JPMorgan offers capped Bitcoin-linked notes with 1.5× upside

JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC is offering capped accelerated barrier notes linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF (IBIT) with pricing expected on or about April 27, 2026 and settlement on or about April 30, 2026.

Rhea-AI Filing Summary

JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC is offering capped accelerated barrier notes linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF (IBIT) with pricing expected on or about April 27, 2026 and settlement on or about April 30, 2026. Each $1,000 principal amount note provides 1.50× upside leverage on the Fund’s appreciation up to a Maximum Return of at least 164.00% (a maximum payment at maturity of at least $2,640.00 per $1,000), incorporates a Barrier Amount of 70.00% of the Initial Value and is subject to credit risk of JPMorgan Financial and JPMorgan Chase & Co. The notes are unsecured, do not pay interest, carry significant cryptocurrency-linked volatility risk, and may be accelerated upon a liquidation event; final terms and valuation will be set in the pricing supplement.

Insights

Structured Products Strategist

Hybrid payoff caps upside while amplifying gains up to a fixed cap; downside exposes principal below 70% barrier.

The structure pairs a 1.50× upside multiplier with a 164.00% cap, producing asymmetric payoff: modest upside participation capped at a defined max and full downside exposure if the Fund falls below the 70.00% barrier. Investors receive principal only if Final Value ≥ Barrier or face linear losses below it.

Key dependencies include the Fund closing prices on the Pricing Date and Observation Date, the calculation agent's adjustments (Share Adjustment Factor) and JPMorgan creditworthiness. Timing and final estimated value will be provided in the pricing supplement.

Tax & Legal Advisor

Tax characterization may treat these notes as "open transactions"; Section 1260 risk remains.

Special tax counsel opines it is reasonable to treat the notes as open transactions not as debt, so gains held >1 year could be long-term capital gains. However, constructive ownership rules under Section 1260 could recharacterize excess gain as ordinary income and impose an interest charge.

Investors should confirm tax treatment with advisers; the IRS or courts could take a different view and retrospective guidance could materially affect outcomes.

Key Figures

Upside Leverage Factor: 1.50× Maximum Return: 164.00% / $2,640.00 per $1,000 Barrier Amount: 70.00% of Initial Value +4 more

7 metrics

Upside Leverage Factor 1.50× applies to Fund Return in payoff formula

Maximum Return 164.00% / $2,640.00 per $1,000 maximum payment at maturity stated in pricing supplement

Barrier Amount 70.00% of Initial Value threshold determining principal protection at maturity

Estimated Value (example) $935.40 per $1,000 estimated value if notes priced today; minimum not less than $900.00

Selling Commission Cap $32.50 per $1,000 maximum selling commissions payable to dealers

Pricing / Settlement Dates Pricing: April 27, 2026; Settlement: April 30, 2026 expected pricing and original issue (settlement) dates

CUSIP 46660RNG5 identifier for the notes

Key Terms

Barrier Amount, Upside Leverage Factor, Share Adjustment Factor, Liquidation Event, +1 more

5 terms

Barrier Amount financial

"Barrier Amount: 70.00% of the Initial Value"

Upside Leverage Factor financial

"Upside Leverage Factor: 1.50"

Share Adjustment Factor financial

"The Share Adjustment Factor is referenced in determining the closing price"

Liquidation Event regulatory

"If the Fund is delisted, liquidated or otherwise terminated (a "liquidation event")"

Estimated Value financial

"If the notes priced today, the estimated value of the notes would be approximately $935.40"

FAQ

AI-generated questions and answers. How Rhea-AI works. Not financial advice.

What payoff does AMJB offer at maturity?

The notes pay $1,000 plus 1.50× the Fund Return if the Final Value exceeds the Initial Value, capped at a Maximum Return of at least 164.00%. If the Final Value is below the Barrier Amount, losses track the Fund decline against principal.

When will AMJB price and settle?

The notes are expected to price on or about April 27, 2026 and to settle on or about April 30, 2026. Final terms and the exact estimated value will be provided in the pricing supplement.

What is the downside exposure for AMJB notes?

If the Final Value is less than the Barrier Amount (70.00%), you lose 1% of principal for each 1% decline in the Fund, potentially losing all principal if the Fund falls to zero.

Who bears credit risk for AMJB notes?

Payments are obligations of JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC, fully and unconditionally guaranteed by JPMorgan Chase & Co. Holders are exposed to both entities' credit risk.

How does the estimated value compare to the issue price for AMJB?

The published estimated value is approximately $935.40 per $1,000; the original issue price will exceed that and the estimated value will not be less than $900.00 per $1,000 when terms are set.

Are AMJB notes liquid and tradable before maturity?

The notes will not be listed on an exchange; secondary market liquidity depends on JPMS and may be limited. Sales prior to maturity could result in substantial losses relative to original issue price.

AI-generated analysis. How Rhea-AI works. Not financial advice.

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Accepted by SEC EDGAR 04/01/2026 - 07:42 PM Learn about SEC filing dates

