AI and HBM demand lift FormFactor (NASDAQ: FORM) Q1 2026 results
Filing Impact
Filing Sentiment
Form Type
10-Q
FormFactor, Inc. reported strong first-quarter fiscal 2026 results, with revenues rising to $226.1 million from $171.4 million, driven mainly by probe card demand for Foundry & Logic and high-bandwidth DRAM used in generative AI.
Net income increased to $20.4 million from $6.4 million, and diluted EPS grew to $0.26 from $0.08, helped by improved gross margin of 38.4%. Results included $23.3 million of restructuring charges tied to consolidating California manufacturing sites and a broader cost-alignment plan.
The Systems segment saw revenues decline 19.9% as demand shifted away from legacy probe stations toward newer CPO test platforms. Operating cash flow strengthened to $45.0 million, while cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities reached $303.3 million. The company maintains a $150 million undrawn credit facility and is investing in a new Texas factory and recent SiPh/CPO acquisition to support future growth.
Positive
- Strong top-line growth and record revenues: Revenue reached $226.1 million, up 32.0% year over year, driven by Probe Cards for Foundry & Logic and DRAM, including high-bandwidth memory for generative AI applications.
- Profitability and margin expansion: Net income increased from $6.4 million to $20.4 million, with gross margin improving to 38.4% from 37.7%, even while absorbing substantial restructuring costs.
- Robust cash generation and balance sheet: Operating cash flow rose to $45.0 million, and cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaled $303.3 million with no borrowings under the $150 million revolving credit facility.
- Strategic positioning in AI and advanced packaging: DRAM revenues grew 69.7%, supported by high-bandwidth memory demand for AI, and the Keystone Photonics acquisition expands capabilities in SiPh and co‑packaged optics testing.
Negative
- Large restructuring and start-up cost burden: The 2026 Restructuring Plans generated $23.3 million in restructuring charges in Q1, and factory start-up costs for the new Texas facility were $7.1 million, pressuring near-term earnings.
- Systems segment weakness: Systems revenues declined from $34.8 million to $27.9 million, a 19.9% drop, as demand for legacy probe stations and cryogenic systems softened during the transition toward newer platforms.
- High customer concentration: SK hynix represented 29.5% of quarterly revenue, while Intel and NVIDIA together brought total top-three customer concentration to 39.7%, exposing results to demand shifts at a few large accounts.
Insights
FormFactor posts record revenue, margin expansion and strong cash generation despite heavy restructuring.
FormFactor delivered revenue of $226.1 million, up 32.0% year over year, led by Probe Cards for Foundry & Logic and high-bandwidth DRAM used in AI workloads. Net income more than tripled to $20.4 million, and gross margin improved to 38.4% despite restructuring costs.
The 2026 Restructuring Plans generated $23.3 million in charges this quarter, mainly within Cost of revenues. Management targets a better long-term cost structure by consolidating California sites and preparing a new Farmers Branch, Texas factory, which added $7.1 million of start-up expense in Q1.
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities rose to $303.3 million, with operating cash flow of $45.0 million and no borrowings under the $150 million revolver. Customer concentration remains meaningful, with SK hynix at 29.5% of revenue, but demand tied to AI and advanced logic remains a clear near-term driver.
Key Figures
Revenue: $226.1 million
Net income: $20.4 million
Diluted EPS: $0.26 per share
+5 more
8 metrics
Revenue
$226.1 million
Three months ended March 28, 2026; up 32.0% year over year
Net income
$20.4 million
Three months ended March 28, 2026; previously $6.4 million
Diluted EPS
$0.26 per share
Three months ended March 28, 2026; up from $0.08
Restructuring charges
$23.3 million
Three months ended March 28, 2026; 2026 Restructuring Plans
Operating cash flow
$45.0 million
Net cash provided by operating activities in Q1 2026
Cash and marketable securities
$303.3 million
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of March 28, 2026
Systems revenue change
-19.9%
Systems segment revenue decline versus Q1 2025
SK hynix revenue share
29.5%
Portion of Q1 2026 revenues from SK hynix Inc.
Key Terms
high-bandwidth memory, co‑packaged optics, 2026 Restructuring Plans, interest rate swap, +1 more
5 terms
high-bandwidth memory financial
"increased demand for high-bandwidth memory (“HBM”) designs utilized in generative artificial intelligence applications"
High-bandwidth memory is a type of computer memory designed to move large amounts of data very quickly between memory and processors, like adding many wide lanes to a highway so trucks can deliver more goods at once. For investors, it matters because products that use this memory can handle heavier workloads with lower power use, which can boost competitiveness, increase demand for certain chips, and influence manufacturers’ pricing power and profit margins.
co‑packaged optics technical
"optical probing technology used in the testing of silicon photonics (“SiPh”) and co‑packaged optics (“CPO”) devices"
2026 Restructuring Plans financial
"On January 5, 2026, we adopted restructuring plans (the “2026 Restructuring Plans”) that are intended to better align our cost structure"
interest rate swap financial
"we entered into an interest rate swap agreement to hedge the interest payment on the Building Term Loan"
An interest rate swap is a financial agreement where two parties exchange interest payments on a set amount of money over time. Typically, one side pays a fixed interest rate, while the other pays a variable rate that can change with market conditions. This helps investors manage or reduce their exposure to interest rate fluctuations, much like locking in a mortgage rate to avoid future cost increases.
foreign-derived intangible income deduction financial
"offset by tax benefits from tax credits and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction"
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q
(Mark one)
For the quarterly period ended March 28, 2026
Or
For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 000-50307
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |||||||
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(925 ) 290-4000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||||||||||||||
______________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of the Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
| ☒ | Accelerated Filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated Filer | ☐ | |||||||||||||
| Smaller Reporting Company | Emerging Growth Company | ||||||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 29, 2026, 77,954,772 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, were outstanding.
FORMFACTOR, INC.
FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED MARCH 28, 2026
INDEX
Part I. | Financial Information | |||||||
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited): | |||||||
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 28, 2026 and December 27, 2025 | 3 | |||||||
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 28, 2026 and March 29, 2025 | 4 | |||||||
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 28, 2026 and March 29, 2025 | 5 | |||||||
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity for the three months ended March 28, 2026 and March 29, 2025 | 6 | |||||||
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 28, 2026 and March 29, 2025 | 7 | |||||||
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9 | |||||||
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 22 | ||||||
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 31 | ||||||
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 31 | ||||||
Part II. | Other Information | 31 | ||||||
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 32 | ||||||
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and use of proceeds | 32 | ||||||
Item 5. | Other Information | 32 | ||||||
Item 6. | Exhibits | 33 | ||||||
Signatures | 34 | |||||||
2
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
| March 28, 2026 | December 27, 2025 | ||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Marketable securities | |||||||||||
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $ | |||||||||||
| Inventories, net | |||||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | |||||||||||
| Total current assets | |||||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||
| Operating lease, right-of-use-assets | |||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation | |||||||||||
| Equity investment | |||||||||||
| Goodwill | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets | |||||||||||
| Other assets | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | |||||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt, net of unamortized issuance costs | |||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | |||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Long-term debt, less current portion, net of unamortized issuance costs | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | |||||||||||
| Long-term operating lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Deferred grant | |||||||||||
| Other liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | |||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
Common stock, $ | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Accumulated income | |||||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | $ | |||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
3
FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factory start-up costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income, net | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other income, net | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Income before income taxes and equity investment | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Income from equity investment | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income per share: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculations: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
4
FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale marketable securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized gains on derivative instruments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
5
FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(In thousands, except shares)
(Unaudited)
| Shares of Common Stock | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Accumulated Income | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Three Months Ended March 28, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances, December 27, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock units, net of stock withheld for tax | ( | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | ( | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances, March 28, 2026 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Three Months Ended March 29, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances, December 28, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock units, net of stock withheld for tax | ( | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock pursuant to private placement | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase and retirement of common stock through repurchase program | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances, March 29, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
6
FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||
| Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets | |||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | |||||||||||
| Deferred income tax benefit | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Provision for excess and obsolete inventories | |||||||||||
| Non-cash restructuring charges | |||||||||||
Income from equity investment | ( | ||||||||||
| Other adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities | ( | ||||||||||
| Changes in assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | ( | ||||||||||
| Inventories | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Other assets | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | |||||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Other liabilities | |||||||||||
| Deferred revenues | ( | ||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | |||||||||||
| Acquisition of property, plant and equipment | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of assets | |||||||||||
| Purchase of equity investment | ( | ||||||||||
| Purchases of marketable securities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities | |||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuances of common stock | |||||||||||
| Purchase of common stock through stock repurchase program | ( | ||||||||||
| Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of equity awards | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Payments on term loan | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net cash used in financing activities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ( | ||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ( | ||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year | |||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | $ | |||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
7
FORMFACTOR, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Non-cash investing and financing activities: | |||||||||||
| Decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities related to property, plant and equipment purchases | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||
| Operating lease, right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations | |||||||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: | |||||||||||
| Cash paid for income taxes, net | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Cash paid for interest | |||||||||||
| Operating cash outflows from operating leases | |||||||||||
| Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Restricted cash, current | |||||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | $ | |||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
8
FORMFACTOR, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1 — Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
Fiscal Year
We operate on a 52/53 week fiscal year, whereby the fiscal year ends on the last Saturday of December. Fiscal 2026 and 2025 each contain 52 weeks and the three months ended March 28, 2026 and March 29, 2025 each contained 13 weeks. Fiscal 2026 will end on December 26 , 2026.
Significant Accounting Policies
Our significant accounting policies have not changed during the three months ended March 28, 2026 from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 27, 2025.
New Accounting Pronouncements
ASU 2024-03
In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This ASU requires an entity to disclose, in tabular format in the notes to the financial statements, specific information about certain costs and expenses. Although the ASU does not change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement, it requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories. The amendments in the ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. An entity may apply the amendments prospectively for reporting periods after the effective date or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. This ASU will impact only our disclosures and not our financial condition and results of operations. We are currently evaluating the effect the adoption of this ASU may have on our disclosures.
Reclassifications
Certain immaterial reclassifications were made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. In the current period, depreciation and amortization were combined into a single line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, and accrued restructuring charges were presented separately from other accrued expenses within Note 6, Accrued Liabilities.
Note 2 — Concentration of Credit and Other Risks
Each of the following customers accounted for 10
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SK hynix Inc. | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Intel Corporation | * | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
| NVIDIA Corporation | % | * | |||||||||||||||||||||
| % | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
* Less than 10% of revenues.
At March 28, 2026, two customers accounted for 26.1 % and 13.3 % of gross accounts receivable, compared with 15.8 % and 10.8 % at December 27, 2025.
9
Note 3 — Inventories, net
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (principally standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first in, first out basis) or net realizable value.
Inventories, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):
| March 28, 2026 | December 27, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Raw materials | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Work-in-progress | |||||||||||
| Finished goods | |||||||||||
| $ | $ | ||||||||||
Note 4 — Acquisition
On December 15, 2025, we acquired 100 % of the shares of Keystone Photonics for total consideration of $20.6 million, net of cash acquired of $1.7 million. Keystone Photonics provides optical probing technology used in the testing of silicon photonics (“SiPh”) and co‑packaged optics (“CPO”) devices. The acquisition expands the Company’s testing capabilities in these areas and supports customers as SiPh and CPO technologies transition from development into high‑volume manufacturing, including applications related to artificial intelligence infrastructure.
The acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at their fair values as of the acquisition date. Certain amounts included in the purchase price allocation remain provisional, primarily related to the identified intangible assets and their related deferred tax impacts, as we continue to obtain information necessary to finalize those fair value estimates. Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed and is allocated to the systems reporting unit within the Systems reportable segment. We do not expect any portion of this goodwill to be deductible for tax purposes. The identified intangible asset, developed technology, has a preliminary useful life of ten years .
Our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income include the financial results of Keystone Photonics subsequent to the acquisition date of December 15, 2025. Revenue in fiscal 2025 related to Keystone Photonics subsequent to the acquisition date that was included in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income was not material.
The following table summarizes the preliminary purchase price allocation, which may be adjusted as we finalize our fair value estimates and provisional amounts (in thousands):
| Amount | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | |||||||
| Other current assets | ||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment | ||||||||
| Operating lease, right-of-use-assets | ||||||||
| Other non-current assets | ||||||||
| Tangible assets acquired | ||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | ( | |||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | ( | |||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | ( | |||||||
| Total net tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed | ( | |||||||
| Intangible assets | ||||||||
| Goodwill | ||||||||
| Net assets acquired | $ | |||||||
10
Note 5 — Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill by reportable segment was as follows (in thousands):
| Probe Cards | Systems | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill, as of December 28, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition - Keystone | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation | ||||||||||||||||||||
Goodwill, as of December 27, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
Goodwill, as of March 28, 2026 | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
We have no t recorded goodwill impairments for the three months ended March 28, 2026.
Intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):
| March 28, 2026 | December 27, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intangible Assets | Gross | Accumulated Amortization | Net | Gross | Accumulated Amortization | Net | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Existing developed technologies | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization expense was included in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
The estimated future amortization of definite-lived intangible assets, excluding in-process research and development, is as follows (in thousands):
| Fiscal Year | Amount | |||||||
Remainder of 2026 | $ | |||||||
| 2027 | ||||||||
| 2028 | ||||||||
| 2029 | ||||||||
| 2030 | ||||||||
| Thereafter | ||||||||
| $ | ||||||||
Note 6 — Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
| March 28, 2026 | December 27, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Accrued compensation and benefits | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accrued warranty | |||||||||||
| Accrued employee stock purchase plan contributions withheld | |||||||||||
| Accrued income and other taxes | |||||||||||
| Accrued restructuring charges | |||||||||||
| Other accrued expenses | |||||||||||
| $ | $ | ||||||||||
11
Note 7 — Restructuring Charges
On January 5, 2026, we adopted restructuring plans (the “2026 Restructuring Plans”) that are intended to better align our cost structure and support gross margin improvement to the Company’s target financial model, while also aligning manufacturing capabilities with current and anticipated business needs and the Company's strategic priorities. As part of this restructuring plan, the Company is consolidating the manufacturing facilities located in Carlsbad, California and Baldwin Park, California, to other manufacturing facilities.
