What is Century Alum Co's earnings per share (EPS)?

Century Alum Co (CENX) reported diluted earnings per share of $0.42 for fiscal year 2025. This represents a -87.2% change compared to the previous fiscal year. EPS represents the portion of a company's net income allocated to each outstanding share of common stock and is widely used to evaluate profitability on a per-share basis.

Century Alum Co Financials

CENX

Source SEC Filings (10-K/10-Q) Updated Mar 31, 2026 Currency USD FYE December

This page shows Century Alum Co (CENX) financial statements, including the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and key financial ratios. View 16 years of annual fundamentals and quarterly data, with year-over-year growth rates and compound annual growth rates (CAGR). All figures are derived from SEC filings (10-K and 10-Q reports).

Rhea AI CENX FY2025 2026-05-07

Margin recovery is finally becoming self-funded cash generation, with Century Aluminum converting better operations into stronger liquidity.

The clearest shift is in cash conversion: one year delivered $319M of net income but -$24.6M of operating cash flow. The latest year reversed that, producing $185M of operating cash flow on just $40M of net income, so the business ended the period with stronger cash backing than its earnings headline implies.

This looks like a margin-led recovery more than a volume story: gross margin reached 10.1% after a prior low of 4.0%. Because sales did not need to surge to produce that change, the improvement looks more like better cost absorption or mix than simple top-line expansion, which is a more structural change in how revenue turns into operating profit.

Operating cash flow of $185M covered capital spending of $100.2M, so reinvestment no longer consumed all internally generated cash or required outside funding to bridge the gap. Inventory fell to $519.6M from $539M even as sales expanded, which suggests working capital stopped swallowing cash and started supporting liquidity.

Financial Health Signals

Financial Profile 41/100

Based on FY2025 annual data, averaged across the last 3 years for performance metrics (most-recent year weighted highest). How this score is calculated →

Health score ≠ stock price. This rates the quality of Century Alum Co's business: profitability, growth, balance sheet strength. It doesn't tell you whether the stock is a good buy at today's price. Not financial advice. Use it alongside valuation analysis and your own research.

Profitability

Century Alum Co has an operating margin of 6.3%, meaning the company retains $6 of operating profit per $100 of revenue. This results in a moderate score of 33/100, indicating healthy but not exceptional operating efficiency. This is up from 4.9% the prior year.

Growth

Century Alum Co's revenue grew 13.9% year-over-year to $2.5B, a solid pace of expansion. This earns a growth score of 46/100.

Leverage

Century Alum Co carries a low D/E ratio of 1.82, meaning only $1.82 of long-term debt for every $1 of shareholders' equity. This conservative leverage earns a score of 65/100, indicating a strong balance sheet with room for future borrowing.

Liquidity

Century Alum Co's current ratio of 1.97 indicates adequate short-term liquidity, earning a score of 36/100. The company can meet its near-term obligations, though with limited headroom.

Cash Flow

Century Alum Co's free cash flow margin of 3.4% results in a low score of 26/100. Capital expenditures of $100.2M absorb a large share of operating cash flow.

Returns

Century Alum Co's ROE of 5.0% shows moderate profitability relative to equity, earning a score of 42/100. This is down from 45.9% the prior year.

Altman Z-Score Safe

3.35

Century Alum Co scores 3.35, well above the 2.99 safe threshold. The score is driven primarily by a large market capitalization ($6.7B) relative to total liabilities ($1.5B). This indicates low bankruptcy risk based on profitability, leverage, and asset efficiency.

Piotroski F-Score Neutral

6/9

Century Alum Co passes 6 of 9 financial strength tests. 3 of 4 profitability signals pass, 1 of 3 leverage/liquidity signals pass, both operating efficiency signals pass.

Earnings Quality Cash-Backed

4.63x

For every $1 of reported earnings, Century Alum Co generates $4.63 in operating cash flow ($185.0M OCF vs $40.0M net income). This indicates profits are well-supported by actual cash generation, not accounting adjustments.

