What is Edison Intl's earnings per share (EPS)?

Edison Intl (EIX) reported diluted earnings per share of $11.55 for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 248.9% change compared to the previous fiscal year. EPS represents the portion of a company's net income allocated to each outstanding share of common stock and is widely used to evaluate profitability on a per-share basis.

Edison Intl Financials

EIX

Source SEC Filings (10-K/10-Q) Updated Dec 31, 2025 Currency USD FYE December

This page shows Edison Intl (EIX) financial statements, including the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and key financial ratios. View 19 years of annual fundamentals and quarterly data, with year-over-year growth rates and compound annual growth rates (CAGR). All figures are derived from SEC filings (10-K and 10-Q reports).

Financial Health Signals

Financial Profile 50/100

Based on FY2025 annual data. Scores normalized against common benchmarks. How we calculate these scores

Profitability

100

Edison Intl has an operating margin of 36.7%, meaning the company retains $37 of operating profit per $100 of revenue. This strong profitability earns a score of 100/100, reflecting efficient cost management and pricing power. This is up from 16.7% the prior year.

Growth

Edison Intl's revenue grew 9.8% year-over-year to $19.3B, a solid pace of expansion. This earns a growth score of 50/100.

Leverage

Edison Intl has a moderate D/E ratio of 2.05. This balance of debt and equity financing earns a leverage score of 60/100.

Liquidity

Edison Intl's current ratio of 0.73 means current assets barely cover short-term liabilities. This tight liquidity results in a low score of 9/100, which could limit financial flexibility.

Cash Flow

While Edison Intl generated $5.8B in operating cash flow, capex of $6.5B consumed most of it, leaving -$715.0M in free cash flow. This results in a low score of 16/100, reflecting heavy capital investment rather than weak cash generation.

Returns

Edison Intl earns a strong 25.4% return on equity (ROE), meaning it generates $25 of profit for every $100 of shareholders' equity. This efficient capital use earns a returns score of 67/100. This is up from 8.3% the prior year.

Altman Z-Score Distress

0.80

Edison Intl scores 0.80, below the 1.81 distress threshold. This indicates elevated financial distress risk and warrants close attention to liquidity and debt levels.

Piotroski F-Score Neutral

5/9

Edison Intl passes 5 of 9 financial strength tests. All 4 profitability signals pass (positive income, cash flow, and earnings quality), 1 of 3 leverage/liquidity signals pass, neither operating efficiency signal passes.

Earnings Quality Cash-Backed

1.30x

For every $1 of reported earnings, Edison Intl generates $1.30 in operating cash flow ($5.8B OCF vs $4.5B net income). This indicates profits are well-supported by actual cash generation, not accounting adjustments.

Interest Coverage Adequate

4.6x

Edison Intl earns $4.6 in operating income for every $1 of interest expense ($7.1B vs $1.5B). This adequate coverage means the company can meet its interest obligations, but has limited cushion if earnings fall.

Key Financial Metrics

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Earnings & Revenue

Revenue

$19.3B

YoY+9.8%

5Y CAGR+7.3%

10Y CAGR+5.3%

Edison Intl generated $19.3B in revenue in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 9.8% from the prior year.

EBITDA

$10.3B

YoY+78.2%

5Y CAGR+26.1%

10Y CAGR+10.2%

Edison Intl's EBITDA was $10.3B in fiscal year 2025, measuring earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. This represents an increase of 78.2% from the prior year.

Net Income

$4.5B

YoY+247.3%

5Y CAGR+43.3%

10Y CAGR+14.8%

Edison Intl reported $4.5B in net income in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 247.3% from the prior year.

EPS (Diluted)

$11.55

YoY+248.9%

5Y CAGR+42.3%

10Y CAGR+14.1%

Edison Intl earned $11.55 per diluted share (EPS) in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 248.9% from the prior year.

