared the composition of the virtual items purchased that were specifically categorized to those that were not specifically categorized to evaluate if the nature of the goods are similar, and (4) tested that the percentage of consumable and durable virtual items for the specifically categorized purchases was applied to the remaining population.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
February 11, 2026
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Roblox Corporation
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Roblox Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, of the Company and our report dated February 11, 2026, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
San Jose, California
February 11, 2026
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ROBLOX CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except par values)
As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Short-term investments | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable—net of allowances | |||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | |||||||||||
| Deferred cost of revenue, current portion | |||||||||||
| Total current assets | |||||||||||
| Long-term investments | |||||||||||
| Property and equipment—net | |||||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | |||||||||||
| Deferred cost of revenue, long-term | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | |||||||||||
| Goodwill | |||||||||||
| Other assets | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Liabilities and Stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Developer exchange liability | |||||||||||
| Deferred revenue—current portion | |||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Deferred revenue—net of current portion | |||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Long-term debt, net | |||||||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | |||||||||||
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) | |||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
Common stock, $ | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) | ( | ||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ( | |||||||||
Total Roblox Corporation stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | ( | ( | |||||||||
Total stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | $ | |||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ROBLOX CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Costs and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue (1) | |||||||||||||||||
Developer exchange fees | |||||||||||||||||
Infrastructure and trust & safety | |||||||||||||||||
Research and development | |||||||||||||||||
General and administrative | |||||||||||||||||
Sales and marketing | |||||||||||||||||
Total costs and expenses | |||||||||||||||||
Loss from operations | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Interest income | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Other income/(expense), net | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Loss before income taxes | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes | |||||||||||||||||
Consolidated net loss | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders—basic and diluted | |||||||||||||||||
_______________
(1)Depreciation of servers and infrastructure equipment included in infrastructure and trust & safety.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ROBLOX CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in thousands)
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Consolidated net loss | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Net change in unrealized gains/(losses) on available-for-sale marketable securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Total comprehensive loss, including noncontrolling interest | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Less: cumulative translation adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interest | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest, net of tax | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Total comprehensive loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ROBLOX CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands)
| Class A and Class B Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) | Accumulated Deficit | Non- Controlling Interest | Total Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vesting of restricted stock units | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income/(loss) | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vesting of restricted stock units | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income/(loss) | — | — | — | ( | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vesting of restricted stock units and performance stock units | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income/(loss) | — | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ROBLOX CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
Twelve Months Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Cash flows from operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated net loss | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net loss to net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease non-cash expense | |||||||||||||||||
| (Accretion)/amortization on marketable securities, net | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | |||||||||||||||||
| Impairment expense, (gain)/loss on investments and other asset sales, and other, net | |||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of acquisitions: | |||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred cost of revenue | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Other assets | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Developer exchange liability | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | |||||||||||||||||
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities | |||||||||||||||||
Cash flows from investing activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition of property and equipment | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Payments related to business combination, net of cash acquired | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Purchases of intangible assets | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Purchases of investments | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Maturities of investments | |||||||||||||||||
| Sales of investments | |||||||||||||||||
Net cash and cash equivalents used in investing activities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Cash flows from financing activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock | |||||||||||||||||
| Financing payments related to acquisitions | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from debt issuances | |||||||||||||||||
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by financing activities | |||||||||||||||||
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||
Beginning of period | |||||||||||||||||
End of period | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: | |||||||||||||||||
Cash paid for interest | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Property and equipment additions in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and other long-term liabilities | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Intangible asset purchases in accounts payable | $ | ||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ROBLOX CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Organization and Description of Business—Roblox Corporation (the “Company” or “Roblox”) was incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware in March 2004. On May 30, 2025, following approval of the Company’s stockholders at its 2025 annual meeting of stockholders, the Company completed its reincorporation from Delaware to Nevada.
The Company operates a immersive gaming and creation platform (the “Roblox Platform” or “Platform”) that offers people millions of ways to be together, inviting its community to explore, create, and share endless unique experiences. Users are free to immerse themselves in experiences on the Roblox Platform and can acquire experience-specific enhancements or avatar items by using purchased Robux, the Company’s virtual currency. Any user can be a creator on the Platform using Roblox Studio, a free software toolset. Creators build the experiences that are published on Roblox Client and can earn Robux by monetizing their developed experience, IP licensing, creating and selling or reselling avatar items, or creating and selling Roblox Studio plugins.
Direct Listing—On March 10, 2021, the Company completed a direct listing of its Class A common stock (“Direct Listing”) on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”).
Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Fiscal Year—The Company’s fiscal year ends on December 31.
Basis of Presentation—The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
Principles of Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and subsidiaries over which the Company has control. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. The consolidated financial statements include 100% of the accounts of wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries, and the ownership interest of minority investors is recorded as noncontrolling interest.
Use of Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the estimated period of time the virtual items are available to the user, which is estimated as the average lifetime of a paying user, and the estimated amount of consumable and durable virtual items purchased for which the Company lacks specific information that is used for revenue recognition, the estimated amount of expected breakage related to prepaid card sales, useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, fair value of assets and liabilities acquired through acquisitions, accrued liabilities (including accrued developer exchange fees), contingent liabilities, valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, stock-based compensation expense, the discount rate used in measuring operating lease liabilities, the carrying value of operating lease right-of-use assets, evaluation of recoverability of goodwill, intangible assets, and long-lived assets, and as necessary, estimates of fair value to measure impairment losses. Management believes that the estimates, and judgments upon which they rely, are reasonable based upon information available to them at the time that these estimates and judgments are made. Actual results could differ from those estimates and any such differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, the Company’s consolidated financial statements will be affected.
Revenue Recognition
Roblox Platform
The Company operates the Roblox Platform as live services that allow users to play and connect with others for free. However, users can purchase virtual currency (“Robux”) to ultimately obtain virtual items to enhance their social experience. Proceeds from the sale of Robux are initially recorded in deferred revenue and recognized as revenue as a user purchases and uses virtual items. The Company classifies deferred revenue as short-term or long-term based on when the Company expects to recognize the revenue. The Company’s identified performance obligation is to provide users with the ability to acquire, use, and hold virtual items on the Roblox Platform over the estimated period of time the virtual items are available to the user or until the virtual items are consumed.
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Users can purchase Robux via payment processors or through prepaid cards either as one-time purchases or through a monthly subscription. The Company offers prepaid cards through online and physical retailers, as well as on the Company website. The Company estimates expected breakage on prepaid card sales by taking into consideration historical patterns of redemption and escheatment laws as applicable.
Payments from users are non-refundable and relate to non-cancellable contracts for a fixed price that specify the Company’s obligations. Revenue is recorded net of taxes assessed by government authorities that are both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue transactions between the Company and its users, and estimated chargebacks and refunds.
The satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation is dependent on the nature of the virtual item purchased and as a result, the Company categorizes its virtual items as either consumable or durable.
•Consumable virtual items represent items that can be consumed by a specific user action (e.g., a one-time boost or the ability to skip or redo an action). Common characteristics of consumable virtual items may include items that are no longer displayed on the user’s inventory after a short period of time or do not provide the user any continuing benefit following consumption. For the sale of consumable virtual items, the Company recognizes revenue as the items are consumed.
•Durable virtual items represent items which result in a persistent change to a users’ character or item set (e.g., virtual hat, pet, or house). These items are generally available to the customer to hold, use, or display for as long as they are on the Roblox Platform. The Company recognizes revenue from the sale of durable virtual items ratably over the estimated period of time the items are available to the user which is estimated as the average lifetime of a paying user.
To separately account for consumable and durable virtual items, the Company specifically identifies each purchase for the majority of virtual items purchased on the Roblox Platform. For the remaining population, the Company estimates the amount of consumable and durable virtual items purchased based on data from specifically identified purchases and the expected behavior of the users within similar experiences. The estimation of consumable and durable virtual items purchased for the population of purchases not specifically identified requires management’s judgment as the Company evaluates and estimates the expected behavior of users in the population using information from known purchases in similar experiences.
At the onset of each quarter, the average lifetime of a paying user estimate is calculated based on historical monthly retention data for each user cohort to project future participation on the Roblox Platform. Determining the estimated average lifetime of a paying user requires management’s judgment as the Company analyzes the most recent trends in player cohort activity and other qualitative factors, including changes to paying user behavior influenced by broader product changes and/or content virality, the availability of the Roblox Platform across markets and user demographics, impacts due to macroeconomic factors such as COVID-19, existing and new competition from a variety of entertainment resources for the Company’s users, and other factors. The Company also considers results from prior analyses in determining the estimated average lifetime of a paying user. The Company believes this estimate is the best representation of the average life of the durable virtual items.
In the second quarter of 2024, the Company updated its estimated paying user life from 28 months to 27 months, where it remained through December 31, 2025. Based on the carrying amount of deferred revenue and deferred cost of revenue as of March 31, 2024, the change resulted in an increase in revenue and cost of revenue of $98.0 million and $20.4 million, respectively, during fiscal year 2024. The estimated paying user life was 28 months during fiscal year 2023.
Principal Agent Considerations
The Company evaluates the sales of Robux to determine whether its revenues should be reported gross or net of fees either retained by the payment processor or paid to the creators. The Company is the principal in the transaction with the end user as a result of controlling, hosting, and integrating the delivery of the virtual items to the end user. The Company records revenue gross as a principal and presents the expense associated with fees paid to payment processors as a component of cost of revenue and the expense associated with fees paid to creators as a component of developer exchange fees.
Other Revenue
Other revenue primarily consists of revenue from advertising, licenses, and royalties. The Company recognizes revenue based on the performance obligations of the underlying agreements, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to.
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Cost of Revenue and Deferred Cost of Revenue—Cost of revenue primarily consists of payment processing fees charged by third-party payment processors in connection with sales of Robux. Cost of revenue also includes sales tax expense for jurisdictions where the Company does not collect sales tax from the purchaser at the time of the sale and costs associated with the printing of prepaid cards.