Key Financial Metrics

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Earnings & Revenue

Revenue

$2.5B

YoY+13.9%

5Y CAGR+9.5%

10Y CAGR+2.6%

Century Alum Co generated $2.5B in revenue in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 13.9% from the prior year.

EBITDA

$249.9M

YoY+28.1%

5Y CAGR+151.2%

10Y CAGR+19.8%

Century Alum Co's EBITDA was $249.9M in fiscal year 2025, measuring earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. This represents an increase of 28.1% from the prior year.

Net Income

$40.0M

YoY-87.5%

Century Alum Co reported $40.0M in net income in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 87.5% from the prior year.

EPS (Diluted)

$0.42

YoY-87.2%

Century Alum Co earned $0.42 per diluted share (EPS) in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 87.2% from the prior year.

Cash & Balance Sheet

Free Cash Flow

$84.8M

YoY+179.3%

5Y CAGR+23.5%

Century Alum Co generated $84.8M in free cash flow in fiscal year 2025, representing cash available after capex. This represents an increase of 179.3% from the prior year.

Cash & Debt

$134.2M

YoY+307.9%

5Y CAGR+10.5%

10Y CAGR+1.5%

Century Alum Co held $134.2M in cash against $0 in long-term debt as of fiscal year 2025.

Dividends Per Share

N/A

Shares Outstanding

99M

YoY+6.1%

5Y CAGR+1.9%

10Y CAGR+1.3%

Century Alum Co had 99M shares outstanding in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 6.1% from the prior year.

Margins & Returns

Gross Margin

10.1%

YoY+2.4pp

5Y CAGR+12.4pp

10Y CAGR+8.0pp

Century Alum Co's gross margin was 10.1% in fiscal year 2025, indicating the percentage of revenue retained after direct costs. This is up 2.4 percentage points from the prior year.

Operating Margin

6.3%

YoY+1.4pp

5Y CAGR+11.3pp

10Y CAGR+8.3pp

Century Alum Co's operating margin was 6.3% in fiscal year 2025, reflecting core business profitability. This is up 1.4 percentage points from the prior year.

Net Margin

1.6%

YoY-12.8pp

5Y CAGR+9.3pp

10Y CAGR+4.6pp

Century Alum Co's net profit margin was 1.6% in fiscal year 2025, showing the share of revenue converted to profit. This is down 12.8 percentage points from the prior year.

Return on Equity

5.0%

YoY-41.0pp

5Y CAGR+27.6pp

10Y CAGR+10.8pp

Century Alum Co's ROE was 5.0% in fiscal year 2025, measuring profit generated per dollar of shareholder equity. This is down 41.0 percentage points from the prior year.

Capital Allocation

R&D Spending

N/A

Share Buybacks

N/A

Capital Expenditures

$100.2M

YoY+21.7%

5Y CAGR+49.5%

10Y CAGR+6.2%

Century Alum Co invested $100.2M in capex in fiscal year 2025, funding long-term assets and infrastructure. This represents an increase of 21.7% from the prior year.

CENX Income Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Revenue	$2.5B+13.9%	$2.2B+1.6%	$2.2B-21.3%	$2.8B+25.5%	$2.2B+37.8%	$1.6B
Cost of Revenue	$2.3B+10.9%	$2.0B-2.4%	$2.1B-23.2%	$2.7B+30.8%	$2.1B+27.2%	$1.6B
Gross Profit	$256.4M+49.1%	$172.0M+96.3%	$87.6M+87.6%	$46.7M-62.4%	$124.2M+440.3%	-$36.5M
R&D Expenses	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
SG&A Expenses	$79.9M+40.7%	$56.8M+28.2%	$44.3M+18.1%	$37.5M-34.9%	$57.6M+32.4%	$43.5M
Operating Income	$158.1M+45.8%	$108.4M+294.2%	$27.5M+118.3%	-$150.2M-327.6%	$66.0M+182.0%	-$80.5M
Interest Expense	N/A	N/A	N/A	$29.3M+1.7%	$28.8M-3.0%	$29.7M
Income Tax	-$13.1M-509.4%	$3.2M+121.9%	-$14.6M-130.8%	$47.4M+254.9%	-$30.6M-887.1%	-$3.1M
Net Income	$40.0M-87.5%	$319.0M+841.9%	-$43.0M-207.1%	-$14.0M+91.6%	-$167.0M-35.4%	-$123.3M
EPS (Diluted)	$0.42-87.2%	$3.27+795.7%	$-0.47-213.3%	$-0.15+91.9%	$-1.85-34.1%	$-1.38