The information in this preliminary pricing supplement is not complete and may be changed. This preliminary pricing supplement is not
an offer to sell nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
Subject to completion dated April 1, 2026
April , 2026 Registration Statement Nos. 333-270004 and 333-270004-01; Rule 424(b)(2)
Pricing supplement to product supplement no. 4-I dated April 13, 2023, the prospectus and prospectus supplement, each dated April 13, 2023,
and the prospectus addendum dated June 3, 2024
JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC
Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares®
Bitcoin Trust ETF due May 2, 2029
Fully and Unconditionally Guaranteed by JPMorgan Chase & Co.
• The notes are designed for investors who seek a return of 1.50 times any appreciation of the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF,
which we refer to as the Fund, up to a maximum return of at least 164.00%, at maturity.
• Investors should be willing to forgo interest payments and be willing to lose a significant portion or all of their principal
amount at maturity.
• The notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC, which we refer to
as JPMorgan Financial, the payment on which is fully and unconditionally guaranteed by JPMorgan Chase & Co. Any
payment on the notes is subject to the credit risk of JPMorgan Financial, as issuer of the notes, and the credit
risk of JPMorgan Chase & Co., as guarantor of the notes.
• Investors should be knowledgeable about the risks associated with cryptocurrencies and digital assets because the Fund
seeks to reflect generally the performance of the price of bitcoin and therefore the notes involve significant risks in
investments tracking cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin has historically exhibited high price volatility relative to more
traditional asset classes and has experienced extreme volatility in recent periods and may continue to do so,
which may increase the volatility of the Fund.
• Minimum denominations of $1,000 and integral multiples thereof
• The notes are expected to price on or about April 27, 2026 and are expected to settle on or about April 30, 2026.
• CUSIP: 46660RNG5
Investing in the notes involves a number of risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-2 of the accompanying
prospectus supplement, Annex A to the accompanying prospectus addendum, “Risk Factors” beginning on page PS-11
of the accompanying product supplement and “Selected Risk Considerations” beginning on page PS-5 of this pricing
supplement.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved
of the notes or passed upon the accuracy or the adequacy of this pricing supplement or the accompanying product supplement,
prospectus supplement, prospectus and prospectus addendum. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Price to Public (1)
Fees and Commissions (2)
Proceeds to Issuer
Per note
$1,000
$
$
Total
$
$
$
(1) See “Supplemental Use of Proceeds” in this pricing supplement for information about the components of the price to public of the
notes.
(2) J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, which we refer to as JPMS, acting as agent for JPMorgan Financial, will pay all of the selling
commissions it receives from us to other affiliated or unaffiliated dealers. In no event will these selling commissions exceed $32.50
per $1,000 principal amount note. See “Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest)” in the accompanying product supplement.
If the notes priced today, the estimated value of the notes would be approximately $935.40 per $1,000 principal amount
note. The estimated value of the notes, when the terms of the notes are set, will be provided in the pricing supplement
and will not be less than $900.00 per $1,000 principal amount note. See “The Estimated Value of the Notes” in this
pricing supplement for additional information.
The notes are not bank deposits, are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmental agency
and are not obligations of, or guaranteed by, a bank.

PS-1 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
Key Terms
Issuer: JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC, a direct,
wholly owned finance subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Guarantor: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Fund: The iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF (Bloomberg ticker: IBIT)
Maximum Return: At least 164.00% (corresponding to a
maximum payment at maturity of at least $2,640.00 per $1,000
principal amount note) (to be provided in the pricing
supplement)
Upside Leverage Factor: 1.50
Barrier Amount: 70.00% of the Initial Value
Pricing Date: On or about April 27, 2026
Original Issue Date (Settlement Date): On or about April 30,
2026
Observation Date*: April 27, 2029
Maturity Date*: May 2, 2029
* Subject to postponement in the event of a market disruption
event and as described under “General Terms of Notes —
Postponement of a Determination Date — Notes Linked to a
Single Underlying — Notes Linked to a Single Underlying (Other
Than a Commodity Index)” and “General Terms of Notes —
Postponement of a Payment Date” in the accompanying product
supplement or early acceleration in the event of a liquidation event
as described under “Supplemental Terms of the Notes —
Acceleration Upon a Liquidation Event” and “Selected Risk
Considerations — Risks Relating to the Notes Generally — We
May Accelerate Your Notes If a Liquidation Event Occurs” in this
pricing supplement
Payment at Maturity:
If the Final Value is greater than the Initial Value, your payment
at maturity per $1,000 principal amount note will be calculated
as follows:
$1,000 + ($1,000 × Fund Return × Upside Leverage Factor),
subject to the Maximum Return
If the Final Value is equal to the Initial Value or is less than the
Initial Value but greater than or equal to the Barrier Amount,
you will receive the principal amount of your notes at maturity.
If the Final Value is less than the Barrier Amount, your
payment at maturity per $1,000 principal amount note will be
calculated as follows:
$1,000 + ($1,000 × Fund Return)
If the Final Value is less than the Barrier Amount, you will lose
more than 30.00% of your principal amount at maturity and
could lose all of your principal amount at maturity.
Fund Return:
(Final Value – Initial Value)
Initial Value
Initial Value: The closing price of one share of the Fund on the
Pricing Date
Final Value: The closing price of one share of the Fund on the
Observation Date
Share Adjustment Factor: The Share Adjustment Factor is
referenced in determining the closing price of one share of the
Fund and is set equal to 1.0 on the Pricing Date. The Share
Adjustment Factor is subject to adjustment upon the
occurrence of certain events affecting the Fund. See “The
Underlyings — Funds — Anti-Dilution Adjustments” in the
accompanying product supplement for further information.

PS-2 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
Supplemental Terms of the Notes
The notes are not commodity futures contracts or swaps and are not regulated under the Commodity Exchange Act, as
amended (the “Commodity Exchange Act”). The notes are offered pursuant to an exemption from regulation under the Commodity
Exchange Act, commonly known as the hybrid instrument exemption, that is available to securities that have one or more payments
indexed to the value, level or rate of one or more commodities, as set out in section 2(f) of that statute. Accordingly, you are not
afforded any protection provided by the Commodity Exchange Act or any regulation promulgated by the Commodity Futures Trading
Commission.
Any values of the Fund, and any values derived therefrom, included in this pricing supplement may be corrected, in the event of
manifest error or inconsistency, by amendment of this pricing supplement and the corresponding terms of the notes. Notwithstanding
anything to the contrary in the indenture governing the notes, that amendment will become effective without consent of the holders of
the notes or any other party.
Acceleration Upon a Liquidation Event
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary under “The Underlyings — Funds — Discontinuation of a Fund; Alternate Calculation of
Closing Price and Trading Price” in the accompanying product supplement, if the Fund (or a successor fund (as defined in the
accompanying product supplement)) is delisted, liquidated or otherwise terminated (each, a “liquidation event”) and the calculation
agent determines, in its sole discretion, that no successor fund is available, we will have the right, but not the obligation, to accelerate
the payment on the notes. If we choose to exercise this right, (a) we will provide, or cause the calculation agent to provide, written
notice of our election to exercise this right to the trustee, on which notice the trustee may conclusively rely, at its New York office, and to
The Depository Trust Company, or DTC, as holder of the notes, (b) the amount due and payable per note upon early acceleration will
be determined by the calculation agent in good faith and in a commercially reasonable manner on the date on which we (or the
calculation agent) deliver notice of acceleration and (c) that amount will be payable on the fifth business day following the date on which
we (or the calculation agent) deliver notice of acceleration, and the maturity date will be accelerated to that fifth business day. In
determining the amount due and payable upon the occurrence of a liquidation event due to delisting of the Fund, the calculation agent
will consider the last price published by the relevant exchange before such delisting.
We will provide, or will cause the calculation agent to provide, written notice to the trustee at its New York office, on which notice the
trustee may conclusively rely, and to DTC of the cash amount due with respect to the notes as promptly as possible and in no event
later than two business days prior to the date on which payment is due.