Deferred cost of revenue consists of payment processing fees charged by third-party payment processors as the Company defers contract costs that are direct and incremental to obtaining user contracts (i.e., sales of Robux). Payment processing fees are amortized over the estimated period of time virtual items are available to the user on the Roblox Platform (based on the nature of the virtual item as either consumable or durable) in proportion to the revenue recognized. The Company classifies deferred cost of revenue as short-term or long-term based on when the Company expects to recognize the expense.
Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Payment Processors—Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, long-term investments, and accounts receivables. Cash is deposited with high quality financial institutions and may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Management believes that the financial institutions that hold the Company’s cash deposits are financially creditworthy and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to those balances. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and therefore, bear minimal interest rate risk. As it relates to cash equivalents, short-term investments, and long-term investments, the Company’s investment policy limits the amount of credit exposure in its portfolio by imposing credit rating minimums and limiting purchases by security type.
The Company uses various payment processors to collect and remit payments from users. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, three payment processors accounted for 67 % and 69 % of our accounts receivable, net, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, one payment processor processed 29 %, 30 %, and 30 % of our overall revenue transactions, respectively, and a second payment processor processed 15 %, 16 %, and 17 % of our overall revenue transactions, respectively.
Fair Value Hierarchy—Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated financial statements are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels, which are directly related to the amount of subjectivity, associated with the inputs to the valuation of these assets or liabilities are as follows:
Level 1—Inputs that are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.
Level 2—Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) that are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.
Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities and which reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.
In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible as well as considers counterparty credit risk in its assessment of fair value.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash—Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash in hand and money market instruments and/or other debt instruments with maturities of 90 days or less from the date of purchase.
The Company had no
Short-Term and Long-Term Investments—Realized gains and losses for all investments are determined using the specific-identification method and are reflected as a component of other income/(expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations.
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Debt Securities
Short-term and long-term investments generally include corporate debt securities, commercial paper, U.S. Treasury securities, and U.S. agency securities. Based on the Company’s intentions, all debt investments are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded as a separate component of other comprehensive income, net of tax (except in the instances outlined below, if any). The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments as short-term or long-term at each reporting period based on their respective maturity dates and the Company’s reasonable expectation with regard to those investments (e.g. expectations of future sales or redemptions).
For debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first considers whether it intends to or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the individual security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis and if so, it adjusts the carrying value of security down to its fair value, with the amount of the write-down recorded as a realized loss within other income/(expense), net.
Otherwise, the Company determines whether a decline in fair value is attributable to a partial or full credit loss by reviewing factors such as the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, changes in interest rates since the purchase of the security, the financial condition of the issuer, including changes in credit ratings, the remaining payment terms of the security, and any adverse conditions specifically related to the security, the issuer’s industry or its geographic area. If a credit loss exists, the Company adjusts the carrying value by recording expense within other income/(expense), net equal to the amount of the credit loss, with such amount limited to the amount of the unrealized loss. Subsequent recoveries of fair value originally attributed to a credit loss are subsequently recognized as income within other income/(expense), net. Finally, any unrealized loss not deemed to be attributable to a credit loss is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax. The Company has not experienced any material credit losses to date.
For purposes of identifying and measuring credit losses, the Company excludes any related accrued interest from both the fair value and amortized cost basis of the investment. Accrued interest receivable, net of the allowance for credit losses (if any), is recorded as a component of prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Equity Securities with Readily Determinable Fair Value
Short-term investments include mutual fund investments related to the Company’s nonqualified deferred compensation plan, which are held in a rabbi trust. The Company classifies these investments as trading securities as the rabbi trust actively manages the asset allocation to match the participants’ hypothetical fund allocations. The Company considers investments held in the rabbi trust to be restricted given their withdrawal and general use is legally restricted.
All equity investments are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recorded within other income/(expense), net in our consolidated statement of operations.
Deferred Compensation Plan—The Company established the Roblox Corporation Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended, the “NQDC Plan”) for its non-employee directors and a select group of management employees. Eligible participants may voluntarily elect to participate in the NQDC Plan. Unless otherwise determined by the committee that administers the NQDC Plan, eligible employee participants may elect annually to defer up to 90 % of their base salary, up to 100 % of their cash bonus compensation (if any), and up to 65 % of any RSUs or PSUs granted under the Company’s 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) (if any), and eligible non-employee director participants may elect annually to defer up to 100 % of their cash director fees and any RSUs granted under the 2020 Plan. Obligations of the Company under the NQDC Plan represent at all times unsecured general obligations of the Company to pay deferred compensation in the future in accordance with the terms of the NQDC Plan.
Cash amounts deferred under the plan may only later be settled in cash and are credited or charged with the performance of investment options offered under the NQDC Plan as elected by the participants. The amount credited or charged to each participant’s cash deferrals are based on the performance of a hypothetical portfolio of investments which are tracked by an administrator, with such credits or charges included as a component of operating expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The cash obligations due to participants are presented as liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
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The Company generally funds the cash obligations associated with the NQDC Plan by purchasing investments that match the hypothetical investment choices made by the plan participants. The investments (and any uninvested cash) are held in a rabbi trust in order to receive certain tax benefits. The rabbi trust is subject to creditor claims in the event of insolvency, but the assets held in the rabbi trust are not available for general corporate purposes. The investments held in the rabbi trust are presented as short-term investments and any uninvested cash is presented as cash and cash equivalents on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
As it relates to any deferred RSUs and PSUs, the Company ensures enough shares of its Class A common stock are reserved to settle all obligations under the NQDC Plan. These obligations are settled on the date(s) elected by the participant. The accounting for the RSUs and PSUs deferred under the NQDC Plan is consistent with the accounting for non-deferred RSUs and PSUs.
Accounts Receivable and Related Allowances—Accounts receivable represent amounts due based on contractual obligations with our customers, less payment processing fees owed to third-party payment processors and any taxes withheld by such payment processors, if applicable. Payments made by the Company’s users are collected by third-party payment processors and remitted to the Company generally within 30 days of invoicing. The Company maintains allowances for potential credit losses when deemed necessary. The Company has not experienced any material credit losses to date. In cases where the Company is aware of circumstances that may impair a specific payment processor’s ability to meet its financial obligations, it records a specific allowance as a reduction to the accounts receivable balance to reduce it to its net realizable value. In addition, the Company holds a reserve for chargebacks and refunds based on historical data and current trends and projections. Specific allowances, chargeback, and refund reserves have not been material for any of the periods presented.
| Property and Equipment | Estimated Useful Life | ||||
Servers and related equipment | |||||
Computer hardware and software | |||||
Furniture and fixtures | |||||
Leasehold improvements | Shorter of remaining lease term or estimated useful life | ||||
Goodwill and Intangible Assets—Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized but rather tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. When conducting the annual goodwill impairment assessment, the Company performs a quantitative evaluation by comparing the estimated fair value of its single reporting unit, determined using the Company’s market capitalization as of the testing date, to its carrying value. Goodwill impairment is recognized when the quantitative assessment results in the carrying value exceeding the fair value, in which case an impairment charge is recorded to the extent the carrying value exceeds the fair value. There were no impairment charges to goodwill during any of the periods presented.
Intangible assets with finite lives are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization. Intangible assets with finite lives are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the respective asset, generally up to 5 years, or in the case of acquired patents, up to 10 years.
F-14
Table of Contents
Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions—To determine whether a transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition or business combination, the Company applies a screen test to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If the screen test does not result in substantially all of the fair value concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets, the Company performs a second test to evaluate whether the assets and activities transferred include inputs and substantive processes that together, significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs, which would constitute a business. If the result of the second test indicates that the acquired assets and activities constitute a business, the Company accounts for the transaction as a business combination.
For business combinations, the purchase consideration is allocated to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and intangible assets acquired based on their respective estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over their fair values is recorded as goodwill. The Company’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable, and as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year following the acquisition date, if new information is obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the fair value of these assets and liabilities, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
The Company accounts for a transaction as an asset acquisition when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets, or otherwise does not meet the definition of a business. Asset acquisition-related costs, if material, are capitalized as part of the asset or assets acquired.
Software Development Costs—The Company incurs costs related to developing the Roblox Platform and related support systems. If material, the Company capitalizes development costs, such as salaries and wages, stock-based compensation expense, and other direct compensation-related costs, once the preliminary project stage is completed, management has authorized and committed project funding, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used as intended. Development costs meeting the Company’s capitalization criteria were not material during any of the periods presented.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets—The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets to be held and used when indicators of impairment exist. The carrying value of a long-lived asset to be held and used is considered impaired when the estimated separately identifiable undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are less than the carrying value of the asset. In that event, an impairment loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset.
Significant judgment is required to assess the appropriate asset grouping(s) and estimate the amount and timing of future cash flows and the relative risk of achieving those cash flows. Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives are complex and often subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in the Company’s business strategy and internal forecasts.
Developer Exchange Fees—The Company has established an incentive program for creators to build and operate virtual experiences within the Roblox environment. Creators can primarily accumulate earned Robux through the sale of access to their experiences and enhancements in their experiences, the incorporation of immersive ads, the sale of items to users through the Marketplace, and the sale of content and tools between creators through the Creator Store. Creators can also accumulate earned Robux through the Creator Rewards Program, which launched on July 24, 2025 and replaced the legacy Engagement-Based Payouts Program, and allows creators who publish experiences to accumulate earned Robux based on the achievement of various metrics that the Company believes drive user engagement and monetization supporting the long-term health of the Platform. Prior to the launch of the Creator Rewards Program, the Engagement-Based Payouts Program allowed creators to accumulate earned Robux based on the share of time that Roblox Premium subscribers engage in their experience. Under certain conditions, and in compliance with applicable law, these creators are eligible to receive a fiat currency payout based on the amount of earned Robux they have accumulated through the Developer Exchange Program. In order to be qualified for the Developer Exchange Program, creators must meet certain conditions, such as having accumulated the minimum amount of earned Robux required to qualify for the program and having a verified creator account in good standing. On January 31, 2022, the Company reduced the minimum amount of accumulated earned Robux required to qualify for the program from 100,000 Robux to 50,000 Robux and subsequently on January 31, 2023, the Company further reduced the minimum requirement from 50,000 Robux to 30,000 Robux.
The Company recognizes the expense associated with the Developer Exchange Program as earned Robux are accumulated by creators that are qualified and registered in the Developer Exchange Program.
