How large are Micromem Technologies Inc.’s convertible debentures and related liabilities?

Convertible debentures had a carrying amount of $4,630,519 at April 30, 2026. Related derivative liabilities totaled $489,098 , and warrant liabilities were $290,046 . These complex instruments drive significant interest, accretion, and fair‑value remeasurement items in the company’s income statement.

Micromem Technologies Inc. (OTCQB: MMTIF) posts Q2 loss amid going concern risk

Q: How did Micromem Technologies Inc. (MMTIF) perform in the quarter ended April 30, 2026?

Micromem reported a net and comprehensive loss of $357,754 for the quarter. For the six months ended April 30, 2026, the loss totaled $720,759 , reflecting ongoing operating expenses, significant interest and accretion on convertible debentures, and no commercial revenues during the period.

Q: What is Micromem Technologies Inc.’s cash and working capital position as of April 30, 2026?

As of April 30, 2026, Micromem held $28,464 in cash and reported a working capital deficiency of $5,784,058 . Current assets were only $59,327 against current liabilities of $5,843,385 , indicating substantial short‑term funding pressure and reliance on external financing.

Q: What going concern disclosures did Micromem Technologies Inc. make in its April 30, 2026 financials?

Management stated there are material uncertainties that cast substantial doubt on Micromem’s ability to continue as a going concern. The disclosure cites continuing net losses, negative operating cash flow of $406,807 over six months, and dependence on additional financing and profitable commercialization of its sensor technology.

Filing Impact

(Neutral)

Filing Sentiment

(Neutral)

Form Type

6-K

Rhea-AI Filing Summary

Micromem Technologies Inc. reports another loss-making quarter and highlights material uncertainty about its ability to continue as a going concern. For the three months ended April 30, 2026, the company posted a net and comprehensive loss of $357,754, bringing the six‑month loss to $720,759. Cash fell to $28,464 against current liabilities of $5,843,385, resulting in a working capital deficit of $5,784,058. Convertible debentures of $4,630,519 plus derivative and warrant liabilities dominate a small asset base of $85,131. Management continues to fund operations through new debentures and equity units while pursuing commercialization of its nanowire sensor collaborations with the University of Toronto, but states there is substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern without additional financing and successful commercialization.

Positive

None.

Negative

Going concern uncertainty and heavy leverage: The company reports a six‑month loss of $720,759, negative operating cash flow of $406,807, a working capital deficit of $5,784,058, and $4,630,519 of convertible debentures, and states there are material uncertainties casting substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern.

Insights

Severe liquidity pressure, heavy debenture load, and going concern uncertainty.

Micromem has a very thin balance sheet, with total assets of only $85,131 versus total liabilities of $5,848,183. A working capital deficit of $5,784,058 and cash of $28,464 leave little margin to absorb setbacks.

Funding relies heavily on convertible debentures, which stand at $4,630,519 plus $489,098 of derivative liabilities and $290,046 of warrant liabilities. The instruments also generate sizeable non‑cash items such as accretion expense and fair‑value remeasurements that increase reported volatility.

Management explicitly discloses “material uncertainties” that cast substantial doubt on the ability to continue as a going concern, citing ongoing losses and negative operating cash flow of $406,807 over six months to April 30, 2026. Subsequent financing steps—new private placements, added debentures, and partial repayments—help near‑term funding but do not yet resolve structural dependence on external capital and successful commercialization.

Key Figures

Quarter net loss: $357,754 Six-month net loss: $720,759 Cash balance: $28,464 +5 more

8 metrics

Quarter net loss $357,754 Net and comprehensive loss for three months ended April 30, 2026

Six-month net loss $720,759 Net and comprehensive loss for six months ended April 30, 2026

Cash balance $28,464 Cash as of April 30, 2026

Working capital deficit $5,784,058 Working capital deficiency as of April 30, 2026

Convertible debentures $4,630,519 Carrying amount as of April 30, 2026

Total assets $85,131 Consolidated assets as of April 30, 2026

Operating cash flow $(406,807) Cash flows used in operating activities, six months ended April 30, 2026

Non-capital tax losses $37.9 million Tax loss carryforwards as of April 30, 2026

Key Terms

going concern, convertible debentures, derivative liabilities, warrant liability, +1 more

5 terms

going concern financial

"There are material uncertainties related to conditions and events that cast substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern"

A going concern is a business that is expected to continue its operations and meet its obligations for the foreseeable future, rather than shutting down or selling off assets. This assumption matters to investors because it indicates stability and ongoing profitability, making the business a more reliable investment. Think of it as believing a restaurant will stay open and serve customers, rather than closing down suddenly.