PS-3 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
Hypothetical Payout Profile
The following table and graph illustrate the hypothetical total return and payment at maturity on the notes linked to a hypothetical Fund.
The “total return” as used in this pricing supplement is the number, expressed as a percentage, that results from comparing the
payment at maturity per $1,000 principal amount note to $1,000. The hypothetical total returns and payments set forth below assume
the following:
• an Initial Value of $100.00;
• a Maximum Return of 164.00%;
• an Upside Leverage Factor of 1.50; and
• a Barrier Amount of $70.00 (equal to 70.00% of the hypothetical Initial Value).
The hypothetical Initial Value of $100.00 has been chosen for illustrative purposes only and may not represent a likely actual Initial
Value. The actual Initial Value will be the closing price of one share of the Fund on the Pricing Date and will be provided in the pricing
supplement. For historical data regarding the actual closing prices of one share of the Fund, please see the historical information set
forth under “The Fund” in this pricing supplement.
Each hypothetical total return or hypothetical payment at maturity set forth below is for illustrative purposes only and may not be the
actual total return or payment at maturity applicable to a purchaser of the notes. The numbers appearing in the following table and
graph have been rounded for ease of analysis.
Final Value
Fund Return
Total Return on the Notes
Payment at Maturity
$300.00000
200.00000%
164.00%
$2,640.00
$280.00000
180.00000%
164.00%
$2,640.00
$260.00000
160.00000%
164.00%
$2,640.00
$240.00000
140.00000%
164.00%
$2,640.00
$220.00000
120.00000%
164.00%
$2,640.00
$209.33334
109.33334%
164.00%
$2,640.00
$200.00000
100.00000%
150.00%
$2,500.00
$190.00000
90.00000%
135.00%
$2,350.00
$180.00000
80.00000%
120.00%
$2,200.00
$165.00000
65.00000%
97.50%
$1,975.00
$150.00000
50.00000%
75.00%
$1,750.00
$140.00000
40.00000%
60.00%
$1,600.00
$130.00000
30.00000%
45.00%
$1,450.00
$120.00000
20.00000%
30.00%
$1,300.00
$110.00000
10.00000%
15.00%
$1,150.00
$105.00000
5.00000%
7.50%
$1,075.00
$101.00000
1.00000%
1.50%
$1,015.00
$100.00000
0.00000%
0.00%
$1,000.00
$95.00000
-5.00000%
0.00%
$1,000.00
$90.00000
-10.00000%
0.00%
$1,000.00
$80.00000
-20.00000%
0.00%
$1,000.00
$70.00000
-30.00000%
0.00%
$1,000.00
$69.99000
-30.01000%
-30.01%
$699.90
$60.00000
-40.00000%
-40.00%
$600.00
$50.00000
-50.00000%
-50.00%
$500.00
$40.00000
-60.00000%
-60.00%
$400.00
$30.00000
-70.00000%
-70.00%
$300.00
$20.00000
-80.00000%
-80.00%
$200.00
$10.00000
-90.00000%
-90.00%
$100.00
$0.00000
-100.00000%
-100.00%
$0.00

PS-4 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
The following graph demonstrates the hypothetical payments at maturity on the notes for a range of Fund Returns. There can be no
assurance that the performance of the Fund will result in the return of any of your principal amount.
How the Notes Work
Upside Scenario:
If the Final Value is greater than the Initial Value, investors will receive at maturity the $1,000 principal amount plus a return equal to the
Fund Return times the Upside Leverage Factor of 1.50, up to the Maximum Return of at least 164.00%. Assuming a hypothetical
Maximum Return of 164.00%, an investor will realize the maximum payment at maturity at a Final Value at or above approximately
209.33334% of the Initial Value.
• If the closing price of one share of the Fund increases 5.00%, investors will receive at maturity a return equal to 7.50%, or
$1,075.00 per $1,000 principal amount note.
• Assuming a hypothetical Maximum Return of 164.00%, if the closing price of one share of the Fund increases 200.00%, investors
will receive at maturity a return equal to the 164.00% Maximum Return, or $2,640.00 per $1,000 principal amount note, which is
the maximum payment at maturity.
Par Scenario:
If the Final Value is equal to the Initial Value or is less than the Initial Value but greater than or equal to the Barrier Amount of 70.00% of
the Initial Value, investors will receive at maturity the principal amount of their notes.
Downside Scenario:
If the Final Value is less than the Barrier Amount of 70.00% of the Initial Value, investors will lose 1% of the principal amount of their
notes for every 1% that the Final Value is less than the Initial Value.
• For example, if the closing price of one share of the Fund declines 60.00%, investors will lose 60.00% of their principal amount and
receive only $400.00 per $1,000 principal amount note at maturity.
The hypothetical returns and hypothetical payments on the notes shown above apply only if you hold the notes for their entire term.
These hypotheticals do not reflect the fees or expenses that would be associated with any sale in the secondary market. If these fees
and expenses were included, the hypothetical returns and hypothetical payments shown above would likely be lower.