Cash & Balance Sheet

Free Cash Flow

-$715.0M

YoY-3.2%

Edison Intl generated -$715.0M in free cash flow in fiscal year 2025, representing cash available after capex. This represents a decrease of 3.2% from the prior year.

Cash & Debt

$158.0M

YoY-18.1%

5Y CAGR+12.7%

10Y CAGR-0.2%

Edison Intl held $158.0M in cash against $36.1B in long-term debt as of fiscal year 2025.

Dividends Per Share

$3.36

YoY+6.1%

5Y CAGR+5.5%

10Y CAGR+6.8%

Edison Intl paid $3.36 per share in dividends in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 6.1% from the prior year.

Shares Outstanding

385M

YoY+0.0%

5Y CAGR+0.3%

10Y CAGR+1.7%

Edison Intl had 385M shares outstanding in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 0.0% from the prior year.

Margins & Returns

Gross Margin

N/A

Operating Margin

36.7%

YoY+20.1pp

5Y CAGR+27.8pp

10Y CAGR+19.3pp

Edison Intl's operating margin was 36.7% in fiscal year 2025, reflecting core business profitability. This is up 20.1 percentage points from the prior year.

Net Margin

23.1%

YoY+15.8pp

5Y CAGR+17.6pp

10Y CAGR+13.4pp

Edison Intl's net profit margin was 23.1% in fiscal year 2025, showing the share of revenue converted to profit. This is up 15.8 percentage points from the prior year.

Return on Equity

25.4%

YoY+17.1pp

5Y CAGR+20.1pp

10Y CAGR+17.0pp

Edison Intl's ROE was 25.4% in fiscal year 2025, measuring profit generated per dollar of shareholder equity. This is up 17.1 percentage points from the prior year.

Capital Allocation

R&D Spending

N/A

Share Buybacks

$32.0M

YoY-84.0%

Edison Intl spent $32.0M on share buybacks in fiscal year 2025, returning capital to shareholders by reducing shares outstanding. This represents a decrease of 84.0% from the prior year.

Capital Expenditures

$6.5B

YoY+14.2%

5Y CAGR+3.5%

10Y CAGR+4.4%

Edison Intl invested $6.5B in capex in fiscal year 2025, funding long-term assets and infrastructure. This represents an increase of 14.2% from the prior year.

EIX Income Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Revenue	$19.3B+9.8%	$17.6B+7.7%	$16.3B-5.1%	$17.2B+15.5%	$14.9B+9.8%	$13.6B
Cost of Revenue	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gross Profit	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
R&D Expenses	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
SG&A Expenses	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Operating Income	$7.1B+142.1%	$2.9B+11.5%	$2.6B+77.1%	$1.5B+0.4%	$1.5B+21.4%	$1.2B
Interest Expense	$1.5B-17.7%	$1.9B+15.9%	$1.6B+37.9%	$1.2B+26.4%	$925.0M+2.5%	$902.0M
Income Tax	$1.3B+7494.1%	$17.0M-84.3%	$108.0M+166.7%	-$162.0M-19.1%	-$136.0M+55.4%	-$305.0M
Net Income	$4.5B+247.3%	$1.3B+7.3%	$1.2B+45.3%	$824.0M-10.9%	$925.0M+25.2%	$739.0M
EPS (Diluted)	$11.55+248.9%	$3.31+6.4%	$3.11+94.4%	$1.60-20.0%	$2.00+1.0%	$1.98

