J.P. Morgan (NYSE: JPM) Kronos Index update — 0.35% fee, backtest to 1954

Rhea-AI Filing Summary

JPMorgan Chase & Co. published a prospectus supplement and index supplements for the J.P. Morgan Kronos US Equity (JPUSKRSP) Index, providing hypothetical backtested returns and actual historical performance through April 30, 2026. The materials note that the Index was established on June 11, 2021 and that past or backtested results are not indicative of future results.

The presentation discloses the Index methodology, a fee of 0.35% per annum, possible notional financing costs tied to the Effective Federal Funds Rate, and a list of selected risks including strategy overlap, limited operating history, and that the Index comprises notional assets and liabilities. The supplement replaces prior monthly updates and emphasizes the limitations of hypothetical backtested returns.

Insights

Index Strategist

Index update details methodology, fees, backtest window, and risk disclosures.

The supplement documents the Kronos Index's construction and performance history, combining hypothetical backtests from July 7, 1954 through June 10, 2021 with actual Index levels from June 11, 2021 through April 30, 2026. It reiterates that backtested returns are illustrative and highlights a 0.35% annual fee and potential notional financing costs tied to the Effective Federal Funds Rate.

Key dependencies include the Index's multi-strategy rules (turn-of-month, option-expiry momentum, mean reversion) and calculation adjustments the sponsor may make. Subsequent pricing and note performance will depend on those rule applications and prevailing short-term interest rates; timing and cash-flow treatment for linked notes are not detailed in the excerpt.

Key Figures

Registration Statement: Nos. 333-293684 and 333-293684-1 Index establishment date: June 11, 2021 Annual fee deducted from Index: 0.35% per annum +2 more

5 metrics

Registration Statement Nos. 333-293684 and 333-293684-1 prospectus/prospectus supplement

Index establishment date June 11, 2021 Index inception

Annual fee deducted from Index 0.35% per annum Index level deduction

Backtest period start July 7, 1954 start of S&P 500 Price Return backtest

Actual performance end date April 30, 2026 actual Index performance window end

Key Terms

backtested, notional cash return, turn-of-month strategy, mean reversion strategy, +1 more

5 terms

backtested financial

"“Use of hypothetical backtested returns” at the end of this presentation"

notional cash return financial

"“The notional cash return will be negatively affected if the underlying interest rate is negative.”"

turn-of-month strategy financial

"“There are risks associated with the Index’s turn - of - month strategy.”"

mean reversion strategy financial

"“There are risks associated with the Index’s mean reversion strategy.”"

Effective Federal Funds Rate regulatory

"“a notional financing cost based on the Effective Federal Funds Rate.”"

The effective federal funds rate is the average interest rate banks pay each other for overnight loans of reserve balances held at the central bank, calculated from actual transactions across the market. It matters to investors because it acts as a benchmark that helps set borrowing costs, loan and bond rates, and company financing expenses—like a thermostat for the price of short-term money that influences stock and bond valuations.

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Accepted by SEC EDGAR 05/06/2026 - 04:19 PM Learn about SEC filing dates

FAQ

What period does the JPUSKRSP backtest and actual performance cover?

The presentation uses hypothetical backtested data from July 7, 1954 through June 10, 2021, and actual Index performance from June 11, 2021 through April 30, 2026.

What fee does the Kronos Index deduct from its level?

The Index level includes a deduction of a 0.35% per annum fee. The materials also disclose potential notional financing costs linked to the Effective Federal Funds Rate.

When was the JPUSKRSP Index established?

The materials state the Index was established on June 11, 2021, and therefore it has a limited operating history described in the selected risks.

Are the backtested returns verified by an independent party?

No. The supplement states the hypothetical historical levels have not been verified by an independent third party and warns that alternative modeling could produce different results.

What strategy risks does the supplement highlight for the Index?

The supplement lists risks including the Index's turn-of-month, option-expiry momentum, and mean reversion strategies, potential overlap between strategies, and the possibility the Index may be uninvested in the Constituent.