convertible debentures financial

"The Company issues three types of convertible debentures: USD denominated convertible debentures with an equity component, Canadian dollar denominated convertible debentures with an embedded derivative"

Convertible debentures are loans a company issues that pay interest like a bond but can be swapped later for the company’s shares at a set price. For investors they act like a safety-net plus a shortcut: you get regular interest payments while retaining the option to join ownership if the share price rises, which offers upside potential but can dilute existing shareholders if conversion occurs.

derivative liabilities financial

"Loss (gain) on revaluation of derivative liabilities"

Derivative liabilities are obligations a company records when it owes money under financial contracts whose value depends on something else, like interest rates, stock prices, or currencies. Think of them as bets or insurance policies that can create future cash payments; they matter to investors because they can cause sudden changes in a company’s reported debt, profits and cash flow and reveal exposure to market risks that could affect valuation.

warrant liability financial

"The Company determined that these warrants were exchangeable into a variable number of shares, and as such, the warrants were classified as financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss"

Warrant liability is the financial obligation a company records when it grants warrants—special options giving the holder the right to buy company shares at a set price in the future. It matters to investors because changes in this liability can affect a company's reported earnings and overall financial health, similar to how a pending contract can influence a company's future value.

stock-based compensation financial

"During the three and six months ended April 30, 2026, the Company recorded an expense of $nil and $177,914 for the vesting of stock options"

Stock-based compensation is when a company pays employees, directors or consultants with shares or the right to buy shares instead of or in addition to cash. It matters to investors because issuing stock or options spreads ownership thinner (like cutting a pie into more slices), which can reduce each existing share’s claim on profits and can also change reported earnings; investors watch it to assess true cost of running the business and how management is incentivized.

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Form 6-K: How Foreign Companies Report to the SEC →

Available on EDGAR 06/29/2026 - 03:30 PM Accepted by SEC EDGAR 06/29/2026 - 03:30 PM

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 6-K

Report of Foreign Private Issuer
Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16 of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

June 2026

Commission File Number 0-26005

MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

121 Richmond Street West, Suite 602, Toronto, ON M5H 2K1

[Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.]

Form 20-F [X] Form 40-F [ ]

[Indicate by check mark whether the registrant by furnishing the information contained in this Form is also thereby furnishing the information to the Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.]

Yes [ ] No [X]

[If "Yes" is marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant in connection with rule 12g3-2(b): N/A

This report on Form 6-K is hereby incorporated by reference in the registration statement on Form F-3 (Registration No. 333-134309) of Micromem Technologies Inc. and in the prospectus contained therein, and this report on Form 6-K shall be deemed a part of such registration statement from the date on which this report is filed, to the extent not superseded by documents or reports subsequently filed or furnished by Micromem Technologies Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


	MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

	By: /s/ Joseph Fuda
Date: June 29, 2026	Name: Joseph Fuda
	Title: Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit Index

Exhibit		Description

99.1		Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the period ended April 30, 2026
99.2		Management's Discussion and Analysis for the period ended April 30, 2026
99.3		Form 52-109F2 Certification of Interim Filings Full Certificate - CEO
99.4		Form 52-109F2 Certification of Interim Filings Full Certificate - CFO

Micromem Technologies Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
For the three and six months ended April 30, 2026 and 2025

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

Micromem Technologies Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements

For the three and six months ended April 30, 2026 and 2025

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

Contents

Notice to Shareholders	1

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements:

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position	2

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	3

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Deficiency	4

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements	6

Micromem Technologies Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
Notice of no auditor review of the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

Under National Instrument 51-102, Part 4, subsection 4.3(3)(a), if an auditor has not performed a review of the condensed interim consolidated financial statements, they must be accompanied by a notice indicating that the condensed interim consolidated financial statements have not been reviewed by an auditor.

The accompanying unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements of Micromem Technologies Inc. (the "Company") have been prepared by and are the responsibility of the Company's management and approved by the Board of Directors.

The Company's independent auditor has not performed a review of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards established by the Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada, for a review of condensed interim consolidated financial statements by an entity's auditor.

