What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's earnings per share (EPS)?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) reported diluted earnings per share of $6.35 for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 28.0% change compared to the previous fiscal year. EPS represents the portion of a company's net income allocated to each outstanding share of common stock and is widely used to evaluate profitability on a per-share basis.

Greenbrier Cos Inc Financials

GBX

Source SEC Filings (10-K/10-Q) Updated Nov 30, 2025 Currency USD FYE August

This page shows Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) financial statements, including the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and key financial ratios. View 16 years of annual fundamentals and quarterly data, with year-over-year growth rates and compound annual growth rates (CAGR). All figures are derived from SEC filings (10-K and 10-Q reports).

Financial Health Signals

Financial Profile 42/100

Based on FY2025 annual data. Scores normalized against common benchmarks. How we calculate these scores

Profitability

Greenbrier Cos Inc has an operating margin of 11.1%, meaning the company retains $11 of operating profit per $100 of revenue. This results in a moderate score of 47/100, indicating healthy but not exceptional operating efficiency. This is up from 9.2% the prior year.

Growth

Greenbrier Cos Inc's revenue declined 8.6% year-over-year, from $3.5B to $3.2B. This contraction results in a growth score of 19/100.

Leverage

Greenbrier Cos Inc carries a low D/E ratio of 1.14, meaning only $1.14 of long-term debt for every $1 of shareholders' equity. This conservative leverage earns a score of 79/100, indicating a strong balance sheet with room for future borrowing.

Cash Flow

While Greenbrier Cos Inc generated $265.7M in operating cash flow, capex of $280.4M consumed most of it, leaving -$14.7M in free cash flow. This results in a low score of 24/100, reflecting heavy capital investment rather than weak cash generation.

Returns

Greenbrier Cos Inc's ROE of 13.3% shows moderate profitability relative to equity, earning a score of 41/100. This is up from 11.6% the prior year.

Piotroski F-Score Strong

7/9

Greenbrier Cos Inc passes 7 of 9 financial strength tests. All 4 profitability signals pass (positive income, cash flow, and earnings quality), all 2 leverage/liquidity signals pass, 1 of 2 efficiency signals pass.

Earnings Quality Cash-Backed

1.30x

For every $1 of reported earnings, Greenbrier Cos Inc generates $1.30 in operating cash flow ($265.7M OCF vs $204.1M net income). This indicates profits are well-supported by actual cash generation, not accounting adjustments.

Key Financial Metrics

Export CSV

Earnings & Revenue

Revenue

$3.2B

YoY-8.6%

5Y CAGR+3.0%

10Y CAGR+2.2%

Greenbrier Cos Inc generated $3.2B in revenue in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 8.6% from the prior year.

EBITDA

$481.6M

YoY+9.4%

5Y CAGR+11.6%

10Y CAGR+1.1%

Greenbrier Cos Inc's EBITDA was $481.6M in fiscal year 2025, measuring earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. This represents an increase of 9.4% from the prior year.

Net Income

$204.1M

YoY+27.5%

5Y CAGR+33.0%

10Y CAGR+0.6%

Greenbrier Cos Inc reported $204.1M in net income in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 27.5% from the prior year.

EPS (Diluted)

$6.35

YoY+28.0%

5Y CAGR+34.2%

10Y CAGR+0.7%

Greenbrier Cos Inc earned $6.35 per diluted share (EPS) in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 28.0% from the prior year.

Cash & Balance Sheet

Free Cash Flow

-$14.7M

YoY+78.6%

Greenbrier Cos Inc generated -$14.7M in free cash flow in fiscal year 2025, representing cash available after capex. This represents an increase of 78.6% from the prior year.

Cash & Debt

$306.1M

YoY-13.0%

5Y CAGR-18.2%

10Y CAGR+5.9%

Greenbrier Cos Inc held $306.1M in cash against $1.8B in long-term debt as of fiscal year 2025.

Dividends Per Share

N/A

Shares Outstanding

31M

YoY-1.5%

5Y CAGR-1.2%

10Y CAGR+0.8%

Greenbrier Cos Inc had 31M shares outstanding in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 1.5% from the prior year.

Margins & Returns

Gross Margin

18.8%

YoY+3.0pp

5Y CAGR+6.1pp

10Y CAGR-1.9pp

Greenbrier Cos Inc's gross margin was 18.8% in fiscal year 2025, indicating the percentage of revenue retained after direct costs. This is up 3.0 percentage points from the prior year.