F-15
Table of Contents
Research and Development Cost—Research and development costs consist primarily of personnel costs and allocated overhead expenses for the Company’s engineering, design, product management, data science, and other employees engaged in maintaining and enhancing the functionality of the Platform and are expensed as incurred.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense—The Company measures and recognizes stock-based compensation expense for all stock-based awards, including stock options, unregistered restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and performance stock units (“PSUs”) granted to employees, directors, and non-employees, and stock purchase rights granted under the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2020 ESPP”) to employees, based on the estimated grant date fair value of the awards. The Company records forfeitures when they occur for all stock-based awards.
The fair value of each stock option and stock purchase right granted is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires certain subjective inputs and assumptions and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. These assumptions and estimates are as follows:
•Fair value of Class A common stock—Prior to the Direct Listing, the fair value of the shares of Class A common stock underlying the stock options and RSUs was historically determined by the Company’s Board of Directors along with management as there was no public market for the underlying common stock. The Company’s Board of Directors along with management determined the fair value of the Company’s common stock by considering a number of objective and subjective factors including: contemporaneous third-party valuations of its common stock, the valuation of comparable companies, sales of the Company’s common and convertible preferred stock to outside investors in arms-length transactions, the Company’s operating and financial performance, the lack of marketability, and the general and industry specific economic outlook, amongst other factors. After the completion of the Direct listing, the fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock is determined based on the NYSE closing price on the date of grant.
•Expected term—The expected term represents the period that stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The expected term assumptions are determined based on the vesting terms, estimated exercise behavior, post-vesting cancellations and contractual lives of the awards.
•Risk-free interest rates—The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yields in effect at the time of the grant of U.S. Treasury notes with terms approximately equal to the expected term of the award.
•Expected stock price volatility—Prior to the Direct Listing, the Company used the historical volatility of the Class A common stock price of publicly-traded peer companies. After the completion of the Direct Listing, the Company continued to use the historical volatility of the stock price of publicly traded peer companies until the first quarter of 2024, at which point Company believed it had sufficient public trading history.
•Expected dividend yield—The Company utilizes a dividend yield of zero, as it has no history or plan of declaring dividends on its common stock.
RSUs granted by the Company prior to March 2021 vest upon the satisfaction of both a service-based vesting condition, which is typically four years , and a liquidity event-related performance vesting condition. The liquidity event-related performance vesting condition was satisfied on March 2, 2021 (the “Effective Date”) and the Company recorded a cumulative stock-based compensation expense as of the Direct Listing date for those RSUs for which the service-based vesting condition has been satisfied. Stock-based compensation related to the remaining service-based period after the liquidity event-related performance vesting condition was satisfied is recorded over the remaining requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method. For RSUs granted subsequent to the Direct Listing, during each reporting period, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense based on grant date fair value on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award, or, if greater, based on the number of awards vested during the reporting period. The grant date fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock associated with the Company’s RSUs granted subsequent to the Direct Listing is determined based on the NYSE closing price on the date of grant.
F-16
Table of Contents
Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Common Share—Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potentially dilutive common stock equivalents to the extent they are dilutive. For purposes of this calculation, convertible preferred stock, stock options, RSUs, PSUs, RSAs, convertible preferred stock warrants, and common stock warrants, as applicable, are considered to be common stock equivalents but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as their effect is anti-dilutive for all periods presented.
Income Taxes—The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Deferred income taxes are recognized by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the statement of operations in the period that includes the enactment date. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by a valuation allowance for any tax benefit for which the future realization is uncertain.
The tax effects of a position are recognized only if it is more likely than not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits as of the reporting date. The Company considers many factors when evaluating and estimating its tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments.
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income taxes as components of interest expense and other expense, respectively.
Leases—The Company accounts for lessee and lessor arrangements as follows:
Lessee Arrangements
The Company leases facilities under non-cancellable operating lease agreements primarily for real estate and co-located data centers. These leases have varying terms up to 12 years and generally contain leasehold improvement incentives, rent holidays, and escalation clauses. In addition, some of these leases have renewal options for up to five years after expiration of the initial term. The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. The Company determines if a contract contains a lease based on whether it has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of an identified asset and whether it has the right to direct the use of an identified asset in exchange for consideration.
Operating lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease at the commencement date and are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at the lease commencement date. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term. Operating lease ROU assets are recognized at an amount equal to the lease liability, adjusted for lease incentives received, initial direct costs, and prepayments made, if any.
In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company discounts future lease payments using its incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) since the implicit rate is unknown. The IBR represents the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term at an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The Company utilizes a market-based approach to estimate the IBR, which requires significant judgment. The Company primarily considers the current economic environment, lease term, and currency in which the lease is denominated, as well as (i) yields on corporate bonds with a credit rating similar to the Company; (ii) yields on the Company’s outstanding unsecured debt; and (iii) indicative pricing on both secured and unsecured debt received from potential lenders (if any).
Certain lease agreements include options to renew or early terminate the lease, and the Company includes such extension periods when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised and include such periods beyond the early termination date when it is reasonably certain the early terminations will not be exercised.
Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Variable lease payments are expensed when the underlying uncertainty is resolved, which is generally when the obligation for those costs are incurred and are excluded from the measurement of the lease liabilities and ROU assets. Variable lease payments primarily include common-area maintenance, utilities, taxes or other operating costs, which are generally based on a percentage of actual expenses incurred or a fluctuating rate which is unknown at the inception of the contract.
F-17
Table of Contents
Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less (“short-term leases”) are not recognized on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company recognizes lease expense for short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company does not account for lease components (e.g., fixed payments including rent) separately from the non-lease components (e.g., common-area maintenance costs).
Lessor Arrangements
Foreign Currency Transactions—Beginning January 1, 2024, the functional currency of certain non-U.S. dollar functional currency international subsidiaries was re-assessed from the U.S. dollar to the local currency that the international subsidiary operates in. Prior to January 1, 2024, the functional currency of the Company’s international subsidiaries was primarily the U.S. dollar. The effects of the changes in functional currency were not significant to the consolidated financial statements.
The Company translates the financial statements of non-U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiaries to U.S. dollars using the period-end exchange rate for assets and liabilities and the average exchange rate for the period for revenues and expenses. The effects of foreign currency translation are included in stockholders’ equity and periodic movements are summarized as a line item in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.
The Company reflects foreign exchange transaction gains and (losses) resulting from the conversion of the transaction currency to the functional currency, which includes gains and losses from the remeasurement of assets and liabilities, as a component of other income/(expense), net. Net foreign exchange gains/(losses) totaled $2.1 million, $(14.1 ) million, and $(2.0 ) million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Reportable Segments—Roblox derives revenue globally and manages its business activities on a consolidated basis, resulting in a single operating and reportable segment, which is at the consolidated level. The technology used in its customer arrangements is primarily based on a similar software application that is available on various platforms, such as mobile devices, consoles, and computers, that is used by customers in a similar manner.
The chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) of the Company is its chief executive officer (“CEO”) who assesses performance of the Company’s single operating segment and decides how to allocate resources based on consolidated net loss that is reported on the consolidated statement of operations, as well as through other performance measures. The CODM considers consolidated net loss in deciding how to reinvest profits into the Company, including to its creator community, people, and technology and infrastructure, including its trust and safety systems, and other areas such as for acquisitions.
The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheets as total assets.
Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires public entities to disclose specific tax rate reconciliation categories, as well as income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction, amongst other disclosure enhancements. The Company adopted the ASU retrospectively in the current period. Refer to the newly required and retrospectively revised disclosures in Note 15, “Income Taxes” below.
F-18
Table of Contents
Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement: Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures,” which requires disclosure of certain costs and expenses in the notes of financial statements, including, amongst others, the amount of employee compensation expense and depreciation and amortization expense within each caption presented on the face of the income statement within continuing operations. Further, the disclosures require a qualitative description of the remaining cost and expense amounts within each relevant expense caption that are not separately disaggregated, as well as a description and the total amount of selling expenses. The ASU is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. The ASU can be early adopted and should be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the disclosure requirements related to the new standard.
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software,” which modernizes the recognition and disclosure framework for internal-use software costs, removing the previous “development stage” model and introduces a more judgment-based approach. The ASU is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The ASU can be early adopted and should be applied using either the prospective, modified, or retrospective transition approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact related to this ASU.
2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
The following table summarizes revenue by region based on the billing country of users (in thousands, except percentages):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amount | Percentage of Revenue | Amount | Percentage of Revenue | Amount | Percentage of Revenue | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
United States and Canada (1) | $ | % | $ | % | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Europe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Asia-Pacific, including Australia and New Zealand | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rest of world | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | % | $ | % | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1)The Company’s revenues in the United States were 57 %, 59 %, and 60 % of consolidated revenue for each of the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
No individual country, other than the United States, exceeded 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenue for any period presented.
As a percentage of total virtual item-related revenue, durable revenue and consumable revenues were as follows:
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Durable virtual item revenue | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
Consumable virtual item revenue | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
Deferred Revenue
The Company receives payments from its users based on the payment terms established in its contracts. Such payments are initially recorded to deferred revenue and are recognized into revenue as the Company satisfies its performance obligations. The aggregate amount of revenue allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations is included in the Company’s deferred revenue balances.
The increase in deferred revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 was driven by sales during the period exceeding revenue recognized from the satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligations, which includes the revenue recognized during the period that was included in the current portion of deferred revenue at the beginning of the period. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recognized all of the revenue that was included in the $3,005.0 million current deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2024.
F-19
Table of Contents
3. Leases
Lessee Arrangements
The Company took possession of a data center leased space in the first quarter of 2024 and later de-recognized the remaining $70.3
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized a $7.0 million impairment loss within general and administrative expenses, which included $4.8 million related to operating lease right-of-use assets and $2.2 million related to property and equipment, net, as a result of the execution of a sub-lease arrangement for a portion of its prior San Mateo, California corporate headquarters.
The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating lease expense | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Variable and short-term lease expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Net operating lease expense | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
For leases which have commenced, the following table presents the expected timing of future lease payments as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands):
Year ending December 31, | |||||
| 2026 | $ | ||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| 2029 | |||||
| 2030 | |||||
| Thereafter | |||||
| Total lease payments | $ | ||||
Less: imputed interest (1) | ( | ||||
| Present value of lease liabilities | $ | ||||
(1)Calculated using each lease’s incremental borrowing rate.