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Revenue	$5.2B-9.3%	$5.8B+26.6%	$4.5B+19.2%	$3.8B-4.3%	$4.0B-23.4%	$5.2B+19.9%	$4.3B+6.3%	$4.1B
Cost of Revenue	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gross Profit	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
R&D Expenses	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
SG&A Expenses	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Operating Income	$2.8B+92.2%	$1.4B+84.8%	$775.0M-63.7%	$2.1B+170.1%	$790.0M-20.6%	$995.0M+10.6%	$900.0M+267.3%	$245.0M
Interest Expense	$246.0M-49.6%	$488.0M-3.2%	$504.0M+67.4%	$301.0M-35.7%	$468.0M-1.9%	$477.0M-0.6%	$480.0M+8.1%	$444.0M
Income Tax	$682.0M+289.7%	$175.0M+1350.0%	-$14.0M-103.1%	$448.0M+14833.3%	$3.0M-95.6%	$68.0M+15.3%	$59.0M+152.2%	-$113.0M
Net Income	$1.8B+122.1%	$832.0M+142.6%	$343.0M-76.1%	$1.4B+322.4%	$340.0M-34.1%	$516.0M+17.5%	$439.0M+4090.9%	-$11.0M
EPS (Diluted)	N/A	$2.16+142.7%	$0.89-76.1%	$3.72	N/A	$1.32+16.8%	$1.13+3866.7%	$-0.03

EIX Balance Sheet

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Total Assets	$94.0B+9.9%	$85.6B+4.7%	$81.8B+4.8%	$78.0B+4.4%	$74.7B+7.7%	$69.4B
Current Assets	$7.7B+7.4%	$7.2B+5.1%	$6.8B-3.7%	$7.1B+28.8%	$5.5B+8.5%	$5.1B
Cash & Equivalents	$158.0M-18.1%	$193.0M-44.1%	$345.0M-62.3%	$914.0M+134.4%	$390.0M+348.3%	$87.0M
Inventory	$535.0M-0.6%	$538.0M+2.1%	$527.0M+11.2%	$474.0M+12.9%	$420.0M+3.7%	$405.0M
Accounts Receivable	$1.5B-32.5%	$2.2B+7.6%	$2.0B+18.9%	$1.7B+21.2%	$1.4B+23.7%	$1.1B
Goodwill	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total Liabilities	$74.8B+10.2%	$67.8B+6.3%	$63.8B+5.4%	$60.5B+6.3%	$57.0B+6.6%	$53.4B
Current Liabilities	$10.5B+24.8%	$8.4B-1.8%	$8.6B-16.9%	$10.3B+20.2%	$8.6B-16.2%	$10.3B
Long-Term Debt	$36.1B+7.6%	$33.5B+10.6%	$30.3B+12.2%	$27.0B+11.8%	$24.2B+23.1%	$19.6B
Total Equity	$17.6B+12.9%	$15.6B+0.4%	$15.5B-0.8%	$15.6B-1.7%	$15.9B+13.1%	$14.0B
Retained Earnings	$10.7B+41.6%	$7.6B+0.9%	$7.5B+0.6%	$7.5B-5.6%	$7.9B-3.2%	$8.2B

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Total Assets	$94.0B+3.9%	$90.5B+1.9%	$88.8B+0.4%	$88.4B+3.3%	$85.6B+1.0%	$84.7B-0.1%	$84.8B+1.5%	$83.6B
Current Assets	$7.7B-0.5%	$7.7B+11.2%	$7.0B-6.4%	$7.4B+3.8%	$7.2B-3.9%	$7.4B-12.5%	$8.5B+8.0%	$7.9B
Cash & Equivalents	$158.0M-56.6%	$364.0M+160.0%	$140.0M-89.4%	$1.3B+582.9%	$193.0M-3.5%	$200.0M-57.0%	$465.0M-53.1%	$992.0M
Inventory	$535.0M+2.1%	$524.0M+0.2%	$523.0M-3.0%	$539.0M+0.2%	$538.0M+0.9%	$533.0M-0.2%	$534.0M+2.9%	$519.0M
Accounts Receivable	$1.5B-35.9%	$2.3B+20.1%	$1.9B+2.0%	$1.9B-14.1%	$2.2B-22.0%	$2.8B+37.6%	$2.0B+6.9%	$1.9B
Goodwill	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total Liabilities	$74.8B+5.1%	$71.2B+1.7%	$70.0B+0.5%	$69.6B+2.6%	$67.8B+1.8%	$66.6B-0.5%	$67.0B+1.5%	$66.0B
Current Liabilities	$10.5B+11.9%	$9.4B+18.3%	$8.0B+2.5%	$7.8B-7.9%	$8.4B-0.8%	$8.5B+2.8%	$8.3B+4.6%	$7.9B
Long-Term Debt	$36.1B+4.6%	$34.5B-1.4%	$35.0B-1.2%	$35.4B+5.5%	$33.5B+3.8%	$32.3B-2.4%	$33.1B+1.6%	$32.6B
Total Equity	$17.6B+2.5%	$17.2B+2.8%	$16.7B+0.4%	$16.6B+6.8%	$15.6B-0.6%	$15.7B+1.5%	$15.4B+1.7%	$15.2B
Retained Earnings	$10.7B+16.9%	$9.2B+5.2%	$8.7B+0.5%	$8.7B+14.5%	$7.6B+1.1%	$7.5B+2.2%	$7.3B+2.2%	$7.2B

