[424B2] Royal Bank of Canada Prospectus Supplement

Rhea-AI Filing Summary

JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC, fully guaranteed by JPMorgan Chase & Co., has filed a Rule 424(b)(2) pricing supplement for $1.443 million of Capped Dual Directional Buffered Equity Notes linked to the S&P 500 Index (SPX). The unsecured notes price on 8 July 2025, settle on or about 11 July 2025 and mature on 13 January 2028 (CUSIP 48136FJQ6; minimum denomination $1,000).

Key economic terms

• Maximum Upside Return: 26.00% (cap $1,260 per $1,000 note).
• Downside Participation: 50% of the absolute decline when the S&P 500 closes between 0% and -20% versus the Initial Value, yielding up to a 10.00% positive return.
• Buffer Amount: 20%; losses begin only if the index falls more than 20% from the Initial Value (6,225.52).
• Maximum loss: -80% of principal if the index drops 100%.
• No periodic coupons or dividends; return realised only at maturity.
• Estimated value at pricing: $986.20 per $1,000 note, $13.80 below issue price, reflecting selling commissions ($7 per note) and hedging/structuring costs.

Payout mechanics

• If SPX rises, investor receives principal plus index gain up to 26%.
• If SPX is flat or down ≤20%, investor receives principal plus 50% of the absolute move (max +10%).
• If SPX is down >20%, investor loses 1% of principal for every 1% decline beyond the buffer.

Principal risks highlighted

• Principal at risk: up to 80% loss possible.
• Limited upside: positive returns capped at 26% or 10% (if index negative).
• Credit risk: payments depend on JPMorgan Chase Financial and JPMorgan Chase & Co.
• Liquidity risk: no exchange listing; secondary market solely through JPMS, likely at a discount.
• Valuation risk: estimated value below issue price; internal funding rate may differ from market rates.
• No income: investors forgo interest and S&P 500 dividends.

The product suits investors with a neutral-to-moderate view on the S&P 500 through early 2028 who can tolerate significant downside and illiquidity in exchange for defined, but capped, payoff structures.

Positive

• 20% downside buffer protects principal on moderate market pullbacks.
• Dual directional feature allows up to +10% return even if S&P 500 falls 20%.
• Issued by JPMorgan Chase, a high-investment-grade guarantor, reducing default probability.

Negative

• Upside capped at 26%, underperforming direct index ownership in strong bull markets.
• Principal loss up to 80% if the S&P 500 drops more than 20%, exposing investors to severe downside.
• No liquidity: unlisted note; resale depends on JPMS bid, likely at a discount.
• Estimated value ($986.20) sits below issue price, meaning an immediate mark-to-market hit.
• No dividends or interest paid during 2.5-year term, lowering total return versus holding the index.

Insights

Structured-Products Analyst

TL;DR: Defined-risk S&P 500 note offers 26% cap, 10% buffered upside on mild declines, but 80% max loss and credit/liquidity risks.

Impact assessment: Not materially impactful for JPM Chase earnings given the small $1.4 million size, but relevant to investors considering alternative S&P exposure. The note provides asymmetric payoffs: capped 26% upside, and a unique 50% participation on modest declines, which may appeal during range-bound markets. However, investors shoulder considerable tail risk beyond a 20% drop, receive no income, and must rely on JPM credit over 2.5 years. Estimated value at 98.62% of par underscores immediate mark-to-market discount; secondary liquidity will be dealer-driven at wider spreads. Product complexity and limited scale suggest suitability only for informed investors with a specific risk-return objective.

 

 	 	Registration Statement No. 333-275898 Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2)
The information in this preliminary pricing supplement is not complete and may be changed.
 	 	 
Preliminary Pricing Supplement Subject to Completion: Dated July 10, 2025   Pricing Supplement dated July __, 2025 to the Prospectus dated December 20, 2023, the Prospectus Supplement dated December 20, 2023 and the Product Supplement No. 1A dated May 16, 2024	 	$ Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers, Due July 19, 2027   Royal Bank of Canada  
 	 	 

 

Royal Bank of Canada is offering Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes (the “Notes”) linked to the performance of the least performing of the common stock of Salesforce, Inc., the Class A common stock of Meta Platforms, Inc. and the common stock of Wells Fargo & Company (each, an “Underlier”).

· Fixed Coupons — If the Notes have not been automatically called, investors will receive a Fixed Coupon on each quarterly Coupon Payment Date at a rate of 12.50% per annum.

· Call Feature — If, on any quarterly Call Observation Date, the closing value of each Underlier is greater than or equal to its Initial Underlier Value, the Notes will be automatically called for 100% of their principal amount plus the Fixed Coupon otherwise due. No further payments will be made on the Notes.