In addition, the Company has executed operating leases for real estate and co-located data centers which have not commenced as of December 31, 2025, with lease payments totaling $1,618.6 million over lease terms ranging between to fifteen years .
The following table presents the weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024:
As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Weighted average remaining lease term (years) | |||||||||||
| Weighted average discount rate | % | % | |||||||||
Supplemental cash and noncash information related to operating leases is as follows (in thousands):
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities, net of leasehold incentives received | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Lease liabilities arising from obtaining new right-of-use assets (noncash) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
F-20
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Sublease Arrangements as Lessor
Sublease income was as follows (in thousands):
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Sublease income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
The following table presents future sublease payments due to the Company as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands):
Year ending December 31, | |||||
2026 | $ | ||||
2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| Thereafter | |||||
Total sublease income | $ | ||||
4. Cash Equivalents and Investments
Financial Assets
The following is a summary of the Company’s cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments (in thousands):
As of December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Cash Equivalents | Short-Term Investments | Long-Term Investments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt Securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. agency securities | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Debt Securities | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity Securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mutual funds (1) | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Equity Securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Cash Equivalents and Investments | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
F-21
Table of Contents
As of December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Cash Equivalents | Short-Term Investments | Long-Term Investments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt Securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. agency securities | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Debt Securities | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity Securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mutual funds (1) | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Equity Securities | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Cash Equivalents and Investments | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1)The equity securities relate to the Company’s nonqualified deferred compensation plan and are held in a rabbi trust. Refer to Note 1, “Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, section titled “Deferred Compensation Plan” to the notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
As of December 31, 2025, all of the Company’s short-term debt investments have contractual maturities of one year or less and all of the Company’s long-term debt investments have contractual maturities between and five years .
Changes in market interest rates, credit risk of borrowers, and overall market liquidity, amongst other factors, may cause the Company’s short-term and long-term debt investments to fall below their amortized cost basis, resulting in unrealized losses. For those debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2025, the unrealized losses were primarily driven by increases in market interest rates following the date of purchase and the Company does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not it will be required to sell, such securities before recovering the amortized cost basis.
The following table presents fair values and gross unrealized losses, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position (in thousands):
As of December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Less Than 12 Months | 12 Months or Greater | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. agency securities | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate debt securities | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Less Than 12 Months | 12 Months or Greater | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. agency securities | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial paper | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate debt securities | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5. Acquisitions
F-22
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Speechly, Inc.
On September 18, 2023 (the “Speechly Acquisition Date”), the Company acquired all outstanding equity interests of Speechly, Inc. and its wholly owned Finnish subsidiary Speechly Oy (together, “Speechly”). Speechly was a privately held company that operated a speech recognition software focused on voice moderation. The acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination. The consideration totaled $10.1 million, which included (i) $4.8 million of cash paid on the Speechly Acquisition Date and (ii) $5.3 million of cash held back until certain post-acquisition conditions were satisfied.
The following table summarizes the Company’s allocation of the purchase consideration based on the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the Speechly Acquisition Date (in thousands):
| September 18, 2023 | |||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | ||||
| Other current assets acquired | |||||
| Intangible assets, net | |||||
Developed technology, useful life of | |||||
| Goodwill | |||||
| Other current liabilities assumed | $ | ( | |||
| Other long-term liabilities assumed | ( | ||||
| Total purchase price | $ | ||||
Goodwill is attributable to the assembled workforce and anticipated synergies arising from the acquisition. The goodwill recognized is not deductible for income tax purposes.
6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The following table represents the changes to goodwill from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2025 (in thousands):
| Carrying Amount | |||||
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | ||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ||||
Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $ | ||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | |||||
Balance as of December 31, 2025 | $ | ||||
Intangible Assets
The following tables present details of the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
As of December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | |||||||||||||||
| Developed technology | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||
| Patents | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Assembled workforce | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Trade name | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||
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As of December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | |||||||||||||||
| Developed technology | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||
| Patents | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Assembled workforce | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Trade name | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||
The above tables do not include $0.7 million of indefinite lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
As of December 31, 2025, the weighted-average remaining useful lives of the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets, weighted based on net carrying amounts, were 2.7 years for developed technology, 7.2 years for patents, 2.7 years for assembled workforce, and 5.4 years in total.
Amortization expense related to the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets was $18.4 million, $18.9 million, and $19.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Expected future amortization expenses related to the Company’s finite lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2025 are as follows (in thousands):
Year ending December 31: | |||||
| 2026 | $ | ||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| 2029 | |||||
| 2030 | |||||
Thereafter | |||||
Total remaining amortization expense | $ | ||||
7. Other Balance Sheet Components
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):
As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accrued interest receivable | |||||||||||
| Other current assets | |||||||||||
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
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Property and equipment, net
Property and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):
As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Servers and related equipment and software | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Computer hardware and software licenses | |||||||||||
| Furniture and fixtures | |||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | |||||||||||
| Construction in progress | |||||||||||
Prepayments for purchase of equipment and construction in progress | |||||||||||
Total property and equipment | |||||||||||
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | ( | ( | |||||||||
Property and equipment—net | $ | $ | |||||||||
Construction in progress primarily relates to leasehold improvements for the Company’s leased office buildings, and networking and other infrastructure equipment to support the Company’s data centers.
Property and equipment, net, by geographic area was as follows (in thousands):
As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
United States | $ | $ | |||||||||
Rest of world | |||||||||||
Total | $ | $ | |||||||||
Total depreciation and amortization expense of property and equipment was $207.4 million, $207.5 million, and $188.9 million for years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. In the third quarter of 2024, the Company re-assessed the estimated useful life of certain software licenses, resulting in the acceleration of their remaining depreciation expense of $17.9 million within infrastructure and trust & safety expenses.
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Accrued operating expenses and liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accrued interest on the 2030 Notes | |||||||||||
| Taxes payable | |||||||||||
| Accrued compensation and other employee related liabilities | |||||||||||
Short-term debt | |||||||||||
| Other current liabilities | |||||||||||
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||||
8. Debt
2030 Notes
On October 29, 2021, the Company issued $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of its 3.875 % Senior Notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes”). The 2030 Notes mature on May 1, 2030. The 2030 Notes bear interest at a rate of 3.875 % per annum. Interest on the 2030 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 of each year, commencing on May 1, 2022.
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The aggregate proceeds from the offering of the 2030 Notes were approximately $987.5 million, after deducting lenders costs and other issuance costs incurred by the Company. The issuance costs of $12.5 million are amortized into interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the 2030 Notes.
The Company may voluntarily redeem the 2030 Notes, in whole or in part, under the following circumstances:
(1)Prior to November 1, 2024, the Company could have, on any one or more occasions, redeemed up to 40 % of the aggregate principal amount of the 2030 Notes at a redemption price of 103.875 % of the principal amount including accrued and unpaid interest, if any, with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings; provided that (1) at least 50 % of the aggregate principal amount of 2030 Notes originally issued remained outstanding immediately after the occurrence of such redemption (excluding 2030 Notes held by the Company and its subsidiaries); and (2) the redemption occurred within 180 days of the date of the closing of such equity offerings.
(2)On or after November 1, 2024, the Company may voluntarily redeem all or a part of the 2030 Notes at the following redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount), plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the applicable redemption date:
| Year | Percentage | |||||||
2024 | % | |||||||
2025 | % | |||||||
2026 and thereafter | % | |||||||
(3)Prior to November 1, 2024, the Company could have redeemed all or a part of the 2030 Notes at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount of 2030 Notes redeemed, including accrued and unpaid interest, if any, plus the applicable “make-whole” premium set forth in the indenture governing the 2030 Notes (the “Indenture”) as of the date of such redemption; and
(4)In connection with any tender offer for the 2030 Notes, including an offer to purchase (as defined in the Indenture), if holders of not less than 90 % in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 2030 Notes validly tender and do not withdraw such notes in such tender offer and the Company (or any third party making such a tender offer in lieu of the Company) purchases all of the 2030 Notes validly tendered and not withdrawn by such holders, the Company (or such third party) will have the right, upon not less than 10 , but not more than 60 days’ prior notice, given not more than 30 days following such purchase date to the holders of the 2030 Notes and the trustee, to redeem all of the 2030 Notes that remain outstanding following such purchase at a redemption price equal to the price offered to each holder of 2030 Notes (excluding any early tender or incentive fee) in such tender offer plus to the extent not included in the tender offer payment, accrued and unpaid interest, if any.
In certain circumstances involving a change of control triggering event (as defined in the Indenture), the Company will be required to make an offer to repurchase all, or at the holder’s option, any part, of each holder’s 2030 Notes at a repurchase price equal to 101 % of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the applicable repurchase date.
The 2030 Notes are unsecured obligations and the Indenture contains covenants limiting the Company and its subsidiaries’ ability to: (i) create certain liens and enter into sale and lease-back transactions; (ii) create, assume, incur or guarantee certain indebtedness; or (iii) consolidate or merge with or into, or sell or otherwise dispose of all of substantially all of the Company and its subsidiaries’ assets to another person. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions set forth in the Indenture and non-compliance with these covenants may result in the accelerated repayment of the 2030 Notes and any accrued and unpaid interest.
As of December 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all of its covenants under the Indenture.
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The net carrying amount of the 2030 Notes, which is presented as a component of long-term debt in the Company’s consolidated financial statements, was as follows (in thousands):
As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| 2030 Notes | |||||||||||
Principal | $ | $ | |||||||||
Unamortized issuance costs | ( | ( | |||||||||
Net carrying amount | $ | $ | |||||||||
Interest expense related to the 2030 Notes was as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Contractual interest expense | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Amortization of debt issuance costs | |||||||||||||||||
Total interest expense | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
The debt issuance costs for the 2030 Notes are amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2030 Notes using an annual effective interest rate of 4.05 %.
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the estimated fair value of the 2030 Notes was approximately $957.5 million and $901.5 million, respectively, determined based on the last trading price of the 2030 Notes during the reporting period (a Level 2 input).
