[10-Q] CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORP Quarterly Earnings Report
Filing Impact
Filing Sentiment
Form Type
10-Q
Cincinnati Financial (CINF) filed its Q3 2025 10‑Q, reporting stronger results. Total revenues were $3,726 million versus $3,320 million a year ago. Net income rose to $1,122 million from $820 million, with diluted EPS of $7.11 versus $5.20. Growth was supported by earned premiums of $2,567 million (from $2,297 million), higher net investment income of $295 million (from $258 million), and net investment gains of $853 million (from $758 million).
Insurance losses and contract holders’ benefits were $1,540 million (from $1,578 million), and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses were $754 million (from $683 million). The company recorded favorable prior‑year reserve development of $22 million in the quarter and $176 million year‑to‑date. Investments totaled $31.099 billion and shareholders’ equity was $15.406 billion at September 30, 2025. Year‑to‑date operating cash flow was $2,165 million. The quarterly dividend declared was $0.87 per share. Shares outstanding were 156,018,513 as of October 22, 2025.
Cincinnati Financial (CINF) ha depositato il suo 10-Q del terzo trimestre 2025, riportando risutlati più solidi. Le entrate totali sono state 3.726 milioni di dollari rispetto a 3.320 milioni nello stesso periodo dell'anno precedente. L'utile netto è salito a 1.122 milioni da 820 milioni, con un utile per azione diluito di 7,11 dollari rispetto a 5,20. La crescita è stata sostenuta da premi guadagnati di 2.567 milioni (da 2.297), un reddito netto da investimenti maggiore di 295 milioni (da 258) e guadagni netti su investimenti di 853 milioni (da 758).
Le perdite assicurative e i benefici per i titolari di contratti ammontavano a 1.540 milioni (da 1.578), e le spese di sottoscrizione, acquisizione e assicurazione erano 754 milioni (da 683). L'azienda ha registrato uno sviluppo favorevole delle riserve per l'anno precedente di 22 milioni nel trimestre e 176 milioni da inizio anno. Gli investimenti ammontavano a 31,099 miliardi e il patrimonio dei soci era di 15,406 miliardi al 30 settembre 2025. Il flusso di cassa operativo da inizio anno è stato di 2,165 miliardi. Il dividendo trimestrale dichiarato è stato di 0,87 dollari per azione. Le azioni in circolazione erano 156.018.513 al 22 ottobre 2025.
Cincinnati Financial (CINF) presentó su 10-Q del tercer trimestre de 2025, reportando resultados más sólidos. Los ingresos totales fueron de 3.726 millones frente a 3.320 millones hace un año. El ingreso neto aumentó a 1.122 millones desde 820 millones, con un BPA diluido de 7,11 frente a 5,20. El crecimiento estuvo respaldado por primas devengadas de 2.567 millones (vs. 2.297), un ingreso neto por inversiones de 295 millones (vs. 258) y ganancias netas por inversiones de 853 millones (vs. 758).
Las pérdidas por seguros y beneficios a tenedores de contratos fueron de 1.540 millones (vs. 1.578), y los gastos de suscripción, adquisición y seguros fueron de 754 millones (vs. 683). La compañía registró un desarrollo de reservas favorable de años anteriores de 22 millones en el trimestre y 176 millones en lo que va del año. Las inversiones totalizaron 31.099 millones de dólares y el patrimonio de los accionistas fue de 15.406 millones al 30 de septiembre de 2025. El flujo de efectivo operativo acumulado del año fue de 2.165 millones. El dividendo trimestral declarado fue de 0,87 por acción. Las acciones en circulación eran 156,018,513 al 22 de octubre de 2025.
Cincinnati Financial (CINF)은 2025년 3분기 10-Q를 제출했고, 더 강한 실적을 보고했습니다. 매출 총액은 전년 동기 대비 37.26억 달러로 3,726백만 달러였습니다. 순이익은 11.22억 달러로 상승했고 희석 주당순이익은 7.11달러로 5.20달러를 기록했습니다. 성장의 원동력은 벌어들인 보험료 25.67억 달러(전년 22.97억), 순투자소득 2.95억 달러(전년 2.58억), 그리고 순투자손익 8.53억 달러(전년 7.58억)였습니다.
보험 손실 및 계약자 혜택은 15.40억 달러(전년 15.78억)였고, 인수·취득 및 보험 비용은 7.54억 달러(전년 6.83억)였습니다. 회사는 분기 동안 전년 대비 2,200만 달러의 우호적 예비충당금 개발을 기록했고 연초 대비 1.76억 달러였습니다. 투자자산은 310.99억 달러였고 2025년 9월 30일 기준 주주자본은 154.06억 달러였습니다. 연간 누계 영업현금흐름은 216.5백만 달러였습니다. 분기 배당은 주당 0.87달러로 선언되었습니다. 발행주식은 15,601,8513주였습니다(2025년 10월 22일 기준).
Cincinnati Financial (CINF) a déposé son 10-Q du T3 2025, affichant des résultats plus solides. Les revenus totaux se sont élevés à 3 726 millions de dollars contre 3 320 millions l'année précédente. Le résultat net a augmenté à 1 122 millions de dollars contre 820 millions, avec un bénéfice par action dilué de 7,11 dollars contre 5,20. La croissance a été soutenue par des primes acquises de 2 567 millions (contre 2 297), un revenu net de placements de 295 millions (contre 258) et des gains nets sur placements de 853 millions (contre 758).
Les pertes d’assurance et prestations aux apporteurs de contrats étaient de 1 540 millions (contre 1 578), et les frais de souscription, d’acquisition et d’assurance étaient de 754 millions (contre 683). La société a enregistré un développement favorable des provisions de l’exercice précédent de 22 millions au trimestre et 176 millions à ce jour. Les investissements totalisaient 31,099 milliards et les fonds propres des actionnaires s’élevaient à 15,406 milliards au 30 septembre 2025. Le flux de trésorerie opérationnel cumulé de l’année était de 2,165 milliards. Le dividende trimestral déclaré était de 0,87 dollar par action. Les actions en circulation étaient de 156 018 513 au 22 octobre 2025.
Cincinnati Financial (CINF) hat seinen Q3-Bericht 2025 (10-Q) eingereicht und verzeichnete bessere Ergebnisse. Die Gesamterlöse betrugen 3.726 Millionen Dollar gegenüber 3.320 Millionen Dollar im Vorjahr. Der Nettogewinn stieg auf 1.122 Millionen Dollar von 820 Millionen Dollar, mit einem verwässertenEPS von 7,11 Dollar gegenüber 5,20. Das Wachstum wurde durch verdiente Prämien von 2.567 Millionen Dollar (von 2.297), einen höheren Nettoertrag aus Investitionen von 295 Millionen Dollar (von 258) und Netto-Investment-Gewinnen von 853 Millionen Dollar (von 758) gestützt.
Versicherungsverluste und Leistungen an Vertragshalter betrugen 1.540 Millionen Dollar (von 1.578), und Underwriting-, Akquisitions- und Versicherungsaufwendungen betrugen 754 Millionen Dollar (von 683). Das Unternehmen verzeichnete eine günstige gleichbleibende Vererbungsentwicklung von Rückstellungen des Vorjahres von 22 Millionen im Quartal und 176 Millionen Year-to-date. Investitionen beliefen sich auf 31,099 Milliarden Dollar und das Eigenkapital der Aktionäre lag bei 15,406 Milliarden Dollar zum 30. September 2025. Der kumulierte operative Cashflow des Jahres betrug 2,165 Milliarden Dollar. Die vierteljährliche Dividende von 0,87 Dollar pro Aktie wurde angekündigt. Die ausstehenden Aktien betrugen zum 22. Oktober 2025 156.018.513.
سِنتشي فنانشال (CINF) قدمت تقريرها المالي للربع الثالث من عام 2025 (10-Q)، وأظهرت نتائج أقوى. بلغت الإيرادات الإجمالية 3,726 مليون دولار مقارنة بـ 3,320 مليون دولار قبل عام. ارتفع صافي الدخل إلى 1,122 مليون دولار من 820 مليون دولار، مع ربحية السهم المخففة البالغة 7.11 دولار مقابل 5.20 دولار. دعمت النمو أقساط مستحقة بمقدار 2,567 مليون دولار (من 2,297)، ودخل صافي من الاستثمارات بمقدار 295 مليون دولار (من 258)، وأرباح صافية من الاستثمارات بمقدار 853 مليون دولار (من 758).
خسائر التأمين ومنافع حاملي العقود كانت 1,540 مليون دولار (من 1,578)، وتكاليف الاكتتاب والاكتساب والتأمين كانت 754 مليون دولار (من 683). كشفت الشركة عن تطور احتياطي سابق بفارق إيجابي قدره 22 مليون دولار في الربع و176 مليون دولار حتى تاريخه. بلغت الاستثمارات 31.099 مليار دولار وحقوق المساهمين كانت 15.406 مليار دولار في 30 سبتمبر 2025. كان التدفق النقدي التشغيلي خلال السنة حتى التاريخ 2.165 مليار دولار. تم الإعلان عن توزيع ربعي قدره 0.87 دولار للسهم. كانت عدد الأسهم المصدرة 156,018,513 حتى 22 أكتوبر 2025.
Positive
- None.
Negative
- None.
Insights
Solid quarter driven by premium growth and equity gains.
Cincinnati Financial posted higher revenue and earnings as earned premiums increased to
Losses and benefits of
Balance sheet capacity looks steady with investments at
Cincinnati Financial (CINF) ha depositato il suo 10-Q del terzo trimestre 2025, riportando risutlati più solidi. Le entrate totali sono state 3.726 milioni di dollari rispetto a 3.320 milioni nello stesso periodo dell'anno precedente. L'utile netto è salito a 1.122 milioni da 820 milioni, con un utile per azione diluito di 7,11 dollari rispetto a 5,20. La crescita è stata sostenuta da premi guadagnati di 2.567 milioni (da 2.297), un reddito netto da investimenti maggiore di 295 milioni (da 258) e guadagni netti su investimenti di 853 milioni (da 758).
Le perdite assicurative e i benefici per i titolari di contratti ammontavano a 1.540 milioni (da 1.578), e le spese di sottoscrizione, acquisizione e assicurazione erano 754 milioni (da 683). L'azienda ha registrato uno sviluppo favorevole delle riserve per l'anno precedente di 22 milioni nel trimestre e 176 milioni da inizio anno. Gli investimenti ammontavano a 31,099 miliardi e il patrimonio dei soci era di 15,406 miliardi al 30 settembre 2025. Il flusso di cassa operativo da inizio anno è stato di 2,165 miliardi. Il dividendo trimestrale dichiarato è stato di 0,87 dollari per azione. Le azioni in circolazione erano 156.018.513 al 22 ottobre 2025.
Cincinnati Financial (CINF) presentó su 10-Q del tercer trimestre de 2025, reportando resultados más sólidos. Los ingresos totales fueron de 3.726 millones frente a 3.320 millones hace un año. El ingreso neto aumentó a 1.122 millones desde 820 millones, con un BPA diluido de 7,11 frente a 5,20. El crecimiento estuvo respaldado por primas devengadas de 2.567 millones (vs. 2.297), un ingreso neto por inversiones de 295 millones (vs. 258) y ganancias netas por inversiones de 853 millones (vs. 758).
Las pérdidas por seguros y beneficios a tenedores de contratos fueron de 1.540 millones (vs. 1.578), y los gastos de suscripción, adquisición y seguros fueron de 754 millones (vs. 683). La compañía registró un desarrollo de reservas favorable de años anteriores de 22 millones en el trimestre y 176 millones en lo que va del año. Las inversiones totalizaron 31.099 millones de dólares y el patrimonio de los accionistas fue de 15.406 millones al 30 de septiembre de 2025. El flujo de efectivo operativo acumulado del año fue de 2.165 millones. El dividendo trimestral declarado fue de 0,87 por acción. Las acciones en circulación eran 156,018,513 al 22 de octubre de 2025.
Cincinnati Financial (CINF)은 2025년 3분기 10-Q를 제출했고, 더 강한 실적을 보고했습니다. 매출 총액은 전년 동기 대비 37.26억 달러로 3,726백만 달러였습니다. 순이익은 11.22억 달러로 상승했고 희석 주당순이익은 7.11달러로 5.20달러를 기록했습니다. 성장의 원동력은 벌어들인 보험료 25.67억 달러(전년 22.97억), 순투자소득 2.95억 달러(전년 2.58억), 그리고 순투자손익 8.53억 달러(전년 7.58억)였습니다.
보험 손실 및 계약자 혜택은 15.40억 달러(전년 15.78억)였고, 인수·취득 및 보험 비용은 7.54억 달러(전년 6.83억)였습니다. 회사는 분기 동안 전년 대비 2,200만 달러의 우호적 예비충당금 개발을 기록했고 연초 대비 1.76억 달러였습니다. 투자자산은 310.99억 달러였고 2025년 9월 30일 기준 주주자본은 154.06억 달러였습니다. 연간 누계 영업현금흐름은 216.5백만 달러였습니다. 분기 배당은 주당 0.87달러로 선언되었습니다. 발행주식은 15,601,8513주였습니다(2025년 10월 22일 기준).
Cincinnati Financial (CINF) a déposé son 10-Q du T3 2025, affichant des résultats plus solides. Les revenus totaux se sont élevés à 3 726 millions de dollars contre 3 320 millions l'année précédente. Le résultat net a augmenté à 1 122 millions de dollars contre 820 millions, avec un bénéfice par action dilué de 7,11 dollars contre 5,20. La croissance a été soutenue par des primes acquises de 2 567 millions (contre 2 297), un revenu net de placements de 295 millions (contre 258) et des gains nets sur placements de 853 millions (contre 758).
Les pertes d’assurance et prestations aux apporteurs de contrats étaient de 1 540 millions (contre 1 578), et les frais de souscription, d’acquisition et d’assurance étaient de 754 millions (contre 683). La société a enregistré un développement favorable des provisions de l’exercice précédent de 22 millions au trimestre et 176 millions à ce jour. Les investissements totalisaient 31,099 milliards et les fonds propres des actionnaires s’élevaient à 15,406 milliards au 30 septembre 2025. Le flux de trésorerie opérationnel cumulé de l’année était de 2,165 milliards. Le dividende trimestral déclaré était de 0,87 dollar par action. Les actions en circulation étaient de 156 018 513 au 22 octobre 2025.
Cincinnati Financial (CINF) hat seinen Q3-Bericht 2025 (10-Q) eingereicht und verzeichnete bessere Ergebnisse. Die Gesamterlöse betrugen 3.726 Millionen Dollar gegenüber 3.320 Millionen Dollar im Vorjahr. Der Nettogewinn stieg auf 1.122 Millionen Dollar von 820 Millionen Dollar, mit einem verwässertenEPS von 7,11 Dollar gegenüber 5,20. Das Wachstum wurde durch verdiente Prämien von 2.567 Millionen Dollar (von 2.297), einen höheren Nettoertrag aus Investitionen von 295 Millionen Dollar (von 258) und Netto-Investment-Gewinnen von 853 Millionen Dollar (von 758) gestützt.
Versicherungsverluste und Leistungen an Vertragshalter betrugen 1.540 Millionen Dollar (von 1.578), und Underwriting-, Akquisitions- und Versicherungsaufwendungen betrugen 754 Millionen Dollar (von 683). Das Unternehmen verzeichnete eine günstige gleichbleibende Vererbungsentwicklung von Rückstellungen des Vorjahres von 22 Millionen im Quartal und 176 Millionen Year-to-date. Investitionen beliefen sich auf 31,099 Milliarden Dollar und das Eigenkapital der Aktionäre lag bei 15,406 Milliarden Dollar zum 30. September 2025. Der kumulierte operative Cashflow des Jahres betrug 2,165 Milliarden Dollar. Die vierteljährliche Dividende von 0,87 Dollar pro Aktie wurde angekündigt. Die ausstehenden Aktien betrugen zum 22. Oktober 2025 156.018.513.
سِنتشي فنانشال (CINF) قدمت تقريرها المالي للربع الثالث من عام 2025 (10-Q)، وأظهرت نتائج أقوى. بلغت الإيرادات الإجمالية 3,726 مليون دولار مقارنة بـ 3,320 مليون دولار قبل عام. ارتفع صافي الدخل إلى 1,122 مليون دولار من 820 مليون دولار، مع ربحية السهم المخففة البالغة 7.11 دولار مقابل 5.20 دولار. دعمت النمو أقساط مستحقة بمقدار 2,567 مليون دولار (من 2,297)، ودخل صافي من الاستثمارات بمقدار 295 مليون دولار (من 258)، وأرباح صافية من الاستثمارات بمقدار 853 مليون دولار (من 758).
خسائر التأمين ومنافع حاملي العقود كانت 1,540 مليون دولار (من 1,578)، وتكاليف الاكتتاب والاكتساب والتأمين كانت 754 مليون دولار (من 683). كشفت الشركة عن تطور احتياطي سابق بفارق إيجابي قدره 22 مليون دولار في الربع و176 مليون دولار حتى تاريخه. بلغت الاستثمارات 31.099 مليار دولار وحقوق المساهمين كانت 15.406 مليار دولار في 30 سبتمبر 2025. كان التدفق النقدي التشغيلي خلال السنة حتى التاريخ 2.165 مليار دولار. تم الإعلان عن توزيع ربعي قدره 0.87 دولار للسهم. كانت عدد الأسهم المصدرة 156,018,513 حتى 22 أكتوبر 2025.