· Contingent Return of Principal at Maturity — If the Notes are not automatically called and the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier is greater than or equal to its Barrier Value (60% of its Initial Underlier Value), at maturity, investors will receive the principal amount of their Notes plus the Fixed Coupon otherwise due. If the Notes are not automatically called and the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier is less than its Barrier Value, at maturity, investors will receive shares of the Least Performing Underlier that will likely be worth significantly less than the principal amount of their Notes and could be worth nothing and will receive the Fixed Coupon otherwise due.

· Any payments on the Notes are subject to our credit risk.

· The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange.

CUSIP: 78015QSX0

Investing in the Notes involves a number of risks. See “Selected Risk Considerations” beginning on page P-7 of this pricing supplement and “Risk Factors” in the accompanying prospectus, prospectus supplement and product supplement.

None of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), any state securities commission or any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of the Notes or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this pricing supplement. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. The Notes will not constitute deposits insured by the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other Canadian or U.S. governmental agency or instrumentality. The Notes are not bail-inable notes and are not subject to conversion into our common shares under subsection 39.2(2.3) of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Act.

 	Per Note	 	Total
Price to public(1)	100.00%	 	$
Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)	1.75%	 	$
Proceeds to Royal Bank of Canada	98.25%	 	$

⁽¹⁾ We or one of our affiliates may pay varying selling concessions of up to $87.50 per $5,000 principal amount of Notes in connection with the distribution of the Notes to other registered broker-dealers. Certain dealers who purchase the Notes for sale to certain fee-based advisory accounts may forgo some or all of their underwriting discount or selling concessions. The public offering price for investors purchasing the Notes in these accounts may be between $4,912.50 and $5,000.00 per $5,000 principal amount of Notes. See “Supplemental Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest)” below.

The initial estimated value of the Notes determined by us as of the Trade Date, which we refer to as the initial estimated value, is expected to be between $4,591.50 and $4,841.50 per $5,000 principal amount of Notes and will be less than the public offering price of the Notes. The final pricing supplement relating to the Notes will set forth the initial estimated value. The market value of the Notes at any time will reflect many factors, cannot be predicted with accuracy and may be less than this amount. We describe the determination of the initial estimated value in more detail below.

 

RBC Capital Markets, LLC

 	 
 	Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers

KEY TERMS

 

The information in this “Key Terms” section is qualified by any more detailed information set forth in this pricing supplement and in the accompanying prospectus, prospectus supplement and product supplement.

 

Issuer:	Royal Bank of Canada
Underwriter:	RBC Capital Markets, LLC (“RBCCM”)
Minimum Investment:	$5,000 and minimum denominations of $5,000 in excess thereof
Underliers:	The common stock of Salesforce, Inc. (the “CRM Underlier”), the Class A common stock of Meta Platforms, Inc. (the “META Underlier”) and the common stock of Wells Fargo & Company (the “WFC Underlier”)
 	Underlier	Bloomberg Ticker	Initial Underlier Value(1)	Barrier Value(2)	Physical Delivery Amount(3)
 	CRM Underlier	CRM UN	$	$	 
 	META Underlier	META UW	$	$	 
 	WFC Underlier	WFC UN	$	$	 
 	(1) With respect to each Underlier, the closing value of that Underlier on the Trade Date
 	(2) With respect to each Underlier, 60% of its Initial Underlier Value (rounded to two decimal places)
 	(3) With respect to each Underlier, a number of shares of that Underlier equal to $5,000 divided by its Initial Underlier Value (rounded to two decimal places)
Trade Date:	July 14, 2025
Issue Date:	July 17, 2025
Valuation Date:*	July 14, 2027
Maturity Date:*	July 19, 2027
Payment of Fixed Coupons:	If the Notes have not been automatically called, investors will receive a Fixed Coupon on each Coupon Payment Date.
Fixed Coupon:	$156.25 per $5,000 principal amount of Notes (corresponding to a rate of 3.125% per quarter or 12.50% per annum)
Call Feature:	If, on any Call Observation Date, the closing value of each Underlier is greater than or equal to its Initial Underlier Value, the Notes will be automatically called. Under these circumstances, investors will receive on the Call Settlement Date per $5,000 principal amount of Notes an amount equal to $5,000 plus the Fixed Coupon otherwise due. No further payments will be made on the Notes.