Future interest and principal payments related to the 2030 Notes, as of December 31, 2025, were as follows (in thousands):
Year ending December 31, | |||||
| 2026 | $ | ||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| 2029 | |||||
2030 | |||||
| Total future interest and principal payments related to the 2030 Notes | $ | ||||
Joint Venture Financing
Refer to Note 14, “Joint Venture”, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on debt issued by the Company’s consolidated subsidiary, Roblox China Holding Corp.
9. Commitments and Contingencies
Purchase Obligations—Non-cancellable contractual purchase obligations, primarily consisting of contracts associated with data center hosting providers, software vendors, and payment processors, were as follows as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands):
Year ending December 31, | |||||
| 2026 | $ | ||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| 2029 | |||||
| 2030 | |||||
| Thereafter | |||||
| Total non-cancellable contractual purchase obligations | $ | ||||
Letters of Credit—The Company has letters of credit in connection with its operating leases which are not reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company has not drawn down from the letters of credit and had $9.3 million and $8.3 million available in aggregate as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
F-27
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Legal Proceedings—The Company is and, from time to time may in the future become, involved in legal proceedings, claims and litigation in the ordinary course of business.
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company accrued for immaterial losses related to litigation matters that the Company believes to be probable and for which an amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company considered the progress of these cases, the opinions and views of its legal counsel and outside advisors, its experience and settlements in similar cases, and other factors in arriving at the conclusion that a potential loss was probable.
The Company cannot determine a reasonable estimate of the maximum possible loss or range of loss for all its litigation matters given that they are at various stages of the litigation process and each case is subject to the inherent uncertainties of litigation. The Company has and may continue to incur substantial legal fees, which are expensed as incurred, in defending against these legal proceedings. The maximum amount of liability that may ultimately result from any of these matters cannot be predicted with absolute certainty and the ultimate resolution of one or more of these matters could ultimately have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations.
On August 1, 2023, a putative class action was filed against the Company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, captioned Colvin v. Roblox (the “Colvin matter”), asserting various claims arising from allegations that minors used third-party virtual casinos to gamble Robux. On December 15, 2023, the Company filed a motion to dismiss and on March 26, 2024, the motion to dismiss was granted in part and denied in part, allowing plaintiffs’ negligence and California Unfair Competition Law claims to proceed. On March 28, 2024, a supplemental order clarified that plaintiffs’ claims for unjust enrichment and equitable relief could proceed as well. On April 9, 2024, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint re-alleging the California Consumer Legal Remedies Act and New York General Business Law claims that had been dismissed.
Separately, on March 14, 2024, Gentry v. Roblox (the “Gentry matter”) was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California premised on substantially identical allegations as the Colvin matter. On April 18, 2024, the Gentry matter was consolidated with the Colvin matter. Plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint on April 23, 2024. The consolidated complaint sought monetary damages, including actual, punitive, and statutory damages, restitution, attorneys’ fees and costs, and declaratory and injunctive relief. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated complaint on May 14, 2024, which the court granted in part and denied in part on September 19, 2024. The court dismissed with prejudice plaintiffs’ fraud-based claims and claims for injunctive relief, but allowed plaintiffs’ claims under California’s Unfair Competition Law and for negligence and unjust enrichment to proceed. On October 30, 2024, the Company filed an answer denying plaintiffs’ claims. On November 20, 2024, the Company filed an Amended Answer, again denying plaintiffs’ claims, and adding cross-claims against virtual casino defendants for intellectual property infringement, violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, breach of contract, tortious interference, and indemnification, among others. One of the cross-defendants, Based Plate Studios, LLC moved to dismiss the Company’s claims. On April 16, 2025, the court granted in part and denied in part Based Plate Studios’ motion to dismiss, allowing the Company’s claims against Based Plate Studios for trademark infringement, violation of California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act, tortious interference with contract, breach of contract, and indemnification to proceed. On June 2, 2025, plaintiffs filed a Second Amended Complaint, adding new defendants and more detailed allegations regarding existing plaintiffs. The Company filed a motion to dismiss portions of the Second Amended Complaint on June 23, 2025. That motion was granted, and certain claims were dismissed as a result. Other claims remain pending and discovery is ongoing.
On September 16, 2024, Robinson v. Binello was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California as Case No. 3:24-cv-06501. The complaint alleged the Company and one of its creators engaged in copyright infringement because a recording that plaintiff allegedly owns a copyright for was allegedly featured in the “Meep City” experience on Roblox from 2016 to 2022. The parties have agreed to a settlement in principle, subject to finalization of the settlement agreement. The settlement amount is not material.
The Company intends to defend itself vigorously against all claims asserted against it. At this time, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate the loss or range of loss, if any, arising from the above-referenced matters that have not yet been resolved.
Indemnification—In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements that may include indemnification provisions. Pursuant to such agreements, the Company may indemnify, hold harmless, and defend an indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party. Some of the provisions will limit losses to those arising from third-party actions. In some cases, the indemnification will continue after the termination of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these provisions is not determinable. To date, the Company has not incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions.
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The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers to the fullest extent permitted under applicable law. To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs and has not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations. The Company also has directors’ and officers’ insurance.
10. Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred Stock —The Company’s articles of incorporation authorize the issuance of 100.0 million shares of convertible preferred stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share.
Common Stock —The Company’s articles of incorporation authorize the issuance of Class A common stock and Class B common stock. As of December 31, 2025, the Company is authorized to issue 4,935.0 million shares of Class A common stock and 65.0 million shares of Class B common stock. Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are entitled to dividends on a pro rata basis, when, as, and if declared by the Company’s Board of Directors, subject to the rights of the holders of the Company’s convertible preferred stock. Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to 20 votes per share. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible into one share of Class A common stock at any time and will convert automatically upon certain transfers and upon the earliest of (i) the date that is specified by the affirmative vote of the holders of two-thirds of the then-outstanding shares of Class B common stock, (ii) the date on which less than 30 % of the Class B common stock that was outstanding on March 2, 2021 continues to remain outstanding, (iii) March 10, 2036, (iv) nine months after the death or permanent disability of Mr. David Baszucki, and (v) nine months after the date on which Mr. Baszucki no longer serves as the Company’s CEO or as a member of its Board of Directors. Class A common stock and Class B common stock are not redeemable at the option of the holder.
Class A and Class B common stock are referred to as common stock throughout the notes to the consolidated financial statements, unless otherwise noted.
The Company reserved shares of common stock for future issuance as follows (in thousands):
As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
| Stock options outstanding | |||||||||||||||||
| RSUs outstanding | |||||||||||||||||
PSUs outstanding (1) | |||||||||||||||||
CEO Long-Term Performance Award (1)(2) | |||||||||||||||||
2020 Plan | |||||||||||||||||
2020 ESPP | |||||||||||||||||
Other awards and warrants outstanding or unreleased | |||||||||||||||||
Total | |||||||||||||||||
(1)For awards with ongoing performance periods as of the respective balance sheet date, the shares of common stock reserved for future issuance are included at maximum achievement levels.
(2)On March 1, 2024, the Leadership Development and Compensation Committee (i) approved the cancellation of the CEO Long-Term Performance Award, which was previously granted to Mr. Baszucki under the 2017 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan and (ii) granted Mr. Baszucki a new PSU award and RSU award. Any still unvested PSUs and RSUs granted to Mr. Baszucki on March 1, 2024 are included in those respective rows above as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. Refer to Note 11, “Stock-Based Compensation Expense”, to the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
11. Stock-Based Compensation Expense
2004 Incentive Stock Plan
In 2004, the Company approved the 2004 Incentive Stock Plan (the “2004 Plan”), under which the Board of Directors may grant incentive stock options to employees and nonstatutory stock options to employees, members of the Board of Directors and consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries.
Under the 2004 Plan, incentive stock options and nonstatutory stock options may be granted at a price not less than fair value and 85 % of the fair value, respectively (110 % of fair value for incentive stock options granted to holders of 10 % or more of voting stock). Fair value is determined by the Board of Directors. Options are exercisable over periods not to exceed 10 years (five years for incentive stock options granted to holders of 10 % or more of the voting stock) from the date of grant.
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The 2004 Plan was terminated on the effective date of the 2017 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan, and accordingly, no shares are available for issuance under the 2004 Plan. The 2004 Plan continues to govern outstanding awards granted thereunder.
2017 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan
In 2017, the Company approved the 2017 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), under which the Board of Directors may grant incentive stock options to employees and nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, and RSUs, to employees, members of the Board of Directors and consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries.
Under the 2017 Plan, stock options may be granted at a price not less than fair value (110 % of fair value for incentive stock options issued to holders of 10 % or more of voting stock). Stock appreciation rights may be granted at a price not less than fair value. Fair value is determined by the Board of Directors. Options are exercisable over periods not to exceed 10 years (five years for incentive stock options granted to holders of 10 % or more of the voting stock) from the date of grant.
In connection with the Direct Listing, the 2017 Plan was terminated effective immediately prior to the effectiveness of the 2020 Plan, and accordingly, no shares are available for issuance under the 2017 Plan. The 2017 Plan continues to govern outstanding awards granted thereunder.
2020 Plan
In 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted, and its stockholders approved, the 2020 Plan, which became effective on the business day immediately prior to the effective date of the registration statement for the Company’s Direct Listing. Under the 2020 Plan, the Board of Directors may grant incentive stock options to employees and stock appreciation rights, RSAs, and RSUs, performance units and performance shares to employees, members of the Board of Directors and consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries.
Under the 2020 Plan, incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, and stock appreciation rights may be granted at a price not less than 100 % of the fair market value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant (110 % of fair value for incentive stock options issued to holders of 10 % or more of voting stock). Options and stock appreciation rights are exercisable over a period not to exceed 10 years (five years for incentive stock options granted to holders of 10 % or more of the voting stock) from the date of grant.