Index supplement to the prospectus dated April 17, 2026, the prospectus supplement dated April 17, 2026, the product supplement no. 3 - I dated April 17, 2026 and the underlying supplement no. 8 - I dated April 22, 2026 Please refer to the “Selected Risks” and “Disclaimer” at the end of this presentation . Historical performance measures for the Index represent hypothetical backtested performance using the actual performance of the S&P 500 ® Price Return Index from July 7 , 1954 through June 10 , 2021 and the actual performance of the Index from June 11 , 2021 through April 30 , 2026 . Please see “Use of hypothetical backtested returns” at the end of this presentation for further information related to backtesting including a discussion of certain limitation of backtesting and simulated returns . Except as noted above and in the section entitled “Use of hypothetical backtested returns” at the end of this document, the hypothetical monthly and annual returns set forth above were determined using the methodology currently used to calculate the Index . PAST PERFORMANCE AND BACKTESTED PERFORMANCE ARE NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS . Investing in the notes linked to the Index involves a number of risks . See “Selected Risks” on page 3 of this document, “Risk Factors” in the prospectus supplement and the relevant product supplement and underlying supplement and “Selected Risk Considerations” in the relevant pricing supplement . Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the notes or passed upon the accuracy or the adequacy of this document or the accompanying product supplement, underlying supplement, prospectus supplement or prospectus . Any representation to the contrary is a criminal otfense . The notes are not bank deposits, are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmental agency and are not obligations of, or guaranteed by, a bank . Registration Statement Nos. 333 - 293684 and 333 - 293684 - 1 Dated May 6, 2026 Rule 424(b)(3) MAY 2026 J.P. Morgan Kronos US Equity (JPUSKRSP) Index Hypothetical and Actual Historical Monthly and Annual Returns  Backtested  Actual Year Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan 21.28% 6.69% 8.01% - 2.72% 9.08% - 3.26% 2.52% 1954 28.67% - 0.29% 8.04% - 5.91% 3.51% - 1.62% 6.08% 9.82% - 0.83% 5.68% 0.05% 1.02% 1.01% 1955 13.96% 5.30% - 0.25% 0.74% - 4.82% - 4.24% 6.55% 4.24% - 6.22% 0.74% 9.36% 4.82% - 1.76% 1956 - 6.36% - 3.80% 3.75% 0.68% - 6.12% - 5.44% 2.70% - 0.97% 5.40% 4.59% 3.28% - 5.75% - 3.82% 1957 43.76% 4.73% 3.48% 2.90% 4.38% 0.60% 5.45% 2.83% 1.39% 1.12% 5.63% - 1.10% 5.70% 1958 15.51% 3.37% 1.84% 2.38% - 2.83% - 1.04% 3.37% - 0.69% 1.42% 6.03% 0.89% - 0.89% 0.96% 1959 - 3.59% 4.55% 5.43% - 1.92% - 6.18% 2.66% - 1.46% 2.47% 2.90% 0.07% - 3.49% 0.61% - 8.29% 1960 33.04% 0.37% 4.98% 3.51% - 1.46% 3.82% 3.12% - 1.97% 3.54% - 0.41% 4.43% 2.77% 6.59% 1961 - 12.06% 2.20% 11.30% 1.46% - 5.40% 2.91% 7.27% - 7.81% - 10.15% - 9.66% - 0.64% 2.85% - 4.60% 1962 22.05% 2.36% - 2.34% 2.34% - 0.34% 5.70% 2.00% - 2.81% 1.09% 5.60% 3.39% - 1.74% 5.34% 1963 15.55% - 0.17% 0.05% 1.25% 3.69% - 2.67% 3.40% - 0.13% 1.98% 