Cincinnati Financial (CINF) 已提交其2025年第三季度10-Q，业绩有所改善。 总收入为37.26亿美元，上一年同期为33.20亿美元。净利润上升至11.22亿美元，摊薄后每股收益为7.11美元，近于去年同期的5.20美元。增长由已赚保费2567百万美元（之前为2297百万）、净投资收益295百万美元（此前为258百万）、净投资收益853百万美元（此前为758百万）所支持。
保险损失及合同持有者福利为15.40亿美元（此前为15.78亿美元），承保、收购及保险费用为7.54亿美元（此前为6.83亿美元）。公司在本季度实现对前一年储备的有利修正22百万美元，年初至今为176百万美元。投资总额为310.99亿美元，2025年9月30日股东权益为154.06亿美元。年内累计经营现金流为21.65亿美元。宣布的季度股息为每股0.87美元。至2025年10月22日，流通在外的股份为156,018,513股。
Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark one)
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025 .
For the transition period from _____________________ to _____________________.
Commission file number 0-4604
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |||||||||||||||||||
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip code) | |||||||||||||||||||
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (513 ) 870-2000
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||||||||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
☑Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
☑Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a nonaccelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
☑ Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Nonaccelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):
As of October 22, 2025, there were 156,018,513 shares of common stock outstanding.
Table of Contents
CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED September 30, 2025
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I – Financial Information | 3 | ||||
Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited) | 3 | ||||
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 3 | ||||
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income | 4 | ||||
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 5 | ||||
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity | 6 | ||||
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 7 | ||||
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 8 | ||||
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 33 | ||||
Safe Harbor Statement | 33 | ||||
Corporate Financial Highlights | 36 | ||||
Financial Results | 45 | ||||
Liquidity and Capital Resources | 60 | ||||
Other Matters | 64 | ||||
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 64 | ||||
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 71 | ||||
Part II – Other Information | 72 | ||||
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 72 | ||||
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 72 | ||||
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 73 | ||||
Item 5. Other Information | 74 | ||||
Item 6. Exhibits | 75 | ||||
Cincinnati Financial Corporation Third-Quarter 2025 10-Q
Page 2
Table of Contents
Part I – Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)
Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
| (Dollars in millions, except per share data) | September 30, | December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Assets | ||||||||||||||
| Investments | ||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, at fair value (amortized cost: 2025—$ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2025—$ | ||||||||||||||
Short-term investments, at fair value (amortized cost: 2025—$ | ||||||||||||||
| Other invested assets | ||||||||||||||
| Total investments | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | ||||||||||||||
| Investment income receivable | ||||||||||||||
| Finance receivable | ||||||||||||||
| Premiums receivable | ||||||||||||||
| Reinsurance recoverable | ||||||||||||||
| Prepaid reinsurance premiums | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | ||||||||||||||
Land, building and equipment, net, for company use (accumulated depreciation: 2025—$ | ||||||||||||||
| Other assets | ||||||||||||||
| Separate accounts | ||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Liabilities | ||||||||||||||
| Insurance reserves | ||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expense reserves | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Life policy and investment contract reserves | ||||||||||||||
| Unearned premiums | ||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred income tax | ||||||||||||||
| Note payable | ||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt and lease obligations | ||||||||||||||
| Separate accounts | ||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | ||||||||||||||
| Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 12) | ||||||||||||||
| Shareholders' Equity | ||||||||||||||
Common stock, par value—$ shares; issued: 2025 and 2024— | ||||||||||||||
| Paid-in capital | ||||||||||||||
| Retained earnings | ||||||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
Treasury stock at cost (2025— | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Total shareholders' equity | ||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
| (Dollars in millions, except per share data) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income, net of expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fee revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefits and Expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance losses and contract holders' benefits | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other operating expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total benefits and expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income Before Income Taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for Income Taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total provision for income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Income | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Per Common Share | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income — basic | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income — diluted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Income | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Change in unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of tax of $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of pension actuarial loss (gain) and prior service cost, net of tax (benefit) of $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Change in life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other, net of tax (benefit) of $( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive Income | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based awards | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paid-In Capital | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based awards | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retained Earnings | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends declared | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of period | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of period | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treasury Stock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of period | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based awards | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares acquired - share-based compensation plans | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of period | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Shareholders' Equity | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions, except per common share) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock - Shares Outstanding | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based awards | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares acquired - share-based compensation plans | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends declared per common share | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
| (Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30, | |||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Cash Flows From Operating Activities | ||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation, amortization and other | ||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Interest credited to contract holders | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred income tax expense | ||||||||||||||
| Changes in: | ||||||||||||||
| Premiums and reinsurance receivable | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Other assets | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expense reserves | ||||||||||||||
| Life policy and investment contract reserves | ||||||||||||||
| Unearned premiums | ||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | ||||||||||||||
| Current income tax receivable/payable | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | ||||||||||||||
| Cash Flows From Investing Activities | ||||||||||||||
| Sale, call or maturity of fixed maturities | ||||||||||||||
| Sale of equity securities | ||||||||||||||
| Purchase of fixed maturities | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Purchase of equity securities | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Change in short-term investments, net | ||||||||||||||
| Changes in finance receivables | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Investment in building and equipment | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Change in other invested assets, net | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Cash Flows From Financing Activities | ||||||||||||||
| Payment of cash dividends to shareholders | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Proceeds from stock options exercised | ||||||||||||||
| Contract holders' funds deposited | ||||||||||||||
| Contract holders' funds withdrawn | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Other | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Net cash used in financing activities | ( | ( | ||||||||||||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information: | ||||||||||||||
| Interest paid | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Income taxes paid | ||||||||||||||
| Noncash Activities | ||||||||||||||
| Equipment acquired under finance lease obligations | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | ||||||||||||||
| Other assets and other liabilities | ||||||||||||||
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
NOTE 1 — Accounting Policies
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cincinnati Financial Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, each of which is wholly owned. These statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Our actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been condensed or omitted.
Our September 30, 2025, condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited. We believe that we have made all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring accruals, that are necessary for fair presentation. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for interim periods do not necessarily indicate results to be expected for the full year.
Pending Accounting Updates
ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures by requiring entities to disclose specific categories within their rate reconciliation as well as additional items within those categories above a prescribed threshold. This ASU also requires disclosure of the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes as well as additional items within those categories above a prescribed threshold. The effective date of ASU 2023-09 is for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and should be applied prospectively with retrospective application permitted. The ASU has not yet been adopted and will not have a material impact on our company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows or disclosures in our annual financial statements.
ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. ASU 2024-03 requires increased quantitative and qualitative disclosure of certain categories of expenses. The effective date of ASU 2024-03 is for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The ASU has not yet been adopted and will not have a material impact on our company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows, but the ASU will require additional disclosures in our annual and interim financial statements.
ASU 2025-06, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software
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NOTE 2 – Investments
The following table provides amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses and fair value for our fixed-maturity and short-term investments:
| (Dollars in millions) | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized | Fair value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | gains | losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-maturity: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed-maturity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-maturity: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed-maturity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
The decrease in net unrealized investment losses in our fixed-maturity portfolio at September 30, 2025, is primarily due to a decrease in U.S. Treasury yields and a slight tightening of corporate credit spreads. Our asset-backed securities had an average rating of Aa2/AA and Aa1/AA at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
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The table below provides fair values and gross unrealized losses by investment category and by the duration of the continuous unrealized loss positions:
| (Dollars in millions) | Less than 12 months | 12 months or more | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | Fair value | Unrealized losses | Fair value | Unrealized losses | Fair value | Unrealized losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-maturity: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed-maturity | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-maturity: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed-maturity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Contractual maturity dates for our fixed-maturity and short-term investments were:
| (Dollars in millions) | Amortized cost | Fair value | % of fair value | |||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Maturity dates: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Due in one year or less | $ | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Due after one year through five years | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Due after five years through ten years | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Due after ten years | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||
Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities when there is a right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
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The following table provides investment income and investment gains and losses, net:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less investment expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-maturity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross realized gains | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross realized losses | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Change in allowance for credit losses, net | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
The fair value of our equity portfolio was $12.547 billion and $11.185 billion at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Microsoft Corporation (Nasdaq:MSFT) and Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL), equity holdings, were our largest single investment holdings with fair values of $940 million and $891 million, which were 7.7 % and 8.2 % of our publicly traded common equities portfolio and 3.1 % and 3.2 % of the total investment portfolio at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
The allowance for credit losses on fixed-maturity securities was $41 million and $33 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Reductions in the allowance for credit losses for securities sold were $6 million and $7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
There were 2,831 and 3,723 fixed-maturity and short-term investments in a total unrealized loss position of $429 million and $631 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Of those totals, 17 and 19 fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70 % of amortized cost at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
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NOTE 3 – Fair Value Measurements
In accordance with accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures, we categorized our financial instruments, based on the priority of the observable and market-based data for the valuation technique used, into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices with readily available independent data in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable market inputs (Level 3). When various inputs for measurement fall within different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the lowest observable input that has a significant impact on fair value measurement is used. Our valuation techniques have not changed from those used at December 31, 2024, and ultimately management determines fair value. See our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, Page 138, for information on characteristics and valuation techniques used in determining fair value.
Fair Value Disclosures for Assets
The following tables illustrate the fair value hierarchy for those assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. We do not have any liabilities carried at fair value.
| (Dollars in millions) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities, available for sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common equities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonredeemable preferred equities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common equity (included in Other assets) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities, available for sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common equities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonredeemable preferred equities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common equity (included in Other assets) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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We also held Level 1 cash and cash equivalents of $1.460 billion and $983 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Fair Value Disclosures for Assets and Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value
The disclosures below are presented to provide information about the effects of current market conditions on financial instruments that are not reported at fair value in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
This table summarizes the book value and principal amounts of our long-term debt:
| (Dollars in millions) | Book value | Principal amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate | Year of issue | September 30, | December 31, | September 30, | December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Senior debentures, due 2028 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Senior debentures, due 2028 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Senior notes, due 2034 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The following table shows fair values of our note payable and long-term debt:
| (Dollars in millions) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note payable | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note payable | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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The following table shows the fair value of our life policy loans included in other invested assets and the fair values of our deferred annuities and structured settlements included in life policy and investment contract reserves:
| (Dollars in millions) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Life policy loans | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred annuities | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Structured settlements | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Life policy loans | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred annuities | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Structured settlements | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding principal and interest for these life policy loans totaled $37 million and $36 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Recorded reserves for the deferred annuities were $565 million and $595 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Recorded reserves for the structured settlements were $112 million and $116 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
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NOTE 4 – Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses
This table summarizes activity for our consolidated property casualty loss and loss expense reserves:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less reinsurance recoverable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net incurred loss and loss expenses related to: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total incurred | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net paid loss and loss expenses related to: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total paid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss and loss expense reserves, end of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Plus reinsurance recoverable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross loss and loss expense reserves, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
We use actuarial methods, models and judgment to estimate, as of a financial statement date, the property casualty loss and loss expense reserves required to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims, as of that date. The actuarial estimate is subject to review and adjustment by an inter-departmental committee that includes actuarial, claims, underwriting, loss prevention and accounting management. This committee is familiar with relevant company and industry business, claims and underwriting trends, as well as general economic and legal trends that could affect future loss and loss expense payments. The amount we will actually have to pay for claims can be highly uncertain. This uncertainty, together with the size of our reserves, makes the loss and loss expense reserves our most significant estimate. The reserve for loss and loss expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets also included $65 million and $62 million at September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, for certain life and health loss and loss expense reserves.
We experienced $22 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $18 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $14 million of unfavorable development in personal lines and $4 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines for the three months ended September 30, 2025. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $38 million for the commercial property line and $17 million for the workers' compensation line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. This was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development of $24 million for the commercial casualty line and $10 million for the commercial auto line.
We experienced $176 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $103 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $24 million of favorable development in personal lines and $18 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $113 million for the commercial property line and $45 million for the workers' compensation line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. This was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development of $35 million for the commercial auto line and $21 million for the commercial casualty line. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $47 million for the homeowner line.
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We experienced $71 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $50 million of favorable development in commercial lines, less than $1 million of unfavorable development in personal lines and $5 million of unfavorable development in excess and surplus lines for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $33 million for the commercial property line and $16 million for the workers' compensation line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines.
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NOTE 5 – Life Policy and Investment Contract Reserves
We establish the reserves for traditional life policies including term, whole life and other products based on the present value of future benefits and claim expenses less the present value of future net premiums. Net premium is the portion of gross premium required to provide for all benefits and claim expenses. We estimate future benefits and claim expenses and net premium using certain cash flow assumptions including mortality, morbidity and lapse rates as well as a discount rate assumption. The cash flow assumptions are established based on our current expectations and are reviewed annually, typically in the second quarter, to determine any necessary updates. These assumptions are also updated on an interim basis if evidence suggests that they should be revised. We use both our own experience and industry experience, adjusted for historical trends, in arriving at our cash flow assumptions. The discount rate assumption is based on upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields (market value discount rates) and is updated quarterly. Changes in the inputs, judgments and assumptions during the period and the related measurement impact on the liability are reflected in the below tables.
We establish reserves for our universal life, deferred annuity and other investment contracts equal to the cumulative account balances, which include premium deposits plus credited interest less charges and withdrawals. Some of our universal life policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance, based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments.
The following table summarizes our life policy and investment contract reserves and provides a reconciliation of the balances described in the below tables to those in the condensed consolidated balance sheets:
| (Dollars in millions) | September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Life policy reserves: | ||||||||||||||
| Term | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Whole life | ||||||||||||||
| Other | ||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | ||||||||||||||
| Investment contract reserves: | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred annuities | ||||||||||||||
| Universal life | ||||||||||||||
| Structured settlements | ||||||||||||||
| Other | ||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | ||||||||||||||
| Total life policy and investment contract reserves | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
The balances and changes in the term and whole life policy reserves included in life policy and investment contract reserves are as follows:
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| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | Whole life | Term | Whole life | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Present value of expected net premiums: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance at original discount rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of actual variances from expected experience | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted beginning of period balance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuances | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest accrual | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums collected | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ending balance at original discount rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Present value of expected future policy benefits: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance at original discount rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of actual variances from expected experience | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted beginning of period balance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuances | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest accrual | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefits paid | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ending balance at original discount rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net liability for future policy benefits: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Present value of expected future policy benefits less expected net premiums | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impact of flooring at cohort level | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net life policy reserves | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less reinsurance recoverable at original discount rate | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less effect of discount rate assumption changes on reinsurance recoverable | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net life policy reserves, after reinsurance recoverable | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average duration of the net life policy reserves in years | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| (Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | Whole life | Term | Whole life | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Present value of expected net premiums: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance at original discount rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of actual variances from expected experience | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted beginning of period balance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuances | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest accrual | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums collected | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ending balance at original discount rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Present value of expected future policy benefits: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance at original discount rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of actual variances from expected experience | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted beginning of period balance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuances | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest accrual | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefits paid | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ending balance at original discount rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net liability for future policy benefits: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Present value of expected future policy benefits less expected net premiums | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impact of flooring at cohort level | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net life policy reserves | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less reinsurance recoverable at original discount rate | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less effect of discount rate assumption changes on reinsurance recoverable | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net life policy reserves, after reinsurance recoverable | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average duration of the net life policy reserves in years | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The total impact of flooring at cohort level in the above tables includes the effect of discount rate assumption changes of $2 million and $3 million at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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The following table shows the amount of undiscounted and discounted expected future benefit payments and expected gross premiums for our term and whole life policies:
| (Dollars in millions) | At September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Undiscounted | Discounted | Undiscounted | Discounted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expected future benefit payments | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expected future gross premiums | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Whole life | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expected future benefit payments | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expected future gross premiums | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The following table shows the amount of revenue and interest recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of income related to our term and whole life policies:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross premiums | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Whole life | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest accretion | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Whole life | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Adverse development that resulted in an immediate charge to income due to net premiums exceeding gross premiums was immaterial
The following table shows the weighted-average interest rate for our term and whole life products:
| At September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest accretion rate | % | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current discount rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Whole life | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest accretion rate | % | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current discount rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The discount rate assumption was developed by calculating forward rates from market yield curves of upper-medium grade fixed-income instruments.
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The following table shows the balances and changes in policyholders' account balances included in investment contract reserves:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred annuity | Universal life | Deferred annuity | Universal life | Deferred annuity | Universal life | Deferred annuity | Universal life | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Premiums received | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Policy charges | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Surrenders and withdrawals | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit payments | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest credited | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average crediting rate | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net amount at risk | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash surrender value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The net amount at risk above represents the guaranteed benefit amount in excess of the current account balances.