PS-5 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
Selected Risk Considerations
An investment in the notes involves significant risks. These risks are explained in more detail in the “Risk Factors” sections of the
accompanying prospectus supplement and product supplement and in Annex A to the accompanying prospectus addendum.
Risks Relating to the Notes Generally
• YOUR INVESTMENT IN THE NOTES MAY RESULT IN A LOSS —
The notes do not guarantee any return of principal. If the Final Value is less than the Barrier Amount, you will lose 1% of the
principal amount of your notes for every 1% that the Final Value is less than the Initial Value. Accordingly, under these
circumstances, you will lose more than 30.00% of your principal amount at maturity and could lose all of your principal amount at
maturity.
• YOUR MAXIMUM GAIN ON THE NOTES IS LIMITED TO THE MAXIMUM RETURN,
regardless of any appreciation of the Fund, which may be significant.
• CREDIT RISKS OF JPMORGAN FINANCIAL AND JPMORGAN CHASE & CO. —
Investors are dependent on our and JPMorgan Chase & Co.’s ability to pay all amounts due on the notes. Any actual or potential
change in our or JPMorgan Chase & Co.’s creditworthiness or credit spreads, as determined by the market for taking that credit
risk, is likely to adversely affect the value of the notes. If we and JPMorgan Chase & Co. were to default on our payment
obligations, you may not receive any amounts owed to you under the notes and you could lose your entire investment.
• AS A FINANCE SUBSIDIARY, JPMORGAN FINANCIAL HAS NO INDEPENDENT OPERATIONS AND HAS LIMITED ASSETS
—
As a finance subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase & Co., we have no independent operations beyond the issuance and administration of
our securities and the collection of intercompany obligations. Aside from the initial capital contribution from JPMorgan Chase &
Co., substantially all of our assets relate to obligations of JPMorgan Chase & Co. to make payments under loans made by us to
JPMorgan Chase & Co. or under other intercompany agreements. As a result, we are dependent upon payments from JPMorgan
Chase & Co. to meet our obligations under the notes. We are not a key operating subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and in a
bankruptcy or resolution of JPMorgan Chase & Co. we are not expected to have sufficient resources to meet our obligations in
respect of the notes as they come due. If JPMorgan Chase & Co. does not make payments to us and we are unable to make
payments on the notes, you may have to seek payment under the related guarantee by JPMorgan Chase & Co., and that
guarantee will rank pari passu with all other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of JPMorgan Chase & Co. For more
information, see the accompanying prospectus addendum.
• THE BENEFIT PROVIDED BY THE BARRIER AMOUNT MAY TERMINATE ON THE OBSERVATION DATE —
If the Final Value is less than the Barrier Amount, the benefit provided by the Barrier Amount will terminate and you will be fully
exposed to any depreciation of the Fund.
• THE NOTES DO NOT PAY INTEREST.
• YOU WILL NOT HAVE ANY RIGHTS WITH RESPECT TO THE FUND OR ITS UNDERLYING ASSET.
• THE RISK OF THE CLOSING PRICE OF ONE SHARE OF THE FUND FALLING BELOW THE BARRIER AMOUNT IS
GREATER IF THE PRICE OF ONE SHARE OF THE FUND IS VOLATILE.
• WE MAY ACCELERATE YOUR NOTES IF A LIQUIDATION EVENT OCCURS —
If a liquidation event occurs and the calculation agent determines, in its sole discretion, that no successor fund is available, we
may, in our sole and absolute discretion, accelerate the payment on your notes and pay you an amount determined in good faith
and in a commercially reasonable manner by the calculation agent. If the payment on your notes is accelerated, your investment
may result in a loss and you may not be able to reinvest your money in a comparable investment. For more information, see
“Supplemental Terms of the Notes — Acceleration Upon a Liquidation Event” in this pricing supplement.
• LACK OF LIQUIDITY —
The notes will not be listed on any securities exchange. Accordingly, the price at which you may be able to trade your notes is
likely to depend on the price, if any, at which JPMS is willing to buy the notes. You may not be able to sell your notes. The notes
are not designed to be short-term trading instruments. Accordingly, you should be able and willing to hold your notes to maturity.