1.90% 1.20% 0.79% 3.43% 1964 7.82% 0.41% - 1.49% 2.87% 4.31% 1.84% 2.38% - 6.67% - 0.66% 3.76% - 2.46% 0.18% 3.66% 1965 - 15.82% - 0.40% - 0.76% 1.97% - 1.46% - 6.42% 0.98% - 1.75% - 8.22% 3.73% - 4.28% - 0.35% 0.53% 1966 22.49% 2.91% - 0.97% - 3.52% 4.39% - 1.00% 5.02% 2.65% - 7.35% 3.92% 5.45% 0.30% 9.80% 1967 5.91% - 6.03% 3.67% 2.47% 5.09% 0.49% - 1.21% 1.91% 1.19% 8.38% 2.21% - 4.84% - 6.44% 1968 - 15.46% - 2.68% - 2.90% 4.55% - 4.73% 4.60% - 5.88% - 4.71% 0.50% 1.98% 2.40% - 6.72% - 2.21% 1969 - 4.47% 5.93% 7.46% - 0.46% 3.03% 2.00% 3.95% - 2.75% - 4.18% - 11.86% 1.87% 4.03% - 11.33% 1970 15.35% 11.51% 2.26% - 3.17% 0.74% 2.54% - 6.17% 0.51% - 5.03% 4.09% 4.06% 0.13% 4.11% 1971 16.02% 1.71% 5.75% - 0.68% - 0.05% 5.53% 0.21% - 3.81% - 0.79% 1.66% 1.39% 2.62% 1.79% 1972 - 15.12% 3.14% - 13.08% - 1.36% 4.87% - 2.89% 1.98% - 2.98% 2.25% - 4.29% 3.07% - 5.51% - 0.07% 1973 - 37.24% - 2.71% - 6.72% 15.25% - 18.13% - 6.55% - 12.78% 0.23% - 1.42% - 5.37% - 1.72% - 1.46% - 0.71% 1974 25.40% - 1.62% 1.54% 9.36% - 6.66% - 0.95% - 10.11% 5.71% 4.14% 4.12% 1.10% 8.52% 9.82% 1975 19.21% 4.39% - 3.06% - 2.70% 5.13% - 1.43% - 2.09% 4.88% - 1.75% - 1.00% 2.68% - 1.21% 15.29% 1976 - 9.44% 0.64% 1.43% - 3.74% 1.15% - 2.71% - 1.63% 5.52% - 0.15% 0.49% - 0.86% - 2.59% - 6.89% 1977 - 1.30% 1.63% 1.26% - 9.99% - 1.53% 4.90% 4.43% - 1.99% 1.06% 8.85% 3.06% - 3.67% - 7.71% 1978 12.81% 2.25% 3.03% - 4.80% - 0.49% 5.88% 1.85% 4.13% - 4.93% 0.94% 6.66% - 6.47% 5.16% 1979 27.75% - 6.87% 10.13% 4.78% 6.52% 1.06% 9.41% 1.64% 3.11% 2.48% - 10.55% - 0.10% 5.19% 1980 - 14.21% - 3.39% 6.14% 5.34% - 5.81% - 8.80% 0.04% - 2.56% - 1.68% - 4.59% 3.94% 3.16% - 5.71% 1981 15.53% 1.28% 6.85% 16.33% 1.46% 6.75% - 1.33% - 1.20% - 5.03% 5.65% - 4.85% - 7.12% - 1.99% 1982 25.05% - 0.10% 1.39% - 0.62% 3.36% 0.67% - 2.53% 6.95% - 1.97% 7.78% 5.48% 0.41% 2.37% 1983 4.08% 1.66% - 0.77% 0.35% - 1.54% 14.75% - 0.43% 4.42% - 8.52% 0.13% 0.29% - 4.32% - 0.42% 1984 30.14% 4.66% 6.93% 4.70% - 4.49% - 1.53% 0.25% 2.38% 7.23% - 1.58% 0.59% 1.19% 7.08% 1985 14.55% - 1.61% 4.97% 5.93% - 10.41% 7.29% - 8.30% 2.16% 3.76% - 2.44% 4.49% 7.49% 2.27% 1986 35.55% 5.52% - 10.81% - 6.31% - 3.07% 5.30% 3.99% 6.84% 2.47% 1.32% 6.05% 4.63% 17.67% 1987 31.03% 2.62% - 0.73% 4.29% 5.00% - 2.51% 0.31% 4.78% 2.35% 0.61% - 1.37% 4.24% 8.26% 1988 25.87% 2.56% 1.06% - 2.78% - 1.18% 1.35% 9.26% - 1.53% 4.19% 5.30% 3.78% - 3.94% 5.99% 1989 - 3.83% 3.73% 7.15% - 0.41% - 3.80% - 8.91% - 2.05% - 2.29% 10.59% - 4.83% 3.41% 1.36% - 6.09% 1990 17.17% 8.18% - 6.69% 0.60% - 2.60% - 0.21% 4.47% - 6.65% 5.31% - 0.10% 4.55% 9.67% 0.92% 1991 0.50% 2.26% 2.96% - 1.40% 1.58% - 3.79% 2.26% - 0.89% 0.23% 2.61% - 3.79% 0.75% - 1.95% 1992 5.14% 1.41% - 1.77% 2.97% - 1.90% 3.02% - 1.34% 0.50% 1.12% - 3.50% 1.75% 3.26% - 0.23% 1993 - 8.43% 0.20% - 6.34% 1.11% - 2.83% 2.31% 2.80% - 4.26% 1.42% 2.48% - 3.28% - 4.51% 2.77% 1994 36.93% 1.16% 4.78% - 0.43% 5.43% - 0.10% 2.92% 3.71% 3.66% 3.28% 2.07% 4.05% 1.52% 1995 25.53% - 4.99% 8.37% 4.55% 5.99% 4.49% - 5.06% 0.56% 2.52% 2.31% 0.51% - 0.09% 4.71% 1996 36.29% 2.41% 5.04% - 1.35% 8.02% - 7.67% 8.22% 3.92% 6.99% 5.65% - 5.63% - 0.42% 7.82% 1997