EIX Cash Flow Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Operating Cash Flow	$5.8B+15.7%	$5.0B+47.4%	$3.4B+5.8%	$3.2B+29136.4%	$11.0M-99.1%	$1.3B
Capital Expenditures	$6.5B+14.2%	$5.7B+4.8%	$5.4B-5.7%	$5.8B+5.0%	$5.5B+0.4%	$5.5B
Free Cash Flow	-$715.0M-3.2%	-$693.0M+66.1%	-$2.0B+20.1%	-$2.6B+53.4%	-$5.5B-30.2%	-$4.2B
Investing Cash Flow	-$6.3B-14.4%	-$5.5B-5.8%	-$5.2B+6.1%	-$5.6B-8.2%	-$5.2B-3.6%	-$5.0B
Financing Cash Flow	$571.0M-15.3%	$674.0M-53.4%	$1.4B-49.8%	$2.9B-47.1%	$5.4B+46.1%	$3.7B
Dividends Paid	$1.3B+6.3%	$1.2B+7.7%	$1.1B+5.9%	$1.1B+6.3%	$988.0M+6.5%	$928.0M
Share Buybacks	$32.0M-84.0%	$200.0M	$0	$0	N/A	N/A

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Operating Cash Flow	$1.6B-25.9%	$2.1B+140.6%	$882.0M-27.9%	$1.2B+4.6%	$1.2B-52.7%	$2.5B+651.4%	$329.0M-68.5%	$1.0B
Capital Expenditures	$1.9B+25.7%	$1.5B-12.1%	$1.7B+21.6%	$1.4B-5.9%	$1.5B-1.0%	$1.5B+6.3%	$1.4B+11.1%	$1.3B
Free Cash Flow	-$319.0M-151.6%	$618.0M+174.5%	-$830.0M-351.1%	-$184.0M+43.6%	-$326.0M-133.9%	$961.0M+188.0%	-$1.1B-362.7%	-$236.0M
Investing Cash Flow	-$1.8B-23.5%	-$1.5B+8.4%	-$1.6B-18.5%	-$1.4B+4.5%	-$1.4B-0.8%	-$1.4B-2.4%	-$1.4B-9.2%	-$1.3B
Financing Cash Flow	$93.0M+118.1%	-$513.0M-33.9%	-$383.0M-127.9%	$1.4B+343.2%	$310.0M+125.8%	-$1.2B-308.1%	$577.0M-41.6%	$988.0M
Dividends Paid	$319.0M+0.3%	$318.0M0.0%	$318.0M-0.3%	$319.0M+5.6%	$302.0M+0.3%	$301.0M+0.3%	$300.0M+1.7%	$295.0M
Share Buybacks	$0-100.0%	$3.0M	$0-100.0%	$29.0M-85.5%	$200.0M	$0	$0	$0