The following table shows the balance of account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates, in basis points, and the related range of the difference between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums for our deferred annuity and universal life contracts:
| (Dollars in millions) | At guaranteed minimum | 1 to 50 basis points above | 51-150 basis points above | Greater than 150 basis points | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred annuity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1.00-3.00% | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.01-4.00% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Universal life | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1.00-3.00% | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.01-4.00% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greater than 4.00% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred annuity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1.00-3.00% | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.01-4.00% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Universal life | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1.00-3.00% | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.01-4.00% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greater than 4.00% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The following table shows the balances and changes in the other additional liability related to the no-lapse guarantees contained within our universal life contracts:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period before shadow reserve adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of actual variances from expected experience | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted beginning of period balance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest accrual | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excess death benefits | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Attributed assessments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of changes in interest rate assumptions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period before shadow reserve adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shadow reserve adjustments | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less reinsurance recoverable, end of period | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net other additional liability, after reinsurance recoverable | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average duration of the other additional liability in years | |||||||||||||||||||||||
The following table shows balances and changes in separate accounts liability balances during the period:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest credited before policy charges | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit payments | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash surrender value | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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NOTE 6 – Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Expenses directly related to successfully acquired insurance policies – primarily commissions, premium taxes and underwriting costs – are deferred and amortized over the terms of the policies. We update our acquisition cost assumptions periodically to reflect actual experience. For property casualty, we evaluate the costs for recoverability. No premium deficiencies were recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of income, as the sum of the anticipated loss and loss expenses, policyholder dividends and unamortized deferred acquisition expenses did not exceed the related unearned premiums and anticipated investment income.
The table below shows the deferred policy acquisition costs and asset reconciliation.
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Property casualty: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Life: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
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The table below shows the life deferred policy acquisition costs asset by product:
| (Dollars in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three months ended September 30, 2025 | Term | Whole life | Deferred annuity | Universal life | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three months ended September 30, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nine months ended September 30, 2025 | Term | Whole life | Deferred annuity | Universal life | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nine months ended September 30, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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NOTE 7 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) includes changes in unrealized gains and losses on investments, changes in pension obligations and changes in life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other as follows:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Before tax | Income tax | Net | Before tax | Income tax | Net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension obligations: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization recognized in net income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of AOCI: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments OCI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension obligations OCI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other OCI | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total OCI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| (Dollars in millions) | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Before tax | Income tax | Net | Before tax | Income tax | Net | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension obligations: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization recognized in net income | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OCI | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of AOCI: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, beginning of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments OCI | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension obligations OCI | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Life policy reserves, reinsurance recoverable and other OCI | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total OCI | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AOCI, end of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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NOTE 8 – Reinsurance
Primary components of our property casualty reinsurance assumed operations include involuntary and voluntary assumed as well as contracts from our reinsurance assumed operations, known as Cincinnati Re. Primary components of our ceded reinsurance include a property per risk treaty, property excess treaty, casualty per occurrence treaty, casualty excess treaty, property catastrophe treaty and retrocessions on our reinsurance assumed operations. Management’s decisions about the appropriate level of risk retention are affected by various factors, including changes in our underwriting practices, capacity to retain risks and reinsurance market conditions.
The table below summarizes our consolidated property casualty insurance net written premiums, earned premiums and incurred loss and loss expenses:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct written premiums | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assumed written premiums | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ceded written premiums | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net written premiums | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct earned premiums | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assumed earned premiums | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ceded earned premiums | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct incurred loss and loss expenses | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assumed incurred loss and loss expenses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ceded incurred loss and loss expenses | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Incurred loss and loss expenses | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Our life insurance company purchases reinsurance for protection of a portion of the risks that are written. Primary components of our life reinsurance program include individual mortality coverage, aggregate catastrophe and accidental death coverage in excess of certain deductibles.
The table below summarizes our consolidated life insurance earned premiums and contract holders' benefits incurred:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct earned premiums | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ceded earned premiums | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct contract holders' benefits incurred | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ceded contract holders' benefits incurred | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contract holders' benefits incurred | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
The ceded benefits incurred can vary depending on the type of life insurance policy held and the year the policy was issued.
The allowance for uncollectible property casualty premiums receivable was $18
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NOTE 9 – Income Taxes
The differences between the 21 % statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate were as follows:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax at statutory rate: | $ | % | $ | % | $ | % | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Increase (decrease) resulting from: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax-exempt income from municipal bonds | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend received exclusion | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | $ | % | $ | % | $ | % | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The provision for federal income taxes is based upon filing a consolidated income tax return for the company and its domestic subsidiaries.
The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “Tax Act”) was enacted on July 4, 2025, and makes permanent several provisions from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Applicable impacts of the Tax Act have been reflected in the tax provision
at September 30, 2025, and do not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
We continue to believe that after considering all positive and negative evidence of taxable income in the carryback and carryforward periods as permitted by law, it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets on our U.S. domestic operations and those related to Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM (Cincinnati Global) will be realized. As a result, we have no
Cincinnati Global
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NOTE 10 – Net Income Per Common Share
Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. The table shows calculations for basic and diluted earnings per share:
| (In millions, except per share data) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Numerator: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income—basic and diluted | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Denominator: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of share-based awards: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock options | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonvested shares | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted weighted-average shares | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of anti-dilutive share-based awards | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NOTE 11 – Employee Retirement Benefits
The following summarizes the components of net periodic benefit for our qualified and supplemental pension plans:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service cost | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-service (benefit) costs: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest cost | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expected return on plan assets | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss and prior service cost | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total non-service benefit | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net periodic benefit | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
See our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 13, Employee Retirement Benefits, Page 167, for information on our retirement benefits. The net periodic benefit is allocated in the same proportion primarily to the underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line item with the remainder allocated to the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits line item on the condensed consolidated statements of income for both 2025 and 2024.
We made matching contributions totaling $7 26 million and $23 million for the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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NOTE 12 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
The company, through its insurance subsidiaries, is involved in claims litigation arising in the ordinary course of conducting its business, both as a liability insurer defending third-party claims brought against insureds and as an insurer defending against coverage claims. The company accounts for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. Subject to the uncertainties discussed in Note 4, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses, and in the discussion in the balance of this Note, we believe that the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to such ordinary-course claims litigation, after consideration of provisions made for potential losses, costs of defense, and reinsurance recoveries, is immaterial to our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
The company and its subsidiaries also are occasionally involved in other legal and regulatory proceedings, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of state or national classes. The company’s insurance subsidiaries also are occasionally parties to individual actions in which extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties are sought, such as claims alleging bad faith handling of insurance claims or writing unauthorized coverage or claims alleging discrimination by former or current associates.
On a quarterly basis, we review these outstanding matters. Under current accounting guidance, we establish accruals when it is probable that a covered loss has been incurred and we can reasonably estimate its potential exposure. The company accounts for such probable and estimable losses, if any, through the establishment of legal expense reserves. Based on our quarterly review, we believe that our accruals for probable and estimable losses are reasonable and that the amounts accrued do not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. However, if any one or more of these matters results in a judgment against us or settlement for an amount that is significantly greater than the amount accrued, the resulting liability could have a material effect on the company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Based on our most recent review, our estimate for any other matters for which the risk of loss is not probable, but more than remote, is immaterial.
NOTE 13 – Segment Information
We operate primarily in two industries, property casualty insurance and life insurance. Our chief operating decision maker (CODM) is the chief executive officer who regularly reviews our reporting segments to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. Our reporting segments are:
•Commercial lines insurance
•Personal lines insurance
•Excess and surplus lines insurance
•Life insurance
•Investments
We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and its noninsurer subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. See our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 18, Segment Information, Page 176, for a description of revenue, income or loss before income taxes, including its components, and identifiable assets for each of the five segments.
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Segment information is summarized in the following table:
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial lines insurance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial lines insurance premiums | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fee revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial lines insurance revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial lines income before income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal lines insurance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal lines insurance premiums | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fee revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total personal lines insurance revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total personal lines income (loss) before income taxes | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Excess and surplus lines insurance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excess and surplus lines insurance premiums | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fee revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total excess and surplus lines insurance revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total excess and surplus lines income before income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Life insurance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Life insurance premiums | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fee revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total life insurance revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contract holders' benefits incurred | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment interest credited to contract holders | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses incurred | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total life insurance income before income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income, net of expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment revenue | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment interest credited to contract holders | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment income before income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reconciliation to condensed consolidated income before income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total segment revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other earned premiums | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total segment benefits and expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other loss and loss expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other underwriting expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other benefits and expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total benefits and expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total income before income taxes | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
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Identifiable assets by segment are summarized in the following table:
| (Dollars in millions) | September 30, | December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Identifiable assets: | ||||||||||||||
| Property casualty insurance | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Life insurance | ||||||||||||||
| Investments | ||||||||||||||
| Other | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations
The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the condensed consolidated results of operations and financial position of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless otherwise noted, the industry data is prepared by A.M. Best Co., a leading insurance industry statistical, analytical and financial strength rating organization. Information from A.M. Best is presented on a statutory basis for insurance company regulation in the United States of America. When we provide our results on a comparable statutory basis, we label it as such; all other company data is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).
We present per share data on a diluted basis unless otherwise noted, adjusting those amounts for all stock splits and dividends. Dollar amounts are rounded to millions; calculations of percent changes are based on dollar amounts rounded to the nearest million. Certain percentage changes are identified as not meaningful (nm).
SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT
Our business is subject to certain risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements contained herein, are based upon our current estimates, assumptions and plans that are subject to uncertainty. These statements are made subject to the safe-harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words like “seek,” “expect,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “might,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “intend,” “likely,” “future,” or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they were made; we assume no obligation to update such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:
Insurance-Related Risks
•Risks and uncertainties associated with our loss reserves or actual claim costs exceeding reserves
•Increased frequency and/or severity of claims or development of claims that are unforeseen at the time of policy issuance
•Unusually high levels of catastrophe losses due to risk concentrations or changes in weather patterns, environmental events, war or political unrest, terrorism incidents, cyberattacks, civil unrest or other causes; and our ability to manage catastrophe risk
•Risks associated with analytical models in key areas such as underwriting, pricing, capital management, reserving, investments, reinsurance, and catastrophe risk management
•Inadequate estimates or assumptions, or reliance on third-party data used for critical accounting estimates
•Events or conditions that could weaken or harm our relationships with our independent agencies and hamper opportunities to add new agencies, resulting in limitations on our opportunities for growth
•Mergers, acquisitions, and other consolidations of agencies that result in a concentration of a significant amount of premium in one agency or agency group and/or alter our competitive advantages
•Our inability to manage business opportunities, growth prospects, and expenses for our ongoing operations
•Changing consumer insurance-buying habits
•The inability to obtain adequate ceded reinsurance on acceptable terms, for acceptable amounts, and from financially strong reinsurers; and the potential for nonpayment or delay in payment by reinsurers
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•Domestic and global events, such as the wars in Ukraine and in the Middle East, future pandemics, inflationary trends, changes in U.S. trade and tariff policy, and disruptions in the banking and financial services industry, resulting in insurance losses, capital market or credit market uncertainty, followed by prolonged periods of economic instability or recession, that lead to:
◦Securities market disruption or volatility and related effects such as decreased economic activity and continued supply chain disruptions that affect our investment portfolio and book value
◦Significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of securities and impairment of the assets
◦Significant decline in investment income due to reduced or eliminated dividend payouts from securities
◦Significant rise in losses from surety or director and officer policies written for financial institutions or other insured entities or in losses from policies written by Cincinnati Re or Cincinnati Global
◦An unusually high level of claims in our insurance or reinsurance operations that increase litigation-related expenses
◦Decreased premium revenue and cash flow from disruption to our distribution channel of independent agents, consumer self-isolation, travel limitations, business restrictions and decreased economic activity
◦The inability of our workforce, agencies, or vendors to perform necessary business functions
Financial, Economic, and Investment Risks
•Declines in overall stock market values negatively affecting our equity portfolio and book value
•Downgrades in our financial strength ratings
•Interest rate fluctuations or other factors that could significantly affect:
◦Our ability to generate growth in investment income
◦Values of our fixed-maturity investments and accounts in which we hold bank-owned life insurance contract assets
◦Our traditional life policy reserves
•Economic volatility and illiquidity associated with our alternative investments in private equity, private credit, real property, and limited partnerships
•Failure to comply with covenants and other requirements under our credit facilities, senior debt, and other debt obligations
•Recession, prolonged elevated inflation, or other economic conditions resulting in lower demand for insurance products or increased payment delinquencies
•The inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends consistent with current or past levels impacting our ability to pay shareholder dividends or repurchase shares
General Business, Technology, and Operational Risks
•Ineffective information technology systems or failing to develop and implement improvements in technology
•Difficulties with technology or data security breaches, including cyberattacks, could negatively affect our, or our agents’, ability to conduct business; disrupt our relationships with agents, policyholders, and others; cause reputational damage, mitigation expenses, data loss, and expose us to liability
•Difficulties with our operations and technology that may negatively impact our ability to conduct business, including cloud-based data information storage, data security, remote working capabilities, and/or outsourcing relationships and third-party operations and data security
•Disruption of the insurance market caused by technology innovations - such as driverless cars - that could decrease consumer demand for insurance products
•Delays, inadequate data developed internally or from third parties, or performance inadequacies from ongoing development and implementation of underwriting and pricing models and methods, including usage-based insurance methods, automation, artificial intelligence, or technology projects and enhancements expected to increase our efficiency, pricing accuracy, underwriting profit, and competitiveness
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•Intense competition, and the impact of innovation, emerging technologies, artificial intelligence and changing customer preferences on the insurance industry and the markets in which we operate, could harm our ability to maintain or increase our business volumes and profitability
•Inability to defer policy acquisition costs for any business segment if pricing and loss trends would lead management to conclude that the segment could not achieve sustainable profitability
•Unforeseen departure of certain executive officers or other key employees that could interrupt progress toward important strategic goals or diminish the effectiveness of certain longstanding relationships with insurance agents and others
•Our inability, or the inability of our independent agents, to attract and retain personnel
•Events, such as a pandemic, an epidemic, natural catastrophe, or terrorism, which could hamper our ability to assemble our workforce, work effectively in a remote environment, or other failures of business continuity or disaster recovery programs
Regulatory, Compliance, and Legal Risks
•Actions of insurance departments, state attorneys general or other regulatory agencies, including a change to a federal system of regulation from a state-based system, that:
◦Impose new obligations on us that increase our expenses or change the assumptions underlying our critical accounting estimates
◦Place the insurance industry under greater regulatory scrutiny or result in new statutes, rules, and regulations
◦Restrict our ability to exit or reduce writings of unprofitable coverages or lines of business
◦Increase assessments for guaranty funds, other insurance‑related assessments, or mandatory reinsurance arrangements; or that impair our ability to recover such assessments through future surcharges or other rate changes
◦Increase our provision for federal income taxes due to changes in tax laws, regulations, or interpretations
◦Increase other expenses
◦Limit our ability to set fair, adequate, and reasonable rates
◦Restrict our ability to cancel policies
◦Impose new underwriting standards
◦Place us at a disadvantage in the marketplace
◦Restrict our ability to execute our business model, including the way we compensate agents
•Adverse outcomes from litigation, environmental claims, mass torts or administrative proceedings, including effects of social inflation and third-party litigation funding on the size and frequency of litigation awards
•Events or actions, including unauthorized intentional circumvention of controls, which reduce our future ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
•Effects of changing social, global, economic, and regulatory environments
•Additional measures affecting corporate financial reporting and governance that can affect the market value of our common stock
Risks and uncertainties are further discussed in other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1A, Risk Factors, Page 30.
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CORPORATE FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Net Income and Comprehensive Income Data
| (Dollars in millions, except per share data) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 2,567 | $ | 2,297 | 12 | $ | 7,391 | $ | 6,524 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income, net of expenses (pretax) | 295 | 258 | 14 | 860 | 745 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net (pretax) | 853 | 758 | 13 | 1,259 | 1,507 | (16) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 3,726 | 3,320 | 12 | 9,540 | 8,799 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 1,122 | 820 | 37 | 1,717 | 1,887 | (9) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income | 1,287 | 1,140 | 13 | 1,942 | 2,172 | (11) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income per share—diluted | 7.11 | 5.20 | 37 | 10.88 | 11.97 | (9) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends declared per share | 0.87 | 0.81 | 7 | 2.61 | 2.43 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 157.8 | 157.7 | 0 | 157.8 | 157.7 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total revenues increased $406 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared with the third quarter of 2024, including higher earned premiums, net investment gains and investment income. For the first nine months of 2025, compared with the same period of 2024, total revenues increased $741 million, primarily due to higher earned premiums and investment income offset by a decrease in net investment gains. Premium and investment revenue trends are discussed further in the respective sections of Financial Results.
Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sales of investments, on certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. We have substantial discretion in the timing of investment sales, and that timing generally is independent of the insurance underwriting process. The change in fair value of securities is also generally independent of the insurance underwriting process.
Net income for the third quarter of 2025, compared with the third quarter of 2024, increased $302 million, including increases of $77 million in after-tax net investment gains and losses, $182 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting profit and $30 million in after-tax investment income. Catastrophe losses for the third quarter of 2025, mostly weather related, were $152 million lower after taxes and contributed favorably to both net income and property casualty underwriting profit. Life insurance segment results increased by $7 million on a pretax basis.
For the first nine months of 2025, net income decreased $170 million, compared with the first nine months of 2024,
including decreases of $193 million in after-tax investment gains and losses and $83 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting income, partially offset by an increase of $92 million in after-tax investment income. The property casualty underwriting income decrease included an unfavorable $248 million after-tax effect from higher catastrophe losses. Life insurance segment results increased by $3 million on a pretax basis.
Performance by segment is discussed below in Financial Results. As discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 46, there are several reasons why our performance during 2025 may ultimately be below our long-term targets.