P-2 RBC Capital Markets, LLC

 	 
 	Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers

Payment at Maturity:	If the Notes are not automatically called, investors will receive on the Maturity Date per $5,000 principal amount of Notes, in addition to the Fixed Coupon otherwise due: ·     If the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier is greater than or equal to its Barrier Value: $5,000 ·     If the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier is less than its Barrier Value, a number of shares of the Least Performing Underlier equal to the Physical Delivery Amount of the Least Performing Underlier. Fractional shares will be paid in cash with a value equal to the number of fractional shares times the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier. If the Notes are not automatically called and the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier is less than its Barrier Value, you will receive shares of the Least Performing Underlier that will likely be worth significantly less than the principal amount of your Notes and could be worth nothing at maturity. All payments on the Notes are subject to our credit risk.
Underlier Return:	With respect to each Underlier, the Underlier Return, expressed as a percentage, is calculated using the following formula: Final Underlier Value – Initial Underlier Value Initial Underlier Value 
Final Underlier Value:	With respect to each Underlier, the closing value of that Underlier on the Valuation Date
Least Performing Underlier:	The Underlier with the lowest Underlier Return
Coupon Payment Dates:*	Quarterly, as set forth in the table below
Call Observation Dates:*	Quarterly, as set forth in the table below
Call Settlement Date:*	If the Notes are automatically called on any Call Observation Date, the Coupon Payment Date immediately following that Call Observation Date
Calculation Agent:	RBCCM
 	 

Call Observation Dates*	Coupon Payment Dates*
October 14, 2025	October 17, 2025
January 14, 2026	January 20, 2026
April 14, 2026	April 17, 2026
July 14, 2026	July 17, 2026
October 14, 2026	October 19, 2026
January 14, 2027	January 20, 2027
April 14, 2027	April 19, 2027
July 14, 2027 (the Valuation Date)	July 19, 2027 (the Maturity Date)

* Subject to postponement. See “General Terms of the Notes—Postponement of a Determination Date” and “General Terms of the Notes—Postponement of a Payment Date” in the accompanying product supplement.

 

P-3 RBC Capital Markets, LLC

 	 
 	Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers

ADDITIONAL TERMS OF YOUR NOTES

 

You should read this pricing supplement together with the prospectus dated December 20, 2023, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement dated December 20, 2023, relating to our Senior Global Medium-Term Notes, Series J, of which the Notes are a part, and the product supplement no. 1A dated May 16, 2024. This pricing supplement, together with these documents, contains the terms of the Notes and supersedes all other prior or contemporaneous oral statements as well as any other written materials, including preliminary or indicative pricing terms, correspondence, trade ideas, structures for implementation, sample structures, fact sheets, brochures or other educational materials of ours.

 

We have not authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this pricing supplement and the documents listed below. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. These documents are an offer to sell only the Notes offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in each such document is current only as of its date.

 

If the information in this pricing supplement differs from the information contained in the documents listed below, you should rely on the information in this pricing supplement.

 

You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters set forth in “Selected Risk Considerations” in this pricing supplement and “Risk Factors” in the documents listed below, as the Notes involve risks not associated with conventional debt securities. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisers before you invest in the Notes.

 

You may access these documents on the SEC website at www.sec.gov as follows (or if such address has changed, by reviewing our filings for the relevant date on the SEC website):

 

· Prospectus dated December 20, 2023:

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000119312523299520/d645671d424b3.htm

 

· Prospectus Supplement dated December 20, 2023:

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000119312523299523/d638227d424b3.htm

 

· Product Supplement No. 1A dated May 16, 2024:

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000095010324006777/dp211286_424b2-ps1a.htm

 

Our Central Index Key, or CIK, on the SEC website is 1000275. As used in this pricing supplement, “Royal Bank of Canada,” the “Bank,” “we,” “our” and “us” mean only Royal Bank of Canada.

 

P-4 RBC Capital Markets, LLC

 	 
 	Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers

HYPOTHETICAL RETURNS

 

The table and examples set forth below illustrate hypothetical payments at maturity for hypothetical performance of the Least Performing Underlier, based on its Barrier Value of 60% of its Initial Underlier Value. The table and examples below also assume that the Notes are not automatically called and do not account for any Fixed Coupons. The table and examples are only for illustrative purposes and may not show the actual return applicable to investors.

 

Hypothetical Underlier Return of the Least Performing Underlier	Value of Payment at Maturity per $5,000 Principal Amount of Notes*	Value of Payment at Maturity as Percentage of Principal Amount*
50.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
40.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
30.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
20.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
10.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
5.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
0.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
-5.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
-10.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
-20.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
-30.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
-40.00%	$5,000.00	100.000%
-40.01%	$2,999.50	59.990%
-50.00%	$2,500.00	50.000%
-60.00%	$2,000.00	40.000%
-70.00%	$1,500.00	30.000%
-80.00%	$1,000.00	20.000%
-90.00%	$500.00	10.000%
-100.00%	$0.00	0.000%

* Excluding the Fixed Coupon otherwise due. For purposes of the table above, the value of any shares received is calculated as the Physical Delivery Amount of the Least Performing Underlier times the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier. The actual value of any shares received may be less than the amounts shown above.