June 29, 2026

Micromem Technologies Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

As at April 30, 2026 and October 31, 2025

(Expressed in United States dollars)

			As at			As at
	Notes		April 30, 2026			October 31, 2025
Assets
Current
Cash	22(c)	$	28,464		$	250,148
Prepaid expenses and other receivables			30,863			22,868
Total current assets			59,327			273,016
Property and equipment	6		25,804			35,445
Total assets		$	85,131		$	308,461

Liabilities
Current
Trade payables and other liabilities	19(b), 22(d)	$	265,320		$	264,806
Deposit liability	20(d)		63,000			63,000
Current lease liability	9		18,153			16,870
Current term loan	8		49,059			-
Debenture payable	7		38,190			37,119
Convertible debentures	10,22		4,630,519			4,294,559
Derivative liabilities	10,22		489,098			421,409
Warrant liabilities	11		290,046			753,660
Total current liabilities			5,843,385			5,851,423
Non-current lease liability	9		4,798			13,683
Non-current term loan	8		-			46,621
Total liabilities			5,848,183			5,911,727

Shareholders' Deficiency
Share capital	12		93,850,503			93,467,444
Contributed surplus			27,056,130			26,086,012
Equity component of convertible debentures	10		757,729			1,898,142
Accumulated deficit			(127,427,414	)		(127,054,864	)
Total shareholders' deficiency			(5,763,052	)		(5,603,266	)
Total liabilities and shareholders' deficiency		$	85,131		$	308,461

Going concern	2
Commitments and contingencies	20
Subsequent events	23

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

Approved on behalf of the Board of Directors:

"Joseph Fuda"		"Alex Dey"
Director		Director

Micromem Technologies Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
For the three and six months ended April 30, 2026 and 2025

(Expressed in United States dollars)

			Three months ended April 30,						Six months ended April 30,
	Notes		2026			2025			2026			2025
Operating expenses
General and administrative	17(a)	$	26,703		$	62,773		$	54,203		$	92,313
Professional, other fees and salaries	17(b)		74,048			216,681			155,743			288,027
Stock-based compensation	14		-			-			177,914			-
Travel and entertainment			5,302			14,576			13,690			19,366
Depreciation of property and equipment	6		4,725			3,840			9,421			7,698
Foreign exchange loss (gain)			(10,968	)		297,702			59,248			169,672
Total operating expenses			99,810			595,572			470,219			577,076

Other expenses
Accretion expense	8,10		90,507			1,434			178,484			75,314
Interest expense on convertible debt	10		214,625			3,571			398,700			153,281
Other finance expenses	7,9,10,11		40,279			47,221			47,232			51,678
Loss (gain) on revaluation of warrant liabilities	11		(292,905	)		(3,448	)		(535,836	)		(181,116	)
Loss (gain) on revaluation of derivative liabilities	10		78,734			(5,738	)		(63,697	)		(301,356	)
Loss (gain) on conversion of convertible debentures	10		14,546			-			14,546			-
Loss (gain) on repayment of convertible debentures	10		(7,379	)		(103	)		(2,349	)		(5,401	)
Loss (gain) on extinguishment of convertible debentures	10		119,537			21,961			213,460			(146,458	)
Total other expenses			257,944			64,898			250,540			(354,058	)
Loss before income tax provision			(357,754	)		(660,470	)		(720,759	)		(223,018	)
Income tax provision	16		-			-			-			-
Net loss and comprehensive loss		$	(357,754	)	$	(660,470	)	$	(720,759	)	$	(223,018	)

Weighted average number of outstanding shares, basicand diluted	15		623,446,337			586,043,957			618,812,548			578,098,151

Loss per share, basic and diluted	15	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

Micromem Technologies Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Deficiency
For the six months ended April 30, 2026 and 2025

										Equity component
		Number of		Share			Contributed			of convertible			Accumulated
	Notes	shares		capital			surplus			debentures			deficit			Total

Balance at November 1, 2025		616,090,414	$	93,467,444		$	26,086,012		$	1,898,142		$	(127,054,864	)	$	(5,603,266	)
Private placements of shares for cash	12	6,555,555		164,106			-			-			-			164,106
Share issuance costs	12	-		(5,703	)		-			-			-			(5,703	)
Convertible debentures converted into common shares	10,12	10,392,048		224,656			-			-			-			224,656
Expiry of warrants	13	-		-			(3,209	)		-			3,209			-
Expiry of stock options	14	-		-			(345,000	)		-			345,000			-
Expiry of convertible debenture conversion option	10	-		-			1,898,142			(1,898,142	)		-			-
Renewal of convertible debentures	10	-		-			(757,729	)		757,729			-			-
Stock-based compensation	14	-		-			177,914			-			-			177,914
Net loss and comprehensive loss for the period		-		-			-			-			(720,759	)		(720,759	)
Balance at April 30, 2026		633,038,017	$	93,850,503		$	27,056,130		$	757,729		$	(127,427,414	)	$	(5,763,052	)