Operating Margin

11.1%

YoY+2.0pp

5Y CAGR+5.1pp

10Y CAGR-3.7pp

Greenbrier Cos Inc's operating margin was 11.1% in fiscal year 2025, reflecting core business profitability. This is up 2.0 percentage points from the prior year.

Net Margin

6.3%

YoY+1.8pp

5Y CAGR+4.5pp

10Y CAGR-1.1pp

Greenbrier Cos Inc's net profit margin was 6.3% in fiscal year 2025, showing the share of revenue converted to profit. This is up 1.8 percentage points from the prior year.

Return on Equity

13.3%

YoY+1.7pp

5Y CAGR+9.5pp

10Y CAGR-13.0pp

Greenbrier Cos Inc's ROE was 13.3% in fiscal year 2025, measuring profit generated per dollar of shareholder equity. This is up 1.7 percentage points from the prior year.

Capital Allocation

R&D Spending

$5.5M

YoY+5.8%

5Y CAGR-1.1%

10Y CAGR+8.2%

Greenbrier Cos Inc invested $5.5M in research and development in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 5.8% from the prior year.

Share Buybacks

$22.7M

YoY+1646.2%

10Y CAGR-10.6%

Greenbrier Cos Inc spent $22.7M on share buybacks in fiscal year 2025, returning capital to shareholders by reducing shares outstanding. This represents an increase of 1646.2% from the prior year.

Capital Expenditures

$280.4M

YoY-29.6%

5Y CAGR+33.2%

10Y CAGR+10.2%

Greenbrier Cos Inc invested $280.4M in capex in fiscal year 2025, funding long-term assets and infrastructure. This represents a decrease of 29.6% from the prior year.

GBX Income Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Revenue	$3.2B-8.6%	$3.5B-10.1%	$3.9B+32.5%	$3.0B+70.4%	$1.7B-37.4%	$2.8B
Cost of Revenue	$2.6B-11.8%	$3.0B-14.8%	$3.5B+31.1%	$2.7B+76.2%	$1.5B-37.8%	$2.4B
Gross Profit	$607.5M+8.8%	$558.5M+26.6%	$441.1M+44.2%	$306.0M+32.1%	$231.6M-34.4%	$353.1M
R&D Expenses	$5.5M+5.8%	$5.2M+30.0%	$4.0M-25.9%	$5.4M-14.3%	$6.3M+8.6%	$5.8M
SG&A Expenses	$263.3M+6.6%	$247.1M+5.0%	$235.3M+4.5%	$225.2M+17.4%	$191.8M-6.3%	$204.7M
Operating Income	$360.1M+11.0%	$324.5M+84.0%	$176.4M+49.5%	$118.0M+187.8%	$41.0M-75.7%	$168.4M
Interest Expense	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Income Tax	$91.4M+47.4%	$62.0M+152.0%	$24.6M+35.9%	$18.1M+145.0%	-$40.2M-200.0%	$40.2M
Net Income	$204.1M+27.5%	$160.1M+156.2%	$62.5M+33.3%	$46.9M+44.8%	$32.4M-33.9%	$49.0M
EPS (Diluted)	$6.35+28.0%	$4.96+162.4%	$1.89+35.0%	$1.40+45.8%	$0.96-34.2%	$1.46

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Revenue	$706.1M-7.0%	$759.5M-9.9%	$842.7M+10.6%	$762.1M-13.0%	$875.9M-16.8%	$1.1B+28.4%	$820.2M-4.9%	$862.7M
Cost of Revenue	$602.8M-2.1%	$615.7M-10.9%	$691.2M+10.9%	$623.5M-11.2%	$702.3M-18.5%	$861.8M+23.8%	$696.4M-6.0%	$740.5M
Gross Profit	$103.3M-28.2%	$143.8M-5.1%	$151.5M+9.3%	$138.6M-20.2%	$173.6M-9.2%	$191.2M+54.4%	$123.8M+1.3%	$122.2M
R&D Expenses	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
SG&A Expenses	$59.9M-15.4%	$70.8M+7.4%	$65.9M+2.0%	$64.6M+4.2%	$62.0M-8.7%	$67.9M+14.5%	$59.3M-6.8%	$63.6M
Operating Income	$61.1M-15.3%	$72.1M-22.1%	$92.6M+10.8%	$83.6M-25.2%	$111.8M-9.7%	$123.8M+71.2%	$72.3M+13.9%	$63.5M
Interest Expense	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Income Tax	$12.3M-38.2%	$19.9M+9.9%	$18.1M-9.5%	$20.0M-40.1%	$33.4M+4.4%	$32.0M+199.1%	$10.7M+15.1%	$9.3M
Net Income	$36.4M-1.1%	$36.8M-38.8%	$60.1M+15.8%	$51.9M-6.1%	$55.3M-10.2%	$61.6M+81.7%	$33.9M+1.5%	$33.4M
EPS (Diluted)	$1.14	N/A	$1.86+19.2%	$1.56-9.3%	$1.72	N/A	$1.06+2.9%	$1.03