 

Example 1 —	The value of the Least Performing Underlier increases from its Initial Underlier Value to its Final Underlier Value by 30%.
 	Underlier Return of the Least Performing Underlier:	30%
 	Payment at Maturity:	$5,000 + Fixed Coupon otherwise due
 	In this example, the payment at maturity is $5,000 per $5,000 principal amount of Notes plus the Fixed Coupon otherwise due. Because the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier is greater than its Barrier Value, investors receive a full return of the principal amount of their Notes plus the Fixed Coupon otherwise due. This example illustrates that investors do not participate in any appreciation of the Least Performing Underlier, which may be significant.
 	 

P-5 RBC Capital Markets, LLC

 	 
 	Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers

Example 2 —	The value of the Least Performing Underlier decreases from its Initial Underlier Value to its Final Underlier Value by 5% (i.e., its Final Underlier Value is below its Initial Underlier Value but above its Barrier Value).
 	Underlier Return of the Least Performing Underlier:	-5%
 	Payment at Maturity:	$5,000 + Fixed Coupon otherwise due
 	In this example, the payment at maturity is $5,000 per $5,000 principal amount of Notes plus the Fixed Coupon otherwise due. Because the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier is greater than its Barrier Value, investors receive a full return of the principal amount of their Notes plus the Fixed Coupon otherwise due.
 	 

Example 3 —	The value of the Least Performing Underlier decreases from its Initial Underlier Value to its Final Underlier Value by 50% (i.e., its Final Underlier Value is below its Barrier Value).
 	Underlier Return of the Least Performing Underlier:	-50%
 	Payment at Maturity:	Shares of the Least Performing Underlier with a value of $2,500 + Fixed Coupon otherwise due
 	In this example, the payment at maturity consists of shares of the Least Performing Underlier with a value, calculated as of the Valuation Date based on the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier, of $2,500 per $5,000 principal amount of Notes, representing a loss of 50% of the principal amount, plus the Fixed Coupon otherwise due. Because the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier is less than its Barrier Value, investors receive shares of the Least Performing Underlier worth significantly less than the principal amount of their Notes plus the Fixed Coupon otherwise due. Fractional shares will be paid in cash.
 	 

Investors in the Notes could lose a substantial portion or all of the principal amount of their Notes at maturity. The table and examples above assume that the Notes are not automatically called. However, if the Notes are automatically called, investors will not receive any further payments after the Call Settlement Date.

 

P-6 RBC Capital Markets, LLC

 	 
 	Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers

SELECTED RISK CONSIDERATIONS

 

An investment in the Notes involves significant risks. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisers before you invest in the Notes. Some of the risks that apply to an investment in the Notes are summarized below, but we urge you to read also the “Risk Factors” sections of the accompanying prospectus, prospectus supplement and product supplement. You should not purchase the Notes unless you understand and can bear the risks of investing in the Notes.

 

Risks Relating to the Terms and Structure of the Notes

 

· You May Lose a Portion or All of the Principal Amount at Maturity — If the Notes are not automatically called and the Final Underlier Value of the Least Performing Underlier is less than its Barrier Value, you will receive shares of the Least Performing Underlier that will likely be worth significantly less than the principal amount of your Notes and could be worth nothing.

 

· The Final Payment on the Notes Will Be Determined Solely by the Performance of the Underlier with the Worst Performance Even If the Other Underliers Perform Better — The final payment on the Notes will be determined solely by the performance of the Underlier with the worst performance. The Notes are not linked to a weighted basket, in which the risk may be mitigated and diversified among each of the basket components. In the case of the Notes, the individual performance of the Underliers will not be combined, and the adverse performance of one Underlier will not be mitigated by any appreciation of any other Underlier. The Underliers may be uncorrelated and may not perform similarly over the term of the Notes, which may adversely affect your return on the Notes.

 

· You Will Not Participate in Any Appreciation of Any Underlier, and Any Potential Return on the Notes Is Limited — The return on the Notes is limited to the Fixed Coupons payable on the Notes, regardless of any appreciation of any Underlier, which may be significant. As a result, the return on an investment in the Notes could be less than the return on a direct investment in any Underlier.

 

· Your Return on the Notes May Be Lower Than the Return on a Conventional Debt Security of Comparable Maturity — The return that you will receive on the Notes, which could be negative, may be less than the return you could earn on other investments. Even if your return is positive, your return may be less than the return you would earn if you purchased one of our conventional senior interest-bearing debt securities.

 

· The Notes Are Subject to an Automatic Call — If, on any Call Observation Date, the closing value of each Underlier is greater than or equal to its Initial Underlier Value, the Notes will be automatically called, and you will not receive any further payments on the Notes. Because the Notes could be called as early as approximately three months after the Issue Date, the total return on the Notes could be minimal. You may be unable to reinvest your proceeds from the automatic call in an investment with a return that is as high as the return on the Notes would have been if they had not been called.