Balance at November 1, 2024		572,985,698	$	91,678,279		$	27,288,183		$	696,671		$	(126,386,115	)	$	(6,722,982	)
Private placements of shares for cash	12	5,100,000		100,535			-			-			-			100,535
Share issuance costs	12	-		(2,680	)		-			-			-			(2,680	)
Exercise of warrants	11	11,483,539		919,080			-			-			-			919,080
Convertible debentures converted into common shares	10,12	7,674,528		236,670			-			-			-			236,670
Expiry of convertible debenture conversion option	10	-		-			696,671			(696,671	)		-			-
Renewal of convertible debentures	10	-		-			(1,636,387	)		1,636,387			-			-
Net loss and comprehensive loss for the period		-		-			-			-			(223,018	)		(223,018	)
Balance at April 30, 2025		597,243,765	$	92,931,884		$	26,348,467		$	1,636,387		$	(126,609,133	)	$	(5,692,395	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

Micromem Technologies Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the six months ended April 30, 2026 and 2025

(Expressed in United States dollars)

			Six months ended April 30,
	Notes		2026			2025
Operating activities
Net loss		$	(720,759	)	$	(223,018	)
Items not affecting cash:
Depreciation of property and equipment	6		9,421			7,698
Accretion expense	8,10		178,484			75,314
Accrued interest	10		368,089			274,285
Stock-based compensation	14		177,914			-
Loss (gain) on revaluation of warrant liabilities	11		(535,836	)		(181,116	)
Loss (gain) on conversion of convertible debentures	10,18		14,546			-
Loss (gain) on repayment of convertible debentures	10,18		(2,349	)		(5,401	)
Loss (gain) on revaluation of derivative liabilities	10,18		(63,697	)		(301,356	)
Loss (gain) on extinguishment of convertible debentures	10,18		159,039			(171,431	)
Foreign exchange loss (gain)			15,822			29,483
			(399,326	)		(495,542	)
Net changes in non-cash working capital:
Prepaid expenses and other receivables			(7,995	)		(23,654	)
Trade payables and other liabilities			514			85,027
Cash flows used in operating activities			(406,807	)		(434,169	)

Financing activities
Principal payments on lease liability	9		(8,382	)		(9,050	)
Private placements of shares and warrants	12		236,328			177,248
Share issuance costs	12		(5,703	)		(2,680	)
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants	11,12		-			397,059
Proceeds from issuance of convertible debentures	10,18		272,500			169,000
Repayments of convertible debentures	10,18		(309,620	)		(109,678	)
Cash flows provided by financing activities			185,123			621,899

Net change in cash			(221,684	)		187,730
Cash - beginning of period			250,148			125,705
Cash - end of period		$	28,464		$	313,435

Supplemental cash flow information
Repayment premiums paid on convertible debt (classified in operating activites)	10	$	54,421		$	24,973
Interest paid on convertible debt (classified in operating activities)	10	$	30,611		$	36,461
Interest paid on non-convertible debt (classified in operating activities)	7	$	4,482		$	4,350
Interest paid on lease liability (classified in operating activities)	9	$	1,242		$	290
Repayment premiums converted on convertible debt (classified in operating activities)	10	$	29,980		$	-
Interest converted on convertible debt (classified in operating activities)	10	$	4,146		$	104,541
Shares yet to be issued (classified in operating activities)		$	-		$	173,087
Carrying amount of convertible debentures converted into common shares	10,18	$	224,656		$	236,670

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

Micromem Technologies Inc.
Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
For the three and six months ended April 30, 2026 and 2025
(Expressed in United States dollars, unless otherwise noted)

1. Reporting entity and nature of business

Micromem Technologies Inc. ("Micromem" or the "Company") is incorporated under the laws of the Province of Ontario, Canada. Micromem is a publicly traded company with its head office located at 121 Richmond Street West, Suite 602, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Company's common shares are currently listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange under the trading symbol "MRM" and on the Over the Counter Venture Market under the trading symbol "MMTIF".

The Company develops, based upon proprietary technology, customized sensor applications for companies (referred to as ''Development Partners'') operating internationally in various industry segments. The Company has not generated commercial revenues through April 30, 2026 and is devoting substantially all its efforts to securing commercial revenue opportunities.

2. Going concern

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared with the assumption that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future.

There are material uncertainties related to conditions and events that cast substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern and ultimately on the appropriateness of the use of the accounting principles applicable to a going concern. During the three and six months ended April 30, 2026, the Company reported a net loss and comprehensive loss of $357,754 and $720,759 (2025 - $660,470 and $223,018) and negative cash flow from operations for the six months ended April 30, 2026 of $406,807 (2025 - $434,169). The Company's working capital deficiency as at April 30, 2026 was $5,784,058 (October 31, 2025 - $5,578,407).