GBX Balance Sheet

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Total Assets	$4.4B+2.5%	$4.3B+6.9%	$4.0B+3.3%	$3.9B+13.6%	$3.4B+6.8%	$3.2B
Current Assets	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cash & Equivalents	$306.1M-13.0%	$351.8M+24.9%	$281.7M-48.1%	$543.0M-16.0%	$646.8M-22.4%	$833.8M
Inventory	$688.3M-10.7%	$770.9M-6.4%	$823.6M+1.0%	$815.3M+42.1%	$573.6M+8.3%	$529.5M
Accounts Receivable	$526.4M+0.5%	$523.8M-1.2%	$529.9M+5.7%	$501.2M+63.6%	$306.4M+32.9%	$230.5M
Goodwill	$130.0M+1.2%	$128.5M-0.3%	$128.9M+1.3%	$127.3M-3.6%	$132.1M+1.4%	$130.3M
Total Liabilities	$2.8B-1.7%	$2.9B+5.7%	$2.7B+5.8%	$2.6B+23.6%	$2.1B+10.8%	$1.9B
Current Liabilities	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Long-Term Debt	$1.8B-0.3%	$1.8B	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total Equity	$1.5B+11.4%	$1.4B+9.7%	$1.3B-1.7%	$1.3B-2.4%	$1.3B+1.1%	$1.3B
Retained Earnings	$1.2B+15.8%	$1.0B+15.3%	$897.5M0.0%	$897.7M+1.8%	$881.7M-0.4%	$885.5M

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Total Assets	$4.3B-1.5%	$4.4B+0.2%	$4.4B+2.0%	$4.3B-0.5%	$4.3B+0.8%	$4.3B+3.4%	$4.1B+1.8%	$4.0B
Current Assets	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cash & Equivalents	$361.8M+18.2%	$306.1M+3.1%	$296.8M+12.6%	$263.5M-12.2%	$300.0M-14.7%	$351.8M+29.5%	$271.6M+7.8%	$252.0M
Inventory	$680.3M-1.2%	$688.3M-2.7%	$707.6M+2.2%	$692.5M-8.1%	$753.8M-2.2%	$770.9M-5.1%	$812.4M-1.8%	$827.0M
Accounts Receivable	$509.2M-3.3%	$526.4M+3.7%	$507.7M-5.2%	$535.4M-8.2%	$583.0M+11.3%	$523.8M+7.2%	$488.5M-5.9%	$519.1M
Goodwill	$129.8M-0.2%	$130.0M+0.6%	$129.2M+1.7%	$127.0M-0.3%	$127.4M-0.9%	$128.5M+0.4%	$128.0M0.0%	$128.0M
Total Liabilities	$2.8B-2.6%	$2.8B-0.7%	$2.8B+1.5%	$2.8B-2.4%	$2.9B-0.1%	$2.9B+3.3%	$2.8B+1.6%	$2.7B
Current Liabilities	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Long-Term Debt	$1.8B+0.9%	$1.8B	N/A	N/A	N/A	$1.8B	N/A	N/A
Total Equity	$1.5B+0.6%	$1.5B+1.9%	$1.5B+3.0%	$1.5B+3.4%	$1.4B+2.7%	$1.4B+3.5%	$1.3B+2.2%	$1.3B
Retained Earnings	$1.2B+2.2%	$1.2B+2.3%	$1.2B+4.4%	$1.1B+3.9%	$1.1B+4.4%	$1.0B+7.0%	$966.9M+2.6%	$942.7M