 

· Payments on the Notes Are Subject to Our Credit Risk, and Market Perceptions about Our Creditworthiness May Adversely Affect the Market Value of the Notes — The Notes are our senior unsecured debt securities, and your receipt of any amounts due on the Notes is dependent upon our ability to pay our obligations as they come due. If we were to default on our payment obligations, you may not receive any amounts owed to you under the Notes and you could lose your entire investment. In addition, any negative changes in market perceptions about our creditworthiness may adversely affect the market value of the Notes.

 

· The Final Payment on the Notes Will Be Determined Based on the Closing Values of the Underliers on the Dates Specified — The final payment on the Notes will be determined based on the closing values of the Underliers on the dates specified. You will not benefit from any more favorable values of the Underliers determined at any other time.

 

· The U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of an Investment in the Notes Are Uncertain — There is no direct legal authority regarding the proper U.S. federal income tax treatment of the Notes, and significant aspects of the tax treatment of the Notes are uncertain. Moreover, non-U.S. investors should note that persons having withholding

 

P-7 RBC Capital Markets, LLC

 	 
 	Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers

responsibility in respect of the Notes may withhold on any coupon paid to a non-U.S. investor, generally at a rate of 30%. We will not pay any additional amounts in respect of such withholding. You should review carefully the section entitled “United States Federal Income Tax Considerations” herein, in combination with the section entitled “United States Federal Income Tax Considerations” in the accompanying product supplement, and consult your tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the Notes.

 

Risks Relating to the Initial Estimated Value of the Notes and the Secondary Market for the Notes

 

· There May Not Be an Active Trading Market for the Notes; Sales in the Secondary Market May Result in Significant Losses — There may be little or no secondary market for the Notes. The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange. RBCCM and our other affiliates may make a market for the Notes; however, they are not required to do so and, if they choose to do so, may stop any market-making activities at any time. Because other dealers are not likely to make a secondary market for the Notes, the price at which you may be able to trade your Notes is likely to depend on the price, if any, at which RBCCM or any of our other affiliates is willing to buy the Notes. Even if a secondary market for the Notes develops, it may not provide enough liquidity to allow you to easily trade or sell the Notes. We expect that transaction costs in any secondary market would be high. As a result, the difference between bid and ask prices for your Notes in any secondary market could be substantial. If you sell your Notes before maturity, you may have to do so at a substantial discount from the price that you paid for them, and as a result, you may suffer significant losses. The Notes are not designed to be short-term trading instruments. Accordingly, you should be able and willing to hold your Notes to maturity.

 

· The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Will Be Less Than the Public Offering Price — The initial estimated value of the Notes will be less than the public offering price of the Notes and does not represent a minimum price at which we, RBCCM or any of our other affiliates would be willing to purchase the Notes in any secondary market (if any exists) at any time. If you attempt to sell the Notes prior to maturity, their market value may be lower than the price you paid for them and the initial estimated value. This is due to, among other things, changes in the values of the Underliers, the internal funding rate we pay to issue securities of this kind (which is lower than the rate at which we borrow funds by issuing conventional fixed rate debt) and the inclusion in the public offering price of the underwriting discount, our estimated profit and the estimated costs relating to our hedging of the Notes. These factors, together with various credit, market and economic factors over the term of the Notes, are expected to reduce the price at which you may be able to sell the Notes in any secondary market and will affect the value of the Notes in complex and unpredictable ways. Assuming no change in market conditions or any other relevant factors, the price, if any, at which you may be able to sell your Notes prior to maturity may be less than your original purchase price, as any such sale price would not be expected to include the underwriting discount, our estimated profit or the hedging costs relating to the Notes. In addition, any price at which you may sell the Notes is likely to reflect customary bid-ask spreads for similar trades. In addition to bid-ask spreads, the value of the Notes determined for any secondary market price is expected to be based on a secondary market rate rather than the internal funding rate used to price the Notes and determine the initial estimated value. As a result, the secondary market price will be less than if the internal funding rate were used.

 

· The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Is Only an Estimate, Calculated as of the Trade Date — The initial estimated value of the Notes is based on the value of our obligation to make the payments on the Notes, together with the mid-market value of the derivative embedded in the terms of the Notes. See “Structuring the Notes” below. Our estimate is based on a variety of assumptions, including our internal funding rate (which represents a discount from our credit spreads), expectations as to dividends, interest rates and volatility and the expected term of the Notes. These assumptions are based on certain forecasts about future events, which may prove to be incorrect. Other entities may value the Notes or similar securities at a price that is significantly different than we do.

 

The value of the Notes at any time after the Trade Date will vary based on many factors, including changes in market conditions, and cannot be predicted with accuracy. As a result, the actual value you would receive if you sold the Notes in any secondary market, if any, should be expected to differ materially from the initial estimated value of the Notes.