Under the 2020 Plan, 60.0 million shares of Class A common stock were initially reserved for future issuance. The number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2020 Plan automatically increases on January 1 of each year by the least of (i) 75.0 million shares; (ii) five percent (5 %) of the outstanding shares of all classes of the Company’s common stock as of December 31 of the preceding fiscal year; or (iii) a number of shares that may be determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. Stock-based awards under the 2020 Plan that expire or are forfeited, cancelled, or repurchased generally are returned to the pool of shares of Class A common stock available for issuance under the 2020 Plan. In addition, subject to the adjustment provisions of the 2020 Plan, the shares reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan also include (i) any shares that, as of the day immediately prior to the effective date of the registration statement, have been reserved but not issued pursuant to any awards granted under the 2017 Plan and are not subject to any awards thereunder and (ii) any shares subject to stock options, RSUs or similar awards granted under the 2017 Plan and 2004 Plan that, after the effective date of the registration statement, expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised or issued in full, are tendered to or withheld by the Company for payment of an exercise price or for tax withholding obligations, or are forfeited to or repurchased by the Company due to failure to vest.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted, and its stockholders approved, the 2020 ESPP, which became effective in connection with the Direct Listing. The 2020 ESPP authorizes the issuance of shares of common stock pursuant to purchase rights granted to employees. At inception, 6.0 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock were reserved for future issuance under the 2020 ESPP. The number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2020 ESPP automatically increases on January 1 of each year by the least of (i) 15.0 million shares; (ii) one percent (1 %) of the outstanding shares of all classes of the Company’s common stock as of December 31 of the preceding fiscal year; or (iii) a number of shares that may be determined by the Company’s Board of Directors
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The 2020 ESPP is a compensatory plan and includes two components: a component that allows the Company to make offerings intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”) and a component that allows the Company to make offerings not intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Code. Subject to any limitations contained therein, the 2020 ESPP allows eligible employees to contribute (in the form of payroll deductions or otherwise to the extent permitted by the administrator) an amount established by the administrator from time to time in its discretion to purchase Class A common stock at a discounted price per share. The price at which Class A common stock is purchased under the 2020 ESPP is equal to 85 % of the fair market value of a share of the Company’s Class A common stock on the enrollment date or exercise date, whichever is lower. Offering periods are generally 24 months long and begin on the first trading day on or after February 25 and August 25 of each year with each offering period having four purchase periods of approximately six months each.
Stock-based compensation expense
Stock-based compensation expense was as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Infrastructure and trust & safety | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Research and development | |||||||||||||||||
General and administrative | |||||||||||||||||
Sales and marketing | |||||||||||||||||
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Stock Options
The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity (in thousands, except per option data and remaining contractual term):
Stock Options Outstanding | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of Shares Subject to Options | Weighted- Average Exercise Price (per Option) | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Granted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Cancelled, forfeited, and expired | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Exercised | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Granted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Cancelled, forfeited, and expired | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Exercised | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Granted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Cancelled, forfeited, and expired | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Exercised | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of December 31, 2025 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Exercisable as of December 31, 2025 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2025 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $1,513.1 million, $530.0 million, and $373.4 million, respectively. Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the exercise price of the options and the estimated fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock at the time of exercise. The aggregate grant-date fair value of options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $2.8 million, $23.5 million, and $51.9 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2025, all of the Company’s stock options are fully vested.
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RSUs and PSUs
The following table summarizes the Company’s RSU and PSU activity, excluding the 2024 CEO PSU Award, which is described in more detail in the following section (in thousands, except per share data):
Unvested RSUs Outstanding(1) | Unvested Management PSUs Outstanding(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Grant Date Value (per Share) | Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Grant Date Value (per Share) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Unvested as of December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Granted | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Vested | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Cancelled | ( | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Unvested as of December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Granted | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Vested | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Cancelled | ( | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Unvested as of December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Granted | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Vested | ( | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cancelled | ( | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Unvested as of December 31, 2025 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
(1)As of both December 31, 2025 and 2024, 0.1
(2)Includes PSUs granted to certain members of management (the “Management PSUs”) in each of the years 2022 through 2025 and excludes the 2024 CEO PSU Award, which is described in more detail below. All unvested PSU grants and balances are shown at the aggregate maximum number of shares that were granted and may be earned and issued with respect to each award over its full term (up through any applicable cancellation). Stock-based compensation expense recognized related to the Management PSUs was $43.8 million, $17.7 million, and $9.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $1,437.4 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 1.7 years.
RSUs granted subsequent to the Direct Listing only have service conditions, which historically have been satisfied generally over four years . For grants made subsequent to July 2022, the service condition is satisfied generally over three years .
The Management PSUs include awards with financial performance-based targets and market performance-based targets. For Management PSUs with financial performance-based targets, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense based upon the per-share grant date fair value on an accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period of each separately vesting tranche. At each reporting period, the amount of stock-based compensation expense is determined based on the probability of achievement against the pre-established performance measures and if necessary, a cumulative catch-up adjustment is recorded to reflect any revised estimates regarding the probability of achievement. The stock-based compensation expense associated with market performance-based Management PSUs was not material to any of the periods presented. The Management PSUs have service conditions which are generally satisfied over a period between and three years .
As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $43.5 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the Management PSUs, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 1.6 years.
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CEO PSU and RSUs
CEO Long-Term Performance Award
In February 2021, the Leadership Development and Compensation Committee granted a PSU award (the “CEO Long-Term Performance Award”) under the 2017 Plan, which provided the Company’s CEO the opportunity to earn a maximum number of 11,500,000 shares of Class A common stock. The CEO Long-Term Performance Award would have vested upon the satisfaction of a service condition and achievement of certain Class A common stock price targets over five years . On March 1, 2024, the Leadership Development and Compensation Committee approved the cancellation of the CEO-Long Term Performance Award, as further discussed below. The Class A common stock price targets were not achieved and therefore no shares vested under the CEO Long-Term Performance Award prior to its cancellation.
The CEO Long-Term Performance Award would have been eligible to vest based upon the satisfaction of a service condition and achievement of certain Class A common stock price targets (referred to as a “Company Stock Price Hurdle”) over various performance periods, with the first performance period beginning two years after the Effective Date and ending on the seventh anniversary of the Effective Date. The CEO Long-Term Performance Award was divided into seven performance periods that were eligible to vest based on the achievement of various Company Stock Price Hurdles, measured based on an average of the Company’s stock price over a consecutive 90 -day trading period applicable to the performance period. In addition, Mr. Baszucki must have remained employed as the Company’s CEO through the date a Company Stock Price Hurdle was achieved in order to earn the awards that relate to the applicable Company Stock Price Hurdle. The following table summarizes the various Company Stock Price Hurdles and associated awards that would have been eligible to vest over each performance period (in thousands, except Company Stock Price Hurdles):
| Company Stock Price Hurdle | Number of Awards Eligible to Vest | Performance Period Commencement Dates as Measured from the Effective Date | |||||||||||||||
| 1 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| 2 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| 3 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| 4 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| 5 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| 6 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| 7 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
The Company estimated the grant date fair value of the CEO Long-Term Performance Award using a model based on multiple stock price outcomes developed through the use of a Monte Carlo simulation that incorporates into the valuation the possibility that the Company Stock Price Hurdles may not be satisfied. A Monte Carlo simulation model requires use of various assumptions, including the underlying stock price, volatility, the risk-free interest rate as of the valuation date corresponding to the length of time remaining in the performance period, and expected dividend yield. The weighted-average grant date fair value of the CEO Long-Term Performance Award was estimated to be $20.19 per share, and the Company estimated that as of the grant date, it would have recognized total stock-based compensation expense of approximately $232.2 million over the derived service period of each of the seven separate tranches which was between 3.45 – 5.38 years, using the accelerated attribution method.
2024 CEO PSUs and RSUs
On March 1, 2024 (the “Modification Date”), the Leadership Development and Compensation Committee concurrently (i) approved the cancellation of the CEO Long-Term Performance Award and (ii) granted Mr. Baszucki a new PSU award (the “2024 CEO PSU Award”) and RSU award (collectively, the “2024 CEO Award”), which was determined to represent a modification of the CEO Long-Term Performance Award.
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As of the Modification Date, total subsequent stock-based compensation expense to be recognized was measured as (i) the remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the grant date fair value of the CEO Long-Term Performance Award of $84.4 million and (ii) the incremental fair value resulting from the modification, if any. To estimate the incremental fair value resulting from the modification (if any), the Company first estimated the fair value of the modified CEO Long-Term Performance Award immediately prior to the Modification Date using a model based on multiple stock price outcomes developed through the use of a Monte Carlo simulation that incorporated into the valuation the possibility that the stock price targets may not be satisfied. A Monte Carlo simulation model requires the use of various assumptions, including the underlying stock price, volatility, the risk-free interest rate as of the valuation date corresponding to the length of time remaining in the performance period, and expected dividend yield. On the Modification Date, the estimated fair value of the CEO Long-Term Performance Award immediately prior to the modification was greater than the estimated fair value of the 2024 CEO Award (which was generally estimated based on the Modification Date fair value of the Class A common stock underlying the 2024 CEO Award, with consideration of the probability of achievement against the pre-established performance measures). As a result, the modification did not result in any incremental stock-based compensation expense and therefore, as of the Modification Date, total subsequent stock-based compensation expense to be recognized totaled $84.4 million. Of the total estimated stock-based compensation expense, 75 % of the value was allocated to the 2024 CEO PSU Award with the remaining 25 % allocated to the RSUs, based on the relative value of the two awards on the Modification Date.
Under the 2024 CEO PSU Award, the number of shares earned ranged from 0 % to 200 % of the target number of shares based on the Company’s performance against two independent performance measures relative to pre-established thresholds during a two-year performance period that ended on December 31, 2025. The two independent performance measures were the Company’s cumulative (i) bookings during the performance period, as defined in the grant agreement with the CEO and (ii) Adjusted EBITDA during the performance period, which correlates to the covenant Adjusted EBITDA calculation used in certain covenant calculations specified in the Indenture (the “PSU Adjusted EBITDA”). Further, the awards are subject to Mr. Baszucki’s continuous service with the Company through each vesting date. In the first quarter of 2026, 67 % of the award earned will vest and the remaining 33 % of the award earned will vest in four equal quarterly installments thereafter beginning in the second quarter of 2026. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for the 2024 CEO PSU Award on an accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period of each separately vesting tranche. Actual performance against the pre-established thresholds under the 2024 CEO PSU Award has no impact on the subsequent stock-based compensation expense recognized.