The restructuring plans are expected to result in the Company recording restructuring charges in the aggregate amount of approximately $30.0 million to $40.0 million, estimated to be comprised primarily of $16.5 million to $22.0 million of cost related to the impairment and accelerated depreciation of property and equipment, $9.0 million to $12.5 million of costs relating to employee severance and benefits, $1.0 million to $2.0 million of impairment and accelerated amortization of right-of-use assets, and other costs totalling $3.5 million. These restructuring charges relate primarily to the Company’s Probe Cards segment, and the Company expects the majority of charges to be incurred in fiscal 2026.
Total restructuring charges included in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 28, 2026 were as follows (in thousands):
| Cost of revenues | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Changes to the restructuring accrual in the three months ended March 28, 2026 were as follows (in thousands):
| Employee Severance and Benefits | Stock-based Compensation | Property and Equipment | Leases | Other Costs | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 27, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring charges | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash payments | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-cash settlement | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note 8 — Debt
Revolving Credit Agreement
On July 29, 2025, we entered into a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the lenders party thereto, providing us with a $150 million revolving credit facility (the “Facility”). The Facility has a maturity date of July 29, 2030. The Facility may be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement. No amounts were outstanding under the Facility as of March 28, 2026.
Borrowings under the Facility will bear interest at a fluctuating rate per annum equal to, at our option, (i) the forward-looking secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) term, (ii) a base rate set forth in the Credit Agreement, or (iii) a combination thereof, plus, in each case, an applicable margin calculated based on our leverage ratio. Voluntary prepayments are permissible without penalty, subject to certain conditions pertaining to minimum notice and minimum prepayment and reduction amounts as described in the Credit Agreement.
The Facility also bears a quarterly commitment fee ranging from 0.15 % to 0.25 % on the daily amount by which the commitments under the Facility exceed the outstanding amount. The commitment fee as of March 28, 2026 was 0.15 %.
The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants and events of default, including limitations on subsidiary indebtedness and liens, and the requirement to maintain specified financial ratios including the requirement to maintain a consolidated total net leverage ratio not exceeding 3.50 to 1.00 as of the last day of each fiscal quarter with an increase to 4.00 to 1.00 for four quarters following a permitted acquisition.
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Building Term Loan and Interest Rate Swap
On June 22, 2020, we entered into an $18.0 million 15-year credit facility loan agreement (the “Building Term Loan”). The proceeds of the Building Term Loan were used to purchase a building adjacent to our leased facilities in Livermore, California. On May 19, 2023, we amended the Building Term Loan, replacing the benchmark reference rate London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) with the term SOFR, with no change to the amount or timing of contractual cash flows.
The Building Term Loan bears interest at a rate equal to the applicable SOFR rate plus 1.86 % per annum. Interest payments are payable in monthly installments over a fifteen-year period. The interest rate at March 28, 2026, before consideration of interest rate swap discussed in the next paragraph, was 5.53 %. As of March 28, 2026, the balance outstanding pursuant to the Building Term Loan was $12.0 million.
Note 9 — Fair Value and Derivative Instruments
Whenever possible, the fair values of our financial assets and liabilities are determined using quoted market prices of identical securities or quoted market prices of similar securities from active markets. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:
•Level 1 valuations are obtained from real-time quotes for transactions in active exchange markets involving identical securities;
•Level 2 valuations utilize significant observable inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices near the reporting date in markets that are less active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and
•Level 3 valuations utilize unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology and include our own data about assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available under the circumstances.
We did not have any transfers of assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis to or from Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 during the three months ended March 28, 2026 or the year ended December 27, 2025.
The carrying values of Cash, Accounts receivable, net, Restricted cash, Prepaid expenses and other current assets, Accounts payable, and Accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their short maturities. The carrying value of debt approximates fair value due to its variable interest rate.
No changes were made to our valuation techniques during the first three months of fiscal 2026.
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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in thousands):
| March 28, 2026 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marketable securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. treasuries | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. agency securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Promissory note receivable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swap derivative contract | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 27, 2025 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marketable securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. treasuries | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. agency securities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial paper | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Promissory note receivable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swap derivative contract | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash Equivalents
The fair value of our cash equivalents is determined based on quoted market prices for similar or identical securities.
Marketable Securities
We classify our marketable securities as available-for-sale and value them utilizing a market approach. Our investments are priced by pricing vendors who provide observable inputs for their pricing without applying significant judgment. Broker pricing is used mainly when a quoted price is not available, the investment is not priced by our pricing vendors or when a broker price is more reflective of fair value. Our broker-priced investments are categorized as Level 2 investments because fair value is based on similar assets without applying significant judgments. In addition, all investments have a sufficient trading volume to demonstrate that the fair value is appropriate.
Unrealized gains and losses were immaterial and were recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. We did not have any other-than-temporary unrealized gains or losses at either period end included in these financial statements.
Interest Rate Swap
The fair value of our interest rate swap contract is determined at the end of each reporting period based on valuation models that use interest rate yield curves as inputs. For accounting purposes, our interest rate swap contract qualifies for, and is designated as, a cash flow hedge. The hedged risk is the interest rate exposure to changes in interest payments attributable to changes in our variable-rate interest over the interest rate swap term. The changes in cash flows of the interest rate swap are expected to exactly offset changes in cash flows of the variable-rate debt. Cash settlements, in the form of cash payments or cash receipts,
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are recognized as a component of interest expense. The cash flows associated with the interest rate swaps are reported in Net cash provided by operating activities in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and the fair value of the interest rate swap contracts are recorded within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Foreign Exchange Derivative Contracts
We operate and sell our products in various global markets. As a result, we are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We utilize foreign currency forward contracts to hedge against future movements in foreign exchange rates that affect certain existing foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities and forecasted foreign currency revenue and expense transactions. Under this program, our strategy is to have increases or decreases in our foreign currency exposures mitigated by gains or losses on the foreign currency forward contracts in order to mitigate the risks and volatility associated with foreign currency transaction gains or losses.
We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. For accounting purposes, our foreign currency forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and, accordingly, we record the fair value of these contracts as of the end of our reporting period in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in fair value recorded within Other income, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income for both realized and unrealized gains and losses.
The fair value of our foreign exchange derivative contracts was determined based on current foreign currency exchange rates and forward points. All of our foreign exchange derivative contracts outstanding at March 28, 2026 will mature by the second quarter of fiscal 2026 .
The following table provides information about our foreign currency forward contracts outstanding as of March 28, 2026 (in thousands):
| Currency | Contract Position | Contract Amount (Local Currency) | Contract Amount (U.S. Dollars) | |||||||||||||||||
| Euro | Sell | |||||||||||||||||||
| Japanese Yen | Sell | |||||||||||||||||||
| Korean Won | Buy | |||||||||||||||||||
| Taiwan Dollar | Sell | |||||||||||||||||||
Our foreign currency contracts are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as they are valued using pricing models that utilize observable market inputs.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis
Note 10 — Warranty
We offer warranties on certain products and record a liability for the estimated future costs associated with warranty claims at the time revenue is recognized. The warranty liability is based upon historical experience and our estimate of the level of future costs. While we engage in product quality programs and processes, our warranty obligation is affected by product failure rates, material usage and service delivery costs. We regularly monitor product returns for warranty and maintain a reserve for the related expenses based upon our historical experience and any specifically identified failures. As we sell new products to our customers, we must exercise considerable judgment in estimating the expected failure rates. This estimating process is based on historical experience of similar products, as well as various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We provide for the estimated cost of product warranties at the time revenue is recognized as a component of Cost of revenues in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.