 

P-8 RBC Capital Markets, LLC

 	 
 	Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers

Risks Relating to Conflicts of Interest and Our Trading Activities

 

· Our and Our Affiliates’ Business and Trading Activities May Create Conflicts of Interest — You should make your own independent investigation of the merits of investing in the Notes. Our and our affiliates’ economic interests are potentially adverse to your interests as an investor in the Notes due to our and our affiliates’ business and trading activities, and we and our affiliates have no obligation to consider your interests in taking any actions that might affect the value of the Notes. Trading by us and our affiliates may adversely affect the values of the Underliers and the market value of the Notes. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Conflicts of Interest” in the accompanying product supplement.

 

· RBCCM’s Role as Calculation Agent May Create Conflicts of Interest — As Calculation Agent, our affiliate, RBCCM, will determine any values of the Underliers and make any other determinations necessary to calculate any payments on the Notes. In making these determinations, the Calculation Agent may be required to make discretionary judgments, including those described under “—Risks Relating to the Underliers” below. In making these discretionary judgments, the economic interests of the Calculation Agent are potentially adverse to your interests as an investor in the Notes, and any of these determinations may adversely affect any payments on the Notes. The Calculation Agent will have no obligation to consider your interests as an investor in the Notes in making any determinations with respect to the Notes.

 

Risks Relating to the Underliers

 

· You Will Not Have Any Rights to Any Underlier — As an investor in the Notes, you will not have voting rights or rights to receive dividends or other distributions or any other rights with respect to any Underlier.

 

· Any Payment on the Notes May Be Postponed and Adversely Affected by the Occurrence of a Market Disruption Event — The timing and amount of any payment on the Notes is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of a market disruption event affecting an Underlier. If a market disruption event persists for a sustained period, the Calculation Agent may make a discretionary determination of the closing value of any affected Underlier. See “General Terms of the Notes—Reference Stocks and Funds—Market Disruption Events,” “General Terms of the Notes—Postponement of a Determination Date” and “General Terms of the Notes—Postponement of a Payment Date” in the accompanying product supplement.

 

· Anti-dilution Protection Is Limited, and the Calculation Agent Has Discretion to Make Anti-dilution Adjustments — The Calculation Agent may in its sole discretion make adjustments affecting any amounts payable on the Notes upon the occurrence of certain corporate events (such as stock splits or extraordinary or special dividends) that the Calculation Agent determines have a diluting or concentrative effect on the theoretical value of an Underlier. However, the Calculation Agent might not make adjustments in response to all such events that could affect an Underlier. The occurrence of any such event and any adjustment made by the Calculation Agent (or a determination by the Calculation Agent not to make any adjustment) may adversely affect the market price of, and any amounts payable on, the Notes. See “General Terms of the Notes—Reference Stocks and Funds—Anti-dilution Adjustments” in the accompanying product supplement.

 

· Reorganization or Other Events Could Adversely Affect the Value of the Notes or Result in the Notes Being Accelerated — Upon the occurrence of certain reorganization or other events affecting an Underlier, the Calculation Agent may make adjustments that result in payments on the Notes being based on the performance of (i) cash, securities of another issuer and/or other property distributed to holders of that Underlier upon the occurrence of that event or (ii) in the case of a reorganization event in which only cash is distributed to holders of that Underlier, a substitute security, if the Calculation Agent elects to select one. Any of these actions could adversely affect the value of the affected Underlier and, consequently, the value of the Notes. Alternatively, the Calculation Agent may accelerate the Maturity Date for a payment determined by the Calculation Agent. Any amount payable upon acceleration could be significantly less than any amount that would be due on the Notes if they were not accelerated. However, if the Calculation Agent elects not to accelerate the Notes, the value of, and any amount payable on, the Notes could be adversely affected, perhaps significantly. See “General Terms of the Notes—Reference Stocks and Funds—Anti-dilution Adjustments—Reorganization Events” in the accompanying product supplement.

 

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INFORMATION REGARDING THE UNDERLIERS

 

Each Underlier is registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Companies with securities registered under the Exchange Act are required to file financial and other information specified by the SEC periodically. Information provided to or filed with the SEC by the issuer of each Underlier can be located on a website maintained by the SEC at https://www.sec.gov by reference to that issuer’s SEC file number provided below. Information from outside sources is not incorporated by reference in, and should not be considered part of, this pricing supplement. We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in outside sources.

 

Underlier	Exchange Ticker	Exchange	SEC File Number
CRM Underlier	CRM	New York Stock Exchange	001-32224
META Underlier	META	Nasdaq Stock Market	001-35551
WFC Underlier	WFC	New York Stock Exchange	001-02979

 

According to publicly available information:

 

· Salesforce, Inc. is a provider of customer relationship management technology.