GBX Cash Flow Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Operating Cash Flow	$265.7M-19.4%	$329.6M+362.9%	$71.2M+147.3%	-$150.4M-271.4%	-$40.5M-114.9%	$272.2M
Capital Expenditures	$280.4M-29.6%	$398.3M+10.0%	$362.1M-4.9%	$380.7M+173.9%	$139.0M+107.8%	$66.9M
Free Cash Flow	-$14.7M+78.6%	-$68.7M+76.4%	-$290.9M+45.2%	-$531.1M-195.9%	-$179.5M-187.4%	$205.3M
Investing Cash Flow	-$203.1M+36.6%	-$320.4M-14.4%	-$280.0M-25.0%	-$224.0M-90.2%	-$117.8M-528.4%	$27.5M
Financing Cash Flow	-$101.7M-218.0%	$86.2M+213.1%	-$76.2M-131.1%	$244.9M+1178.9%	-$22.7M-110.5%	$216.5M
Dividends Paid	$39.6M+3.1%	$38.4M+6.4%	$36.1M+0.8%	$35.8M+0.6%	$35.6M+1.1%	$35.2M
Share Buybacks	$22.7M+1646.2%	$1.3M-97.7%	$56.9M	N/A	$20.0M	N/A

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Operating Cash Flow	$76.2M-22.2%	$98.0M-29.6%	$139.2M+48.7%	$93.6M+243.8%	-$65.1M-134.0%	$191.2M+127.6%	$84.0M-15.2%	$99.1M
Capital Expenditures	$57.5M-19.4%	$71.3M-13.8%	$82.7M+22.9%	$67.3M+13.9%	$59.1M-19.7%	$73.6M-45.2%	$134.2M+9.8%	$122.2M
Free Cash Flow	$18.7M-30.0%	$26.7M-52.7%	$56.5M+114.8%	$26.3M+121.2%	-$124.2M-205.6%	$117.6M+334.3%	-$50.2M-117.3%	-$23.1M
Investing Cash Flow	-$15.0M+80.2%	-$75.6M-21.0%	-$62.5M-453.1%	-$11.3M+79.0%	-$53.7M+18.8%	-$66.1M+27.5%	-$91.2M+4.8%	-$95.8M
Financing Cash Flow	-$14.8M+54.2%	-$32.3M+14.3%	-$37.7M+60.4%	-$95.1M-250.0%	$63.4M+418.6%	-$19.9M-175.4%	$26.4M+151.7%	-$51.1M
Dividends Paid	$1.7M-82.8%	$9.9M0.0%	$9.9M+5.3%	$9.4M-9.6%	$10.4M+11.8%	$9.3M-1.1%	$9.4M0.0%	$9.4M
Share Buybacks	$12.9M+1333.3%	$900K-95.9%	$21.8M	N/A	N/A	$0	$0	$0

GBX Financial Ratios

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Gross Margin	18.8%+3.0pp	15.8%+4.6pp	11.2%+0.9pp	10.3%-3.0pp	13.3%+0.6pp	12.7%
Operating Margin	11.1%+2.0pp	9.2%+4.7pp	4.5%+0.5pp	4.0%+1.6pp	2.4%-3.7pp	6.0%
Net Margin	6.3%+1.8pp	4.5%+2.9pp	1.6%0.0pp	1.6%-0.3pp	1.8%+0.1pp	1.8%
Return on Equity	13.3%+1.7pp	11.6%+6.7pp	5.0%+1.3pp	3.7%+1.2pp	2.5%-1.3pp	3.8%
Return on Assets	4.7%+0.9pp	3.8%+2.2pp	1.6%+0.3pp	1.2%+0.3pp	1.0%-0.6pp	1.5%
Current Ratio	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Debt-to-Equity	1.14-0.1	1.28-0.9	2.17+0.2	2.02+0.4	1.59+0.1	1.45
FCF Margin	-0.4%+1.5pp	-1.9%+5.4pp	-7.4%+10.5pp	-17.8%-7.6pp	-10.3%-17.6pp	7.3%

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Gross Margin	14.6%-4.3pp	18.9%+1.0pp	18.0%-0.2pp	18.2%-1.6pp	19.8%+1.7pp	18.2%+3.1pp	15.1%+0.9pp	14.2%
Operating Margin	8.6%-0.8pp	9.5%-1.5pp	11.0%+0.0pp	11.0%-1.8pp	12.8%+1.0pp	11.8%+2.9pp	8.8%+1.4pp	7.4%
Net Margin	5.2%+0.3pp	4.9%-2.3pp	7.1%+0.3pp	6.8%+0.5pp	6.3%+0.5pp	5.9%+1.7pp	4.1%+0.3pp	3.9%
Return on Equity	2.4%-0.0pp	2.4%-1.6pp	4.0%+0.5pp	3.5%-0.4pp	3.9%-0.6pp	4.5%+1.9pp	2.5%-0.0pp	2.6%
Return on Assets	0.9%+0.0pp	0.8%-0.5pp	1.4%+0.2pp	1.2%-0.1pp	1.3%-0.2pp	1.5%+0.6pp	0.8%0.0pp	0.8%
Current Ratio	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Debt-to-Equity	1.150.0	1.14-0.8	1.89-0.0	1.92-0.1	2.04+0.8	1.28-0.8	2.10-0.0	2.11
FCF Margin	2.6%-0.9pp	3.5%-3.2pp	6.7%+3.3pp	3.5%+17.6pp	-14.2%-25.4pp	11.2%+17.3pp	-6.1%-3.4pp	-2.7%