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Changes in our warranty liability were as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accruals | |||||||||||
| Settlements | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | $ | |||||||||
Note 11 — Property, Plant and Equipment, net
Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):
| March 28, 2026 | December 27, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Land | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Building and building improvements | |||||||||||
| Machinery and equipment | |||||||||||
| Computer equipment and software | |||||||||||
| Furniture and fixtures | |||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | |||||||||||
| Sub-total | |||||||||||
| Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net property, plant and equipment | |||||||||||
| Construction-in-progress | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | |||||||||
We incurred non-cash asset impairment and depreciation charges of $15.7 million during the three months ended March 28, 2026 as a direct result of the 2025 Restructuring Plans (see Note 7, Restructuring Charges).
Note 12 — Equity Investment
On February 21, 2025, Frontier Investments Co., Ltd (“HoldCo”), a joint holding company in which we hold a 20 % share of the equity and an affiliate of MBK Partners holds an 80 % share of the equity, through HoldCo’s wholly-owned subsidiary, FM Holdings Co., Ltd., acquired 100 % of the shares of FICT Limited (“FICT”) from Advantage Partners Inc. Our initial $67.2 million equity investment comprised of the funding of our share of the purchase price of $59.6 million, subject to changes in foreign currency fluctuations, and acquisition costs of $7.5 million.
During the three months ended March 28, 2026, we recorded income of $1.5 million from our equity share of the HoldCo using lag reporting. As of March 28, 2026, the carrying value of our investment was $64.2 million.
We engage in transactions with FICT, a related party and a supplier, in the normal course of business and at arm's length. Total related party purchases of inventory from FICT during the three months ended March 28, 2026 was $3.0 million.
Note 13 — Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-Based Compensation
Common Stock Repurchase Programs
On October 30, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a two-year program to repurchase up to $75.0 million of outstanding common stock, with the primary purpose of offsetting potential dilution from issuance of common stock under our stock-based compensation programs. On March 29, 2025, our Board of Directors approved an increase to the repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of an additional $1.6 million in shares of common stock. During the first fiscal quarter of 2025, we repurchased and retired 665,000 shares of common stock for $22.1 million, utilizing the remaining shares available for repurchase under the program.
On April 24, 2025, our Board of Directors authorized a new two-year program to repurchase up to $75.0 million of outstanding common stock to offset potential dilution from issuance of common stock under our stock-based compensation programs. This
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share repurchase program will expire on April 24, 2027. During fiscal 2025, we repurchased and retired 135,000 shares of common stock for $4.1 million. During the three months ended March 28, 2026, we did not repurchase and retire shares of common stock under this plan, and as of March 28, 2026, $70.9 million remained available for future repurchases.
Our policy related to repurchases of our common stock is to charge the excess of cost over par value to additional paid-in capital once the shares are retired. Share repurchases are subject to an excise tax enabled by the Inflation Reduction Act that is generally 1% of the fair market value of the shares repurchased at the time of the repurchase, net of the fair market value of certain new stock issuances during the same taxable year. Certain exceptions apply to the excise tax. The excise tax incurred, if applicable, is included in the cost of shares repurchased in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders Equity. All repurchases were made in compliance with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock unit (“RSU”) activity under our equity incentive plan was as follows:
| Units | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
RSUs at December 27, 2025 | $ | ||||||||||
| Awards granted | |||||||||||
| Awards vested | ( | ||||||||||
| Awards forfeited | ( | ||||||||||
RSUs at March 28, 2026 | |||||||||||
Performance Restricted Stock Units
We may grant Performance RSUs (“PRSUs”) to certain executives, which vest based upon us achieving certain market performance criteria. There were no PRSUs granted during the three months ended March 28, 2026. PRSUs are included as part of the RSU activity above.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Information related to activity under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) was as follows:
| Three Months Ended | ||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | ||||||||
| Shares issued | ||||||||
| Weighted average per share purchase price | $ | |||||||
| Weighted average per share discount from the fair value of our common stock on the date of issuance | $ | |||||||
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation was included in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total stock-based compensation | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Unrecognized Compensation Costs
At March 28, 2026, the unrecognized stock-based compensation was as follows (dollars in thousands):
Unrecognized Expense | Average Expected Recognition Period in Years | ||||||||||
| Restricted stock units | $ | ||||||||||
| Performance restricted stock units | |||||||||||
| Employee stock purchase plan | |||||||||||
| Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense | $ | ||||||||||
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Note 14 — Net Income per Share
The following table reconciles the shares used in calculating basic net income per share and diluted net income per share (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares used in computing basic net income per share | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Add potentially dilutive securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares used in computing diluted net income per share | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities not included as they would have been antidilutive | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Note 15 — Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Matters
From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business, the outcomes of which cannot be estimated with certainty. Our ability to estimate the outcomes may change in the near term and the effect of any such change could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Note 16 — Leases
We lease real estate space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements for commercial and industrial space, as well as for a portion of our corporate headquarters located in Livermore, California. Our leases have remaining terms of one to nine years , and some leases include options to extend up to 20 years. We also have operating leases for automobiles with remaining lease terms of one year . We did not include any of our renewal options in our lease terms for calculating our lease liability as the renewal options allow us to maintain operational flexibility and we are not reasonably certain we will exercise these options at this time. The weighted-average remaining lease term for our operating leases was three years as of March 28, 2026 and the weighted-average discount rate was 5.1 %.
The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lease expense: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease expense | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term lease expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variable lease expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Future minimum payments under our non-cancelable operating leases were as follows as of March 28, 2026 (in thousands):
| Fiscal Year | Amount | |||||||
Remainder of 2026 | $ | |||||||
| 2027 | ||||||||
| 2028 | ||||||||
| 2029 | ||||||||
| 2030 | ||||||||
| Thereafter | ||||||||
Total minimum lease payments | ||||||||
| Less: interest | ( | |||||||
Present value of net minimum lease payments | ||||||||
| Less: current portion | ( | |||||||
Total long-term operating lease liabilities | $ | |||||||
Note 17 — Revenue
Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations: On March 28, 2026, we had $11.4 million of remaining performance obligations, which were comprised of deferred service contracts, extended warranty contracts, and contracts with overtime revenue recognition that are not yet delivered. We expect to recognize approximately 71.3 % of our remaining performance obligations as revenue in the remainder of fiscal 2026, approximately 24.6 % in fiscal 2027, and approximately 4.1 % in fiscal 2028 and thereafter. The foregoing excludes the value of other remaining performance obligations as they have original durations of one year or less, and also excludes information about variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation.
Contract balances: The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Accounts receivable is recorded at the invoiced amount, net of an allowance for credit losses. A receivable is recognized in the period we deliver goods or provide services or when our right to consideration is unconditional. A contract asset is recorded when we have performed under the contract but our right to consideration is conditional on something other than the passage of time. Contract assets as of March 28, 2026 and December 27, 2025 were $6.4 million and $2.3 million, respectively, and are reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of Prepaid expenses and other current assets.
Contract liabilities include payments received and payments due in advance of performance under a contract and are satisfied as the associated revenue is recognized. Contract liabilities are reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at the end of each reporting period as a component of Deferred revenue and Other liabilities. Contract liabilities as of March 28, 2026 and December 27, 2025 were $27.4 million and $21.4 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 28, 2026, we recognized $8.5 million of revenue that was included in contract liabilities as of December 27, 2025.