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Revenue	$649.2M+2.4%	$633.7M+0.2%	$632.2M+0.7%	$628.1M-0.9%	$633.9M+0.5%	$630.9M+17.0%	$539.1M-3.9%	$560.8M
Cost of Revenue	$530.4M-2.3%	$543.1M-2.5%	$557.3M-6.3%	$594.5M+3.1%	$576.6M+2.2%	$564.3M+22.1%	$462.2M-15.2%	$545.3M
Gross Profit	$118.8M+31.1%	$90.6M+21.0%	$74.9M+122.9%	$33.6M-41.4%	$57.3M-14.0%	$66.6M-13.4%	$76.9M+396.1%	$15.5M
R&D Expenses	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
SG&A Expenses	$25.8M-27.3%	$35.5M+98.3%	$17.9M+27.9%	$14.0M+12.0%	$12.5M-15.5%	$14.8M-5.1%	$15.6M+26.8%	$12.3M
Operating Income	$374.0M+805.6%	$41.3M-26.1%	$55.9M+208.8%	$18.1M-57.7%	$42.8M-13.7%	$49.6M-15.8%	$58.9M+3826.7%	$1.5M
Interest Expense	$9.9M	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	$10.3M
Income Tax	$1.8M+114.6%	-$12.3M-1018.2%	-$1.1M+15.4%	-$1.3M-181.3%	$1.6M+700.0%	$200K-90.0%	$2.0M+300.0%	$500K
Net Income	$337.5M	$0-100.0%	$14.9M+423.9%	-$4.6M-115.5%	$29.7M+8.4%	$27.4M-42.1%	$47.3M+1992.0%	-$2.5M
EPS (Diluted)	$3.23	N/A	$0.15+400.0%	$-0.05-117.2%	$0.29	N/A	$0.46+1633.3%	$-0.03

CENX Balance Sheet

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Total Assets	$2.3B+7.0%	$2.1B+4.5%	$2.0B+37.8%	$1.5B-6.2%	$1.6B+12.2%	$1.4B
Current Assets	$1.0B+27.2%	$810.9M+5.7%	$767.1M+13.2%	$677.8M+9.6%	$618.2M+35.6%	$456.0M
Cash & Equivalents	$134.2M+307.9%	$32.9M-63.0%	$88.8M+63.5%	$54.3M+87.2%	$29.0M-64.5%	$81.6M
Inventory	$519.6M-3.6%	$539.0M+13.0%	$477.0M+19.6%	$398.8M-6.3%	$425.6M+46.2%	$291.1M
Accounts Receivable	$109.9M+45.0%	$75.8M+41.2%	$53.7M-19.7%	$66.9M-17.0%	$80.6M+58.0%	$51.0M
Goodwill	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total Liabilities	$1.5B+2.7%	$1.4B-5.1%	$1.5B+40.1%	$1.1B-6.6%	$1.1B+34.6%	$853.5M
Current Liabilities	$523.6M+12.0%	$467.3M-38.8%	$763.6M+85.9%	$410.7M-25.0%	$547.4M+127.8%	$240.3M
Long-Term Debt	N/A	N/A	$430.9M+12.9%	$381.6M	N/A	N/A
Total Equity	$805.6M+16.0%	$694.4M+95.3%	$355.6M-10.9%	$399.3M-5.2%	$421.0M-22.9%	$546.1M
Retained Earnings	-$1.6B+2.5%	-$1.7B+16.8%	-$2.0B-2.2%	-$2.0B-0.7%	-$1.9B-9.4%	-$1.8B