 

· Meta Platforms, Inc. (formerly known as Facebook, Inc.) builds products that enable people to connect and share through mobile devices, personal computers, virtual reality and mixed reality headsets, augmented reality and wearables.

 

· Wells Fargo & Company is a financial services company that provides a set of banking, investment and mortgage products and services, as well as consumer and commercial finance, to individuals, businesses and institutions.

 

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 	Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers

Historical Information

 

The following graphs set forth historical closing values of the Underliers for the period from January 1, 2015 to July 8, 2025. Each red line represents a hypothetical Barrier Value based on the closing value of the relevant Underlier on July 8, 2025. We obtained the information in the graphs from Bloomberg Financial Markets, without independent investigation. We cannot give you assurance that the performance of the Underliers will result in the return of all of your initial investment.

 

Common Stock of Salesforce, Inc.

 

 

PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS.

 

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Class A Common Stock of Meta Platforms, Inc.

 

 

PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS.

 

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Common Stock of Wells Fargo & Company

 

 

PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS.

 

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 	Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers

UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

 

You should review carefully the sections in the accompanying product supplement entitled “United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders—Notes Treated as Put Options and Deposits” and, if you are a Non-U.S. Holder, “—Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders.” The following discussion, when read in combination with the section entitled “United States Federal Income Tax Considerations” in the accompanying product supplement, constitutes the full opinion of our counsel, Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, regarding the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of the Notes.

 

Generally, this discussion assumes that you purchased the Notes for cash in the original issuance at the stated issue price and does not address other circumstances specific to you, including consequences that may arise due to any other investments relating to the Underliers. You should consult your tax adviser regarding the effect any such circumstances may have on the U.S. federal income tax consequences of your ownership of a Note.

 

Due to the lack of direct legal authority, there is substantial uncertainty regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the Notes. In the opinion of our counsel, which is based on current market conditions, it is reasonable to treat a Note for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a put option (the “Put Option”) written by you with respect to the Underliers, secured by a cash deposit equal to the stated principal amount of the Note (the “Deposit”), as described in the section entitled “United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders—Notes Treated as Put Options and Deposits” in the accompanying product supplement. There is uncertainty regarding this treatment, and the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) or a court might not agree with it. Moreover, because this treatment of the Notes and our counsel’s opinion are based on market conditions as of the date of this preliminary pricing supplement, each is subject to confirmation on the Trade Date. A different tax treatment could be adverse to you.

 

Under the treatment of a Note as a Put Option and a Deposit, a portion of each coupon made with respect to the Notes will be attributable to interest on the Deposit, and the remainder will represent premium attributable to your grant of the Put Option (“Put Premium”). Amounts treated as interest on the Deposit should be taxed as ordinary interest income, while the Put Premium should not be taken into account until retirement (including an early redemption) or an earlier taxable disposition. Pursuant to this treatment, set forth below are the portions of each coupon that we have determined should be treated as attributable to interest on the Deposit and to Put Premium:

 

Coupon Rate per Annum(1)	Interest on Deposit per Annum(1)	Put Premium per Annum(1)
%	%	%

⁽¹⁾ To be provided in the final pricing supplement

 

We do not plan to request a ruling from the IRS regarding the treatment of the Notes. An alternative characterization of the Notes could materially and adversely affect the tax consequences of ownership and disposition of the Notes, including the timing and character of income recognized. In addition, the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS have requested comments on various issues regarding the U.S. federal income tax treatment of “prepaid forward contracts” and similar financial instruments and have indicated that such transactions may be the subject of future regulations or other guidance. Furthermore, members of Congress have proposed legislative changes to the tax treatment of derivative contracts. Any legislation, Treasury regulations or other guidance promulgated after consideration of these issues could materially and adversely affect the tax consequences of an investment in the Notes, possibly with retroactive effect.

 

Non-U.S. Holders. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of the coupons is unclear. To the extent that we have withholding responsibility in respect of the Notes, we would expect generally to treat the coupons as subject to U.S. withholding tax. Moreover, you should expect that, if the applicable withholding agent determines that withholding tax should apply, it will be at a rate of 30% (or lower treaty rate). In order to claim an exemption from, or a reduction in, the 30% withholding under an applicable treaty, you may need to comply with certification requirements to establish that you are not a U.S. person and are eligible for such an exemption or reduction under an applicable tax treaty. You should consult your tax adviser regarding the tax treatment of the coupons.

 

As discussed under “United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders—Dividend Equivalents under Section 871(m) of the Code” in the accompanying product supplement, Section 871(m) of the

 

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Internal Revenue Code and Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder (“Section 871(m)”) generally impose a 30% withholding tax on dividend equivalents paid or deemed paid to Non-U.S. Holders with respect to certain financial instruments linked to U.S. equities or indices that include U.S. equities. The Treasury regulations, as modified by an IRS notice, exempt financial instruments issued prior to January 1, 2027 that do not have a “delta” of one. Based on certain determinations made by us, we expect that Section 871(m) will not apply to the Notes with regard to Non-U.S. Holders. Our determination is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS may disagree with this determination. If necessary, further information regarding the potential application of Section 871(m) will be provided in the final pricing supplement for the Notes.