MAY 2026 | J.P. Morgan Kronos US Equity (JPUSKRSP) Index Please refer to the “Selected Risks” and “Disclaimer” at the end of this presentation . Historical performance measures for the Index represent hypothetical backtested performance using the actual performance of the S&P 500 ® Price Return Index from July 7 , 1954 through June 10 , 2021 and the actual performance of the Index from June 11 , 2021 through April 30 , 2026 . Please see “Use of hypothetical backtested returns” at the end of this presentation for further information related to backtesting including a discussion of certain limitation of backtesting and simulated returns . Except as noted above and in the section entitled “Use of hypothetical backtested returns” at the end of this document, the hypothetical monthly and annual returns set forth above were determined using the methodology currently used to calculate the Index . PAST PERFORMANCE AND BACKTESTED PERFORMANCE ARE NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS . Investing in the notes linked to the Index involves a number of risks . See “Selected Risks” on page 3 of this document, “Risk Factors” in the prospectus supplement and the relevant product supplement and underlying supplement and “Selected Risk Considerations” in the relevant pricing supplement . Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the notes or passed upon the accuracy or the adequacy of this document or the accompanying product supplement, underlying supplement, prospectus supplement or prospectus . Any representation to the contrary is a criminal otfense . The notes are not bank deposits, are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmental agency and are not obligations of, or guaranteed by, a bank . Year Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan 13.16% 2.88% 8.16% 3.38% 6.92% - 20.67% 0.56% 2.03% - 3.11% 4.21% 4.90% 8.25% - 1.40% 1998 19.13% 5.53% 2.05% 9.96% - 2.90% - 1.35% - 2.15% 4.77% - 2.41% 3.13% 1.87% - 5.63% 5.87% 1999 - 5.60% 1.76% - 7.78% - 1.12% - 5.13% 7.57% - 0.87% 4.10% - 5.51% - 3.23% 14.99% 1.49% - 9.46% 2000 - 0.10% 1.30% 11.30% 3.07% - 6.40% - 8.71% - 0.78% - 0.64% 5.28% 8.94% - 3.14% - 9.79% 1.84% 2001 - 12.19% - 8.85% 6.87% 9.57% - 