The board of directors is committed to rewarding shareholders directly through cash dividends and through share repurchase authorizations. Through 2024, the company had increased the annual cash dividend rate for 64 consecutive years, a record we believe is matched by only seven other U.S. publicly traded companies. In January 2025, the board of directors increased the regular quarterly dividend to 87 cents per share, setting the stage for our 65th consecutive year of increasing cash dividends. During the first nine months of 2025, cash dividends declared by the company increased 7% compared with the same period of 2024. Our board regularly evaluates relevant factors in decisions related to dividends and share repurchases. The 2025 dividend increase reflected our strong operating performance and signaled management's and the board's positive outlook and confidence in our outstanding capital, liquidity and financial flexibility.
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Balance Sheet Data and Performance Measures
| (Dollars in millions, except share data) | At September 30, | At December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | 31,099 | $ | 28,378 | ||||||||||
| Total assets | 40,567 | 36,501 | ||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 25 | 25 | ||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | 790 | 790 | ||||||||||||
| Shareholders' equity | 15,406 | 13,935 | ||||||||||||
| Book value per share | 98.76 | 89.11 | ||||||||||||
| Debt-to-total-capital ratio | 5.0 | % | 5.5 | % | ||||||||||
Total assets at September 30, 2025, increased 11% compared with year-end 2024, and included an increase of 10% in total investments that reflected net purchases and higher fair values for many securities in our equity portfolio. Shareholders' equity increased 11% and book value per share also increased 11% during the first nine months of 2025. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio (capital is the sum of debt plus shareholders' equity) decreased slightly compared with year-end 2024.
Our value creation ratio is our primary performance metric. As shown in the tables below, that ratio was 13.8% for the first nine months of 2025, compared with 17.8% for the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in overall net gains from our investment portfolio. Book value per share increased $9.65 during the first nine months of 2025 and contributed 10.9 percentage points to the value creation ratio, while dividends declared at $2.61 per share contributed 2.9 points. Value creation ratio major contributors and in total, along with calculations from per-share amounts, are shown in the tables below.
| Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Value creation ratio major contributors: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income before investment gains | 3.1 | % | 1.7 | % | 5.2 | % | 5.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Change in fixed-maturity securities, realized and unrealized gains | 1.3 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 1.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in equity securities, investment gains | 4.7 | 5.2 | 7.1 | 10.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | (0.2) | (0.4) | (0.3) | 0.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Value creation ratio | 8.9 | % | 9.0 | % | 13.8 | % | 17.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
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| (Dollars are per share) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Value creation ratio: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of period book value* | $ | 98.76 | $ | 88.32 | $ | 98.76 | $ | 88.32 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Less beginning of period book value | 91.46 | 81.79 | 89.11 | 77.06 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in book value | 7.30 | 6.53 | 9.65 | 11.26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend declared to shareholders | 0.87 | 0.81 | 2.61 | 2.43 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total value creation | $ | 8.17 | $ | 7.34 | $ | 12.26 | $ | 13.69 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Value creation ratio from change in book value** | 8.0 | % | 8.0 | % | 10.9 | % | 14.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Value creation ratio from dividends declared to shareholders*** | 0.9 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 3.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Value creation ratio | 8.9 | % | 9.0 | % | 13.8 | % | 17.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| * Book value per share is calculated by dividing end of period total shareholders' equity by end of period shares outstanding | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ** Change in book value divided by the beginning of period book value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| *** Dividend declared to shareholders divided by beginning of period book value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DRIVERS OF LONG-TERM VALUE CREATION
Operating through The Cincinnati Insurance Company, Cincinnati Financial Corporation is one of the 25 largest property casualty insurers in the nation, based on 2024 net written premiums for approximately 2,000 U.S. stock and mutual insurer groups. We market our insurance products through a select group of independent insurance agencies as discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Page 6. At September 30, 2025, we actively marketed through 2,275 agencies located in 46 states. We maintain a long-term perspective that guides us in addressing immediate challenges or opportunities while focusing on the major decisions that best position our company for success through all market cycles.
To measure our long-term progress in creating shareholder value, our value creation ratio is our primary financial performance target. As discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 46, management believes this measure is a meaningful indicator of our long-term progress in creating shareholder value and has three primary performance drivers:
•Premium growth – We believe our agency relationships and initiatives can lead to a property casualty written premium growth rate over any five-year period that exceeds the industry average. For the first nine months of 2025, our consolidated property casualty net written premium year-over-year growth was 10%, comparing favorably with the industry's 6% growth rate reported by A.M. Best for the first six months of 2025. For the five-year period 2020 through 2024, our growth rate exceeded that of the industry. The industry's growth rate excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.
•Combined ratio – We believe our underwriting philosophy and initiatives can generate an average GAAP combined ratio over any five-year period that is consistently within the range of 92% to 98%. For the first nine months of 2025, our GAAP combined ratio was 98.4%, including 14.2 percentage points of current accident year catastrophe losses partially offset by 2.5 percentage points of favorable loss reserve development on prior accident years. Our statutory combined ratio was 97.7% for the first nine months of 2025, comparing unfavorably with the industry's 96.4% reported by A.M. Best for the first six months of 2025. The industry's ratio again excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.
•Investment contribution – We believe our investment philosophy and initiatives can drive investment income growth and lead to a total return on our equity investment portfolio over a five-year period that exceeds the five-year return of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. For the first nine months of 2025, pretax investment income was $860 million, up 15% compared with the same period in 2024. We believe our investment portfolio mix provides an appropriate balance of income stability and growth with capital appreciation potential.
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Financial Strength
An important part of our long-term strategy is financial strength, which is described in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Financial Strength, Page 8. One aspect of our financial strength is prudent use of reinsurance ceded to help manage financial performance variability due to catastrophe loss experience. A description of how we use reinsurance ceded is included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, 2025 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, Page 105. Another aspect of our financial strength is our investment portfolio, which remains well-diversified as discussed in this quarterly report in Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Our strong parent-company liquidity and financial strength increase our flexibility to maintain a cash dividend through all periods and to continue to invest in and expand our insurance operations.
At September 30, 2025, we held $5.579 billion of our cash and cash equivalents and invested assets at the parent-company level, of which $5.052 billion, or 90.6%, was invested in common stocks, and $249 million, or 4.5%, was cash or cash equivalents. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 5.0% at September 30, 2025. Another important indicator of financial strength is our ratio of property casualty net written premiums to statutory surplus, which was 1.0-to-1 for the 12 months ended September 30, 2025, matching year-end 2024.
Financial strength ratings assigned to us by independent rating firms also are important. In addition to rating our parent company's senior debt, four firms award insurer financial strength ratings to one or more of our insurance subsidiary companies based on their quantitative and qualitative analyses. These ratings primarily assess an insurer's ability to meet financial obligations to policyholders and do not necessarily address all of the matters that may be important to investors. Ratings are under continuous review and subject to change or withdrawal at any time by the rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating; please see each rating agency's website for its most recent report on our ratings.
At October 24, 2025, our insurance subsidiaries continued to be highly rated.
| Insurer Financial Strength Ratings | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rating agency | Standard market property casualty insurance subsidiaries | Life insurance subsidiary | Excess and surplus lines insurance subsidiary | Outlook | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rating tier | Rating tier | Rating tier | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A.M. Best Co. ambest.com | A+ | Superior | 2 of 16 | A+ | Superior | 2 of 16 | A+ | Superior | 2 of 16 | Stable | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Fitch Ratings fitchratings.com | AA- | Very Strong | 4 of 21 | AA- | Very Strong | 4 of 21 | - | - | - | Stable | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Moody's Investors Service moodys.com | A1 | Good | 5 of 21 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Stable | ||||||||||||||||||||||
S&P Global Ratings spratings.com | A+ | Strong | 5 of 21 | A+ | Strong | 5 of 21 | - | - | - | Stable | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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CONSOLIDATED PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE HIGHLIGHTS
Consolidated property casualty insurance results include premiums and expenses for our standard market insurance segments (commercial lines and personal lines), our excess and surplus lines segment, Cincinnati Re® and our London-based global specialty underwriter Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM (Cincinnati Global).
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 2,484 | $ | 2,217 | 12 | $ | 7,145 | $ | 6,284 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fee revenues | 4 | 3 | 33 | 11 | 9 | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 2,488 | 2,220 | 12 | 7,156 | 6,293 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses from: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 1,375 | 1,264 | 9 | 4,099 | 3,683 | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 111 | 306 | (64) | 1,015 | 709 | 43 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (6) | (53) | 89 | (113) | (140) | 19 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (16) | (18) | 11 | (63) | (71) | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 1,464 | 1,499 | (2) | 4,938 | 4,181 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | 731 | 659 | 11 | 2,095 | 1,884 | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting profit | $ | 293 | $ | 62 | 373 | $ | 123 | $ | 228 | (46) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 55.4 | % | 57.0 | % | (1.6) | 57.4 | % | 58.6 | % | (1.2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 4.4 | 13.8 | (9.4) | 14.2 | 11.2 | 3.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (0.2) | (2.4) | 2.2 | (1.6) | (2.2) | 0.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (0.7) | (0.8) | 0.1 | (0.9) | (1.1) | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 58.9 | 67.6 | (8.7) | 69.1 | 66.5 | 2.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | 29.3 | 29.8 | (0.5) | 29.3 | 30.0 | (0.7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio | 88.2 | % | 97.4 | % | (9.2) | 98.4 | % | 96.5 | % | 1.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio | 88.2 | % | 97.4 | % | (9.2) | 98.4 | % | 96.5 | % | 1.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development | 3.5 | 10.6 | (7.1) | 11.7 | 7.9 | 3.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development | 84.7 | % | 86.8 | % | (2.1) | 86.7 | % | 88.6 | % | (1.9) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Our consolidated property casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $293 million for the third quarter and $123 million for the first nine months of 2025. The third-quarter 2025 underwriting profit increase of $231 million, compared with third-quarter 2024, included a favorable decrease of $193 million in losses from catastrophes, mostly caused by severe weather, partially offset by a lower amount of total favorable reserve development on prior accident years. The change in underwriting profitability for the third quarter of 2025 also included a favorable effect from higher current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses that grew slower than earned premiums. The nine-month underwriting profit of $123 million, compared with an underwriting profit of $228 million for the first nine months of 2024, included an unfavorable increase of $306 million in current accident year catastrophe losses, mostly caused by the January 2025 wildfires in southern California, and a lower amount of total favorable reserve development on prior accident years. For the first nine months of 2025, the combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development improved by 1.9 percentage points compared with the same period of 2024.
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Underwriting results for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 included improved current accident year loss experience before catastrophe losses, as price increases have helped to offset recent-year elevated paid losses reflecting economic or other forms of inflation. Elevated inflation was a driver of higher losses and loss expenses in recent years as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged autos or other property that we insure. We also experienced higher losses for liability coverages for some of our lines of business. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear. The higher loss experience is discussed in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment. We believe future property casualty underwriting results will continue to benefit from price increases and our ongoing initiatives to improve pricing precision and loss experience related to claims and loss control practices.
For all property casualty lines of business in aggregate, net loss and loss expense reserves at September 30, 2025, were $1.076 billion, or 11%, higher than at year-end 2024, including an increase of $900 million for the incurred but not reported (IBNR) portion.
We measure and analyze property casualty underwriting results primarily by the combined ratio and its component ratios. The GAAP-basis combined ratio is the percentage of incurred losses plus all expenses per each earned premium dollar – the lower the ratio, the better the performance. An underwriting profit results when the combined ratio is below 100%. A combined ratio above 100% indicates that an insurance company's losses and expenses exceeded premiums.
Our consolidated property casualty combined ratio for the third quarter of 2025 decreased by 9.2 percentage points, compared with the same period of 2024, including a decrease of 9.3 points from catastrophe losses and loss expenses. For the first nine months of 2025, compared with the 2024 nine-month period, our combined ratio increased by 1.9 percentage points, including an increase of 3.2 points from catastrophe losses and loss expenses. Other combined ratio components that changed are discussed below and in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.
The combined ratio can be affected significantly by natural catastrophe losses and other large losses as discussed in detail below. The combined ratio can also be affected by updated estimates of loss and loss expense reserves established for claims that occurred in prior periods, referred to as prior accident years. Net favorable development on prior accident year reserves, including reserves for catastrophe losses, benefited the combined ratio by 2.5 percentage points in the first nine months of 2025, compared with 3.3 percentage points in the same period of 2024. Net favorable development is discussed in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.
The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses improved in the first nine months of 2025. That 57.4% ratio was 1.2 percentage points lower, compared with the 58.6% accident year 2024 ratio measured as of September 30, 2024, including an increase of 0.2 points in the ratio for large losses of $2 million or more per claim, discussed below. The ratio improvement of 1.2 percentage points included an increase of 1.0 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 2.2 points for the case incurred portion. It also included an unfavorable 0.4 points for the net effect of $49 million for reinsurance treaty reinstatement premiums related to the January 2025 wildfires in southern California.
The underwriting expense ratio decreased for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods a year ago. The decreases were primarily due to premium growth outpacing growth in various expenses. The nine-month 2025 ratio also included an unfavorable 0.2 points for the effect of reinstatement premiums. The ratio for both periods also included ongoing expense management efforts.
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Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Premiums
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency renewal written premiums | $ | 2,037 | $ | 1,795 | 13 | $ | 6,084 | $ | 5,321 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency new business written premiums | 356 | 406 | (12) | 1,143 | 1,159 | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other written premiums | 100 | 92 | 9 | 494 | 520 | (5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net written premiums | 2,493 | 2,293 | 9 | 7,721 | 7,000 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unearned premium change | (9) | (76) | 88 | (576) | (716) | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 2,484 | $ | 2,217 | 12 | $ | 7,145 | $ | 6,284 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The trends in net written premiums and earned premiums summarized in the table above include the effects of price increases. Price change trends that heavily influence renewal written premium increases or decreases, along with other premium growth drivers for 2025, are discussed in more detail by segment below in Financial Results.
Consolidated property casualty net written premiums for the third quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2025, grew $200 million and $721 million compared with the same periods of 2024. Our premium growth initiatives from prior years have provided an ongoing favorable effect on growth during the current year, particularly as newer agency relationships mature over time.
Consolidated property casualty agency new business written premiums decreased by $50 million for the third quarter and $16 million for the first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024, largely driven by the personal lines segment. Consolidated property casualty new business written premiums for third-quarter 2025 decreased 12% compared with a 30% increase in the third quarter of 2024. New agency appointments during 2025 and 2024 produced a $72 million increase in standard lines new business for the first nine months of 2025 compared with the same period of 2024. As we appoint new agencies that choose to move accounts to us, we report these accounts as new business. While this business is new to us, in many cases it is not new to the agent. We believe these seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to our agent upon obtaining it from a competing agent.
Net written premiums for Cincinnati Re, included in other written premiums, decreased by $2 million in the third quarter and increased $7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024, to $87 million and $505 million, respectively. Cincinnati Re assumes risks through reinsurance treaties and in some cases cedes part of the risk and related premiums to one or more unaffiliated reinsurance companies through transactions known as retrocessions.
Cincinnati Global is also included in other written premiums. Net written premiums for Cincinnati Global increased by $5 million in the third quarter and $29 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, to $82 million and $255 million, respectively, compared with the same periods of 2024.
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Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. A decrease in ceded premiums increased net written premiums by $6 million for the third quarter and an increase in ceded premiums decreased net written premiums by $69 million for the first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024. Other written premiums for the first nine months of 2025 included a net unfavorable amount of $49 million for reinsurance treaty reinstatement premiums related to the California wildfires, including a favorable $14 million for Cincinnati Re and an unfavorable $63 million for our personal lines insurance segment.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses typically have a material effect on property casualty results and can vary significantly from period to period. Losses from catastrophes contributed 3.7 and 13.3 percentage points to the combined ratio in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, compared with 13.0 and 10.1 percentage points in the same periods of 2024. During the third quarter of 2025, there were no material changes to our estimates of ultimate losses related to the California wildfires.
Net losses from catastrophes for the first nine months of 2025 included recoveries from reinsurers that participate in our primary property catastrophe reinsurance treaty. There were no material changes during the third quarter to the estimated recovery of $429 million as of March 31, 2025, related to the California wildfires.
Effective July 1, 2025, we purchased an additional layer on our property catastrophe reinsurance treaty with a limit of $300 million, increasing the total limit from $1.500 billion to $1.800 billion. We retain 57.2% of losses between $1.500 billion and $1.800 billion. The provisions of this additional layer are similar to those included in the other layers. The annual ceded premiums for this additional coverage are estimated to be less than $5 million.
Effective June 1, 2025, we renewed the reinsurance program for Cincinnati Re only, which provides retrocession coverages with various triggers, exclusions and unique features. The program includes property catastrophe excess of loss coverage in excess of $90 million per occurrence with a total available limit of $73 million per occurrence. Ceded premiums for the one-year renewal period of coverage from the program are estimated to be approximately $16 million. There were no material changes during the third quarter to the estimated recovery of $38 million as of March 31, 2025, related to the California wildfires for the Cincinnati Re only program effective June 1, 2024, which expired during the second quarter.
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The following table shows consolidated property casualty insurance catastrophe losses and loss expenses incurred, net of reinsurance, as well as the effect of loss development on prior period catastrophe events. We individually list declared catastrophe events for which our incurred losses reached or exceeded $25 million.
Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Catastrophe Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred
| (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comm. | Pers. | E&S | Comm. | Pers. | E&S | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dates | Region | lines | lines | lines | Other | Total | lines | lines | lines | Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jan. 7-28 | West | $ | — | $ | 1 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1 | $ | — | $ | 325 | $ | — | $ | 123 | $ | 448 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mar. 14-17 | Midwest, Northeast, South | 4 | 7 | — | — | 11 | 52 | 96 | 1 | 2 | 151 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Apr. 1-7 | Midwest, South | (2) | (7) | — | — | (9) | 17 | 34 | — | — | 51 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| May 15-16 | Midwest, Northeast | 7 | 19 | — | 2 | 28 | 29 | 83 | 1 | 2 | 115 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| All other 2025 catastrophes | 28 | 48 | — | 4 | 80 | 83 | 157 | 2 | 8 | 250 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Development on 2024 and prior catastrophes | (5) | (8) | — | (3) | (16) | (22) | (34) | (1) | (6) | (63) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Calendar year incurred total | $ | 32 | $ | 60 | $ | — | $ | 3 | $ | 95 | $ | 159 | $ | 661 | $ | 3 | $ | 129 | $ | 952 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mar. 12-17 | Midwest, South | $ | (4) | $ | 4 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 30 | $ | 32 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 62 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mar. 31 - Apr. 4 | Midwest, Northeast, South | (4) | 2 | — | — | (2) | 10 | 24 | — | — | 34 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| May 6-10 | Midwest, South | — | 2 | 1 | — | 3 | 19 | 30 | 1 | — | 50 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| May 25-26 | Midwest, South | 2 | 1 | 1 | — | 4 | 38 | 29 | 2 | — | 69 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jul. 13 - 18 | Midwest, Northeast | 18 | 11 | — | — | 29 | 18 | 11 | — | — | 29 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sep. 25 - 28 | Midwest, South (Helene) | 35 | 117 | — | 26 | 178 | 35 | 117 | — | 26 | 178 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| All other 2024 catastrophes | 18 | 49 | — | 27 | 94 | 101 | 153 | 3 | 30 | 287 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Development on 2023 and prior catastrophes | (5) | (5) | — | (8) | (18) | (20) | (32) | — | (19) | (71) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Calendar year incurred total | $ | 60 | $ | 181 | $ | 2 | $ | 45 | $ | 288 | $ | 231 | $ | 364 | $ | 6 | $ | 37 | $ | 638 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The following table includes data for losses incurred of $2 million or more per claim, net of reinsurance.
Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
| (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | $ | 48 | $ | 18 | 167 | $ | 89 | $ | 49 | 82 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million | 35 | 51 | (31) | 95 | 101 | (6) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 49 | 19 | 158 | 132 | 56 | 136 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total large losses incurred | 132 | 88 | 50 | 316 | 206 | 53 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | 158 | 185 | (15) | 650 | 601 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 831 | 711 | 17 | 2,260 | 2,129 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Catastrophe losses | 83 | 282 | (71) | 921 | 621 | 48 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total losses incurred | $ | 1,204 | $ | 1,266 | (5) | $ | 4,147 | $ | 3,557 | 17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | 1.9 | % | 0.9 | % | 1.0 | 1.3 | % | 0.8 | % | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million | 1.4 | 2.3 | (0.9) | 1.3 | 1.6 | (0.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 2.0 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total large loss ratio | 5.3 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 1.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | 6.4 | 8.4 | (2.0) | 9.1 | 9.6 | (0.5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 33.4 | 32.0 | 1.4 | 31.6 | 33.8 | (2.2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Catastrophe losses | 3.4 | 12.7 | (9.3) | 12.9 | 9.9 | 3.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total loss ratio | 48.5 | % | 57.1 | % | (8.6) | 58.0 | % | 56.6 | % | 1.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
We believe the inherent variability of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the variability in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The third-quarter 2025 property casualty total large losses incurred of $132 million, net of reinsurance, was higher than the $70 million quarterly average during full-year 2024 and the $88 million experienced for the third quarter of 2024. The ratio for these large losses was 1.3 percentage points higher compared with last year's third quarter. The third-quarter 2025 amount of total large losses incurred unfavorably contributed to the increase in the nine-month 2025 total large loss ratio, compared with 2024, in addition to a first-half 2025 ratio that was 1.1 points higher than the first half of 2024. We believe results for the three- and nine-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million. Losses by size are discussed in further detail in results of operations by property casualty insurance segment.
FINANCIAL RESULTS
Consolidated results reflect the operating results of each of our five segments along with the parent company, Cincinnati Re, Cincinnati Global and other activities reported as "Other." The five segments are:
•Commercial lines insurance
•Personal lines insurance
•Excess and surplus lines insurance
•Life insurance
•Investments
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COMMERCIAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 1,229 | $ | 1,137 | 8 | $ | 3,620 | $ | 3,326 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fee revenues | 2 | 1 | 100 | 4 | 3 | 33 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 1,231 | 1,138 | 8 | 3,624 | 3,329 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses from: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 728 | 691 | 5 | 2,171 | 2,037 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 37 | 65 | (43) | 181 | 251 | (28) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (13) | (45) | 71 | (81) | (97) | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (5) | (5) | 0 | (22) | (20) | (10) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 747 | 706 | 6 | 2,249 | 2,171 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | 373 | 351 | 6 | 1,080 | 1,028 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting profit | $ | 111 | $ | 81 | 37 | $ | 295 | $ | 130 | 127 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 59.2 | % | 60.7 | % | (1.5) | 60.0 | % | 61.3 | % | (1.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 3.0 | 5.8 | (2.8) | 5.0 | 7.5 | (2.5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (1.0) | (4.0) | 3.0 | (2.2) | (2.9) | 0.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (0.4) | (0.4) | 0.0 | (0.6) | (0.6) | 0.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 60.8 | 62.1 | (1.3) | 62.2 | 65.3 | (3.1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | 30.3 | 30.9 | (0.6) | 29.8 | 30.9 | (1.1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio | 91.1 | % | 93.0 | % | (1.9) | 92.0 | % | 96.2 | % | (4.2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio | 91.1 | % | 93.0 | % | (1.9) | 92.0 | % | 96.2 | % | (4.2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 2.2 | 4.0 | (1.8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development | 89.5 | % | 91.6 | % | (2.1) | 89.8 | % | 92.2 | % | (2.4) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Overview
Performance highlights for the commercial lines segment include:
•Premiums – Earned premiums and net written premiums for the commercial lines segment grew during the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods a year ago, primarily due to agency renewal written premium growth that continued to include higher average pricing. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums. We continue to use predictive analytics tools to improve pricing precision and segmentation while leveraging our local relationships with agents through the efforts of our teams that work closely with them. We seek to maintain appropriate pricing discipline for both new and renewal business as our agents and underwriters assess account quality to make careful decisions on a policy-by-policy basis whether to write or renew a policy.
Agency renewal written premiums increased 6% for the third quarter and 7% for the first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024, including price increases. During the third quarter of 2025, our overall standard commercial lines policies averaged estimated renewal price increases at percentages in the mid-single-digit range. We continue to segment commercial lines policies, emphasizing identification and retention of those we believe have relatively stronger pricing. Conversely, we have been seeking stricter renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing, thus retaining fewer of those policies. We measure average changes in commercial lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for the respective policies.
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Our average overall commercial lines renewal pricing change includes the impact of flat pricing for certain coverages within package policies written for a three-year term that were in force but did not expire during the period being measured. Therefore, our reported change in average commercial lines renewal pricing reflects a blend of three-year policies that did not expire and other policies that did expire during the measurement period. For commercial lines policies that did expire and were then renewed during the third quarter of 2025, we estimate that our average percentage price increases were in the mid-single-digit range for our commercial casualty, commercial property and commercial auto lines of business. The estimated average percentage price change for workers' compensation was a decrease in the mid-single-digit range.
Our commercial lines segment's increase in agency renewal written premiums for the first nine months of 2025 also included changes in the level of insured exposures. Part of the insured exposure increase reflects our response to inflation effects that increase the cost of building materials to repair damaged commercial structures. We use building valuation software to automate much of that underwriting process and may also manually adjust premiums to reflect property costs.
Renewal premiums for certain policies, primarily our commercial casualty and workers' compensation lines of business, include the results of policy audits that adjust initial premium amounts based on differences between estimated and actual sales or payroll related to a specific policy. Audits completed during the first nine months of 2025 contributed $70 million to net written premiums, compared with $81 million for the same period of 2024.
New business written premiums for commercial lines decreased $2 million for the third quarter, but increased $26 million during the first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024, as we continued to carefully underwrite each policy in a highly competitive market. Trend analysis for year-over-year comparisons of individual quarters is more difficult to assess for commercial lines new business written premiums, due to inherent variability. That variability is often driven by larger policies with annual premiums greater than $100,000.
Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our commercial lines insurance segment, a decrease in ceded premiums increased net written premiums by approximately $5 million and $11 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024.
Commercial Lines Insurance Premiums
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency renewal written premiums | $ | 1,043 | $ | 987 | 6 | $ | 3,311 | $ | 3,086 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency new business written premiums | 185 | 187 | (1) | 588 | 562 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other written premiums | (30) | (36) | 17 | (86) | (101) | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net written premiums | 1,198 | 1,138 | 5 | 3,813 | 3,547 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unearned premium change | 31 | (1) | nm | (193) | (221) | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 1,229 | $ | 1,137 | 8 | $ | 3,620 | $ | 3,326 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
•Combined ratio – The third-quarter 2025 commercial lines combined ratio improved by 1.9 percentage points, compared with the third quarter of 2024, including a decrease of 2.8 points in losses from catastrophes. The third-quarter combined ratio decreased by 1.5 points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, including a decrease of 0.9 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 0.6 points for the case incurred portion. For the first nine months of 2025, the combined ratio improved by 4.2 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, including a decrease of 2.5 points in losses from catastrophes. The nine-month 2025 combined ratio also included a decrease of 1.3 points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, including an increase of 1.5 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 2.8 points for the case incurred portion. Underwriting results also included favorable reserve development on prior accident years, as discussed below. The current accident year ratios were measured as of September 30 of the respective years and included a ratio for large losses of $2 million or more per claim, discussed below, for the first nine months of 2025 that matched the same period of 2024.
When estimating the ultimate cost of total loss and loss expenses, we consider many factors, including trends for inflation, historical paid and reported losses, large loss activity and other data or information for the industry or our company. Elevated inflation in recent years has been a driver of higher losses and loss expenses as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged business properties or autos that we insure, in addition to
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higher losses for liability coverages for some of our lines of business. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 2.6 and 4.4 percentage points of the combined ratio for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, compared with 5.4 and 6.9 percentage points for the same periods a year ago. Through 2024, the 10-year annual average for that catastrophe measure for the commercial lines segment was 6.0 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 6.6 percentage points.
The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 was favorable for commercial lines overall by $18 million and $103 million, compared with $50 million and $117 million for the same periods in 2024. For the first nine months of 2025, our commercial property and workers' compensation lines of business were the main contributors to the commercial lines net favorable reserve development, while our commercial casualty and commercial auto lines of business included net unfavorable development. The net favorable reserve development recognized during the first nine months of 2025 for our commercial lines insurance segment was mainly for accident years 2024 and 2023 and was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Our commercial casualty line of business included $21 million of unfavorable reserve development on prior accident years for the first nine months of 2025 while commercial auto included $35 million. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 51.
The commercial lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods a year ago. The decreases were primarily due to premium growth outpacing growth in various expenses. The ratio for both periods also included ongoing expense management efforts.
Commercial Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
| (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | $ | 48 | $ | 11 | 336 | $ | 60 | $ | 42 | 43 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million | 12 | 36 | (67) | 49 | 58 | (16) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 47 | 20 | 135 | 105 | 54 | 94 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total large losses incurred | 107 | 67 | 60 | 214 | 154 | 39 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | 67 | 117 | (43) | 336 | 365 | (8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 405 | 337 | 20 | 1,106 | 1,089 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Catastrophe losses | 29 | 58 | (50) | 152 | 223 | (32) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total losses incurred | $ | 608 | $ | 579 | 5 | $ | 1,808 | $ | 1,831 | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | 3.9 | % | 1.0 | % | 2.9 | 1.7 | % | 1.3 | % | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million | 1.0 | 3.2 | (2.2) | 1.3 | 1.7 | (0.4) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 3.8 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 1.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total large loss ratio | 8.7 | 5.9 | 2.8 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 1.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | 5.4 | 10.3 | (4.9) | 9.3 | 11.0 | (1.7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 33.0 | 29.7 | 3.3 | 30.5 | 32.8 | (2.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Catastrophe losses | 2.4 | 5.1 | (2.7) | 4.2 | 6.7 | (2.5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total loss ratio | 49.5 | % | 51.0 | % | (1.5) | 49.9 | % | 55.1 | % | (5.2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $2 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The third-quarter 2025 commercial lines total large losses incurred of $107 million, net of reinsurance, was higher than the quarterly average of $49 million during full-year 2024 and the $67 million of total large losses incurred for the third quarter of 2024. The increase in commercial lines large losses for the first nine months of 2025 was primarily due to our commercial property line of business. The third-quarter 2025 ratio for commercial lines total large losses was 2.8 percentage points higher than last year's third-quarter ratio. The third-quarter 2025 amount of total large losses incurred unfavorably contributed to the increase in the nine-month 2025 total large loss ratio, compared with 2024, in addition to a first-half 2025 ratio that was 0.5 points higher than the first half of 2024. We believe results for the three- and nine-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million.
PERSONAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 838 | $ | 678 | 24 | $ | 2,340 | $ | 1,897 | 23 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fee revenues | 1 | 2 | (50) | 4 | 4 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 839 | 680 | 23 | 2,344 | 1,901 | 23 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses from: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 425 | 367 | 16 | 1,280 | 1,052 | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 68 | 186 | (63) | 695 | 396 | 76 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | 22 | 5 | 340 | 10 | 5 | 100 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (8) | (5) | (60) | (34) | (32) | (6) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 507 | 553 | (8) | 1,951 | 1,421 | 37 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | 233 | 196 | 19 | 665 | 554 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting profit (loss) | $ | 99 | $ | (69) | nm | $ | (272) | $ | (74) | (268) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 50.7 | % | 54.0 | % | (3.3) | 54.7 | % | 55.4 | % | (0.7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 8.0 | 27.4 | (19.4) | 29.7 | 20.9 | 8.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | 2.6 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (0.9) | (0.8) | (0.1) | (1.4) | (1.7) | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 60.4 | 81.5 | (21.1) | 83.4 | 74.9 | 8.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | 27.8 | 28.8 | (1.0) | 28.4 | 29.2 | (0.8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio | 88.2 | % | 110.3 | % | (22.1) | 111.8 | % | 104.1 | % | 7.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio | 88.2 | % | 110.3 | % | (22.1) | 111.8 | % | 104.1 | % | 7.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development | 9.7 | 27.5 | (17.8) | 28.7 | 19.5 | 9.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development | 78.5 | % | 82.8 | % | (4.3) | 83.1 | % | 84.6 | % | (1.5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Overview
Performance highlights for the personal lines segment include:
•Premiums – Personal lines earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow during the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, primarily due to agency renewal written premium growth that included higher average pricing. Cincinnati Private ClientSM net written premiums included in the personal lines insurance segment results totaled approximately $572 million and $1.526 billion for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, compared with $479 million and $1.281 billion for the same periods of 2024. Direct written premiums for Cincinnati Private Client policies grew 23% for the first nine months of 2025 compared with the same period
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of 2024. Cincinnati Private Client net written premiums for the respective periods included excess and surplus lines homeowner policies with premiums totaling $47 million in the third quarter and $94 million in the first nine months of 2025, compared with $46 million in the third quarter and $131 million in the first nine months of 2024. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums.
Agency renewal written premiums increased 24% and 26% for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, reflecting rate increases in selected states, a higher level of insured exposures and other factors such as changes in policy deductibles or mix of business. Part of the insured exposure increase reflects our response to inflation effects that increase the cost of building materials used to repair damaged homes.
We estimate that premium rates for our personal auto line of business increased at average percentages in the high-single-digit range during the first nine months of 2025. For our homeowner line of business, we estimate that premium rates for the first nine months of 2025 increased at average percentages in the low-double-digit range. For both our personal auto and homeowner lines of business, some individual policies experienced lower or higher rate changes based on each risk's specific characteristics and enhanced pricing precision enabled by predictive models.
Personal lines new business written premiums decreased $49 million or 30% for the third quarter of 2025, compared with the same period of 2024, including approximately $28 million from Cincinnati Private Client policies and $21 million from middle-market policies. Cincinnati Private Client new business premiums from California decreased approximately $9 million for the third quarter of 2025 compared with the prior year. For the first nine months of 2025, compared with the same period of 2024, personal lines new business written premiums decreased $66 million, or 15%, including approximately $31 million from Cincinnati Private Client policies and $35 million from middle-market policies. We believe we maintained underwriting and pricing discipline across all personal lines markets as we expanded use of enhanced pricing precision tools.
Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our personal lines insurance segment, an increase in 2025 ceded premiums reduced net written premiums by approximately $1 million and $71 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024. Ceded premiums for the first nine months of 2025 included a net amount of $63 million for reinsurance reinstatement premiums related to the January 2025 wildfires in southern California. The $63 million of reinstatement premiums included $61 million for our homeowner line of business.