Costs to obtain a contract: We generally expense sales commissions when incurred as a component of Selling, general and administrative expense, as the amortization period is typically less than one year.
Note 18 — Operating Segments and Enterprise-Wide Information
We operate in two reportable segments consisting of the Probe Cards segment and the Systems segment.
Our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is our President and Chief Executive Officer, who assesses the reportable segments' performance by using each reportable segment's net contribution to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire company. The CODM uses net contribution for each reportable segment predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process, as well as consideration of budget-to-actual variances on a quarterly basis when making decisions for assessment of our performance and results of operations. Certain components of net contribution are utilized to determine executive compensation along with other measures.
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The following table provides net contribution by reportable segment and includes a reconciliation to net income before income taxes (dollars in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Probe Cards | Systems | Corporate and Other | Total | Probe Cards | Systems | Corporate and Other | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross margin | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marketing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net contribution | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factory start-up costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income, net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes and equity investment | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate and Other includes unallocated expenses relating to restructuring charges, amortization of stock-based compensation expense, intangible assets, acquisition-related costs, including charges related to fixed assets stepped up to fair value, and other costs, which are not used in evaluating the results of, or in allocating resources to, our reportable segments. Acquisition-related costs include transaction costs and any costs directly related to the acquisition and integration of acquired businesses.
Net contribution represents Operating income excluding general and administrative expenses and factory start-up costs, which are not used in evaluating the results of, or in allocating resources to, our reportable segments.
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Certain revenue category information by reportable segment was as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Probe Cards | Systems | Total | Probe Cards | Systems | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Market: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foundry & Logic | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DRAM | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Flash | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Systems | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Timing of revenue recognition: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Products transferred at a point in time | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Products and services transferred over time | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geographical region: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| South Korea | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taiwan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Singapore | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Japan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Malaysia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Securities Act of 1933, which are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements include statements concerning, among other things, our business strategy (including the influence of anticipated trends and developments in our business and the markets in which we operate), financial and operating results, revenues, gross margins, liquidity, operating expenses, effective tax rate and deferred tax assets, products, projected costs and capital expenditure requirements, research and development programs, sales and marketing initiatives, competition and impact of accounting standards. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words, such as “may,” “likely,” “will,” “could,” “forecast,” “should,” “expect,” “estimate,” “plan,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “target,” “believe,” “continue,” the negative or plural of these words and other comparable terminology.
The forward-looking statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and our projections about future events. All forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are based upon information available to us as of the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We have no obligation to update any of these statements. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements, including risks related to general market trends, the benefits of acquisitions and investments, our credit facilities, our supply chain, our tax burden, uncertainties related to public health-related crises, the interpretation and impacts of changes in export controls, tariffs and other trade barriers, military conflicts, political volatility, legislative changes and similar factors, our ability to execute our business strategy including any plans of expansion, and other risks discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 27, 2025 and in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You should carefully consider the numerous risks and uncertainties described under these sections.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Unless expressly stated or the context otherwise requires, the terms “we,” “our,” “us” and “FormFactor” refer to FormFactor, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Overview
FormFactor, Inc., headquartered in Livermore, California, is a leading provider of essential test and measurement technologies along the full semiconductor product lifecycle — from characterization, modeling, reliability, and design de-bug, to qualification and production test. We provide a broad range of high-performance probe cards, analytical probes, probe stations, thermal systems, and cryogenic systems to both semiconductor companies and scientific institutions. Our products provide electrical and optical information from a variety of semiconductor and electro-optical devices and integrated circuits from early research, through development, to high-volume production. Customers use our products and services to optimize device performance and advance yield knowledge.
We operate in two reportable segments consisting of the Probe Cards segment and the Systems segment. Sales of our probe cards and analytical probes are included in the Probe Cards segment, while sales of our probe stations, thermal systems and cryogenic systems are included in the Systems segment.
We generated net income of $20.4 million in the first three months of fiscal 2026, compared to $6.4 million in the first three months of fiscal 2025. The increase in net income was primarily attributable to higher revenues, which reached record quarterly levels, and improved gross margins, partially offset by higher restructuring charges from plans adopted to better align our cost structure and support gross margin improvement to our target financial model.
Recent Developments
2026 Restructuring Plans — In January 2026, we adopted restructuring plans that are intended to better align cost structure and support gross margin improvement to our target financial model, while also aligning manufacturing capabilities with current and anticipated business needs and our strategic priorities. As part of this restructuring plan, we are consolidating the manufacturing facilities located in Carlsbad and Baldwin Park, California to other sites. The Baldwin Park site manufactured through January 2026 and the Carlsbad site is expected to manufacture through December 2026.
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Factory Expansion — In June 2025, we purchased a manufacturing site in Farmers Branch, Texas. We expect to begin production at this site late in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2026, with a ramp to initial target production levels over the course of fiscal 2027. The facility expands our manufacturing footprint and is expected to support incremental production capacity and a more favorable cost structure overall, once ramped to initial target production levels.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K describe the significant accounting estimates and significant accounting policies used in preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Actual results in these areas could differ from management’s estimates. During the three months ended March 28, 2026, there were no significant changes in our significant accounting policies or estimates from those reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 27, 2025.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our operating results as a percentage of revenues for the periods indicated:
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | 61.6 | 62.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 38.4 | 37.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 13.6 | 16.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 14.3 | 19.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Factory start-up costs | 3.1 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 31.0 | 35.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income | 7.4 | 2.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income, net | 0.9 | 1.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | 0.2 | 0.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes and equity investment | 8.5 | 4.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 0.2 | 0.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Income from equity investment | 0.7 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 9.0 | % | 3.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Revenues by Segment and Market
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Probe Cards | $ | 198,257 | $ | 136,520 | |||||||||||||||||||
Systems | 27,887 | 34,836 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 226,144 | $ | 171,356 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | % of Revenues | March 29, 2025 | % of Revenues | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Probe Cards Markets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foundry & Logic | $ | 111,188 | 49.2 | % | $ | 85,272 | 49.8 | % | $ | 25,916 | 30.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| DRAM | 82,933 | 36.7 | 48,858 | 28.5 | 34,075 | 69.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Flash | 4,136 | 1.8 | 2,390 | 1.4 | 1,746 | 73.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Systems Market: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Systems | 27,887 | 12.3 | 34,836 | 20.3 | (6,949) | (19.9) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | 226,144 | 100.0 | % | $ | 171,356 | 100.0 | % | $ | 54,788 | 32.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foundry & Logic — The increase in Foundry & Logic product revenues for the three months ended March 28, 2026, compared to the three months ended March 29, 2025, was driven by stronger probe-card demand for networking and high-performance compute microprocessor designs.
DRAM — The increase in DRAM product revenues for the three months ended March 28, 2026, compared to the three months ended March 29, 2025, was primarily driven by increased demand for high-bandwidth memory (“HBM”) designs utilized in generative artificial intelligence applications, with additional contributions from higher demand for other non-HBM DRAM designs.
Flash — The increase in Flash product revenues for the three months ended March 28, 2026, compared to the three months ended March 29, 2025, was driven by increased customer production activity and demand for our products. A portion of Flash product revenues during the period was associated with manufacturing activity at our Baldwin Park manufacturing facility, which was closed in connection with our 2026 Restructuring Plans. As a result of this closure, we expect Flash revenues to comprise a lower percentage of our portfolio going forward.