11.79% 3.27% 2.72% - 7.77% - 0.98% - 7.56% 6.75% - 2.78% 0.33% 2002 28.50% 5.67% 0.91% 6.43% 0.38% 1.33% 1.92% 1.41% 3.15% 10.16% 1.01% - 1.46% - 4.78% 2003 16.89% 3.37% 4.75% 3.26% 1.54% - 1.05% - 3.61% 1.81% 2.73% - 1.97% 0.86% 0.52% 3.83% 2004 9.95% 0.29% 4.99% - 3.18% 1.79% - 0.98% 3.36% 1.20% 4.14% - 0.27% - 1.49% 1.69% - 1.69% 2005 16.71% 1.91% 2.50% 4.20% 1.59% 2.20% 0.69% - 0.03% - 1.67% 1.84% 1.19% - 1.09% 2.36% 2006 10.25% 0.28% - 1.71% 1.73% 2.48% 1.01% 0.07% - 4.11% 5.02% 5.07% 0.34% - 1.06% 1.05% 2007 - 46.34% - 2.96% - 5.57% - 18.24% - 11.94% 1.43% - 4.45% - 8.76% 3.03% 3.75% - 4.61% - 5.98% - 4.05% 2008 36.86% 2.13% 6.25% 1.37% 4.33% 5.39% 7.61% - 1.26% 8.66% 10.45% 7.63% - 13.27% - 4.95% 2009 28.48% 8.55% 2.55% 5.06% 11.23% - 5.71% 8.94% - 5.69% - 7.90% 2.75% 7.05% 1.82% - 1.16% 2010 10.34% 0.98% 4.37% 9.73% - 6.74% - 4.37% 0.16% - 2.52% - 1.86% 4.10% 0.06% 5.00% 2.07% 2011 18.74% 0.79% 1.27% - 0.62% 4.40% 2.70% - 0.83% 3.07% - 7.00% 0.39% 2.28% 5.51% 6.03% 2012 43.53% 0.05% 3.25% 5.34% 3.89% - 2.13% 6.56% 1.23% 3.38% 2.20% 4.29% 2.44% 6.55% 2013 7.25% - 3.16% 2.74% 3.10% - 1.31% 2.26% - 0.67% 3.00% 2.24% - 0.60% 1.21% 3.89% - 5.24% 2014 3.93% - 0.88% 1.20% 9.71% - 4.85% - 1.86% 1.77% - 2.52% 1.66% 0.76% - 1.53% 7.01% - 5.54% 2015 10.69% 2.24% 2.70% - 2.76% - 0.30% - 0.12% 3.82% 0.80% 2.19% - 0.46% 9.17% - 2.00% - 4.42% 2016 23.59% 1.02% 2.60% 2.62% 1.77% 1.46% 2.06% 0.95% 1.44% 0.68% 0.68% 4.25% 1.88% 2017 3.42% - 7.20% 5.21% - 6.85% 0.54% 2.89% 4.06% 2.36% 3.48% 1.40% - 1.58% - 7.23% 7.70% 2018 32.25% 2.63% 3.99% 0.88% 2.57% - 3.45% 1.49% 9.82% - 8.68% 4.15% 3.15% 3.92% 9.15% 2019 53.87% 4.21% 13.25% - 1.35% - 2.56% 7.51% 6.75% 4.66% 3.68% 12.59% 0.70% - 5.12% 1.26% 2020 34.66% 4.31% 0.85% 9.18% - 4.86% 3.28% 1.23% 1.71% 1.69% 6.25% 2.54% 3.77% 0.80% 2021 - 28.46% - 10.62% 3.18% 8.99% - 10.90% - 4.84% 10.54% - 8.61% 4.55% - 12.37% - 1.19% - 1.55% - 6.76% 2022 28.43% 4.29% 11.42% - 1.13% - 6.20% - 1.86% 2.41% 7.99% - 2.22% 2.04% 6.06% - 2.62% 6.56% 2023 17.12% - 3.71% 5.90% - 1.12% 0.03% - 2.19% 1.93% 3.83% 7.22% - 4.65% 3.06% 5.47% 0.94% 2024 9.45% 0.19% 0.02% 0.85% 4.68% 1.04% 2.70% 3.57% 6.74% - 1.37% - 9.31% - 1.01% 1.85% 2025 4.88% 12.19% - 4.97% - 1.76% 0.13% 2026