PS-6 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
• THE FINAL TERMS AND VALUATION OF THE NOTES WILL BE PROVIDED IN THE PRICING SUPPLEMENT —
You should consider your potential investment in the notes based on the minimums for the estimated value of the notes and the
Maximum Return.
Risks Relating to Conflicts of Interest
• POTENTIAL CONFLICTS —
We and our affiliates play a variety of roles in connection with the notes. In performing these duties, our and JPMorgan Chase &
Co.’s economic interests are potentially adverse to your interests as an investor in the notes. It is possible that hedging or trading
activities of ours or our affiliates in connection with the notes could result in substantial returns for us or our affiliates while the
value of the notes declines. Please refer to “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Conflicts of Interest” in the accompanying product
supplement.
Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes
• THE ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES WILL BE LOWER THAN THE ORIGINAL ISSUE PRICE (PRICE TO PUBLIC) OF
THE NOTES —
The estimated value of the notes is only an estimate determined by reference to several factors. The original issue price of the
notes will exceed the estimated value of the notes because costs associated with selling, structuring and hedging the notes are
included in the original issue price of the notes. These costs include the selling commissions, the projected profits, if any, that our
affiliates expect to realize for assuming risks inherent in hedging our obligations under the notes and the estimated cost of hedging
our obligations under the notes. See “The Estimated Value of the Notes” in this pricing supplement.
• THE ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES DOES NOT REPRESENT FUTURE VALUES OF THE NOTES AND MAY DIFFER
FROM OTHERS’ ESTIMATES —
See “The Estimated Value of the Notes” in this pricing supplement.
• THE ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES IS DERIVED BY REFERENCE TO AN INTERNAL FUNDING RATE —
The internal funding rate used in the determination of the estimated value of the notes may differ from the market-implied funding
rate for vanilla fixed income instruments of a similar maturity issued by JPMorgan Chase & Co. or its affiliates. Any difference may
be based on, among other things, our and our affiliates’ view of the funding value of the notes as well as the higher issuance,
operational and ongoing liability management costs of the notes in comparison to those costs for the conventional fixed income
instruments of JPMorgan Chase & Co. This internal funding rate is based on certain market inputs and assumptions, which may
prove to be incorrect, and is intended to approximate the prevailing market replacement funding rate for the notes. The use of an
internal funding rate and any potential changes to that rate may have an adverse effect on the terms of the notes and any
secondary market prices of the notes. See “The Estimated Value of the Notes” in this pricing supplement.
• THE VALUE OF THE NOTES AS PUBLISHED BY JPMS (AND WHICH MAY BE REFLECTED ON CUSTOMER ACCOUNT
STATEMENTS) MAY BE HIGHER THAN THE THEN-CURRENT ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES FOR A LIMITED TIME
PERIOD —
We generally expect that some of the costs included in the original issue price of the notes will be partially paid back to you in
connection with any repurchases of your notes by JPMS in an amount that will decline to zero over an initial predetermined period.
See “Secondary Market Prices of the Notes” in this pricing supplement for additional information relating to this initial period.
Accordingly, the estimated value of your notes during this initial period may be lower than the value of the notes as published by
JPMS (and which may be shown on your customer account statements).
• SECONDARY MARKET PRICES OF THE NOTES WILL LIKELY BE LOWER THAN THE ORIGINAL ISSUE PRICE OF THE
NOTES —
Any secondary market prices of the notes will likely be lower than the original issue price of the notes because, among other
things, secondary market prices take into account our internal secondary market funding rates for structured debt issuances and,
also, because secondary market prices may exclude selling commissions, projected hedging profits, if any, and estimated hedging
costs that are included in the original issue price of the notes. As a result, the price, if any, at which JPMS will be willing to buy the
notes from you in secondary market transactions, if at all, is likely to be lower than the original issue price. Any sale by you prior to
the Maturity Date could result in a substantial loss to you.
• SECONDARY MARKET PRICES OF THE NOTES WILL BE IMPACTED BY MANY ECONOMIC AND MARKET FACTORS —
The secondary market price of the notes during their term will be impacted by a number of economic and market factors, which
may either offset or magnify each other, aside from the selling commissions, projected hedging profits, if any, estimated hedging

PS-7 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
costs and the price of one share of the Fund. Additionally, independent pricing vendors and/or third party broker-dealers may
publish a price for the notes, which may also be reflected on customer account statements. This price may be different (higher or
lower) than the price of the notes, if any, at which JPMS may be willing to purchase your notes in the secondary market. See “Risk
Factors — Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes — Secondary market prices of the
notes will be impacted by many economic and market factors” in the accompanying product supplement.
Risks Relating to the Fund
• THE FUND IS NOT AN INVESTMENT COMPANY OR COMMODITY POOL AND WILL NOT BE SUBJECT TO REGULATION
UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940, AS AMENDED, OR THE COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT —
Accordingly, you will not benefit from any regulatory protections afforded to persons who invest in regulated investment companies
or commodity pools.
• THE PERFORMANCE AND MARKET VALUE OF THE FUND, PARTICULARLY DURING PERIODS OF MARKET VOLATILITY,
MAY NOT CORRELATE WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND’S UNDERLYING ASSET AS WELL AS THE NET ASSET
VALUE PER SHARE —
The Fund does not fully replicate the performance of bitcoin, which we refer to as the underlying asset with respect to the Fund,
due to the fees and expenses charged by the Fund or by restrictions on access to the underlying asset due to other circumstances.
Additionally, there is a risk that part or all of the Fund’s holdings in its underlying asset could be lost, stolen or destroyed. Access
to the Fund’s underlying asset could also be restricted by natural events (such as an earthquake) or human actions (such as a
terrorist attack or cyberattack). All of these factors may lead to a lack of correlation between the performance of the Fund and its
underlying asset. In addition, because the shares of the Fund are traded on a securities exchange and are subject to market
supply and investor demand, the market value of one share of the Fund may differ from the net asset value per share of the Fund.
During periods of market volatility, the Fund’s underlying asset may be unavailable in the secondary market, market participants
may be unable to calculate accurately the net asset value per share of the Fund and the liquidity of the Fund may be adversely
affected. This kind of market volatility may also disrupt the ability of market participants to create and redeem shares of the Fund.
Further, market volatility may adversely affect, sometimes materially, the prices at which market participants are willing to buy and
sell shares of the Fund. As a result, under these circumstances, the market value of shares of the Fund may vary substantially from
the net asset value per share of the Fund. For all of the foregoing reasons, the performance of the Fund may not correlate with the
performance of its underlying asset as well as the net asset value per share of the Fund, which could materially and adversely
affect the value of the notes in the secondary market and/or reduce any payment on the notes.
• VOLATILITY RISK —
Greater expected volatility with respect to the Fund indicates a greater likelihood as of the Pricing Date that the Final Value could
be less than the Barrier Amount. The Fund’s volatility, however, can change significantly over the term of the notes. The closing
price of one share of the Fund could fall sharply during the term of the notes, which could result in you losing a significant portion or
all of your principal amount at maturity. In addition, because the Fund is linked to a single asset, not a diverse basket or a broad-
based index, the notes carry greater risk and may be more volatile than securities linked to the values of a diverse basket or a
broad-based index. Furthermore, bitcoin has historically exhibited high price volatility relative to more traditional asset
classes and has experienced extreme volatility in recent periods and may continue to do so, which may increase the
volatility of the Fund.
• THE NOTES ARE SUBJECT TO RISKS RELATING TO BITCOIN AND THE BITCOIN NETWORK —
The Fund offers exposure to bitcoin. Bitcoin is a digital asset designed to act as a medium of exchange and does not represent
legal tender. Use of bitcoin in the retail and commercial marketplace is relatively limited. Bitcoin generally operates without central
authority or banks and is not backed by any government or organized governing body. Digital assets such as bitcoin are new and
novel products, and their value is influenced by a wide variety of factors that are uncertain and difficult to evaluate. Information
about bitcoin holdings is limited, as ownership of bitcoin is semi-anonymous and the supply of accessible bitcoin is unknown.
Bitcoin is an emerging asset class, and regulation in the United States is still developing, including with respect to market integrity,
anti-fraud, anti-manipulation, cybersecurity, surveillance and anti-money laundering. Federal, state and/or foreign governments
may restrict the use and exchange of bitcoin and any such regulatory actions may adversely affect the value of bitcoin. Bitcoin and
the bitcoin network face significant challenges to scaling. Bitcoin has been and may continue to be subject to extreme market
volatility.
Competition from other digital assets or so-called “central bank digital currencies” could adversely affect the value of bitcoin.
Political or economic crises may motivate large-scale sales of bitcoin, which could result in a reduction in the prices of bitcoin and
adversely affect an investment in the notes. Concerns about the perceived or actual environmental or other risks associated with,