The target number of the 2024 CEO PSU Award was 446,534 in aggregate, with 80 % of the target number of shares allocated to the cumulative bookings performance measure and 20 % of the target number of shares allocated to the cumulative PSU Adjusted EBITDA performance measure. Based on actual performance through the end of the performance period ending on December 31, 2025, a total of 893,068 shares were earned under the 2024 CEO PSU Award, subject to Mr. Baszucki's continuous employment through the required vesting dates.
The Company recorded $29.3 million of stock-based compensation expense related to the 2024 CEO PSU Award during the year ended December 31, 2025 within general and administrative expenses. The Company recorded $32.6 million of stock-based compensation expense related to the 2024 CEO PSU Award and CEO Long-Term Performance Award, in total, during the year ended December 31, 2024 within general and administrative expenses. The Company recorded $48.9 million of stock-based compensation expense related to the CEO Long-Term Performance Award during the year ended December 31, 2023 within general and administrative expenses. Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the 2024 CEO PSU Award was $9.4 million as of December 31, 2025, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining derived service period of each respective tranche.
Under the 2024 CEO Award, Mr. Baszucki was granted 148,844 RSUs which will vest quarterly over a three-year service period beginning March 1, 2024, subject to Mr. Baszucki’s continued service with the Company on each vesting date.
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Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The following table presents the assumptions used in estimating the grant date fair value of purchase rights granted under the 2020 ESPP for the offerings made in the respective years including reset and rollover:
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Risk-free interest rate | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expected volatility | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend yield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expected terms (in years) | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Company recorded $15.6 million, $18.5 million, and $32.0 million of stock-based compensation expense related to the 2020 ESPP during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
12. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
The following table shows a summary of changes in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) by component for the periods presented (in thousands):
| Foreign Currency Translation | Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Available-For-Sale Debt Securities | Total | |||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax, before reclassifications | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax | |||||||||||||||||
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
Other comprehensive gain, net of tax, before reclassifications | |||||||||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
13. Employee Benefits
Defined Contribution Plan
The Company sponsors a 401(k) defined contribution retirement plan for eligible employees. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the Company matched 100 50
The Company made matching contributions in the amounts of $32.5 million, $28.0 million, and $24.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
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14. Joint Venture
Background
In February 2019, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with Songhua River Investment Limited (“Songhua”), an affiliate of Tencent Holdings Ltd., (“Tencent Holdings”), to create Roblox China Holding Corp. (in which the Company holds a 51 % ownership interest as it relates to the voting shares). Songhua contributed $50.0 million in capital in exchange for a 49 % ownership interest in Roblox China Holding Corp. The business of the joint venture (either directly or indirectly through the joint venture’s wholly owned subsidiaries) is to engage in the (i) development, localization, and licensing of the Roblox application to Shenzhen Tencent Computer Systems Co., Ltd. for operation and publication as a game in China, and (ii) development, localization, and licensing to creators of a Chinese version of the Roblox Studio and to oversee relations with local Chinese developers.
The joint venture is consolidated into the Company’s consolidated financial statements as the Company maintains a controlling financial interest through voting rights, while the minority member of the joint venture does not have substantive participating rights or veto rights. The Company classifies the 49 % ownership interest held by Songhua as a noncontrolling interest on its consolidated balance sheets.
Joint Venture Financing
On May 10, 2023, Roblox China Holding Corp. (the “Borrower”) issued $30.0 million aggregate principal debt which matures on May 10, 2026 (the “2026 Notes”), unless earlier prepaid by the Borrower or converted by the holders into the Borrower’s voting shares. Further, the Borrower, at its sole election, may extend the maturity date by two years .
The 2026 Notes were funded by the Company and Songhua (the “Lenders”) in the amounts of $15.3 million and $14.7 million, respectively. The 2026 Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.0 % per annum, with accrued interest payable on the final maturity date.
At any point, the Lenders may voluntarily convert the 2026 Notes into voting shares of the Borrower, provided that immediately after such conversion, the Lenders continue to own the same percentage of voting shares in the Borrower as they did immediately prior to the conversion. The conversion ratio will be determined at the time of such conversion (if any), and will be determined by dividing the then fair value of the Borrower’s voting shares (as mutually agreed to by the Lenders and Borrower) into the sum of the unpaid principal and accrued interest.
The portion of the 2026 Notes outstanding to Songhua is reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and long-term debt, net as of December 31, 2024, at its principal amount, while the portion outstanding to the Company – including any related interest expense – is eliminated upon consolidation. Interest expense related to the 2026 Notes was not material for any of the periods presented.
15. Income Taxes
The components of loss before income taxes were as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Domestic | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
Foreign | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Loss before income taxes | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
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The components of the provision for/(benefit from) income taxes were as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Current provision for/(benefit from) income taxes: | |||||||||||||||||
Federal | $ | $ | $ | ( | |||||||||||||
State | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Foreign | |||||||||||||||||
Current provision | |||||||||||||||||
Deferred benefit from income taxes: | |||||||||||||||||
Foreign | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Deferred benefit | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Total provision for/(benefit from) income taxes: | |||||||||||||||||
Federal | ( | ||||||||||||||||
State | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Foreign | |||||||||||||||||
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
The provision for/(benefit from) income taxes differs from the statutory tax rate, expressed as a percentage of loss before income taxes, as follows (in thousands, except percentages):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. federal statutory tax rate | $ | ( | % | $ | ( | % | $ | ( | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect (1) | ( | % | ( | % | ( | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign tax effects | ( | % | % | ( | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tax credits: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development credits | ( | % | ( | % | ( | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | ( | % | ( | % | ( | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nontaxable or nondeductible items: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | ( | % | ( | % | ( | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | ( | % | ( | % | ( | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits | % | ( | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other adjustments | % | ( | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes | $ | ( | % | $ | ( | % | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1)In 2025 and 2024, state and local income taxes in Texas made up the majority (greater than 50 percent) of the tax effect in this category. In 2023, state and local income taxes in Illinois and Texas made up the majority (greater than 50 percent) of the tax effect in this category.
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Net cash paid for income taxes/(refunds received) is as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||
| U.S. federal | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
U.S. state and local: | |||||||||||
| Illinois | ( | * | |||||||||
| Pennsylvania | * | ( | * | ||||||||
| Texas | |||||||||||
| Virginia | * | ||||||||||
| Other | ( | ||||||||||
| Subtotal | ( | ||||||||||
Foreign: | |||||||||||
| Canada | * | ||||||||||
| India | * | * | |||||||||
| Japan | * | * | |||||||||
| Netherlands | * | * | |||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Subtotal | |||||||||||
Total income taxes paid (net of refunds) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||
* The amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds) during the year does not meet the 5% disaggregation threshold or is immaterial.
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The following table presents the components of the Company’s deferred tax assets/(liabilities) for the periods presented (in thousands):
As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
Deferred tax assets: | |||||||||||
Accrued expenses | $ | $ | |||||||||
Intangible assets | |||||||||||
Deferred revenue | |||||||||||
Net operating loss carryforwards | |||||||||||
Tax credit carryforwards | |||||||||||
Stock-based compensation | |||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Capitalized research and development | |||||||||||
Other | |||||||||||
Total gross deferred tax asset | |||||||||||
Less: valuation allowance | ( | ( | |||||||||
Net deferred tax assets | |||||||||||
Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||||||
Fixed assets | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Deferred cost of revenue | ( | ( | |||||||||
Total deferred tax liabilities | ( | ( | |||||||||
Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities) | $ | $ | |||||||||
The Company has not provided U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes on the undistributed earnings of its profitable foreign subsidiaries because it intends to permanently reinvest such earnings in foreign operations. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability is not material.
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The Company accounts for deferred taxes under ASC 740, Income Taxes, which requires a reduction of the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the need to establish valuation allowances for deferred tax assets is assessed periodically based on the ASC 740 more-likely-than-not realization threshold criterion. This assessment considers matters such as future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations. The evaluation of the recoverability of the deferred tax assets requires that the Company weigh all positive and negative evidence to reach a conclusion that it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. Due to the Company’s lack of U.S. earnings history, the net U.S. deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. There are valuation allowances on net deferred tax assets in certain foreign jurisdictions. The deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in other foreign jurisdictions without valuation allowances are immaterial.
The Company’s valuation allowance increased by $768.0 million, $329.5 million, and $315.0 million, in the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The increase in the valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were primarily due to U.S. federal, state, and certain foreign net operating losses, as well as an increase in U.S. tax credit carryforward and capitalized research and development deferred tax assets that, in management’s judgment, are not more likely than not to be realized.
As of December 31, 2025, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $3,241.5 million, which do not expire, federal net operating loss carryforwards of $32.8 million, which begin to expire in 2037, state net operating loss carryforwards of $1,717.7 million, which begin to expire in 2028, and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $61.9 million, which begin to expire in 2026.
As of December 31, 2025, the Company had U.S. federal and California research and development tax credits of approximately $466.9 million and $343.4 million, respectively. The federal research and development credits begin to expire in 2030, while California credits do not expire.
Under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 (“Section 382”), an ownership change generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of the stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. The Company did experience one or more ownership changes in financial periods ending on or before December 31, 2025. In this regard, the Company has determined that based on the timing of the ownership change and the corresponding Section 382 limitations, none of its net operating losses or other tax attributes appear to expire subject to such limitation.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Increases related to current year tax positions | |||||||||||||||||
Increases related to prior year tax positions | |||||||||||||||||
Decreases related to prior year tax positions | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Unrecognized tax benefits at end of year | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
The Company classifies uncertain tax positions as non-current liabilities unless expected to be paid within one year or otherwise directly related to an existing deferred tax asset, in which case the uncertain tax position is recorded as an offset to the deferred tax asset on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $350.3 million, of which $3.5 million would impact income tax expense if recognized. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $261.2 million.
The Company accrued interest and penalties of $1.0 million, $0.7 million, and $0.4 million in the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The Company is subject to taxation in the United States, various states, and foreign jurisdictions. All tax years for U.S. federal and California tax returns currently remain open for examination by the tax authorities. As of December 31, 2025, the Company is no longer subject to foreign examinations by tax authorities for years before 2019. As of December 31, 2025, the Company is not under examination by the Internal Revenue Service or any state tax jurisdictions.