MAY 2026 | J.P. Morgan Kronos US Equity (JPUSKRSP) Index Selected Risks  Our affiliate, J.P. Morgan Securities plc (“JPMS plc”), is the sponsor and calculation agent of the Index and may adjust the Index in a way that atfects its level.  The level of the Index will include the deduction of a fee of 0.35% per annum and, in some circumstances, a notional financing cost based on the Etfective Federal Funds Rate.  JPMorgan Chase & Co. is currently one of the companies that make up the Constituent.  There are risks associated with the Index’s turn - of - month strategy.  There are risks associated with the Index’s option expiry momentum strategy.  There are risks associated with the Index’s mean reversion strategy.  The Index’s strategies are applied during only a portion of each month.  The Index may be adversely atfected by an overlap between its turn - of - the - month strategy and its month - end mean reversion strategy.  The Index may be uninvested in the Constituent.  The Constituent of the Index may be replaced by a substitute index in certain extraordinary events.  The notional cash return will be negatively atfected if the underlying interest rate is negative.  The Index, which was established on June 11, 2021, has a limited operating history and may perform in unanticipated ways.  The Index comprises notional assets and liabilities. There is no actual portfolio of assets to which any person is entitled or in which any person has any ownership interest.  The Index may not be successful or outperform any alternative strategy that may be employed of the Constituents.  The Etfective Federal Funds Rate is atfected by a number of factors and may be volatile.  The method pursuant to which the Etfective Federal Funds Rate is determined may change, and any such change may adversely atfect the value of notes linked to the Index. The risks identified above are not exhaustive. You should also review carefully the related “Risk Factors” section in the prospectus supplement and the relevant product supplement and underlying supplement and the “Selected Risk Considerations” in the relevant pricing supplement. Disclaimer Important Information The information contained in this document is for discussion purposes only . Any information relating to performance contained in these materials is illustrative and no assurance is given that any indicative returns, performance or results, whether historical or hypothetical, will be achieved . All information herein is subject to change without notice, however, J . P . Morgan undertakes no duty to update this information . In the event of any inconsistency between the information presented herein and any otfering document, the otfering document shall govern . Use of hypothetical backtested returns Any backtested historical performance and weighting information included herein is hypothetical . The constituent may not have traded in the manner shown in the hypothetical backtest of the Index included herein, and no representation is being made that the Index will achieve similar performance . There are frequently significant ditferences between hypothetical backtested performance and actual subsequent performance . The results obtained from backtesting information should not be considered indicative of the actual results that might be obtained from an investment in notes referencing the Index . J . P . Morgan provides no assurance or guarantee that notes linked to the Index will operate or would have operated in the past in a manner consistent with these materials . The hypothetical historical levels presented herein have not been verified by an independent third party, and such hypothetical historical levels have inherent limitations . Alternative simulations, techniques, modeling or assumptions might produce significantly ditferent results and prove to be more appropriate . Actual results will vary, perhaps materially, from the hypothetical backtested returns and allocations presented in this document . HISTORICAL AND BACKTESTED PERFORMANCE AND ALLOCATIONS ARE NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS . Investment suitability must be determined individually for each investor, and investments linked to the Index may not be suitable for all investors . This material is not a product of J . P . Morgan Research Departments . Copyright © 2026 JPMorgan Chase & Co . All rights reserved . For additional regulatory disclosures, please consult : www . jpmorgan . com/disclosures . Information contained on this website is not incorporated by reference in, and should not be considered part of, this document . This monthly update document replaces and supersedes all prior written materials of this type previously provided with respect to the Index .