PS-8 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
or bad publicity regarding, bitcoin may lead to decreased participation in the bitcoin network or decreased interest in or use of
bitcoin, which could adversely affect the value of bitcoin and therefore the value of and return on the notes. The value of bitcoin
may fall sharply, and potentially to zero, causing you to lose a significant portion or all of your principal amount at maturity. If
bitcoin continues to be subject to sharp fluctuations, the Fund and the notes may be adversely affected.
The value of bitcoin could be adversely affected by the actions of bitcoin miners. Your investment in the notes could also be
adversely affected by a temporary or permanent “fork” (or “split”) of the bitcoin network and the blockchain, with one version
running pre-modified software and the other running modified software. Even when held indirectly, investment vehicles like the
Fund may be affected by the high volatility associated with bitcoin exposure. Bitcoin is susceptible to theft, loss, destruction and
fraud.
Bitcoin exchanges and other trading venues on which bitcoin trades are also relatively new and, in most cases, largely unregulated
and may therefore be more exposed to operational problems, fraud and failure than established, regulated exchanges for
securities, derivatives and other currencies. Bitcoin exchanges may stop operating or permanently shut down due to fraud,
technical glitches, internet disruptions, hackers or malware (e.g., intentional network attacks), which may also affect the price of
bitcoin. Events that negatively affect bitcoin may negatively affect the performance of the Fund and the notes.
• LIMITED TRADING HISTORY —
The Fund commenced trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market on January 11, 2024 and therefore has limited historical performance.
Accordingly, historical information for the Fund is available only since that date. Past performance should not be considered
indicative of future performance.
• THE ANTI-DILUTION PROTECTION FOR THE FUND IS LIMITED —
The calculation agent will make adjustments to the Share Adjustment Factor for certain events affecting the shares of the Fund.
However, the calculation agent will not make an adjustment in response to all events that could affect the shares of the Fund. If an
event occurs that does not require the calculation agent to make an adjustment, the value of the notes may be materially and
adversely affected.

PS-9 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
The Fund
The Fund is an exchange-traded fund that seeks to reflect generally the performance of the price of bitcoin before the payment of its
expenses and liabilities. The assets of the Fund consist primarily of bitcoin held by the bitcoin custodian on behalf of the Fund. For
additional information about the Fund, see Annex A below.
Historical Information
The following graph sets forth the historical performance of the Fund based on the weekly historical closing prices of one share of the
Fund from January 12, 2024 through March 27, 2026. The Fund commenced trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market on January 11,
2024 and therefore has limited historical performance. The closing price of one share of the Fund on March 27, 2026 was $37.40. We
obtained the closing prices above and below from the Bloomberg Professional® service (“Bloomberg”), without independent verification.
The closing prices above and below may have been adjusted by Bloomberg for actions taken by the Fund, such as stock splits.
The historical closing prices of one share of the Fund should not be taken as an indication of future performance, and no assurance can
be given as to the closing price of one share of the Fund on the Pricing Date or the Observation Date. There can be no assurance that
the performance of the Fund will result in the return of any of your principal amount.
Tax Treatment
You should review carefully the section entitled “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the accompanying product
supplement no. 4-I. The following discussion, when read in combination with that section, constitutes the full opinion of our special tax
counsel, Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, regarding the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of notes.
Based on current market conditions, in the opinion of our special tax counsel it is reasonable to treat the notes as “open transactions”
that are not debt instruments for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as more fully described in “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax
Consequences — Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders — Notes Treated as Open Transactions That Are Not Debt Instruments” in the
accompanying product supplement. Assuming this treatment is respected, subject to the possible application of the “constructive
ownership” rules, the gain or loss on your notes should be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if you hold your notes for more than
a year, whether or not you are an initial purchaser of notes at the issue price. The notes could be treated as “constructive ownership
transactions” within the meaning of Section 1260 of the Code, in which case any gain recognized in respect of the notes that would
otherwise be long-term capital gain and that was in excess of the “net underlying long-term capital gain” (as defined in Section 1260)
would be treated as ordinary income, and a notional interest charge would apply as if that income had accrued for tax purposes at a
constant yield over your holding period for the notes. Our special tax counsel has not expressed an opinion with respect to whether the
constructive ownership rules apply to the notes. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the potential
application of the constructive ownership rules.
The IRS or a court may not respect the treatment of the notes described above, in which case the timing and character of any income
or loss on your notes could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, in 2007 Treasury and the IRS released a notice
requesting comments on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of “prepaid forward contracts” and similar instruments. The notice