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Total Assets	$2.7B+17.0%	$2.3B-2.3%	$2.3B+8.4%	$2.1B+0.4%	$2.1B+0.6%	$2.1B+2.9%	$2.1B+5.2%	$2.0B
Current Assets	$1.3B+21.6%	$1.0B-1.5%	$1.0B+29.7%	$807.4M-2.7%	$829.6M+2.3%	$810.9M+0.9%	$804.0M+10.2%	$729.3M
Cash & Equivalents	$244.1M+81.9%	$134.2M-11.4%	$151.4M+272.0%	$40.7M-9.4%	$44.9M+36.5%	$32.9M-7.1%	$35.4M-14.3%	$41.3M
Inventory	$512.1M-1.4%	$519.6M-6.7%	$556.7M+8.4%	$513.4M-5.3%	$542.2M+0.6%	$539.0M	N/A	$467.5M
Accounts Receivable	$111.0M+1.0%	$109.9M-6.0%	$116.9M+8.0%	$108.2M-0.6%	$108.9M+43.7%	$75.8M	N/A	$83.7M
Goodwill	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total Liabilities	$1.5B+2.8%	$1.5B-7.4%	$1.6B+11.4%	$1.4B+0.8%	$1.4B-1.3%	$1.4B+10.1%	$1.3B+5.9%	$1.2B
Current Liabilities	$544.7M+4.0%	$523.6M-11.5%	$591.5M+32.2%	$447.5M+0.9%	$443.6M-5.1%	$467.3M	N/A	$428.1M
Long-Term Debt	$479.8M	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total Equity	$1.2B+42.9%	$805.6M+8.6%	$741.8M+2.4%	$724.4M-0.3%	$726.3M+4.6%	$694.4M-9.2%	$764.5M+27.1%	$601.5M
Retained Earnings	-$1.3B+20.8%	-$1.6B+0.1%	-$1.6B+0.9%	-$1.6B-0.3%	-$1.6B+1.8%	-$1.7B	N/A	-$1.8B

CENX Cash Flow Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Operating Cash Flow	$185.0M+852.0%	-$24.6M-123.3%	$105.6M+307.7%	$25.9M+140.0%	-$64.7M-250.8%	$42.9M
Capital Expenditures	$100.2M+21.7%	$82.3M-13.4%	$95.0M+10.1%	$86.3M+4.0%	$83.0M+519.4%	$13.4M
Free Cash Flow	$84.8M+179.3%	-$106.9M-1108.5%	$10.6M+117.5%	-$60.4M+59.1%	-$147.7M-600.7%	$29.5M
Investing Cash Flow	-$100.2M-25.3%	-$80.0M-38.4%	-$57.8M+32.4%	-$85.5M-3.5%	-$82.6M-600.0%	-$11.8M
Financing Cash Flow	$15.1M-69.8%	$50.0M+484.6%	-$13.0M-117.5%	$74.4M-28.3%	$103.7M+668.1%	$13.5M
Dividends Paid	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Share Buybacks	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Operating Cash Flow	$68.4M-33.5%	$102.8M+5040.0%	$2.0M-74.7%	$7.9M-89.1%	$72.3M+274.6%	-$41.4M-306.0%	$20.1M+74.8%	$11.5M
Capital Expenditures	$74.8M+113.1%	$35.1M+74.6%	$20.1M-15.5%	$23.8M+12.3%	$21.2M+60.6%	$13.2M-41.3%	$22.5M+33.1%	$16.9M
Free Cash Flow	-$6.4M-109.5%	$67.7M+474.0%	-$18.1M-13.8%	-$15.9M-131.1%	$51.1M+193.6%	-$54.6M-2175.0%	-$2.4M+55.6%	-$5.4M
Investing Cash Flow	$130.2M+357.8%	-$50.5M-213.7%	-$16.1M-29.8%	-$12.4M+41.5%	-$21.2M-60.6%	-$13.2M+41.3%	-$22.5M-54.1%	-$14.6M
Financing Cash Flow	-$600K+99.1%	-$69.5M-156.3%	$123.4M+41033.3%	$300K+100.8%	-$39.1M-171.2%	$54.9M+1198.0%	-$5.0M+89.8%	-$49.1M
Dividends Paid	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Share Buybacks	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