The Company's success depends on the profitable commercialization of its proprietary sensor technology. Based upon its current operating and financial plans, management of the Company believes that it will have sufficient access to financial resources to fund the Company's planned operations through the next twelve months; however, the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to secure additional financing and/or to profitably commercialize its technology. There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in the profitable commercialization of its technology, or will be able to secure the necessary additional financing. These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from the possible inability of the Company to continue as a going concern. If the going concern assumption was not appropriate for these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements then adjustments could be necessary to the carrying value of assets and liabilities, the reported expenses and the statement of financial position classifications used; in such cases, these adjustments could be material.

3. Basis of presentation

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended April 30, 2026 and 2025 have been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standard ("IAS") 34 Interim Financial Reporting. The accounting policies and methods of computation adopted in the preparation of the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements are consistent with those followed in the preparation of the Company's audited annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2025. The Company has not early adopted any standard, interpretation or amendment that has been issued but is not yet effective.

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance and release by the Company's Board of Directors on June 29, 2026.

(a) Basis of consolidation

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Micromem Technologies Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

The Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries include:

(i)	Inactive subsidiaries	Domiciled in
	Micromem Applied Sensors Technology Inc. ("MAST")	United States
	707019 Canada Inc.	Canada
	Memtech International Inc.	Bahamas
	Memtech International (USA) Inc., Pageant Technologies (USA) Inc.	United States
	Pageant Technologies Inc., Micromem Holdings (Barbados) Inc.	Barbados

3. Basis of presentation (continued)

(b) Basis of measurement

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except for financial instruments designated at fair value through profit and loss which are measured at their fair value.

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars ("USD"), which is the functional currency of the Company and all of its subsidiaries.

(d) Use of estimates and judgments

The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are reviewed periodically and adjustments are made as appropriate in the reporting period they become known. Items for which actual results may differ materially from these estimates are described in the following section.

(i) Fair value of options, warrants, and conversion features

The Company makes estimates and utilizes assumptions in determining the fair value for stock options, warrants, and conversion features based on the application of option pricing valuation models, depending on the circumstances. These pricing models require management to make various assumptions and estimates that are susceptible to uncertainty, including the volatility of the share price, expected dividend yield, expected term, risk- free interest rate, and exercise price.

(ii) Useful lives and recoverability of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and patents. Depreciation is dependent upon estimates of useful lives and impairment is dependent upon estimates of recoverable amounts. These are determined through the exercise of judgment and are dependent upon estimates that take into account factors such as economic and market conditions, frequency of use, anticipated changes in laws, and technological improvements.

(iii) Income taxes

Income taxes and tax exposures recognized in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements reflect management's best estimate of the outcome based on facts known at the reporting date. When the Company anticipates a future income tax payment based on its estimates, it recognizes a liability. The difference between the expected amount and the final tax outcome has an impact on current and deferred taxes when the Company becomes aware of this difference.

When the Company incurs losses for income tax purposes, it assesses the probability of taxable income being available in the future, based on budgeted forecasts. These forecasts are adjusted for certain non-taxable income and expenses and specific rules on the use of unused credits and tax losses. When the forecasts indicate that sufficient future taxable income will be available to deduct the temporary differences, a deferred tax asset is recognized for all deductible temporary differences.

(iv) Going concern assumption

The Company applies judgment in assessing whether material uncertainties exist that would cause doubt as to the whether the Company could continue as a going concern.

4. New and revised standards and interpretations

Certain pronouncements were issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB") or the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee ("IFRIC") that are mandatory for accounting periods commencing on or after November 1, 2025. The Company has adopted these pronouncements as of their effective date, and many are not applicable or do not have a significant impact on the Company and have been excluded. The following amendments were issued but not yet effective. The Company will adopt these amendments as of their effective dates. The Company is currently assessing the impacts of adoption.

(a) IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements, Issued but not yet effective

In April 2024, the IASB issued IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements to improve reporting of financial performance. The new standards replaces IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements. IFRS 18 introduces new categories and required subtotals in the statement of profit and loss and also requires disclosure of management-defined performance measures. It also includes new requirements for the location, aggregation and disaggregation of financial information. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2027, including interim financial statements. Retrospective application is required and early adoption is permitted.