PS-10 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
focuses in particular on whether to require investors in these instruments to accrue income over the term of their investment. It also
asks for comments on a number of related topics, including the character of income or loss with respect to these instruments; the
relevance of factors such as the nature of the underlying property to which the instruments are linked; the degree, if any, to which
income (including any mandated accruals) realized by non-U.S. investors should be subject to withholding tax; and whether these
instruments are or should be subject to the constructive ownership regime described above. While the notice requests comments on
appropriate transition rules and effective dates, any Treasury regulations or other guidance promulgated after consideration of these
issues could materially and adversely affect the tax consequences of an investment in the notes, possibly with retroactive effect. You
should consult your tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the notes, including the
potential application of the constructive ownership rules, possible alternative treatments and the issues presented by this notice.
The Estimated Value of the Notes
The estimated value of the notes set forth on the cover of this pricing supplement is equal to the sum of the values of the following
hypothetical components: (1) a fixed-income debt component with the same maturity as the notes, valued using the internal funding
rate described below, and (2) the derivative or derivatives underlying the economic terms of the notes. The estimated value of the
notes does not represent a minimum price at which JPMS would be willing to buy your notes in any secondary market (if any exists) at
any time. The internal funding rate used in the determination of the estimated value of the notes may differ from the market-implied
funding rate for vanilla fixed income instruments of a similar maturity issued by JPMorgan Chase & Co. or its affiliates. Any difference
may be based on, among other things, our and our affiliates’ view of the funding value of the notes as well as the higher issuance,
operational and ongoing liability management costs of the notes in comparison to those costs for the conventional fixed income
instruments of JPMorgan Chase & Co. This internal funding rate is based on certain market inputs and assumptions, which may prove
to be incorrect, and is intended to approximate the prevailing market replacement funding rate for the notes. The use of an internal
funding rate and any potential changes to that rate may have an adverse effect on the terms of the notes and any secondary market
prices of the notes. For additional information, see “Selected Risk Considerations — Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and
Secondary Market Prices of the Notes — The Estimated Value of the Notes Is Derived by Reference to an Internal Funding Rate” in this
pricing supplement.
The value of the derivative or derivatives underlying the economic terms of the notes is derived from internal pricing models of our
affiliates. These models are dependent on inputs such as the traded market prices of comparable derivative instruments and on
various other inputs, some of which are market-observable, and which can include volatility, interest rates and other factors, as well as
assumptions about future market events and/or environments. Accordingly, the estimated value of the notes is determined when the
terms of the notes are set based on market conditions and other relevant factors and assumptions existing at that time.
The estimated value of the notes does not represent future values of the notes and may differ from others’ estimates. Different pricing
models and assumptions could provide valuations for the notes that are greater than or less than the estimated value of the notes. In
addition, market conditions and other relevant factors in the future may change, and any assumptions may prove to be incorrect. On
future dates, the value of the notes could change significantly based on, among other things, changes in market conditions, our or
JPMorgan Chase & Co.’s creditworthiness, interest rate movements and other relevant factors, which may impact the price, if any, at
which JPMS would be willing to buy notes from you in secondary market transactions.
The estimated value of the notes will be lower than the original issue price of the notes because costs associated with selling,
structuring and hedging the notes are included in the original issue price of the notes. These costs include the selling commissions
paid to JPMS and other affiliated or unaffiliated dealers, the projected profits, if any, that our affiliates expect to realize for assuming
risks inherent in hedging our obligations under the notes and the estimated cost of hedging our obligations under the notes. Because
hedging our obligations entails risk and may be influenced by market forces beyond our control, this hedging may result in a profit that
is more or less than expected, or it may result in a loss. A portion of the profits, if any, realized in hedging our obligations under the
notes may be allowed to other affiliated or unaffiliated dealers, and we or one or more of our affiliates will retain any remaining hedging
profits. See “Selected Risk Considerations — Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes — The
Estimated Value of the Notes Will Be Lower Than the Original Issue Price (Price to Public) of the Notes” in this pricing supplement.
Secondary Market Prices of the Notes
For information about factors that will impact any secondary market prices of the notes, see “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to the
Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes — Secondary market prices of the notes will be impacted by many
economic and market factors” in the accompanying product supplement. In addition, we generally expect that some of the costs
included in the original issue price of the notes will be partially paid back to you in connection with any repurchases of your notes by
JPMS in an amount that will decline to zero over an initial predetermined period. These costs can include selling commissions,
projected hedging profits, if any, and, in some circumstances, estimated hedging costs and our internal secondary market funding rates

PS-11 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
for structured debt issuances. This initial predetermined time period is intended to be the shorter of six months and one-half of the
stated term of the notes. The length of any such initial period reflects the structure of the notes, whether our affiliates expect to earn a
profit in connection with our hedging activities, the estimated costs of hedging the notes and when these costs are incurred, as
determined by our affiliates. See “Selected Risk Considerations — Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices
of the Notes — The Value of the Notes as Published by JPMS (and Which May Be Reflected on Customer Account Statements) May
Be Higher Than the Then-Current Estimated Value of the Notes for a Limited Time Period” in this pricing supplement.
Supplemental Use of Proceeds
The notes are offered to meet investor demand for products that reflect the risk-return profile and market exposure provided by the
notes. See “Hypothetical Payout Profile” and “How the Notes Work” in this pricing supplement for an illustration of the risk-return profile
of the notes and “The Fund” in this pricing supplement for a description of the market exposure provided by the notes.
The original issue price of the notes is equal to the estimated value of the notes plus the selling commissions paid to JPMS and other
affiliated or unaffiliated dealers, plus (minus) the projected profits (losses) that our affiliates expect to realize for assuming risks inherent
in hedging our obligations under the notes, plus the estimated cost of hedging our obligations under the notes.
Additional Terms Specific to the Notes
You may revoke your offer to purchase the notes at any time prior to the time at which we accept such offer by notifying the applicable
agent. We reserve the right to change the terms of, or reject any offer to purchase, the notes prior to their issuance. In the event of any
changes to the terms of the notes, we will notify you and you will be asked to accept such changes in connection with your purchase.
You may also choose to reject such changes, in which case we may reject your offer to purchase.
You should read this pricing supplement together with the accompanying prospectus, as supplemented by the accompanying
prospectus supplement relating to our Series A medium-term notes of which these notes are a part, the accompanying prospectus
addendum and the more detailed information contained in the accompanying product supplement. This pricing supplement, together
with the documents listed below, contains the terms of the notes and supersedes all other prior or contemporaneous oral statements as
well as any other written materials including preliminary or indicative pricing terms, correspondence, trade ideas, structures for
implementation, sample structures, fact sheets, brochures or other educational materials of ours. You should carefully consider, among
other things, the matters set forth in the “Risk Factors” sections of the accompanying prospectus supplement and the accompanying
product supplement and in Annex A to the accompanying prospectus addendum, as the notes involve risks not associated with
conventional debt securities. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisers before you invest in the
notes.
You may access these documents on the SEC website at www.sec.gov as follows (or if such address has changed, by
reviewing our filings for the relevant date on the SEC website):
• Product supplement no. 4-I dated April 13, 2023:
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/19617/000121390023029539/ea152803_424b2.pdf
• Prospectus supplement and prospectus, each dated April 13, 2023:
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/19617/000095010323005751/crt_dp192097-424b2.pdf
• Prospectus addendum dated June 3, 2024:
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1665650/000095010324007599/dp211753_424b3.htm
Our Central Index Key, or CIK, on the SEC website is 1665650, and JPMorgan Chase & Co.’s CIK is 19617. As used in this pricing
supplement, “we,” “us” and “our” refer to JPMorgan Financial.