CENX Financial Ratios

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Gross Margin	10.1%+2.4pp	7.8%+3.7pp	4.0%+2.3pp	1.7%-3.9pp	5.6%+7.9pp	-2.3%
Operating Margin	6.3%+1.4pp	4.9%+3.6pp	1.3%+6.7pp	-5.4%-8.4pp	3.0%+8.0pp	-5.0%
Net Margin	1.6%-12.8pp	14.4%+16.3pp	-2.0%-1.5pp	-0.5%+7.0pp	-7.5%+0.1pp	-7.7%
Return on Equity	5.0%-41.0pp	45.9%+58.0pp	-12.1%-8.6pp	-3.5%+36.2pp	-39.7%-17.1pp	-22.6%
Return on Assets	1.8%-13.3pp	15.0%+17.2pp	-2.1%-1.2pp	-0.9%+9.7pp	-10.6%-1.8pp	-8.8%
Current Ratio	1.97+0.2	1.74+0.7	1.00-0.6	1.65+0.5	1.13-0.8	1.90
Debt-to-Equity	1.82-0.2	2.05+0.8	1.21+0.3	0.96-1.8	2.73+1.2	1.56
FCF Margin	3.4%+8.2pp	-4.8%-5.3pp	0.5%+2.7pp	-2.2%+4.5pp	-6.7%-8.5pp	1.8%

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Gross Margin	18.3%+4.0pp	14.3%+2.4pp	11.8%+6.5pp	5.3%-3.7pp	9.0%-1.5pp	10.6%-3.7pp	14.3%+11.5pp	2.8%
Operating Margin	57.6%+51.1pp	6.5%-2.3pp	8.8%+6.0pp	2.9%-3.9pp	6.8%-1.1pp	7.9%-3.1pp	10.9%+10.7pp	0.3%
Net Margin	52.0%+52.0pp	0.0%-2.4pp	2.4%+3.1pp	-0.7%-5.4pp	4.7%+0.3pp	4.3%-4.4pp	8.8%+9.2pp	-0.4%
Return on Equity	29.3%+29.3pp	0.0%-2.0pp	2.0%+2.6pp	-0.6%-4.7pp	4.1%+0.1pp	4.0%-2.2pp	6.2%+6.6pp	-0.4%
Return on Assets	12.7%+12.7pp	0.0%-0.6pp	0.6%+0.9pp	-0.2%-1.6pp	1.4%+0.1pp	1.3%-1.0pp	2.3%+2.4pp	-0.1%
Current Ratio	2.30+0.3	1.97+0.2	1.77-0.0	1.80-0.1	1.87+0.1	1.74	N/A	1.70
Debt-to-Equity	1.31-0.5	1.82-0.3	2.13+0.2	1.96+0.0	1.94-0.1	2.05+0.4	1.69-0.3	2.03
FCF Margin	-1.0%-11.7pp	10.7%+13.5pp	-2.9%-0.3pp	-2.5%-10.6pp	8.1%+16.7pp	-8.6%-8.2pp	-0.4%+0.5pp	-1.0%

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is Century Alum Co's annual revenue?

Century Alum Co (CENX) reported $2.5B in total revenue for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 13.9% change compared to the previous fiscal year. Revenue measures the total income earned from the company's primary business operations before any expenses are deducted.

How fast is Century Alum Co's revenue growing?

Century Alum Co (CENX) revenue grew by 13.9% year-over-year, from $2.2B to $2.5B in fiscal year 2025.

Is Century Alum Co profitable?