4. New and revised standards and interpretations (continued)

(b) Amendment to IFRS 9, Financial Instruments and IFRS 7,Financial Instruments - Disclosures, Issued but not yet effective

In May 2024, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments - Disclosures. The amendments clarify the derecognition of financial liabilities and introduces an accounting policy option to derecognize financial liabilities that are settled through an electronic payment system. The amendments also clarify how to asses the contractual cash flow characteristics of financial assets that include environmental, social and governance (ESG)-linked features and other similar contingent features and the treatment of non-recourse assets and contractually linked instruments (CLIs). Further, the amendments mandate additional disclosures in IFRS 7 for financial instruments with contingent features and equity instruments classified at FVOCI. The amendments are effective for annual periods starting on or after January 1, 2026. Retrospective application is required and early adoption is permitted

(c) Amendment to IFRS 10, Consolidated Financial Statements and IAS 28, Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Issued but not yet effective

The amendment addresses a conflict between the requirements of IAS 28 and IFRS 10 and clarifies that in a transaction involving an associate or joint venture, the extent of gain or loss recognition depends on whether the assets sold or contributed constitute a business. The effective date of these amendments is yet to be determined, however early adoption is permitted. The Company will adopt the amendment as of the effective date, and does not anticipate any material impact on adoption.

5. Patents

		As at							As at
		November 1,					Foreign		April 30,
		2025			Additions		Exchange		2026
Cost	$	681,288		$	-	$	-	$	681,288
Accumulated amortization	$	(681,288	)		-		-	$	(681,288	)
Net book value	$	-						$	-

The Company holds several patents in the United States for its Multimodal Fluid Condition Sensor Platform. The patents are fully amortized as at April 30, 2026.

6. Property and equipment

		As at						As at
		November 1,				Foreign		April 30,
		2025		Additions		Exchange		2026
Cost
Computers	$	12,239	$	-	$	-	$	12,239
Right-of-use assets		34,972		-		-	$	34,972
		47,211		-		-		47,211
Accumulated depreciation
Computers	$	7,622	$	644	$	22	$	8,288
Right-of-use assets		4,144		8,777		198		13,119
		11,766		9,421		220		21,407
Net book value	$	35,445					$	25,804

7. Debenture payable

The Company issued a debenture on March 17, 2020, with a principal amount of $51,500 CAD ($37,126 USD) and an original maturity date of June 17, 2020. The debenture's maturity date was extended by six month intervals. The most recent extension on June 17, 2026 extended the debenture to December 17, 2026. The extension of the debenture's maturity date resulted in a substantial modification of the existing terms of the debenture and accordingly was accounted for as an extinguishment. The debenture bears interest at a rate of 24% and is unsecured. As at April 30, 2026, the debenture had an outstanding balance of $38,190 ($51,500 CAD) (October 31, 2025 - $37,119 ($51,500 CAD)). During the three and six months ended April 30, 2026, total interest expense of $2,254 and $4,482 (2025 - $2,175 and $4,350) was recognized in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

8. Term loan

The Company was granted a $60,000 CAD ($44,058 USD) unsecured, interest-free loan from the Government of Canada under the Canada Emergency Business Account ("CEBA") program to cover its operating costs (the "CEBA Loan"). If the Company were to have repaid $40,000 CAD ($29,360 USD) of the aggregate amount advanced on or before January 18, 2024, the repayment of the remaining $20,000 CAD would have been forgiven. The balance was not paid by January 18, 2024, and as a result, on January 19, 2024 the CEBA loan was converted to a 3-year term loan, bearing interest at 5% per annum, paid monthly. The total principal balance plus any accrued and unpaid interest is payable in full on December 31, 2026. The amount of interest expense incurred during the three and six months ended April 30, 2026 is $534 and $1,079 (2025 - $750 and $375).

The continuity of the term loan is summarized as follows:

Balance, October 31, 2025	$	46,621
Accrued interest		1,079
Foreign exchange		1,359
Balance, April 30, 2026	$	49,059

9. Leases

(a) As a lessee

The lease obligation relates to the use of office space in Toronto, Ontario. The original lease agreement had a term of August 1, 2022 to July 31, 2025. On June 16, 2025, the Company entered into a lease extension agreement, whereby the lease term was extended for additional 2 years, expiring July 31, 2027. The lease liability was remeasured at the date of the modification, using an incremental borrowing rate of 9%.

The lease liability is summarized as follows:

Balance, October 31, 2025	$	30,553
Interest expense		1,242
Lease payments		(9,624	)
Foreign exchange		780
Balance, April 30, 2026	$	22,951

The following represents a maturity analysis of the Company's undiscounted contractual lease obligations as at April 30, 2026:

		USD
Less than one year	$	19,482
Between one and five years	$	4,870

(b) As a lessor

The Company sub-let a portion of its office space under a lease agreement for a term of three years, that expired July 31, 2025. The Company entered into a lease extension agreement, whereby the sublease term was extended for additional 2 years, expiring July 31, 2027. The sub-lease is classified as an operating lease because it does not transfer substantially all of the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the asset.