EIX Financial Ratios

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Gross Margin	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Operating Margin	36.7%+20.1pp	16.7%+0.6pp	16.1%+7.5pp	8.6%-1.3pp	9.9%+0.9pp	9.0%
Net Margin	23.1%+15.8pp	7.3%-0.0pp	7.3%+2.5pp	4.8%-1.4pp	6.2%+0.8pp	5.4%
Return on Equity	25.4%+17.1pp	8.3%+0.5pp	7.7%+2.5pp	5.3%-0.6pp	5.8%+0.6pp	5.3%
Return on Assets	4.7%+3.2pp	1.5%+0.0pp	1.5%+0.4pp	1.1%-0.2pp	1.2%+0.2pp	1.1%
Current Ratio	0.73-0.1	0.85+0.1	0.79+0.1	0.68+0.0	0.64+0.1	0.49
Debt-to-Equity	2.05-0.1	2.15+0.2	1.96+0.2	1.73+0.2	1.52+0.1	1.40
FCF Margin	-3.7%+0.2pp	-3.9%+8.6pp	-12.5%+2.3pp	-14.9%+22.0pp	-36.9%-5.8pp	-31.1%

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Gross Margin	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Operating Margin	52.8%+27.9pp	24.9%+7.8pp	17.1%-38.9pp	56.0%+36.2pp	19.8%+0.7pp	19.1%-1.6pp	20.8%+14.8pp	6.0%
Net Margin	35.4%+21.0pp	14.5%+6.9pp	7.5%-30.1pp	37.7%+29.2pp	8.5%-1.4pp	9.9%-0.2pp	10.1%+10.4pp	-0.3%
Return on Equity	10.5%+5.7pp	4.9%+2.8pp	2.1%-6.6pp	8.6%+6.5pp	2.2%-1.1pp	3.3%+0.4pp	2.9%+2.9pp	-0.1%
Return on Assets	2.0%+1.0pp	0.9%+0.5pp	0.4%-1.2pp	1.6%+1.2pp	0.4%-0.2pp	0.6%+0.1pp	0.5%+0.5pp	-0.0%
Current Ratio	0.73-0.1	0.82-0.1	0.87-0.1	0.96+0.1	0.85-0.0	0.88-0.2	1.03+0.0	1.00
Debt-to-Equity	2.05+0.0	2.01-0.1	2.10-0.0	2.13-0.0	2.15+0.1	2.06-0.1	2.150.0	2.15
FCF Margin	-6.1%-16.9pp	10.8%+29.0pp	-18.3%-13.4pp	-4.8%+3.3pp	-8.2%-26.7pp	18.5%+43.7pp	-25.2%-19.4pp	-5.8%

Note: The current ratio is below 1.0 (0.73), indicating current liabilities exceed current assets, which may suggest potential short-term liquidity concerns.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is Edison Intl's annual revenue?

Edison Intl (EIX) reported $19.3B in total revenue for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 9.8% change compared to the previous fiscal year. Revenue measures the total income earned from the company's primary business operations before any expenses are deducted.

How fast is Edison Intl's revenue growing?

Edison Intl (EIX) revenue grew by 9.8% year-over-year, from $17.6B to $19.3B in fiscal year 2025.

Is Edison Intl profitable?

Yes, Edison Intl (EIX) reported a net income of $4.5B in fiscal year 2025, with a net profit margin of 23.1%.

What is Edison Intl's EBITDA?

Edison Intl (EIX) had EBITDA of $10.3B in fiscal year 2025, measuring earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.

How much debt does Edison Intl have?

As of fiscal year 2025, Edison Intl (EIX) had $158.0M in cash and equivalents against $36.1B in long-term debt.

What is Edison Intl's operating margin?

Edison Intl (EIX) had an operating margin of 36.7% in fiscal year 2025, reflecting the profitability of core business operations before interest and taxes.

What is Edison Intl's net profit margin?

Edison Intl (EIX) had a net profit margin of 23.1% in fiscal year 2025, representing the share of revenue converted into profit after all expenses.