Personal Lines Insurance Premiums
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency renewal written premiums | $ | 864 | $ | 695 | 24 | $ | 2,364 | $ | 1,870 | 26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency new business written premiums | 116 | 165 | (30) | 384 | 450 | (15) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other written premiums | (29) | (28) | (4) | (145) | (74) | (96) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net written premiums | 951 | 832 | 14 | 2,603 | 2,246 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unearned premium change | (113) | (154) | 27 | (263) | (349) | 25 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 838 | $ | 678 | 24 | $ | 2,340 | $ | 1,897 | 23 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
•Combined ratio – Our personal lines combined ratio for the third quarter of 2025 improved by 22.1 percentage points, compared with third-quarter 2024, including a decrease of 19.5 points in losses from catastrophes. The third-quarter 2025 combined ratio improvement also included a decrease of 3.3 percentage points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, including a decrease of 1.0 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 2.3 points for the case incurred portion. For the first nine months of 2025, the combined ratio increased by 7.7 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, including an increase of 9.1 points in losses from catastrophes. The nine-month 2025 combined ratio also included a decrease of 0.7 points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, including an increase of 2.3 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 3.0 points for the case incurred portion. The nine-month 2025 current accident year ratio before catastrophe losses included an unfavorable 1.4 points for the effect of reinstatement premiums. The total current accident year ratios before catastrophe losses were measured as of September 30 of the respective years and included an increase of 0.8 percentage points for the first nine months of 2025 in the ratio for large losses of $2 million or more per claim, discussed below.
When estimating the ultimate cost of total loss and loss expenses, we consider many factors, including trends for inflation, historical paid and reported losses, large loss activity and other data or information for the industry
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or our company. Elevated inflation in recent years has been a driver of higher losses and loss expenses as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged autos or homes that we insure. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 7.1 and 28.3 percentage points of the combined ratio for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, compared with 26.6 and 19.2 points for the same periods a year ago. The 10-year annual average catastrophe loss ratio for the personal lines segment through 2024 was 12.1 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 13.9 percentage points.
In addition to the average rate increases discussed above, we continue to refine our pricing to better match premiums to the risk of loss on individual policies. Improved pricing precision and broad-based rate increases are expected to help position the combined ratio at a profitable level over the long term. In addition, greater geographic diversification is expected to reduce the volatility of homeowner loss ratios attributable to weather-related catastrophe losses over time.
The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the third quarter of 2025 was unfavorable by $14 million and favorable by $24 million for the first nine months of 2025 for personal lines overall, compared with less than $1 million unfavorable and $27 million favorable for the same periods of 2024. Our homeowner line of business was the main contributor to the personal lines net favorable reserve development for the first nine months of 2025. The net favorable reserve development was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 51.
The personal lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods a year ago. The third-quarter and nine-month decreases were primarily due to growth in premiums outpacing growth in various expenses. The nine-month 2025 ratio also included an unfavorable 0.7 points for the effect of reinstatement premiums. The ratios for both periods also included ongoing expense management efforts.
Personal Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
| (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | $ | — | $ | 7 | (100) | $ | 29 | $ | 7 | 314 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million | 23 | 13 | 77 | 46 | 39 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 2 | (1) | nm | 27 | 2 | nm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total large losses incurred | 25 | 19 | 32 | 102 | 48 | 113 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | 32 | 33 | (3) | 143 | 86 | 66 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 316 | 256 | 23 | 827 | 743 | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Catastrophe losses | 54 | 178 | (70) | 645 | 357 | 81 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total losses incurred | $ | 427 | $ | 486 | (12) | $ | 1,717 | $ | 1,234 | 39 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | 0.0 | % | 1.1 | % | (1.1) | 1.3 | % | 0.4 | % | 0.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million | 2.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | (0.1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 0.2 | (0.2) | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total large loss ratio | 3.1 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 1.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | 3.8 | 5.0 | (1.2) | 6.1 | 4.6 | 1.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 37.5 | 37.6 | (0.1) | 35.4 | 39.0 | (3.6) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Catastrophe losses | 6.5 | 26.2 | (19.7) | 27.5 | 18.8 | 8.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total loss ratio | 50.9 | % | 71.7 | % | (20.8) | 73.4 | % | 65.0 | % | 8.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $2 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic
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region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the third quarter of 2025, the personal lines total large loss ratio, net of reinsurance, was 0.2 percentage points higher than last year's third quarter. The increase in personal lines total large losses incurred for the first nine months of 2025 occurred primarily for our homeowner line of business and inland marine coverages in our other personal line of business. The third-quarter 2025 amount of total large losses incurred unfavorably contributed to the increase in the nine-month 2025 total large loss ratio, compared with 2024, in addition to a first-half 2025 ratio that was 2.7 points higher than the first half of 2024. We believe results for the three- and nine-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million.
EXCESS AND SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 174 | $ | 157 | 11 | $ | 510 | $ | 447 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fee revenues | 1 | — | nm | 3 | 2 | 50 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 175 | 157 | 11 | 513 | 449 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses from: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 112 | 100 | 12 | 331 | 288 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | — | 2 | (100) | 4 | 6 | (33) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (4) | 5 | nm | (17) | 5 | nm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | — | — | 0 | (1) | — | nm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 108 | 107 | 1 | 317 | 299 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | 48 | 42 | 14 | 141 | 122 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting profit | $ | 19 | $ | 8 | 138 | $ | 55 | $ | 28 | 96 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year before catastrophe losses | 64.1 | % | 64.2 | % | (0.1) | 64.8 | % | 64.6 | % | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year catastrophe losses | 0.2 | 1.7 | (1.5) | 0.9 | 1.4 | (0.5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years before catastrophe losses | (2.1) | 2.9 | (5.0) | (3.2) | 1.0 | (4.2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior accident years catastrophe losses | (0.1) | (0.2) | 0.1 | (0.3) | 0.0 | (0.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 62.1 | 68.6 | (6.5) | 62.2 | 67.0 | (4.8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | 27.7 | 26.7 | 1.0 | 27.6 | 27.3 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio | 89.8 | % | 95.3 | % | (5.5) | 89.8 | % | 94.3 | % | (4.5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio | 89.8 | % | 95.3 | % | (5.5) | 89.8 | % | 94.3 | % | (4.5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development | (2.0) | 4.4 | (6.4) | (2.6) | 2.4 | (5.0) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development | 91.8 | % | 90.9 | % | 0.9 | 92.4 | % | 91.9 | % | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Overview
Performance highlights for the excess and surplus lines segment include:
•Premiums – Excess and surplus lines earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow during the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, compared with the same period a year ago, including increases in both agency renewal and new business written premiums. Renewal written premiums rose 15% for the third quarter and 12% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024, largely due to higher renewal pricing. For both 2025 periods, excess and surplus lines policy renewals experienced estimated average price increases at percentages in the high-single-digit range. We measure average changes in excess and surplus lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for respective policies.
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New business written premiums produced by agencies increased by 2% for the third quarter and 16% for the first nine months of 2025 compared with the same periods of 2024, as we continued to carefully underwrite each policy in a highly competitive market. Some of what we report as new business came from accounts that were not new to our agents. We believe our agents' seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to them.
Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Premiums
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency renewal written premiums | $ | 130 | $ | 113 | 15 | $ | 409 | $ | 365 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agency new business written premiums | 55 | 54 | 2 | 171 | 147 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other written premiums | (10) | (10) | 0 | (35) | (29) | (21) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net written premiums | 175 | 157 | 11 | 545 | 483 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unearned premium change | (1) | — | nm | (35) | (36) | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 174 | $ | 157 | 11 | $ | 510 | $ | 447 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
•Combined ratio – The excess and surplus lines combined ratio improved by 5.5 percentage points for the third quarter and 4.5 points for the first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024. The improvements were primarily due to favorable reserve development on prior accident year loss and loss expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared with unfavorable development for the same periods of 2024.
The 64.1% third-quarter 2025 ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses was 0.1 percentage points lower, compared with the 64.2% accident year 2024 ratio measured as of September 30, 2024, including a decrease of 2.4 points for the IBNR portion and an increase of 2.3 points for the case incurred portion. The nine-month 2025 ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses was 0.2 percentage points higher, compared with the 64.6% accident year 2024 ratio measured as of September 30, 2024, including an increase of 2.7 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 2.5 points for the case incurred portion.
Excess and surplus lines net reserve development on prior accident years, as a ratio to earned premiums, was favorable by 2.2% for the third quarter and 3.5% for the first nine months of 2025, compared with unfavorable 2.7% and 1.0% for the same periods of 2024. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 51.
The excess and surplus lines underwriting expense ratio increased for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared with the same periods a year ago, largely due to an increase in commission expenses. The ratios also included ongoing expense management efforts and premium growth.
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Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
| (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | $ | — | $ | — | nm | $ | — | $ | — | nm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million | — | 2 | (100) | — | 4 | (100) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | — | — | nm | — | — | nm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total large losses incurred | — | 2 | (100) | — | 4 | (100) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | 16 | 12 | 33 | 93 | 59 | 58 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 59 | 55 | 7 | 125 | 143 | (13) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Catastrophe losses | — | 2 | (100) | 3 | 6 | (50) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total losses incurred | $ | 75 | $ | 71 | 6 | $ | 221 | $ | 212 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: | Pt. Change | Pt. Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses greater than $5 million | 0.0 | % | 0.0 | % | 0.0 | 0.0 | % | 0.0 | % | 0.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million | 0.0 | 1.3 | (1.3) | 0.0 | 0.9 | (0.9) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Large loss prior accident year reserve development | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total large loss ratio | 0.0 | 1.3 | (1.3) | 0.0 | 0.9 | (0.9) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Losses incurred but not reported | 9.2 | 7.1 | 2.1 | 18.3 | 13.2 | 5.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other losses excluding catastrophe losses | 33.6 | 35.4 | (1.8) | 24.4 | 32.1 | (7.7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Catastrophe losses | 0.0 | 1.5 | (1.5) | 0.5 | 1.3 | (0.8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total loss ratio | 42.8 | % | 45.3 | % | (2.5) | 43.2 | % | 47.5 | % | (4.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $2 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the third quarter of 2025, the excess and surplus lines total ratio for large losses, net of reinsurance, was 1.3 percentage points lower than last year's third quarter. The third-quarter 2025 amount of total large losses incurred contributed favorably to the decrease in the nine-month 2025 total large loss ratio, compared with 2024, in addition to a first-half 2025 ratio that was 0.7 points lower than the first half of 2024. We believe results for the three- and nine month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million.
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LIFE INSURANCE RESULTS
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | $ | 83 | $ | 80 | 4 | $ | 246 | $ | 240 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fee revenues | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 84 | 81 | 4 | 250 | 244 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contract holders' benefits incurred | 76 | 79 | (4) | 230 | 226 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment interest credited to contract holders | (32) | (32) | 0 | (95) | (94) | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses incurred | 23 | 24 | (4) | 70 | 70 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total benefits and expenses | 67 | 71 | (6) | 205 | 202 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Life insurance segment profit | $ | 17 | $ | 10 | 70 | $ | 45 | $ | 42 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Overview
Performance highlights for the life insurance segment include:
•Revenues – Revenues increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared with the same period a year ago, driven by higher earned premiums from term life insurance, our largest life insurance product line.
Net in-force life insurance policy face amounts increased 3% to $86.438 billion at September 30, 2025, from $84.245 billion at year-end 2024.
Fixed annuity deposits received for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were $8 million and $20 million, compared with $10 million and $29 million for the same periods of 2024. Fixed annuity deposits have a minimal impact on earned premiums because deposits received are initially recorded as liabilities. Profit is earned over time by way of interest rate spreads. We do not write variable or equity-indexed annuities.
Life Insurance Premiums
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term life insurance | $ | 61 | $ | 58 | 5 | $ | 179 | $ | 174 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Whole life insurance | 14 | 13 | 8 | 40 | 39 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Universal life and other | 8 | 9 | (11) | 27 | 27 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net earned premiums | $ | 83 | $ | 80 | 4 | $ | 246 | $ | 240 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
•Profitability – Our life insurance segment typically reports a smaller profit compared with the life insurance subsidiary because profits from investment income spreads are included in our investments segment results. We include only investment income credited to contract holders (including interest assumed in life insurance policy reserve calculations) in our life insurance segment results. A profit of $45 million for our life insurance segment in the first nine months of 2025, compared with a profit of $42 million for the same period of 2024, was primarily due to increased earned premiums.
Life insurance segment benefits and expenses consist principally of contract holders' (policyholders') benefits incurred related to traditional life and interest-sensitive products and operating expenses incurred, net of deferred acquisition costs. Total benefits increased in the first nine months of 2025 primarily due to less favorable impacts from the unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions.
Underwriting expenses for the first nine months of 2025 matched the same period a year ago.
We recognize that assets under management, capital appreciation and investment income are integral to evaluating the success of the life insurance segment because of the long duration of life products. On a basis that includes investment income and investment gains or losses from life-insurance-related
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invested assets, the life insurance subsidiary reported net income of $28 million and $75 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared with $20 million and $63 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The life insurance subsidiary portfolio had net after-tax investment losses of $1 million and $5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared with less than $1 million and $7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
INVESTMENTS RESULTS
Overview
The investments segment contributes investment income and investment gains and losses to results of operations. Investments traditionally are our primary source of pretax and after-tax profits.
Investment Income
Pretax investment income grew 14% for the third quarter and 15% for the first nine months of 2025, compared with the same periods of 2024. Interest income increased by $40 million and $122 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, as net purchases of fixed-maturity securities in recent quarters and higher bond yields are working to generally offset effects of the low interest rate environment for several years prior to 2022. Dividend income increased by $1 million for the third quarter and decreased by $3 million for the first nine months of 2025. The decrease for the first nine months of 2025 was primarily due to the unfavorable effect on dividend income from net sales of equity securities during the second half of 2024. That effect was partially offset by net purchases of equity securities during the first nine months of 2025 and dividend rates that have generally been increasing, although more slowly in recent quarters.
Investments Results
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment income, net of expenses | $ | 295 | $ | 258 | 14 | $ | 860 | $ | 745 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment interest credited to contract holders | (32) | (32) | 0 | (95) | (94) | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses, net | 853 | 758 | 13 | 1,259 | 1,507 | (16) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments profit, pretax | $ | 1,116 | $ | 984 | 13 | $ | 2,024 | $ | 2,158 | (6) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
We continue to consider the low interest rate environment that prevailed for several years prior to 2022 as well as the potential for a continuation of both elevated inflation and higher bond yields as we position our portfolio. As bonds in our generally laddered portfolio mature or are called over the near term, we will reinvest with a balanced approach, keeping in mind our long-term strategy and pursuing attractive risk-adjusted after-tax yields. The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost associated with expected principal redemptions for our fixed-maturity portfolio. The expected principal redemptions are based on par amounts and include dated maturities, calls and prefunded municipal bonds that we expect will be called during each respective time period.
| (Dollars in millions) | % Yield | Principal redemptions | |||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | |||||||||||
| Fixed-maturity pretax yield profile: | |||||||||||
| Expected to mature during the remainder of 2025 | 4.85 | % | $ | 269 | |||||||
| Expected to mature during 2026 | 4.82 | 997 | |||||||||
| Expected to mature during 2027 | 5.20 | 1,027 | |||||||||
| Average yield and total expected maturities from the remainder of 2025 through 2027 | 5.00 | $ | 2,293 | ||||||||
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The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost for fixed-maturity securities acquired during the periods indicated. The average yield for total fixed-maturity securities acquired during the first nine months of 2025 was higher than the 5.06% average yield-to-amortized cost of the fixed-maturity securities portfolio at the end of 2024. Our fixed-maturity portfolio's average yield of 4.96% for the first nine months of 2025, from the investment income table below, was lower than the 5.06% yield for the year-end 2024 fixed-maturities portfolio.
| Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Average pretax yield-to-amortized cost on new fixed-maturities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquired taxable fixed-maturities | 5.63 | % | 5.63 | % | 5.81 | % | 5.81 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Acquired tax-exempt fixed-maturities | 4.83 | 4.09 | 4.75 | 4.12 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Average total fixed-maturities acquired | 5.52 | 5.53 | 5.69 | 5.68 | |||||||||||||||||||
While our bond portfolio more than covers our insurance reserve liabilities, we believe our diversified common stock portfolio of mainly blue chip, dividend-paying companies represents one of our best investment opportunities for the long term. We discussed our portfolio strategies in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 21, and Item 7, Investments Outlook, Page 89. We discuss risks related to our investment income and our fixed-maturity and equity investment portfolios in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
The table below provides details about investment income. Average yields in this table are based on the average invested asset and cash amounts indicated in the table, using fixed-maturity securities valued at amortized cost and all other securities at fair value.
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest | $ | 227 | $ | 187 | 21 | $ | 651 | $ | 529 | 23 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends | 69 | 68 | 1 | 206 | 209 | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 4 | 7 | (43) | 16 | 18 | (11) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less investment expenses | 5 | 4 | 25 | 13 | 11 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income, pretax | 295 | 258 | 14 | 860 | 745 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Less income taxes | 51 | 44 | 16 | 148 | 125 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment income, after-tax | $ | 244 | $ | 214 | 14 | $ | 712 | $ | 620 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment returns: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average invested assets plus cash and cash equivalents | $ | 31,899 | $ | 29,107 | $ | 31,345 | $ | 28,447 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average yield pretax | 3.70 | % | 3.55 | % | 3.66 | % | 3.49 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average yield after-tax | 3.06 | 2.94 | 3.03 | 2.91 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effective tax rate | 17.3 | 16.9 | 17.2 | 16.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-maturity returns: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average amortized cost | $ | 17,816 | $ | 15,592 | $ | 17,515 | $ | 15,218 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average yield pretax | 5.10 | % | 4.80 | % | 4.96 | % | 4.63 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average yield after-tax | 4.16 | 3.93 | 4.04 | 3.80 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effective tax rate | 18.4 | 18.1 | 18.4 | 18.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Total Investment Gains and Losses
Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sale of investments, for certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. The change in fair value for equity securities still held is included in investment gains and losses and also in net income. The change in unrealized gains or losses for fixed-maturity securities is included as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI). Accounting requirements for the allowance for credit losses for the fixed-maturity portfolio are disclosed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 128.