Systems — The decrease in Systems market revenues for the three months ended March 28, 2026, compared to the three months ended March 29, 2025, was driven by decreased sales of probe stations and cryogenic systems, partially offset by an increase in sales of thermal systems. The decline in probe station sales primarily reflects reduced demand for legacy product offerings as we transition toward production of Triton, our high‑volume co‑packaged optics (“CPO”) testing platform.
Revenues by Geographic Region
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | % of Revenues | March 29, 2025 | % of Revenues | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| South Korea | $ | 80,562 | 35.6 | % | $ | 43,171 | 25.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taiwan | 70,840 | 31.3 | 45,362 | 26.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | 29,410 | 13.0 | 40,325 | 23.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| China | 11,362 | 5.0 | 13,615 | 7.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Singapore | 10,275 | 4.5 | 6,249 | 3.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Japan | 8,282 | 3.7 | 10,319 | 6.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | 7,774 | 3.4 | 7,781 | 4.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Malaysia | 3,714 | 1.6 | 2,600 | 1.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of the world | 3,925 | 1.9 | 1,934 | 1.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | 226,144 | 100.0 | % | $ | 171,356 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Geographic revenue information is based on the location to which we ship the product. For example, if a certain South Korean customer purchases through its U.S. subsidiary and requests the products to be shipped to an address in South Korea, this sale will be reflected in the revenue for South Korea rather than the U.S.
Changes in revenues by geographic region for the three months ended March 28, 2026, compared to the three months ended March 29, 2025, were primarily attributable to changes in customer demand, product sales mix, and the timing of customer
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shipments and revenue recognition. Specifically, the changes in revenues by geographic region were attributable to the following:
•South Korea — Increased demand for our DRAM probe card products, including those supporting HBM designs, contributed to the increase in revenues.
•Taiwan — Increased demand for our Foundry & Logic probe card products contributed to the increase in revenues.
•United States — Decreased demand for certain Foundry & Logic and Systems customers contributed to the decrease in revenue.
Cost of Revenues and Gross Margins
Cost of revenues consists primarily of manufacturing materials, compensation and benefits, shipping and handling costs, manufacturing-related overhead (including equipment costs, related occupancy, and computer services), warranty costs, inventory adjustments (including write-downs for inventory obsolescence), and amortization of certain intangible assets. Our manufacturing operations rely on a limited number of suppliers to provide key components and materials for our products, some of which are a sole source. We order materials and supplies based on backlog and forecasted customer orders. Tooling and setup costs related to changing manufacturing lots at our suppliers are also included in the cost of revenues. We expense all warranty costs, inventory provisions and amortization of certain intangible assets as cost of revenues.
We have been executing on initiatives for gross margin improvements through operational effectiveness and financial discipline, including:
•Deploying our workforce and existing manufacturing footprint more effectively, which included the execution of our 2026 Restructuring Plans. In first quarter of 2026, costs of revenues include $21.5 million of restructuring costs in connection with the 2026 Restructuring Plans.
•Driving improvement in manufacturing yields in key process areas, innovating to reduce manufacturing spending, and reducing cycle times in key manufacturing operations.
Our gross profit and gross margin were as follows (dollars in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 86,794 | $ | 64,523 | $ | 22,271 | 34.5 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Gross margin | 38.4 | % | 37.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Our gross profit and gross margin by segment were as follows (dollars in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Probe Cards | Systems | Corporate and Other | Total | Probe Cards | Systems | Corporate and Other | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 100,131 | $ | 10,602 | $ | (23,939) | $ | 86,794 | $ | 51,615 | $ | 15,515 | $ | (2,607) | $ | 64,523 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross margin | 50.5 | % | 38.0 | % | 38.4 | % | 37.8 | % | 44.5 | % | 37.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Probe Cards — For the three months ended March 28, 2026, gross profit and gross margins increased compared to the three months ended March 29, 2025, primarily due to increased revenue from a favorable product mix, higher factory utilization, and increased volumes, which includes the impact of our gross margin initiatives described earlier, partially offset by increased costs for tariffs.
Systems — For the three months ended March 28, 2026, gross profit and gross margins decreased compared to the three months ended March 29, 2025, primarily as a result of lower factory utilization and decreased volumes.
Corporate and Other — Corporate and Other includes unallocated expenses relating to restructuring charges, net, stock-based compensation expense, and amortization of intangible assets and fixed asset fair value adjustments due to acquisitions, which are not used in evaluating the results of, or in allocating resources to, our reportable segments. For the three months ended March 28, 2026, corporate and other costs increased compared to the three months ended March 29, 2025, primarily due to the $21.5 million of restructuring charges incurred in connection with the 2026 Restructuring Plans.
Overall — Gross profit and gross margins fluctuate with revenue levels, product mix, selling prices, factory loading, and material costs. For the three months ended March 28, 2026, compared to the three months ended March 29, 2025, gross profit and gross margins increased due to increased revenue from a favorable product mix, higher factory utilization, and increased
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volumes, which includes the impact of our gross margin initiatives described earlier, partially offset by $21.5 million of restructuring charges incurred in connection with the 2026 Restructuring Plans and increased costs for tariffs which impacted gross margins by 1.4%.
Cost of revenues included stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | $ | 1,841 | $ | 2,005 | |||||||||||||||||||
Research and Development
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | $ | 30,780 | $ | 27,800 | $ | 2,980 | 10.7 | % | |||||||||||||||
| % of revenues | 13.6 | % | 16.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Research and development expenses in the three months ended March 28, 2026 increased compared to the corresponding period in the prior year primarily due to higher performance-based compensation and higher restructuring charges, partially offset by lower project material costs, lower general operational costs, and lower stock-based compensation. In first quarter of 2026, research and development includes $1.4 million of restructuring costs incurred in connection with the 2026 Restructuring Plans.
A detail of the changes is as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended March 28, 2026 compared to Three Months Ended March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||
| Employee compensation costs | $ | 3,180 | ||||||||||||
| Restructuring charges | 1,252 | |||||||||||||
| Project material costs | (752) | |||||||||||||
| General operational costs | (458) | |||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | (242) | |||||||||||||
| $ | 2,980 | |||||||||||||
Research and development included stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 2,404 | $ | 2,646 | |||||||||||||||||||
Selling, General and Administrative
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | 32,292 | $ | 33,454 | $ | (1,162) | (3.5) | % | |||||||||||||||
| % of revenues | 14.3 | % | 19.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased for the three months ended March 28, 2026 compared to the corresponding period in the prior year primarily due to decreased restructuring charges and lower stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by employee compensation costs from higher performance-based compensation.
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A detail of the changes is as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended March 28, 2026 compared to Three Months Ended March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||
| Employee compensation costs | $ | 3,215 | ||||||||||||
| Restructuring charges | (2,228) | |||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | (1,327) | |||||||||||||
| General operating expenses | (450) | |||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangibles | (191) | |||||||||||||
| Commission expenses | (181) | |||||||||||||
| $ | (1,162) | |||||||||||||
Selling, general and administrative included stock-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 3,818 | $ | 5,145 | |||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense was lower as of March 28, 2026, primarily due to the elimination of previously recognized equity compensation expense related to our former Chief Financial Officer.