Yes, Century Alum Co (CENX) reported a net income of $40.0M in fiscal year 2025, with a net profit margin of 1.6%.

What is Century Alum Co's EBITDA?

Century Alum Co (CENX) had EBITDA of $249.9M in fiscal year 2025, measuring earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.

What is Century Alum Co's gross margin?

Century Alum Co (CENX) had a gross margin of 10.1% in fiscal year 2025, indicating the percentage of revenue retained after direct costs of goods sold.

What is Century Alum Co's operating margin?

Century Alum Co (CENX) had an operating margin of 6.3% in fiscal year 2025, reflecting the profitability of core business operations before interest and taxes.

What is Century Alum Co's net profit margin?

Century Alum Co (CENX) had a net profit margin of 1.6% in fiscal year 2025, representing the share of revenue converted into profit after all expenses.

What is Century Alum Co's return on equity (ROE)?

Century Alum Co (CENX) has a return on equity of 5.0% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company generates profit from shareholder equity.

What is Century Alum Co's free cash flow?

Century Alum Co (CENX) generated $84.8M in free cash flow during fiscal year 2025. This represents a 179.3% change compared to the previous fiscal year. Free cash flow represents the cash a company generates after accounting for capital expenditures, and is widely used to assess financial flexibility and shareholder value.

What is Century Alum Co's operating cash flow?

Century Alum Co (CENX) generated $185.0M in operating cash flow during fiscal year 2025, representing cash generated from core business activities.

What are Century Alum Co's total assets?

Century Alum Co (CENX) had $2.3B in total assets as of fiscal year 2025, including both current and long-term assets.

What are Century Alum Co's capital expenditures?

Century Alum Co (CENX) invested $100.2M in capital expenditures during fiscal year 2025, funding long-term assets and infrastructure.

How many shares does Century Alum Co have outstanding?

Century Alum Co (CENX) had 99M shares outstanding as of fiscal year 2025.

What is Century Alum Co's current ratio?

Century Alum Co (CENX) had a current ratio of 1.97 as of fiscal year 2025, which is generally considered healthy.

What is Century Alum Co's debt-to-equity ratio?

Century Alum Co (CENX) had a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.82 as of fiscal year 2025, measuring the company's financial leverage by comparing total debt to shareholder equity.

What is Century Alum Co's return on assets (ROA)?

Century Alum Co (CENX) had a return on assets of 1.8% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company uses its assets to generate profit.

What is Century Alum Co's Altman Z-Score?

Century Alum Co (CENX) has an Altman Z-Score of 3.35, placing it in the Safe Zone (low bankruptcy risk). The Z-Score combines five financial ratios (working capital, retained earnings, EBIT, market capitalization, and revenue relative to total assets) to predict the likelihood of bankruptcy. Scores above 2.99 indicate financial safety while scores below 1.81 suggest financial distress. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

What is Century Alum Co's Piotroski F-Score?

Century Alum Co (CENX) has a Piotroski F-Score of 6 out of 9, indicating neutral financial health. The F-Score evaluates nine binary signals across profitability (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, earnings quality), leverage (decreasing debt, improving liquidity, no share dilution), and operating efficiency (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Scores of 7 to 9 indicate strong and improving fundamentals. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

Are Century Alum Co's earnings high quality?

Century Alum Co (CENX) has an earnings quality ratio of 4.63x, considered cash-backed (high quality). This ratio compares operating cash flow to net income. A ratio above 1.0x means the company generates more cash than its reported earnings, indicating sustainable, cash-backed profits. Ratios below 1.0x suggest earnings rely on accounting accruals rather than actual cash generation. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

How financially healthy is Century Alum Co?

Century Alum Co (CENX) scores 41 out of 100 on our Financial Profile, indicating moderate overall financial health. This composite score evaluates six dimensions: profitability (operating margin), revenue growth, leverage (debt-to-equity), liquidity (current ratio), cash flow quality (free cash flow margin), and shareholder returns (return on equity). Each dimension is normalized against standard financial benchmarks. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.