The table below summarizes total investment gains and losses, before taxes.
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net | $ | (9) | $ | 24 | $ | (5) | $ | 146 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net | 855 | 817 | 1,259 | 1,446 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | 846 | 841 | 1,254 | 1,592 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross realized gains | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross realized losses | (1) | (87) | (1) | (94) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in allowance for credit losses, net | — | — | (15) | (25) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | 1 | (86) | (13) | (114) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 6 | 3 | 18 | 29 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment gains and losses reported in net income | 853 | 758 | 1,259 | 1,507 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in unrealized investment gains and losses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities | 241 | 497 | 336 | 367 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,094 | $ | 1,255 | $ | 1,595 | $ | 1,874 | ||||||||||||||||||
Of the 5,331 fixed-maturity and short-term securities in the portfolio, 17 securities were trading below 70% of amortized cost at September 30, 2025. Our asset impairment committee regularly monitors the portfolio, including a quarterly review of the entire portfolio for potential credit losses. We believe that if liquidity in the markets were to significantly deteriorate or economic conditions were to significantly weaken, we could experience declines in portfolio values and possibly increases in the allowance for credit losses or write-downs to fair value.
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OTHER
We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and a noninsurance subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, including earned premiums, loss and loss expenses and underwriting expenses in the table below.
Total revenues for the first nine months of 2025 for our Other operations increased, compared with the same period of 2024, primarily due to earned premiums from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, with increases of $33 million and $28 million, respectively. Cincinnati Re had $444 million of earned premiums for the first nine months of 2025 and generated an underwriting loss of $10 million, including an unfavorable impact of $103 million of net catastrophe losses from the January 2025 wildfires in southern California. Cincinnati Global had $231 million of earned premiums for the first nine months of 2025 and generated an underwriting profit of $55 million. Total expenses for Other increased for the first nine months of 2025, primarily due to higher loss and loss expenses from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global.
Other income (loss) in the table below represents profit before income taxes. For the first nine months of 2025, total other loss resulted from an underwriting loss from Cincinnati Re and interest expense from debt of the parent company. For the first nine months of 2024, total other income was driven by underwriting profit from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global.
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest and fees on loans and leases | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | 0 | $ | 8 | $ | 7 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earned premiums | 243 | 245 | (1) | 675 | 614 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other revenues | 3 | — | nm | 7 | 3 | 133 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 249 | 248 | 0 | 690 | 624 | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 13 | 13 | 0 | 40 | 40 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses | 102 | 133 | (23) | 421 | 290 | 45 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting expenses | 77 | 70 | 10 | 209 | 180 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses | 6 | 6 | 0 | 27 | 19 | 42 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total expenses | 198 | 222 | (11) | 697 | 529 | 32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total other income (loss) | $ | 51 | $ | 26 | 96 | $ | (7) | $ | 95 | nm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TAXES
We had $291 million and $423 million of income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared with $220 million and $492 million of income tax expense for the same periods of 2024. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, was 20.6% and 19.8% compared with 21.2% and 20.7% for the same periods last year. The change in our effective tax rate between periods was primarily due to large changes in our net investment gains and losses included in income for the periods and changes in underwriting income and investment income.
Historically, we have pursued a strategy of investing some portion of cash flow in tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity and equity securities to minimize our overall tax liability and maximize after-tax earnings. See Tax-Exempt Fixed Maturities in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for further discussion on municipal bond purchases in our fixed-maturity investment portfolio. For tax years after 2017, for our property casualty insurance subsidiaries, approximately 75% of interest from tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity investments and approximately 40% of dividends from qualified equities are exempt from federal tax after applying proration. For our noninsurance companies, the dividend received deduction exempts 50% of dividends from qualified equities. Our life insurance company does not own tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity investments or equities subject to the dividend received deduction. Details about our effective tax rate are in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 9, Income Taxes.
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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
At September 30, 2025, shareholders' equity was $15.406 billion, compared with $13.935 billion at December 31, 2024. Total debt was $815 million at September 30, 2025, unchanged from December 31, 2024. At September 30, 2025, cash and cash equivalents totaled $1.460 billion, compared with $983 million at December 31, 2024.
In addition to our historically positive operating cash flow to meet the needs of operations, we have the ability to slow investing activities or sell a portion of our high-quality, liquid investment portfolio if such need arises. We also have additional capacity to borrow on our revolving short-term line of credit, as described further below.
SOURCES OF LIQUIDITY
Subsidiary Dividends
Our lead insurance subsidiary declared dividends of $350 million to the parent company in the first nine months of 2025, compared with $290 million for the same period of 2024. For full-year 2024, our lead insurance subsidiary paid dividends totaling $290 million to the parent company. State of Ohio regulatory requirements restrict the dividends our insurance subsidiary can pay. For full-year 2025, total dividends that our insurance subsidiary can pay to our parent company without regulatory approval are approximately $1.245 billion.
Investing Activities
Investment income is a source of liquidity for both the parent company and its insurance subsidiaries. We continue to focus on portfolio strategies to balance near-term income generation and long-term book value growth.
Parent company obligations can be funded with income on investments held at the parent-company level or through sales of securities in that portfolio, although our investment philosophy seeks to compound cash flows over the long term. These sources of capital can help minimize subsidiary dividends to the parent company, protecting insurance subsidiary capital.
For a discussion of our historic investment strategy, portfolio allocation and quality, see our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 21.
Insurance Underwriting
Our property casualty and life insurance underwriting operations provide liquidity because we generally receive premiums before paying losses under the policies purchased with those premiums. After satisfying our cash requirements, we invest excess cash flows, increasing future investment income.
Historically, cash receipts from property casualty and life insurance premiums, along with investment income, have been more than sufficient to pay claims, operating expenses and dividends to the parent company.
The table below shows a summary of the operating cash flow for property casualty insurance (direct method):
| (Dollars in millions) | Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | % Change | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Premiums collected | $ | 2,626 | $ | 2,343 | 12 | $ | 7,369 | $ | 6,593 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss and loss expenses paid | (1,217) | (1,114) | (9) | (3,862) | (3,218) | (20) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid | (634) | (585) | (8) | (2,226) | (2,008) | (11) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flow from underwriting | 775 | 644 | 20 | 1,281 | 1,367 | (6) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income received | 217 | 192 | 13 | 630 | 533 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flow from operations | $ | 992 | $ | 836 | 19 | $ | 1,911 | $ | 1,900 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Collected premiums for property casualty insurance rose $776 million during the first nine months of 2025, compared with the same period in 2024. Loss and loss expenses paid for the 2025 period increased $644 million. Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid increased $218 million.
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We discuss our future obligations for claims payments and for underwriting expenses in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Obligations, Page 95.
Capital Resources
At September 30, 2025, our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 5.0%, considerably below our 35% covenant threshold, with $790 million in long-term debt and $25 million in borrowing on our revolving short-term line of credit. At September 30, 2025, $275 million was available for future cash management needs as part of the general provisions of the line of credit agreement, with another $300 million available as part of an accordion feature. Based on our capital requirements at September 30, 2025, we do not anticipate a material increase in debt levels exceeding the available line of credit amount during the year. As a result, we expect changes in our debt-to-total-capital ratio to continue to be largely a function of the contribution of unrealized investment gains or losses to shareholders' equity. During 2024, we terminated our unsecured letter of credit agreement, which provided a portion of the capital needed to support Cincinnati Global's obligations at Lloyd's. We replaced the letter of credit agreement with common equities, bringing total common equities held in Lloyd's trust accounts to $235 million.
On October 10, 2025, we terminated our $300 million credit agreement and simultaneously entered into a new $400 million unsecured revolving credit agreement expiring on October 10, 2030, with two optional one-year extensions. The credit facility is fully subscribed among four lenders and includes a $400 million accordion feature, a $400 million sublimit for letters of credit, and a $75 million sublimit for swing line loans. The debt-to-total-capital ratio covenant threshold remains at 35%. Current borrowings under the credit agreement were $25 million on October 10, 2025.
We provide details of our three long-term notes in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements. None of the notes are encumbered by rating triggers.
Four independent ratings firms award insurer financial strength ratings to our property casualty insurance companies and three firms rate our life insurance company. On September 3, 2025, Fitch Ratings changed our parent company debt rating to A from A-. No additional changes to our parent company debt ratings occurred during the first nine months of 2025. Our debt ratings are discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Long-Term Debt, Page 94.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not use any special-purpose financing vehicles or have any undisclosed off-balance sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in applicable SEC rules) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the company's financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Similarly, the company holds no fair-value contracts for which a lack of marketplace quotations would necessitate the use of fair-value techniques.
USES OF LIQUIDITY
Our parent company and insurance subsidiary have contractual obligations and other commitments. In addition, one of our primary uses of cash is to enhance shareholder return.
Contractual Obligations
We estimated our future contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024, in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Contractual Obligations, Page 95. There have been no material changes to our estimates of future contractual obligations since our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Other Commitments
In addition to our contractual obligations, we have other property casualty operational commitments:
•Commissions – Commissions paid were $1.469 billion in the first nine months of 2025. Commission payments generally track with written premiums, except for annual profit-sharing commissions typically paid during the first quarter of the year.
•Other underwriting expenses – Many of our underwriting expenses are not contractual obligations, but reflect the ongoing expenses of our business. Noncommission underwriting expenses paid were $757 million in the first nine months of 2025.
There were no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first nine months of 2025.
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Investing Activities
After fulfilling operating requirements, we invest cash flows from underwriting, investment and other corporate activities in fixed-maturity and equity securities on an ongoing basis to help achieve our portfolio objectives. We discuss our investment strategy and certain portfolio attributes in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Uses of Capital
Uses of cash to enhance shareholder return include dividends to shareholders and shares acquired under our repurchase program. In January, May and August 2025, the board of directors declared regular quarterly cash dividends of 87 cents per share for an indicated annual rate of $3.48 per share. During the first nine months of 2025, we used $392 million to pay cash dividends to shareholders.
PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE LOSS AND LOSS EXPENSE RESERVES
For the business lines in the commercial and personal lines insurance segments, and in total for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment and other property casualty insurance operations, the following table details gross reserves among case, IBNR (incurred but not reported) and loss expense reserves, net of salvage and subrogation reserves. Reserving practices are discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, Page 96.
Total gross reserves at September 30, 2025, increased $1.258 billion compared with December 31, 2024. Case loss reserves increased by $237 million, IBNR loss reserves increased by $801 million and loss expense reserves increased by $220 million. The total gross increase was primarily due to our commercial casualty and homeowner lines of business, excess and surplus lines insurance segment and Cincinnati Re.
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Property Casualty Gross Reserves
| (Dollars in millions) | Loss reserves | Loss expense reserves | Total gross reserves | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Case reserves | IBNR reserves | Percent of total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial lines insurance: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial casualty | $ | 1,206 | $ | 1,682 | $ | 869 | $ | 3,757 | 33.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial property | 224 | 235 | 104 | 563 | 5.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial auto | 433 | 441 | 178 | 1,052 | 9.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Workers' compensation | 378 | 579 | 101 | 1,058 | 9.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other commercial | 168 | 71 | 168 | 407 | 3.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | 2,409 | 3,008 | 1,420 | 6,837 | 61.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal lines insurance: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal auto | 283 | 154 | 125 | 562 | 5.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Homeowner | 353 | 263 | 117 | 733 | 6.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other personal | 107 | 236 | 10 | 353 | 3.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | 743 | 653 | 252 | 1,648 | 14.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excess and surplus lines | 401 | 520 | 332 | 1,253 | 11.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cincinnati Re | 225 | 992 | 8 | 1,225 | 10.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cincinnati Global | 113 | 115 | 4 | 232 | 2.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 3,891 | $ | 5,288 | $ | 2,016 | $ | 11,195 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial lines insurance: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial casualty | $ | 1,121 | $ | 1,498 | $ | 824 | $ | 3,443 | 34.7 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial property | 251 | 199 | 90 | 540 | 5.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial auto | 423 | 355 | 159 | 937 | 9.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Workers' compensation | 389 | 564 | 89 | 1,042 | 10.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other commercial | 159 | 45 | 137 | 341 | 3.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | 2,343 | 2,661 | 1,299 | 6,303 | 63.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal lines insurance: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal auto | 260 | 106 | 100 | 466 | 4.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Homeowner | 244 | 134 | 88 | 466 | 4.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other personal | 102 | 166 | 9 | 277 | 2.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | 606 | 406 | 197 | 1,209 | 12.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excess and surplus lines | 395 | 425 | 289 | 1,109 | 11.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cincinnati Re | 191 | 880 | 8 | 1,079 | 10.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cincinnati Global | 119 | 115 | 3 | 237 | 2.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 3,654 | $ | 4,487 | $ | 1,796 | $ | 9,937 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
LIFE POLICY AND INVESTMENT CONTRACT RESERVES
Gross life policy and investment contract reserves were $3.003 billion at September 30, 2025, compared with $2.960 billion at year-end 2024. Details about these reserves are in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 5, Life Policy and Investment Contract Reserves. We discussed our life insurance reserving practices in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations and Reserves, Page 102.
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OTHER MATTERS
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 128, and updated in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies.
In conjunction with those discussions, in the Management's Discussion and Analysis in the 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, management reviewed the estimates and assumptions used to develop reported amounts related to the most significant policies. Management discussed the development and selection of those accounting estimates with the audit committee of the board of directors.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Our greatest exposure to market risk is through our investment portfolio. Market risk is the potential for a decrease in securities' fair value resulting from broad yet uncontrollable forces such as: inflation, economic growth or recession, interest rates, world political conditions or other widespread unpredictable events. It is comprised of many individual risks that, when combined, create a macroeconomic impact.
Our view of potential risks and our sensitivity to such risks is discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, Page 112.
The fair value of our investment portfolio was $30.326 billion at September 30, 2025, up $2.661 billion from year-end 2024, including a $1.448 billion increase in the fixed-maturity portfolio, a $1.362 billion increase in the equity portfolio and a $149 million decrease in short-term investments.
| (Dollars in millions) | At September 30, 2025 | At December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost or amortized cost | Percent of total | Fair value | Percent of total | Cost or amortized cost | Percent of total | Fair value | Percent of total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxable fixed maturities | $ | 13,708 | 61.8 | % | $ | 13,593 | 44.8 | % | $ | 12,668 | 60.4 | % | $ | 12,243 | 44.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax-exempt fixed maturities | 4,139 | 18.7 | 4,037 | 13.3 | 4,067 | 19.4 | 3,939 | 14.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common equities | 3,779 | 17.1 | 12,209 | 40.3 | 3,568 | 17.0 | 10,836 | 39.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nonredeemable preferred equities | 375 | 1.7 | 338 | 1.1 | 385 | 1.8 | 349 | 1.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | 149 | 0.7 | 149 | 0.5 | 298 | 1.4 | 298 | 1.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 22,150 | 100.0 | % | $ | 30,326 | 100.0 | % | $ | 20,986 | 100.0 | % | $ | 27,665 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
At September 30, 2025, substantially all of our consolidated investment portfolio, measured at fair value, is classified as Level 1 or Level 2. See Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, for additional discussion of our valuation techniques.
In addition to our investment portfolio, the total investments amount reported in our condensed consolidated balance sheets includes Other invested assets. Other invested assets included $623 million of private equity investments, $99 million of real estate through direct property ownership and development projects in the United States, $37 million of life policy loans and $14 million in Lloyd's deposit at September 30, 2025.
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FIXED-MATURITY SECURITIES INVESTMENTS
By maintaining a well-diversified fixed-maturity portfolio, we attempt to reduce overall risk. We invest new money in the bond market on a regular basis, targeting what we believe to be optimal risk-adjusted, after-tax yields. Risk, in this context, includes interest rate, call, reinvestment rate, credit and liquidity risk. We do not make a concerted effort to alter duration on a portfolio basis in response to anticipated movements in interest rates. By regularly investing in the bond market, we build a broad, diversified portfolio that we believe mitigates the impact of adverse economic factors.
In the first nine months of 2025, the increase in fair value of our fixed-maturity portfolio was due to net purchases of securities, plus a decrease in our net unrealized loss position that reflected a decrease in U.S. Treasury yields and a slight tightening of corporate credit spreads. At September 30, 2025, our fixed-maturity portfolio with an average rating of A2/A+ was valued at 98.8% of its amortized cost, compared with 96.7% at December 31, 2024.
At September 30, 2025, our investment-grade fixed-maturity securities represented 97.4% of the portfolio based on ratings provided by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations or the Securities Valuation Office of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners.