PS-12 | Structured Investments
Capped Accelerated Barrier Notes Linked to the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
Annex A
The iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF
All information contained in this pricing supplement regarding the iShares® Bitcoin Trust ETF (the “IBIT Fund”) has been derived from
publicly available information, without independent verification. This information reflects the policies of, and is subject to change by, the
sponsor of the IBIT Fund, iShares Delaware Trust Sponsor LLC (“iShares Delaware”), an indirect subsidiary of BlackRock, Inc.
BlackRock Fund Advisors, a California corporation that is a wholly-owned subsidiary of BlackRock, Inc., is the trustee of the IBIT Fund.
The Bank of New York Mellon is the cash custodian of the IBIT Fund and Coinbase Custody Trust Company, LLC is the bitcoin
custodian of the IBIT Fund. The IBIT Fund is an investment trust that trades on The Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker symbol
“IBIT.”
The IBIT Fund seeks to reflect generally the performance of the price of bitcoin before the payment of its expenses and liabilities. The
assets of the IBIT Fund consist primarily of bitcoin held by the bitcoin custodian on behalf of the IBIT Fund. The IBIT Fund issues blocks
of shares in exchange for deposits of bitcoin and distributes bitcoin in connection with the redemption of blocks of shares. The shares
of the IBIT Fund are intended to constitute a simple and cost-effective means of making an investment similar to an investment in
bitcoin. The shares of the IBIT Fund represent units of fractional undivided beneficial interest in and ownership of the IBIT Fund. The
IBIT Fund is a passive investment vehicle that does not seek to generate returns beyond tracking the price of bitcoin and the sponsor of
the IBIT Fund does not actively manage the bitcoin held by the IBIT Fund. The trustee of the IBIT Fund sells bitcoin held by the IBIT
Fund to pay the IBIT Fund’s expenses on an as-needed basis irrespective of then-current bitcoin prices.
Currently, the IBIT Fund’s only ordinary recurring expense is expected to be iShares Delaware’s fee, which is accrued daily at an
annualized rate equal to 0.25% of the net asset value of the IBIT Fund and is payable at least quarterly in arrears. The trustee of the
IBIT Fund will, when directed by iShares Delaware, and, in the absence of such direction, may, in its discretion, sell bitcoin in such
quantity and at such times as may be necessary to permit payment of iShares Delaware’s fee and of expenses or liabilities of the IBIT
Fund not assumed by iShares Delaware. As a result of the recurring sales of bitcoin necessary to pay the IBIT Fund sponsor’s fee and
the IBIT Fund expenses or liabilities not assumed by the IBIT Fund sponsor, the net asset value of the IBIT Fund and, correspondingly,
the fractional amount of bitcoin represented by each share will decrease over the life of the IBIT Fund. New deposits of bitcoin,
received in exchange for additional new issuances of shares by the IBIT Fund, do not reverse this trend.
Information provided to or filed with the SEC by the IBIT Fund pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, can be located by reference to SEC file numbers 333-272680 and 001-41914, respectively,
through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. The IBIT Fund is not a mutual fund or any other type of investment company within
the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and is not subject to regulation thereunder. The IBIT Fund is not a
commodity pool for purposes of the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended, and is not subject to regulation thereunder, and iShares
Delaware is not subject to regulation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission as a commodity pool operator or a commodity
trading advisor.
Bitcoin
Bitcoin is a digital asset the ownership and behavior of which are determined by participants in an online, peer-to-peer network that
connects computers that run publicly accessible, or “open source,” software that follows the rules and procedures governing the bitcoin
network, commonly referred to as the bitcoin protocol. The value of bitcoin, like the value of other digital assets, is not backed by any
government, corporation or other identified body. Ownership and the ability to transfer or take other actions with respect to bitcoin are
protected through public-key cryptography. The supply of bitcoin is constrained or formulated by its protocol instead of being explicitly
delegated to an identified body (e.g., a central bank) to control. Units of bitcoin, called tokens, are treated as fungible. Bitcoin and
certain other types of digital assets are often referred to as digital currencies or cryptocurrencies. No single entity owns or operates the
bitcoin network, the infrastructure of which is collectively maintained by (1) a decentralized group of participants who run computer
software that results in the recording and validation of transactions (commonly referred to as “miners”), (2) developers who propose
improvements to the bitcoin protocol and the software that enforces the protocol and (3) users who choose what bitcoin software to run.
Bitcoin was released in 2009 and, as a result, there is little data on its long-term investment potential. Bitcoin is not backed by a
government-issued legal tender or any other currency or asset. Bitcoin is “stored” or reflected on a digital transaction ledger commonly
known as a “blockchain.” A blockchain is a type of shared and continually reconciled database, stored in a decentralized manner on
the computers of certain users of the digital asset. Bitcoin is created by “mining.” Mining involves miners using a sophisticated
computer program to repeatedly solve very complex mathematical problems on specialized computer hardware. Miners can be bitcoin
enthusiasts but increasingly are professional mining operations that design and build dedicated machines and data centers as the
computing power required to solve the problem continues to increase significantly.