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16. Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Common Share
The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except per share data):
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Basic and diluted net loss per share | |||||||||||||||||
Numerator | |||||||||||||||||
Consolidated net loss | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
Denominator | |||||||||||||||||
Weighted-average common shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted | |||||||||||||||||
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
The potential shares of common stock that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share because including them would have been anti-dilutive are as follows (in thousands):
As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Stock options outstanding | |||||||||||||||||
RSUs outstanding | |||||||||||||||||
| 2020 ESPP | |||||||||||||||||
Other awards(1) and warrants outstanding or unreleased | |||||||||||||||||
Total | |||||||||||||||||
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17. Reportable Segments
The following represents segment information for the Company’s single operating segment, for the periods presented (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Add (deduct): | |||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue(1) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Developer exchange fees | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Adjusted infrastructure expenses(2) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Adjusted trust & safety expenses(2) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Personnel costs, excluding stock-based compensation expense and excluding infrastructure and trust & safety personnel costs | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense, excluding infrastructure and trust & safety stock-based compensation expense | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization expense | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Other segment items(3) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Interest income | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| (Provision for)/benefit from income taxes | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Consolidated net loss | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||
(1)Depreciation of servers and infrastructure equipment is included in infrastructure and trust & safety expenses in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.
(2)Adjusted infrastructure and adjusted trust & safety expenses exclude depreciation and amortization expense.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and oversight of our Audit and Compliance Committee, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025. Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an audit report with respect to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, which is included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
Item 9B. Other Information
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements
During our most recent fiscal quarter, other than as disclosed below, no director or officer, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act, adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,”
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Each of these trading arrangements were entered into during an open insider trading window and are intended to satisfy the affirmative defense in Rule 10b5-1(c) and the Company’s policies regarding insider transactions. Each of these trading arrangements begins trading after the termination of any outstanding prior trading arrangements for the relevant director or officer, as applicable.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspection
Not applicable.
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Part III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owner and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
Information responsive to this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Part IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
Exhibits
The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference, in each case as indicated below.
Financial Statement Schedules
All financial statement schedules are omitted because the information called for is not required or is shown either in the consolidated financial statements or in the notes thereto.
EXHIBIT INDEX
| Exhibit Number | Incorporated by Reference | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Form | File No. | Exhibit | Filing Date | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2.1 | Plan of Conversion. | 8-K | 001-39763 | 2.1 | June 2, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1 | Articles of Incorporation of the registrant. | 8-K | 001-39763 | 3.1 | June 2, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.2 | Bylaws of the registrant. | 8-K | 001-39763 | 3.2 | June 2, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.1 | Form of Class A common stock certificate of the registrant. | 10-Q | 001-39763 | 4.1 | July 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.2 | Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement among the registrant and certain holders of its capital stock, dated as of January 6, 2021. | S-1/A | 333-250204 | 4.2 | January 8, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.3 | Form of Common Stock Warrant issued in connection with an acquisition between the registrant, Jerome Boulon and CaliStream, LLC. | S-1/A | 333-250204 | 4.3 | January 8, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.4 | Indenture, dated as of October 29, 2021, between the registrant and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee. | 8-K | 001-39763 | 4.1 | October 29, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.5 | Form of 3.875% Senior Notes due 2030 (included in Exhibit 4.4). | 8-K | 001-39763 | 4.2 | October 29, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.6 | Description of Capital Stock of the registrant. | 10-Q | 001-39763 | 4.2 | July 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.1+ | Form of Indemnification Agreement between the registrant and each of its directors and executive officers. | 10-Q | 001-39763 | 10.1 | July 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.2+ | 2020 Equity Incentive Plan and related form agreements. | 10-K | 001-39763 | 10.2 | February 21, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.3+ | Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, and related form agreements. | S-1/A | 333-250204 | 10.4 | January 8, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.4+ | 2004 Incentive Stock Plan, as amended, and related form agreements. | S-1/A | 333-250204 | 10.5 | January 8, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.5+ | 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and related form agreements. | S-1/A | 333-250204 | 10.6 | January 8, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.6 | Form of Class B Exchange Agreement between the registrant and certain stockholders. | S-1/A | 333-250204 | 10.7 | January 8, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.7+ | Form of Change in Control and Severance Agreement, as amended and restated, between the registrant and each of its executive officers. | 10-K | 001-39763 | 10.7 | February 25, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.8 | Outside Director Compensation Policy, as amended. | 10-Q | 001-39763 | 10.2 | May 10, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.9+ | Confirmatory Offer Letter by and between the registrant and David Baszucki dated March 3, 2021. | 10-Q | 001-39763 | 10.6 | May 13, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.10+ | Confirmatory Offer Letter by and between the registrant and Mark Reinstra dated November 18, 2020. | S-1/A | 333-250204 | 10.15 | January 8, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.11+ | Offer Letter by and between the registrant and Amy Rawlings dated as of July 15, 2022. | 10-Q | 001-39763 | 10.1 | November 9, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.12+ | Offer Letter by and between the registrant and Arvind K. Chakravarthy dated as of April 30, 2023. | 10-K | 001-39763 | 10.15 | February 18, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.13+ | Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended, and related form agreement. | 8-K | 001-39763 | 10.1 | September 14, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.14+ | Offer Letter by and between the registrant and Matt Kaufman dated as of August 31, 2017. | 10-Q | 001-39763 | 10.1 | May 1, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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10.15+ | Offer Letter by and between the registrant and Naveen Chopra dated as of June 4, 2025. | 10-Q | 001-39763 | 10.2 | July 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.16+ | Change in Control and Severance Agreement by and between the registrant and Naveen Chopra effective June 30, 2025. | 10-Q | 001-39763 | 10.4 | July 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 19.1 | 10-K | 001-39763 | 19.1 | February 21, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21.1* | List of subsidiaries of the registrant. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 23.1* | Consent of independent registered public accounting firm. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 24.1* | Power of Attorney, reference is made to the signature page. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.1* | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14 as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.2* | Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14 as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32.1† | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 97.1 | Compensation Recovery Policy of the registrant. | 10-K | 001-39763 | 97.1 | February 21, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.INS* | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.SCH* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.CAL* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.DEF* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.LAB* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.PRE* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 104* | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* Filed herewith.
+ Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
† The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not deemed filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in San Mateo, California, on the 11th day of February, 2026.
| Roblox Corporation | ||||||||
| By: | /s/ David Baszucki | |||||||
| David Baszucki | ||||||||
| Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer | ||||||||
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints David Baszucki, Naveen Chopra, and Mark Reinstra, and each one of them, as their true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for them and in their name, place, and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||||||||||||
| /s/ David Baszucki | Founder, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chair of Board of Directors | |||||||||||||
David Baszucki | (Principal Executive Officer) | February 11, 2026 | ||||||||||||
/s/ Naveen Chopra | Chief Financial Officer | |||||||||||||
Naveen Chopra | (Principal Financial Officer) | February 11, 2026 | ||||||||||||
| /s/ Amy Rawlings | Chief Accounting Officer | |||||||||||||
Amy Rawlings | (Principal Accounting Officer) | February 11, 2026 | ||||||||||||
| /s/ Gregory Baszucki | Director | |||||||||||||
Gregory Baszucki | February 11, 2026 | |||||||||||||
| /s/ Christopher Carvalho | Director | |||||||||||||
Christopher Carvalho | February 11, 2026 | |||||||||||||
| /s/ Jason Kilar | Director | |||||||||||||
Jason Kilar | February 11, 2026 | |||||||||||||
| /s/ Anthony P. Lee | Director | |||||||||||||
Anthony P. Lee | February 11, 2026 | |||||||||||||
/s/ Gina Mastantuono | Director | |||||||||||||
Gina Mastantuono | February 11, 2026 | |||||||||||||
| /s/ Andrea Wong | Director | |||||||||||||
Andrea Wong | February 11, 2026 | |||||||||||||
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FAQ
How many daily active users did Roblox (RBLX) have in 2025?
Roblox averaged 127 million daily active users in 2025. These users spanned over 180 countries and accessed the platform across mobile, desktop, and console, reflecting Roblox’s broad global reach and the appeal of its user-generated experiences and social features.
How engaged were Roblox (RBLX) users on the platform in 2025?
Roblox users spent 123.9 billion hours engaged on the platform in 2025. This equates to about 2.7 hours per DAU each day, showing deep engagement as users explored experiences, customized avatars, and interacted socially across millions of creator-built worlds.
How large is the paying user base on Roblox (RBLX)?
In 2025, Roblox averaged about 1.8 million daily unique paying users out of 127 million DAUs. Average daily bookings were $0.15 per DAU, versus $10.36 per daily paying user, illustrating that a relatively small paying cohort drives most monetization.
How much did Roblox (RBLX) pay to creators in 2025?
Creators earned $1,503.1 million in 2025 through Roblox’s economy. This compares with $922.8 million in 2024 and comes from earned Robux via in-experience purchases, ads, creator rewards, avatar item sales, and other monetization channels on the platform.
How many Roblox (RBLX) creators qualify for cash payouts?
As of December 31, 2025, over 35,500 creators were qualified and registered in Roblox’s Developer Exchange Program. More than 23,500 creators actually received fiat currency payouts during 2025, based on earned Robux accumulated from their experiences and virtual items.
What is Roblox (RBLX)’s business model for users and creators?
Most Roblox experiences are free to access, with monetization coming from users buying Robux and Premium subscriptions. Creators accumulate earned Robux from in-experience purchases, ads, avatar items, and rewards, and eligible creators can convert earned Robux into fiat currency via the Developer Exchange Program.
How is Roblox (RBLX) addressing safety and regulation on its platform?
Roblox emphasizes safety and civility using AI-powered moderation, age-checking systems, and strict Community Standards. It highlights compliance efforts with laws such as COPPA, GDPR, the DSA, and the UK Online Safety Act, while working with global safety organizations and regulators across key jurisdictions.
Roblox Corp
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Feb 11, 2026
[Form 4] Roblox Corp Insider Trading Activity
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Electronic Gaming & Multimedia
Services-prepackaged Software
United States
SAN MATEO