Factory Start-Up Costs
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Factory start-up costs | $ | 7,074 | $ | — | $ | 7,074 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| % of revenues | 3.1 | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Factory start-up costs are current year costs associated with our newly purchased manufacturing site in Farmers Branch, Texas. The start-up costs consist of consulting costs, employee compensation costs, utilities, taxes and licenses, facility maintenance, and other expenses being incurred while the site is being brought to its intended use. These costs are expected to continue throughout the build-out, with production expected to begin at this site late in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2026.
Interest Income, Net
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest Income | $ | 2,429 | $ | 3,416 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average balance of cash and investments | $ | 305,505 | $ | 349,664 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average yield on cash and investments | 3.67 | % | 4.47 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest Expense | $ | 255 | $ | 99 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Average debt outstanding | $ | 11,993 | $ | 13,110 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average interest rate on debt | 2.75 | % | 2.75 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Interest income is earned on our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities. The decrease in interest income for the three months ended March 28, 2026, compared with the corresponding period in the prior year, was attributable to lower invested balances and lower yields.
Interest expense primarily includes interest on our term loan, interest rate swap derivative contracts, commitment fee on our revolving credit facility, term loan issuance costs amortization charges, and our revolving credit facility issuance costs
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amortization charges. The interest expense for the three months ended March 28, 2026 increased compared with the corresponding period in the prior year due to entering into the revolving credit facility in the third quarter of fiscal 2025.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net, primarily includes the effects of foreign currency and various other gains and losses. We partially mitigate our risks from currency movements by hedging certain balance sheet exposures, which minimizes the impacts during periods of foreign exchange volatility.
Provision for Income Taxes
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | $ | 396 | $ | 1,075 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Effective tax rate | 2.1 | % | 14.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Provision for income taxes reflects the tax provision on our operations in foreign and U.S. jurisdictions, offset by tax benefits from tax credits and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction. Our effective tax rate may vary from period to period based on changes in estimated taxable income or loss by jurisdiction, changes to the valuation allowance, changes to U.S. federal, state or foreign tax laws, changes in the benefit or expense related to stock-based compensation expense, future expansion into areas with varying country, state, and local income tax rates, and deductibility of certain costs and expenses by jurisdiction. The decrease in our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 28, 2026 compared to the corresponding period in the prior year was primarily driven by increased stock-based compensation discrete benefits that arose due to the increase in stock price between the grant date and the vesting date of the awards.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Capital Resources
Our working capital increased to $468.7 million at March 28, 2026, compared to $433.2 million at December 27, 2025.
Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of deposits held at banks and money market funds. Marketable securities primarily consist of U.S. treasuries, corporate bonds, U.S. agency securities, and commercial paper. We typically invest in highly rated securities with low probabilities of default. Our investment policy requires investments to be rated single A or better, and limits the types of acceptable investments, issuer concentration and duration of the investment.
Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaled approximately $303.3 million at March 28, 2026, compared to $275.2 million at December 27, 2025. We have the full amount available under our $150 million revolving credit facility as of March 28, 2026. Based on our historical results of operations, we expect that our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities on hand, the cash we expect to generate from operations, and the available capacity under our revolving credit facility, will be sufficient to fund our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements primarily arising from: research and development, capital expenditures, working capital, outstanding commitments, and other liquidity requirements associated with existing operations. However, we cannot be certain that our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities on hand, and cash generated from operations, will be available in the future to fund all of our capital and operating requirements. In addition, any future strategic investments and significant acquisitions may require additional cash and capital resources. To the extent necessary, we may consider entering into short and long-term debt obligations, raising cash through a stock issuance, or obtaining new financing facilities, which may not be available on terms favorable to us. If we are unable to obtain sufficient cash or capital to meet our needs on a timely basis and on favorable terms, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.
If we are unsuccessful in maintaining or growing our revenues, maintaining or reducing our cost structure, or increasing our available cash through debt or equity financings, our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities may decline.
We utilize a variety of tax planning and financing strategies to manage our worldwide cash and deploy funds to locations where needed. As part of these strategies, we indefinitely reinvest a portion of our foreign earnings. Should we require additional capital in the United States, we may elect to repatriate indefinitely-reinvested foreign funds or raise capital in the United States.
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Cash Flows
The following table sets forth our net cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities:
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||
| March 28, 2026 | March 29, 2025 | ||||||||||
| (In thousands) | |||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 44,961 | $ | 23,539 | |||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (23,407) | $ | (84,660) | |||||||
| Net cash used in financing activities | $ | (1,196) | $ | (2,964) | |||||||
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities consists of net income for the period, adjusted for certain non-cash items and changes in certain operating assets and liabilities. Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 28, 2026 was attributable to net income of $20.4 million and net non-cash expenses of $37.0 million, partially offset by the increase in net working capital of $12.4 million. The cash used in net working capital was primarily driven by increased inventories of $7.4 million, increased accounts receivable, net, of $7.0 million, increased prepaid and other current assets of $5.7 million, and decreased accrued liabilities of $5.3 million, partially offset by increased accounts payable of $7.5 million and increased deferred revenue of $6.0 million. The non-cash expenses mainly consisted of non-cash restructuring, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, and the provision for excess and obsolete inventories.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 28, 2026 primarily related to $15.2 million of property, plant and equipment purchases and $8.3 million in net purchases of marketable securities.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 28, 2026 primarily related to $6.8 million used to pay tax withholdings for net share settlements of employee stock awards, partially offset by $5.8 million received from issuances of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan.
Debt
Revolving Credit Agreement
On July 29, 2025, we entered into a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the lenders party thereto, providing us with a $150 million revolving credit facility (the “Facility”). The Facility has a maturity date of July 29, 2030. The Facility may be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement. No amounts were outstanding under the Facility as of March 28, 2026.
Borrowings under the Facility will bear interest at a fluctuating rate per annum equal to, at our option, (i) the forward-looking secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) term, (ii) a base rate set forth in the Credit Agreement, or (iii) a combination thereof, plus, in each case, an applicable margin calculated based on our leverage ratio. Voluntary prepayments are permissible without penalty, subject to certain conditions pertaining to minimum notice and minimum prepayment and reduction amounts as described in the Credit Agreement.
The Facility also bears a quarterly commitment fee ranging from 0.15% to 0.25% on the daily amount by which the commitments under the Facility exceed the outstanding amount. The commitment fee as of March 28, 2026 was 0.15%.
The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants and events of default, including limitations on subsidiary indebtedness and liens, and the requirement to maintain specified financial ratios including the requirement to maintain a consolidated total net leverage ratio not exceeding 3.50 to 1.00 as of the last day of each fiscal quarter with an increase to 4.00 to 1.00 for four quarters following a permitted acquisition. We were in compliance with the Facility's covenants as of March 28, 2026.
Building Term Loan and Interest Rate Swap
On June 22, 2020, we entered into an $18.0 million 15-year credit facility loan agreement (the “Building Term Loan”). The proceeds of the Building Term Loan were used to purchase a building adjacent to our leased facilities in Livermore, California. On May 19, 2023, we amended the Building Term Loan, replacing the benchmark reference rate London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) with the term SOFR, with no change to the amount or timing of contractual cash flows.
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The Building Term Loan bears interest at a rate equal to the applicable SOFR rate plus 1.86% per annum. Interest payments are payable in monthly installments over a fifteen-year period. The interest rate at March 28, 2026, before consideration of interest rate swap discussed in the next paragraph, was 5.53%. As of March 28, 2026, the balance outstanding pursuant to the Building Term Loan was $12.0 million.