Attributes of the fixed-maturity portfolio include:
| At September 30, 2025 | At December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average yield-to-amortized cost | 5.10 | % | 5.06 | % | ||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average maturity | 10.9 | yrs | 10.2 | yrs | ||||||||||||||||
| Effective duration | 5.6 | yrs | 5.0 | yrs | ||||||||||||||||
We discuss maturities of our fixed-maturity portfolio in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 2, Investments, Page 135, and in this quarterly report Item 2, Investments Results.
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TAXABLE FIXED MATURITIES
Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio, with a fair value of $13.593 billion at September 30, 2025, included:
| (Dollars in millions) | At September 30, 2025 | At December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Investment-grade corporate | $ | 9,140 | $ | 8,070 | ||||||||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | 2,346 | 2,274 | ||||||||||||
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 809 | 782 | ||||||||||||
| Asset-backed | 778 | 551 | ||||||||||||
| United States government | 274 | 226 | ||||||||||||
| Noninvestment-grade corporate | 223 | 310 | ||||||||||||
| Foreign government | 23 | 30 | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 13,593 | $ | 12,243 | ||||||||||
Our strategy is to buy, and typically hold, fixed-maturity investments to maturity, but we monitor credit profiles and fair value movements when determining holding periods for individual securities. With the exception of United States agency issues that include government-sponsored enterprises, no individual issuer's securities accounted for more than 0.8% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at September 30, 2025. Our investment-grade corporate bonds had an average rating of Baa1 by Moody's or BBB+ by S&P Global Ratings and represented 67.2% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio's fair value at September 30, 2025, compared with 65.9% at year-end 2024.
The heaviest concentration in our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, based on fair value at
September 30, 2025, was the financial sector. It represented 30.3% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, compared with 33.8% at year-end 2024. The utility and energy sectors represented 13.4% and 11.0%, compared with 13.0% and 10.6%, respectively, at year-end 2024. No other sector exceeded 10% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio.
As discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1A, Risk Factors, Page 30, investments in the financial sector include various risks. See risk factors entitled “Financial disruption or a prolonged economic downturn could affect our investment performance” and “Our ability to achieve our performance objectives could be affected by changes in the financial, credit and capital markets or the general economy.”
Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at September 30, 2025, included $778 million of asset-backed securities at fair value with an average rating of Aa2/AA.
TAX-EXEMPT FIXED MATURITIES
At September 30, 2025, we had $4.037 billion of tax-exempt fixed-maturity securities at fair value with an average rating of Aa2/AA by Moody's and S&P Global Ratings. We traditionally have purchased municipal bonds focusing on general obligation and essential services issues, such as water, waste disposal or others. The portfolio is well diversified among approximately 1,900 municipal bond issuers. No single municipal issuer accounted for more than 0.6% of the tax-exempt fixed-maturity portfolio at September 30, 2025.
INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Because of our strong surplus, long-term investment horizon and ability to hold most fixed-maturity investments until maturity, we believe the company is adequately positioned if interest rates were to rise. Although the fair values of our existing holdings may suffer, a higher rate environment would provide the opportunity to invest cash flow in higher-yielding securities, while reducing the likelihood of untimely redemptions of currently callable securities. While higher interest rates would be expected to continue to increase the number of fixed-maturity holdings trading below 100% of amortized cost, we believe lower fixed-maturity security values due solely to interest rate changes would not signal a decline in credit quality. We continue to manage the portfolio with an eye toward both meeting current income needs and managing interest rate risk.
Our dynamic financial planning model uses analytical tools to assess market risks. As part of this model, the effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio is continually monitored by our investment department to evaluate the theoretical impact of interest rate movements.
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The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in interest rates on the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio:
| (Dollars in millions) | Effect from interest rate change in basis points | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| -200 | -100 | — | 100 | 200 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | $ | 19,606 | $ | 18,610 | $ | 17,630 | $ | 16,563 | $ | 15,495 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31, 2024 | $ | 17,750 | $ | 16,967 | $ | 16,182 | $ | 15,317 | $ | 14,433 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
The effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio as of September 30, 2025, was 5.6 years, up from 5.0 years at year-end 2024. The above table is a theoretical presentation showing that an instantaneous, parallel shift in the yield curve of 100 basis points could produce an approximately 5.8% change in the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio. Generally speaking, the higher a bond is rated, the more directly correlated movements in its fair value are to changes in the general level of interest rates, exclusive of call features. The fair values of average- to lower-rated corporate bonds are additionally influenced by the expansion or contraction of credit spreads.
In our dynamic financial planning model, the selected interest rate change of 100 to 200 basis points represents our view of a shift in rates that is quite possible over a one-year period. The rates modeled should not be considered a prediction of future events as interest rates may be much more volatile in the future. The analysis is not intended to provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in rates on our results or financial condition, nor does it take into account any actions that we might take to reduce exposure to such risks.
SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS
Our short-term investments consist of commercial paper purchased within one year of maturity. We make short-term investments primarily with funds to be used to make upcoming cash payments, such as dividends, taxes or other corporate purposes. At September 30, 2025, we had $149 million of short-term investments.
EQUITY INVESTMENTS
Our equity investments, with a fair value totaling $12.547 billion at September 30, 2025, included $12.209 billion of common stock securities of companies generally with strong indications of paying and growing their dividends. Other criteria we evaluate include increasing sales and earnings, proven management and a favorable outlook. We believe our equity investment style is an appropriate long-term strategy. While our long-term financial position would be affected by prolonged changes in the market valuation of our investments, we believe our strong surplus position and cash flow provide a cushion against short-term fluctuations in valuation. Continued payment of cash dividends by the issuers of our common equity holdings can provide a floor to their valuation.
The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in market prices on fair value of our equity portfolio.
| (Dollars in millions) | Effect from market price change in percent | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| -30% | -20% | -10% | — | 10% | 20% | 30% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | $ | 8,783 | $ | 10,038 | $ | 11,292 | $ | 12,547 | $ | 13,802 | $ | 15,056 | $ | 16,311 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31, 2024 | $ | 7,830 | $ | 8,948 | $ | 10,067 | $ | 11,185 | $ | 12,304 | $ | 13,422 | $ | 14,541 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
At September 30, 2025, Microsoft (Nasdaq:MSFT) was our largest single common stock holding with a fair value of $940 million, or 7.7% of our publicly traded common stock portfolio and 3.1% of the total investment portfolio. Forty-two holdings (among nine different sectors) each had a fair value greater than $100 million.
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Common Stock Portfolio Industry Sector Distribution
| Percent of common stock portfolio | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | At December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cincinnati Financial | S&P 500 Industry Weightings | Cincinnati Financial | S&P 500 Industry Weightings | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Sector: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Information technology | 33.9 | % | 34.8 | % | 32.6 | % | 32.5 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Industrials | 14.1 | 8.3 | 14.3 | 8.2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Financial | 13.4 | 13.6 | 12.4 | 13.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Healthcare | 10.2 | 8.9 | 10.8 | 10.1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer discretionary | 7.5 | 10.5 | 7.6 | 11.2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer staples | 6.6 | 4.9 | 6.9 | 5.5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Energy | 4.3 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 3.2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Materials | 3.8 | 1.8 | 4.7 | 1.9 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Utilities | 3.1 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 2.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Real estate | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Communication services | 1.2 | 10.1 | 1.3 | 9.4 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
UNREALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS AND LOSSES
At September 30, 2025, unrealized investment gains before taxes for the fixed-maturity portfolio totaled $212 million and unrealized investment losses amounted to $429 million before taxes.
The $217 million net unrealized loss position in our fixed-maturity portfolio at September 30, 2025, decreased in the first nine months of 2025, primarily due to a decrease in U.S. Treasury yields and a slight tightening of corporate credit spreads. The net loss position for our current fixed-maturity holdings will naturally decline over time as individual securities approach maturity. In addition, changes in interest rates can cause rapid, significant changes in fair values of fixed-maturity securities and the net loss position, as discussed in Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
For federal income tax purposes, taxes on gains from appreciated investments generally are not due until securities are sold. We believe that the appreciated value of equity securities, compared with the cost of securities that is generally used as a tax basis, is a useful measure to help evaluate how fair value can change over time. On this basis, the net unrealized investment gains at September 30, 2025, consisted of a net gain position in our equity portfolio of $8.393 billion. Events or factors such as economic growth or recession can affect the fair value and unrealized investment gains of our equity securities. The five largest holdings in our common stock portfolio at September 30, 2025, were Microsoft, Apple (Nasdaq:AAPL), Broadcom Inc. (Nasdaq:AVGO), JPMorgan Chase & Co (NYSE:JPM), and Abbvie Inc. (NYSE:ABBV), which had a combined fair value of $3.652 billion.
Unrealized Investment Losses
We expect the number of fixed-maturity securities trading below amortized cost to fluctuate as interest rates rise or fall and credit spreads expand or contract due to prevailing economic conditions. Further, amortized costs for some securities are revised through write-downs recognized in prior periods. At September 30, 2025, 2,831 of the 5,331 fixed-maturity and short-term securities we owned had fair values below amortized cost, compared with 3,723 of the 5,090 securities we owned at year-end 2024. The 2,831 holdings with fair values below amortized cost at September 30, 2025, represented 46.5% of the fair value of our fixed-maturity and short-term investments portfolio and $429 million in unrealized losses.
•2,137 of the 2,831 holdings had fair value between 90% and 100% of amortized cost at September 30, 2025. These primarily consist of securities whose current valuation is largely the result of interest rate factors. The fair value of these 2,137 securities was $7.055 billion, and they accounted for $156 million in unrealized losses.
•677 of the 2,831 holdings had fair value between 70% and 90% of amortized cost at September 30, 2025. We believe the 677 securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay principal upon maturity.
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The issuers of these 677 securities have strong cash flow to service their debt and meet their contractual obligation to make principal payments. The fair value of these securities was $1.192 billion, and they accounted for $257 million in unrealized losses.
•17 of the 2,831 holdings had fair value below 70% of amortized cost at September 30, 2025. We believe these securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay principal upon maturity. The fair value of these securities was $27 million, and they accounted for $16 million in unrealized losses.
The table below reviews fair values and unrealized losses by investment category and by the overall duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss position.
| (Dollars in millions) | Less than 12 months | 12 months or more | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | Fair value | Unrealized losses | Fair value | Unrealized losses | Fair value | Unrealized losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-maturity: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 793 | $ | 14 | $ | 2,887 | $ | 179 | $ | 3,680 | $ | 193 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 873 | 20 | 2,019 | 201 | 2,892 | 221 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | 922 | 3 | 488 | 2 | 1,410 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed | 173 | 4 | 91 | 5 | 264 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States government | — | — | 27 | 1 | 27 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed-maturity | 2,762 | 41 | 5,512 | 388 | 8,274 | 429 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-maturity: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 2,815 | $ | 78 | $ | 3,634 | $ | 255 | $ | 6,449 | $ | 333 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 1,513 | 25 | 1,898 | 245 | 3,411 | 270 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government-sponsored enterprises | 1,876 | 8 | 92 | 1 | 1,968 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed | 331 | 10 | 96 | 7 | 427 | 17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States government | 48 | — | 100 | 2 | 148 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government | — | — | 3 | — | 3 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed-maturity | 6,583 | 121 | 5,823 | 510 | 12,406 | 631 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term | 100 | — | — | — | 100 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments | $ | 6,683 | $ | 121 | $ | 5,823 | $ | 510 | $ | 12,506 | $ | 631 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
At September 30, 2025, applying our invested asset impairment policy, we determined that the total of $429 million, for securities in an unrealized loss position in the table above, was not the result of a credit loss.
During the first nine months of 2025, no fixed maturity securities were written down to fair value, due to an intention to be sold. The allowance for credit losses increased $15 million during the first nine months of 2025. During the first nine months of 2024, no fixed maturity securities were written down to fair value, due to an intention to be sold. The increase in the allowance for credit losses was $25 million during the first nine months of 2024.
During the full year of 2024, no securities were written down to fair value. At December 31, 2024, 3,723 fixed-maturity and short-term securities with a total unrealized loss of $631 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, 19 securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost.
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The following table summarizes the investment portfolio by severity of decline:
| (Dollars in millions) | Number of issues | Amortized cost | Fair value | Gross unrealized gain (loss) | Gross investment income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxable fixed maturities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost | 6 | $ | 27 | $ | 17 | $ | (10) | $ | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost | 1,373 | 6,331 | 6,035 | (296) | 215 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost | 1,365 | 7,350 | 7,541 | 191 | 266 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income on securities sold in current year | — | — | — | — | 58 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 2,744 | 13,708 | 13,593 | (115) | 540 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax-exempt fixed maturities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost | 11 | 16 | 10 | (6) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost | 1,441 | 2,329 | 2,212 | (117) | 58 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost | 1,134 | 1,794 | 1,815 | 21 | 44 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income on securities sold in current year | — | — | — | — | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 2,586 | 4,139 | 4,037 | (102) | 107 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-maturities summary: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost | 17 | 43 | 27 | (16) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost | 2,814 | 8,660 | 8,247 | (413) | 273 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost | 2,499 | 9,144 | 9,356 | 212 | 310 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income on securities sold in current year | — | — | — | — | 63 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 5,330 | 17,847 | 17,630 | (217) | 647 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued below 70% of cost | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of cost | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 100% and above of cost | 1 | 149 | 149 | — | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income on securities sold in current year | — | — | — | — | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 1 | 149 | 149 | — | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities and short-term investments summary: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued below 70% of cost | 17 | 43 | 27 | (16) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of cost | 2,814 | 8,660 | 8,247 | (413) | 273 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 100% and above of cost | 2,500 | 9,293 | 9,505 | 212 | 312 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income on securities sold in current year | — | — | — | — | 66 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 5,331 | $ | 17,996 | $ | 17,779 | $ | (217) | $ | 652 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities and short-term investments summary: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost | 19 | $ | 43 | $ | 28 | $ | (15) | $ | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost | 3,704 | 13,094 | 12,478 | (616) | 461 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost | 1,367 | 3,896 | 3,974 | 78 | 184 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income on securities sold in current year | — | — | — | — | 86 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 5,090 | $ | 17,033 | $ | 16,480 | $ | (553) | $ | 733 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
See our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Asset Impairment, Page 56.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures – The company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)).
Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The company's management, with the participation of the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025. Based upon that evaluation, the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures provided reasonable assurance that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure:
•that information required to be disclosed in the company's reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and
•that such information is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting – During the three months ended September 30, 2025, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Part II – Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Neither the company nor any of our subsidiaries are involved in any litigation believed to be material other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the nature of our business.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our risk factors have not changed materially since they were described in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 24, 2025. Investors should not interpret the disclosure of a risk to imply that the risk has not already materialized.
More recently, changes in international trade regulation or foreign trade policy, including tariffs, could lead to higher than anticipated inflation and supply chain disruption, which impacts personal and commercial insurance loss costs and premiums.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
We did not sell any of our shares that were not registered under the Securities Act during the first nine months of 2025. Our repurchase program does not have an expiration date. On January 26, 2018, an additional 15 million shares were authorized, which expanded our current repurchase program. We have 4,911,006 shares available for purchase under our programs at September 30, 2025.
| Period | Total number of shares purchased | Average price paid per share | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs | Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| July 1-31, 2025 | — | — | — | 5,314,506 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| August 1-31, 2025 | 403,500 | $ | 149.75 | 403,500 | 4,911,006 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| September 1-30, 2025 | — | — | — | 4,911,006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Totals | 403,500 | 149.75 | 403,500 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Item 5. Other Information
Neither the company nor any of our officers or directors adopted terminated
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Item 6. Exhibits
| Exhibit No. | Exhibit Description | |||||||
| 3.1 | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Cincinnati Financial Corporation (as of May 29, 2025) | |||||||
| 3.2 | Amended and Restated Code of Regulations of Cincinnati Financial Corporation, as of May 6, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 9, 2023) | |||||||
| 31A | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Executive Officer | |||||||
| 31B | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Financial Officer | |||||||
| 32 | Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 | |||||||
| 101.INS | The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. | |||||||
| 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | |||||||
| 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | |||||||
| 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | |||||||
| 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | |||||||
| 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | |||||||
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) | |||||||
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
| CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION | ||
| Date: October 27, 2025 | ||
| /S/ Michael J. Sewell | ||
| Michael J. Sewell, CPA | ||
Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President and Treasurer | ||
| (Principal Accounting Officer) | ||
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FAQ
What were Cincinnati Financial (CINF) Q3 2025 revenues and net income?
Total revenues were $3,726 million and net income was $1,122 million.
How did earnings per share change in Q3 2025 for CINF?
Diluted EPS was $7.11, up from $5.20 in the prior-year quarter.
What drove CINF’s results this quarter?
Earned premiums rose to $2,567 million, net investment income to $295 million, and net investment gains were $853 million.
Did Cincinnati Financial report reserve development in Q3 2025?
Yes. The company recorded $22 million of favorable development in the quarter and $176 million year‑to‑date.
What was CINF’s operating cash flow year-to-date?
Net cash provided by operating activities was $2,165 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
How strong is CINF’s balance sheet?
Investments totaled $31.099 billion and shareholders’ equity was $15.406 billion at September 30, 2025.
How many CINF shares were outstanding and what was the dividend?
Shares outstanding were 156,018,513 as of October 22, 2025, and the quarterly dividend declared was $0.87 per share.
Cincinnati Finl Corp
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24.50B
153.63M
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Insurance - Property & Casualty
Fire, Marine & Casualty Insurance
United States
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