 

We will not be required to pay any additional amounts with respect to U.S. federal withholding taxes.

 

You should consult your tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the Notes, including possible alternative treatments, as well as tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, local or non-U.S. taxing jurisdiction.

 

SUPPLEMENTAL PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION (CONFLICTS OF INTEREST)

 

The Notes are offered initially to investors at a purchase price equal to par, except with respect to certain accounts as indicated on the cover page of this pricing supplement. We or one of our affiliates may pay the underwriting discount as set forth on the cover page of this pricing supplement.

 

The value of the Notes shown on your account statement may be based on RBCCM’s estimate of the value of the Notes if RBCCM or another of our affiliates were to make a market in the Notes (which it is not obligated to do). That estimate will be based on the price that RBCCM may pay for the Notes in light of then-prevailing market conditions, our creditworthiness and transaction costs. For a period of approximately six months after the Issue Date, the value of the Notes that may be shown on your account statement may be higher than RBCCM’s estimated value of the Notes at that time. This is because the estimated value of the Notes will not include the underwriting discount or our hedging costs and profits; however, the value of the Notes shown on your account statement during that period may initially be a higher amount, reflecting the addition of the underwriting discount and our estimated costs and profits from hedging the Notes. This excess is expected to decrease over time until the end of this period. After this period, if RBCCM repurchases your Notes, it expects to do so at prices that reflect their estimated value.

 

RBCCM or another of its affiliates or agents may use this pricing supplement in the initial sale of the Notes. In addition, RBCCM or another of our affiliates may use this pricing supplement in a market-making transaction in the Notes after their initial sale. Unless we or our agent informs the purchaser otherwise in the confirmation of sale, this pricing supplement is being used in a market-making transaction.

 

For additional information about the settlement cycle of the Notes, see “Plan of Distribution” in the accompanying prospectus. For additional information as to the relationship between us and RBCCM, see the section “Plan of Distribution—Conflicts of Interest” in the accompanying prospectus.

 

STRUCTURING THE NOTES

 

The Notes are our debt securities. As is the case for all of our debt securities, including our structured notes, the economic terms of the Notes reflect our actual or perceived creditworthiness. In addition, because structured notes result in increased operational, funding and liability management costs to us, we typically borrow the funds under structured notes at a rate that is lower than the rate that we might pay for a conventional fixed or floating rate debt security of comparable maturity. The lower internal funding rate, the underwriting discount and the hedging-related costs relating to the Notes reduce the economic terms of the Notes to you and result in the initial estimated value for the Notes being less than their public offering price. Unlike the initial estimated value, any value of the Notes determined for purposes of a secondary market transaction may be based on a secondary market rate, which may result in a lower value for the Notes than if our initial internal funding rate were used.

 

In order to satisfy our payment obligations under the Notes, we may choose to enter into certain hedging arrangements (which may include call options, put options or other derivatives) with RBCCM and/or one of our other subsidiaries. The

 

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 	Auto-Callable Fixed Coupon Barrier Notes Linked to the Least Performing of Three Underliers

terms of these hedging arrangements take into account a number of factors, including our creditworthiness, interest rate movements, volatility and the tenor of the Notes. The economic terms of the Notes and the initial estimated value depend in part on the terms of these hedging arrangements.

 

See “Selected Risk Considerations—Risks Relating to the Initial Estimated Value of the Notes and the Secondary Market for the Notes—The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Will Be Less Than the Public Offering Price” above.

 

P-16 RBC Capital Markets, LLC

FAQ

What is the maximum upside on JPMorgan’s Capped Dual Directional Buffered Notes (VYLD)?

At maturity investors can earn up to 26.00% ($1,260 per $1,000 note) if the S&P 500 appreciates at least 26%.

How much of my principal is protected by the buffer?

The notes absorb the first 20% of any index decline; losses begin only on drops exceeding that level.

What happens if the S&P 500 falls 10% at maturity?

You earn a 5% positive return because the product pays 50% of the absolute decline when the drop is ≤20%.

When do these notes mature?

The stated maturity date is 13 January 2028, with observation date on 10 January 2028.

Can I sell the notes before maturity?

There is no exchange listing; sales depend on JPMS’s willingness to bid, likely below the issue price.

Why is the estimated value below the $1,000 issue price?

The $986.20 estimate excludes $7 selling commission and hedging/structuring costs embedded in the public offering price.

Do the notes pay dividends or coupons?

No. Investors forgo S&P 500 dividends and receive no periodic interest payments.