On March 17, 2020, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement to hedge the interest payment on the Building Term Loan for the notional amount of $18.0 million, and an amortization period that matches the debt. As future levels of LIBOR over the life of the loan were uncertain, we entered into this interest-rate swap agreement to hedge the exposure in interest rate risks associated with movement in LIBOR rates. This agreement was amended on May 19, 2023 to replace the benchmark reference rate LIBOR with SOFR to match the Building Term Loan agreement (as amended). After the amendment, the interest rate swap continues to convert our floating-rate interest into a fixed-rate at 2.75%. As of March 28, 2026, the notional amount of the loan that is subject to this interest rate swap is $12.0 million.
Stock Repurchase Programs
On October 30, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a two-year program to repurchase up to $75.0 million of outstanding common stock, with the primary purpose of offsetting potential dilution from issuance of common stock under our stock-based compensation programs. On March 29, 2025, our Board of Directors approved an increase to the repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of an additional $1.6 million in shares of common stock. During the first fiscal quarter of 2025, we repurchased and retired 665,000 shares of common stock for $22.1 million, utilizing the remaining shares available for repurchase under the program.
On April 24, 2025, our Board of Directors authorized a new two-year program to repurchase up to $75.0 million of outstanding common stock to offset potential dilution from issuance of common stock under our stock-based compensation programs. This share repurchase program will expire on April 24, 2027. During fiscal 2025, we repurchased and retired 135,000 shares of common stock for $4.1 million. During the three months ended March 28, 2026, we did not repurchase and retire shares of common stock under this plan, and as of March 28, 2026, $70.9 million remained available for future repurchases.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The following table summarizes our significant contractual commitments to make future payments in cash under contractual obligations as of March 28, 2026:
| Payments Due In Fiscal Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Remainder 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 | 2030 | Thereafter | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating leases | $ | 6,865 | $ | 8,746 | $ | 5,064 | $ | 594 | $ | 456 | $ | 972 | $ | 22,697 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term loans - principal payments | 860 | 1,175 | 1,208 | 1,242 | 1,278 | 6,212 | 11,975 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans - interest payments(1) | 488 | 593 | 528 | 460 | 386 | 815 | 3,270 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revolver - commitment fee(2) | 193 | 228 | 232 | 228 | 131 | — | 1,012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 8,406 | $ | 10,742 | $ | 7,032 | $ | 2,524 | $ | 2,251 | $ | 7,999 | $ | 38,954 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Represents our minimum interest payment commitments at 5.53% per annum, excluding the interest rate swap described in Debt, above.
(2) Represents our quarterly commitment fee of 0.15% on the daily amount by which the commitments under the Facility exceed the outstanding amount. This commitment assumes no borrowings.
The table above excludes our gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits and our deferred grant. The gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits was $55.5 million as of March 28, 2026. The timing of any payments which could result from these unrecognized tax benefits will depend upon a number of factors and, accordingly, the timing of payment cannot be estimated. The deferred grant was $18.0 million as of March 28, 2026, and consists of cash received from a California Competes Grant awarded from the California Governor's Office of Business and Economic Development. The timing of any potential repayments is dependent upon a number of factors, including the number of employees and capital investments within California over the 5-year term. Accordingly, the timing of any repayment cannot be estimated.
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Historically, we have not participated in transactions that have generated relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. As of March 28, 2026, we were not involved in any such off-balance sheet arrangements.
Recent Accounting Standards
For a description of a recent change in accounting standards, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, in our condensed consolidated financial statements, see Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
For financial market risks related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, reference is made to Item 7A “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” contained in Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 27, 2025. Our exposure to market risk has not changed materially since December 27, 2025.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Based on our management’s evaluation (with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer), as of the end of the period covered by this report, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”)) are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
Control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control systems’ objectives are being met. Further, the design of any control systems must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of all controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Control systems can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based, in part, on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.
CEO and CFO Certifications
We have attached as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q the certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, which are required in accordance with the Exchange Act. We recommend that this Item 4 be read in conjunction with the certifications for a more complete understanding of the subject matter presented.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes during the three months ended March 28, 2026 to the risk factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 27, 2025. If any of the identified risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could suffer. The trading price of our common stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment in our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 27, 2025 are not the only ones we face. Additional risks that we currently do not know about or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business operations.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Repurchase of Common Stock
We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock during the first quarter of fiscal 2026.
Item 5. Other Information
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements
During the quarter ended March 28, 2026, no director or officer of the Company adopted terminated
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Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed herewith and this list constitutes the exhibit index.
| Exhibit | Incorporated by Reference | Filed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Date | Number | Herewith | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10.01 | Form of Indemnity Agreement | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
31.01 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
31.02 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
32.01 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | * | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101 | The following financial statements from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 28, 2026, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 104 | The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 28, 2026, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101) | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
______________________________________
* This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings.
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
| FormFactor, Inc. | |||||||||||
| Date: | May 5, 2026 | By: | /s/ ARIC MCKINNIS | ||||||||
| Aric McKinnis | |||||||||||
| Chief Financial Officer | |||||||||||
| (Duly Authorized Officer, Principal Financial Officer, and Principal Accounting Officer) | |||||||||||
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FAQ
How did FormFactor (FORM) perform financially in Q1 2026?
FormFactor posted stronger Q1 2026 results, with revenue of $226.1 million, up 32% year over year. Net income rose to $20.4 million from $6.4 million, and diluted EPS reached $0.26, supported by higher gross margins and AI-related probe card demand.
What drove FormFactor (FORM) revenue growth in Q1 2026?
Revenue growth was led by the Probe Cards segment, especially Foundry & Logic and DRAM products. DRAM revenue grew 69.7%, helped by high-bandwidth memory used in generative AI, while Foundry & Logic rose 30.4%, reflecting stronger demand for networking and high-performance compute microprocessors.
How profitable was FormFactor (FORM) in Q1 2026 compared to last year?
Profitability improved significantly. Net income increased from $6.4 million to $20.4 million, and net margin rose from 3.8% to 9.0%. Gross margin ticked up to 38.4% despite including $21.5 million of restructuring costs in cost of revenues during the quarter.
What restructuring actions is FormFactor (FORM) taking in 2026?
FormFactor adopted 2026 Restructuring Plans to align its cost structure and manufacturing footprint. It is consolidating Carlsbad and Baldwin Park, California facilities and expects total restructuring charges of $30–40 million, primarily from asset impairments and employee-related costs, mostly incurred during fiscal 2026.
What does FormFactor’s (FORM) balance sheet and liquidity look like after Q1 2026?
The company ended Q1 2026 with $303.3 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, up from $275.2 million. Operating cash flow was $45.0 million, and FormFactor had the full $150 million revolving credit facility available with no outstanding borrowings.
How is customer concentration affecting FormFactor (FORM)?
Customer concentration is significant. In Q1 2026, SK hynix accounted for 29.5% of revenue, while Intel and NVIDIA lifted total top-three customer concentration to 39.7%. This dependence means shifts in orders at these companies can materially influence quarterly results.
What is happening in FormFactor’s (FORM) Systems segment?
Systems revenue declined to $27.9 million, down 19.9% year over year, due to lower probe station and cryogenic system sales. Management attributes part of this to reduced demand for legacy probe stations as production transitions to Triton, its high-volume CPO testing platform.