Similar Companies

Trinity Industri TRN

$2.6B

Freightcar Amer Inc RAIL

$157.0M

L B Foster FSTR

$288.5M

Wabtec Corp. WAB

$43.3B

Custom Truck One Source Inc CTOS

$1.5B

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's annual revenue?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) reported $3.2B in total revenue for fiscal year 2025. This represents a -8.6% change compared to the previous fiscal year. Revenue measures the total income earned from the company's primary business operations before any expenses are deducted.

How fast is Greenbrier Cos Inc's revenue growing?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) revenue declined by 8.6% year-over-year, from $3.5B to $3.2B in fiscal year 2025.

Is Greenbrier Cos Inc profitable?

Yes, Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) reported a net income of $204.1M in fiscal year 2025, with a net profit margin of 6.3%.

What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's EBITDA?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) had EBITDA of $481.6M in fiscal year 2025, measuring earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.

How much debt does Greenbrier Cos Inc have?

As of fiscal year 2025, Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) had $306.1M in cash and equivalents against $1.8B in long-term debt.

What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's gross margin?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) had a gross margin of 18.8% in fiscal year 2025, indicating the percentage of revenue retained after direct costs of goods sold.

What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's operating margin?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) had an operating margin of 11.1% in fiscal year 2025, reflecting the profitability of core business operations before interest and taxes.

What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's net profit margin?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) had a net profit margin of 6.3% in fiscal year 2025, representing the share of revenue converted into profit after all expenses.

What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's return on equity (ROE)?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) has a return on equity of 13.3% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company generates profit from shareholder equity.

What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's free cash flow?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) generated -$14.7M in free cash flow during fiscal year 2025. This represents a 78.6% change compared to the previous fiscal year. Free cash flow represents the cash a company generates after accounting for capital expenditures, and is widely used to assess financial flexibility and shareholder value.

What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's operating cash flow?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) generated $265.7M in operating cash flow during fiscal year 2025, representing cash generated from core business activities.

What are Greenbrier Cos Inc's total assets?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) had $4.4B in total assets as of fiscal year 2025, including both current and long-term assets.

What are Greenbrier Cos Inc's capital expenditures?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) invested $280.4M in capital expenditures during fiscal year 2025, funding long-term assets and infrastructure.

How much does Greenbrier Cos Inc spend on research and development?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) invested $5.5M in research and development during fiscal year 2025.

Does Greenbrier Cos Inc buy back shares?

Yes, Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) spent $22.7M on share buybacks during fiscal year 2025, returning capital to shareholders by reducing shares outstanding.

How many shares does Greenbrier Cos Inc have outstanding?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) had 31M shares outstanding as of fiscal year 2025.

What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's debt-to-equity ratio?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) had a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.14 as of fiscal year 2025, measuring the company's financial leverage by comparing total debt to shareholder equity.

What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's return on assets (ROA)?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) had a return on assets of 4.7% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company uses its assets to generate profit.

What is Greenbrier Cos Inc's Piotroski F-Score?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) has a Piotroski F-Score of 7 out of 9, indicating strong financial health. The F-Score evaluates nine binary signals across profitability (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, earnings quality), leverage (decreasing debt, improving liquidity, no share dilution), and operating efficiency (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Scores of 7–9 indicate strong and improving fundamentals. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

Are Greenbrier Cos Inc's earnings high quality?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) has an earnings quality ratio of 1.30x, considered cash-backed (high quality). This ratio compares operating cash flow to net income. A ratio above 1.0x means the company generates more cash than its reported earnings, indicating sustainable, cash-backed profits. Ratios below 1.0x suggest earnings rely on accounting accruals rather than actual cash generation. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

How financially healthy is Greenbrier Cos Inc?

Greenbrier Cos Inc (GBX) scores 42 out of 100 on our Financial Profile, indicating moderate overall financial health. This composite score evaluates six dimensions: profitability (operating margin), revenue growth, leverage (debt-to-equity), liquidity (current ratio), cash flow quality (free cash flow margin), and shareholder returns (return on equity). Each dimension is normalized against standard financial benchmarks. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.