Does Edison Intl pay dividends?

Yes, Edison Intl (EIX) paid $3.36 per share in dividends during fiscal year 2025.

What is Edison Intl's return on equity (ROE)?

Edison Intl (EIX) has a return on equity of 25.4% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company generates profit from shareholder equity.

What is Edison Intl's free cash flow?

Edison Intl (EIX) generated -$715.0M in free cash flow during fiscal year 2025. This represents a -3.2% change compared to the previous fiscal year. Free cash flow represents the cash a company generates after accounting for capital expenditures, and is widely used to assess financial flexibility and shareholder value.

What is Edison Intl's operating cash flow?

Edison Intl (EIX) generated $5.8B in operating cash flow during fiscal year 2025, representing cash generated from core business activities.

What are Edison Intl's total assets?

Edison Intl (EIX) had $94.0B in total assets as of fiscal year 2025, including both current and long-term assets.

What are Edison Intl's capital expenditures?

Edison Intl (EIX) invested $6.5B in capital expenditures during fiscal year 2025, funding long-term assets and infrastructure.

Does Edison Intl buy back shares?

Yes, Edison Intl (EIX) spent $32.0M on share buybacks during fiscal year 2025, returning capital to shareholders by reducing shares outstanding.

How many shares does Edison Intl have outstanding?

Edison Intl (EIX) had 385M shares outstanding as of fiscal year 2025.

What is Edison Intl's current ratio?

Edison Intl (EIX) had a current ratio of 0.73 as of fiscal year 2025, which is below 1.0, which may suggest potential liquidity concerns.

What is Edison Intl's debt-to-equity ratio?

Edison Intl (EIX) had a debt-to-equity ratio of 2.05 as of fiscal year 2025, measuring the company's financial leverage by comparing total debt to shareholder equity.

What is Edison Intl's return on assets (ROA)?

Edison Intl (EIX) had a return on assets of 4.7% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company uses its assets to generate profit.

What is Edison Intl's Altman Z-Score?

Edison Intl (EIX) has an Altman Z-Score of 0.80, placing it in the Distress Zone (elevated bankruptcy risk). The Z-Score combines five financial ratios—working capital, retained earnings, EBIT, market capitalization, and revenue relative to total assets—to predict the likelihood of bankruptcy. Scores above 2.99 indicate financial safety while scores below 1.81 suggest financial distress. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

What is Edison Intl's Piotroski F-Score?

Edison Intl (EIX) has a Piotroski F-Score of 5 out of 9, indicating neutral financial health. The F-Score evaluates nine binary signals across profitability (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, earnings quality), leverage (decreasing debt, improving liquidity, no share dilution), and operating efficiency (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Scores of 7–9 indicate strong and improving fundamentals. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

Are Edison Intl's earnings high quality?

Edison Intl (EIX) has an earnings quality ratio of 1.30x, considered cash-backed (high quality). This ratio compares operating cash flow to net income. A ratio above 1.0x means the company generates more cash than its reported earnings, indicating sustainable, cash-backed profits. Ratios below 1.0x suggest earnings rely on accounting accruals rather than actual cash generation. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

Can Edison Intl cover its interest payments?

Edison Intl (EIX) has an interest coverage ratio of 4.6x, meaning it can adequately cover its interest obligations. This ratio divides operating income by interest expense. Ratios above 5x indicate strong debt-servicing ability, while ratios below 2x suggest the company may face difficulty meeting interest payments if earnings decline. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

How financially healthy is Edison Intl?

Edison Intl (EIX) scores 50 out of 100 on our Financial Profile, indicating moderate overall financial health. This composite score evaluates six dimensions: profitability (operating margin), revenue growth, leverage (debt-to-equity), liquidity (current ratio), cash flow quality (free cash flow margin), and shareholder returns (return on equity). Each dimension is normalized against standard financial benchmarks. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.