For the three and six months ended April 30, 2026, the Company recognized a total of $3,703 and $7,364 (2025 - $3,573 and $7,134) as rental income which has been recorded as a reduction to general and administrative expenses on the condensed interim consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The following represents a maturity analysis of the Company's lease payments to be received after April 30, 2026:

		USD
Less than one year	$	14,908
Between one and five years	$	3,727

10. Convertible debentures

The Company issues three types of convertible debentures: USD denominated convertible debentures with an equity component, Canadian dollar ("CAD") denominated convertible debentures with an embedded derivative due to variable consideration payable upon conversion caused by foreign exchange, and USD denominated convertible debentures with an embedded derivative caused by variable conversion prices.

All loan principal amounts and conversion prices are expressed in original currency and all remaining dollar amounts are expressed in USD.

(a) Current period information presented in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements

Convertible debentures outstanding as at April 30, 2026:

*Denominated in CAD		USD (equity component)		CAD (embedded derivative)			USD (embedded derivative)		Total
Loan principal outstanding	$	1,917,226	$	2,082,137	*	$	400,000
Terms of loan
Annual stated interest rate		12% - 24%		12% - 24%			2% - 4%
Effective annual interest rate		24%		23% - 24%			24% - 172%
Conversion price to common shares	$	0.03 - $0.04	$	0.05 - $0.10	*		(i) - (ii)
Remaining life (in months)		1 - 6		0 - 6			0 - 10

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
Carrying value of loan principal	$	1,917,226	$	1,481,380		$	197,633	$	3,596,239
Interest payable		337,639		658,209			38,432		1,034,280
Convertible debentures	$	2,254,865	$	2,139,589		$	236,065	$	4,630,519
Derivative liabilities	$	-	$	271,817		$	217,281	$	489,098
Equity component of convertible debentures	$	757,729	$	-		$	-	$	757,729

For the six months ended April 30, 2026
		USD (equity component)			CAD (embedded derivative)				USD (embedded derivative)			Total
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
Accretion expense	$	2,818		$	58,059			$	116,528		$	177,405
Interest expense	$	213,545		$	175,653			$	9,502		$	398,700
Loss (gain) on revaluation of derivative liabilities	$	-		$	(144,778	)		$	81,081		$	(63,697	)
Loss (gain) on conversion of convertible debentures	$	-		$	-			$	14,546		$	14,546
Loss (gain) on repayment of convertible debentures	$	-		$	2,087			$	(4,436	)	$	(2,349	)
Loss (gain) on extinguishment of convertible debentures	$	(2,818	)	$	161,857			$	54,421		$	213,460

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity
Amount of principal converted to common shares	$	-		$	-		*	$	133,749
Amount of interest converted to common shares	$	-		$	-		*	$	4,146
Amount of repayment premiums converted to common shares	$	-		$	-		*	$	29,980
Number of common shares issued on conversion of convertible debentures		-			-				10,392,048			10,392,048

Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
Amount of principal repaid in cash	$	-		$	82,120			$	227,500		$	309,620
Amount of interest repaid in cash	$	2,349		$	25,274			$	2,988		$	30,611

(i) Conversion price defined as 75% multiplied by the average of the lowest 3 closing stock prices for the 10 trading days prior to conversion date.

(ii) Conversion price defined as 75% multiplied by the lowest stock price for the 20 trading days prior to conversion date.

10. Convertible debentures (continued)

(a) Current period information presented in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements

For the three months ended April 30, 2026:
		USD (equity component)		CAD (embedded derivative)			USD (embedded derivative)			Total
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
Accretion expense	$	1,450	$	28,009		$	60,514		$	89,973
Interest expense	$	111,370	$	98,499		$	4,756		$	214,625
Loss (gain) on revaluation of derivative liabilities	$	-	$	(2,497	)	$	81,231		$	78,734
Loss (gain) on conversion of convertible debentures	$	-	$	-		$	14,546		$	14,546
Loss (gain) on repayment of convertible debentures	$	-	$	2,130		$	(9,509	)	$	(7,379	)
Loss (gain) on extinguishment of convertible debentures	$	-	$	90,086		$	29,451		$	119,537

(b) Comparative information presented in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements

Convertible debentures outstanding as at October 31, 2025:
*Denominated in CAD		USD (equity component)		CAD (embedded derivative)			USD (embedded derivative)		Total
Loan principal outstanding	$	1,717,541	$	2,158,314	*	$	488,750
Terms of loan
Annual stated interest rate		12% - 24%		12% - 24%			2% - 4%
Effective annual interest rate		24%		23% - 24%			24% - 176%
Conversion price to common shares	$	0.03 - $0.04	$	0.05 - $0.10			(i) - (ii)
Remaining life (in months)		0 - 4		0 - 6			0 - 12
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
Carrying value of loan principal		1,717,541	$	1,494,980		$	185,858	$	3,398,379
Interest payable		326,127		533,990			36,063		896,180
Convertible debentures		2,043,668	$	2,028,970		$	221,921	$	4,294,559
Derivative liabilities		-	$	191,039		$	230,370	$	421,409
Equity component of convertible debentures		1,898,142	$	-		$	-	$	1,898,142

(i) Conversion price defined as 75% multiplied by the average of the lowest 3 closing stock prices for the 10 trading days prior to conversion date.

(ii) Conversion price defined as 75% multiplied by the lowest stock price for the 20 trading days prior to conversion date.

For the six months ended April 30, 2025:
*Denominated in CAD		USD (equity component)			CAD (embedded derivative)				USD (embedded derivative)			Total
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
Accretion expense	$	2,818		$	80,869			$	57,493		$	141,180
Interest expense	$	174,791		$	129,911			$	4,919		$	309,621
Loss (gain) on revaluation of derivative liabilities	$	-		$	(511,853	)		$	(14,596	)	$	(526,449	)
Loss (gain) on repayment of convertible debentures	$	-		$	(9,522	)		$	(2,922	)	$	(12,444	)
Loss (gain) on extinguishment of convertible debentures	$	(2,818	)	$	92,201			$	24,973		$	114,356
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity
Amount of principal converted to common shares	$	-		$	66,000		*	$	103,275
Amount of interest converted to common shares	$	44,106		$	84,000		*	$	2,025
Number of common shares issued on conversion of convertible
debentures		1,600,588			3,000,000				3,073,940			7,674,528
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
Amount of principal repaid in cash	$	16,000		$	17,328			$	76,350		$	109,678
Amount of interest repaid in cash	$	5,431		$	29,680			$	1,350		$	36,461

10. Convertible debentures (continued)

(b) Comparative information presented in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements

For the three months ended April 30, 2025:
*Denominated in CAD		USD (equity		CAD (embedded			USD (embedded			Total
*Denominated in CAD		component)		derivative)			derivative)			Total
		component)		derivative)			derivative)
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
Accretion expense	$	1,450	$	31,406		$	34,444		$	67,300
Interest expense	$	90,615	$	67,403		$	2,628		$	160,646
Loss (gain) on revaluation of derivative liabilities	$	-	$	(181,970	)	$	(48,861	)	$	(230,831	)
Loss (gain) on repayment of convertible debentures	$	-	$	(9,522	)	$	2,376		$	(7,146	)
Loss (gain) on extinguishment of convertible debentures	$	-	$	257,802		$	24,973		$	282,775

The fair value of the derivative liabilities is determined with option pricing models. The underlying assumptions are as follows:

	As at April 30,			As at October 31,
	2026		2025
Volatility factor (based on historical volatility)	173%	- 298%		30% - 129%
Risk free interest rate	2.29%	- 2.54%	2.22% - 2.28%
Expected life of conversion features (in months)	0 - 10		0 - 12
Expected dividend yield	0%		0%
CAD to USD exchange rate (as applicable)	0.7340		0.7134
Call value	$0.00 - $0.01		$0.00 - $0.01

The key unobservable input in these models relates to volatility. Volatility was estimated using the historical volatility of the Company's stock prices for common shares. Changes in these assumptions may affect the fair value estimates of the derivative liabilities.

11. Warrant liability

These warrants were issued in connection with private placements. The details of the warrants issued, including the exercise price and expiry date, are disclosed in note 12.

The Company determined that these warrants were exchangeable into a variable number of shares, and as such, the warrants were classified as financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss ("FVTPL"). The Company uses the Black-Scholes pricing model to estimate fair value. Expected volatility has been based on an evaluation of the historical volatility of the Company's share price. The risk-free interest rate for the life of the warrants was based on the yield available on government benchmark bonds with a term approximating the remaining term of the warrants. The life of the warrant is based on the contractual term. The values as at the grant date for warrants issued during the six months ended April 30, 2026 are as follows:

	January 13, 2026
	(Grant Date)
Share price	$0.02 ($0.03 CAD)
Exercise price	$0.04 ($0.06 CAD)
Volatility factor (based on historical volatility)	154%
Risk free interest rate	2.53%
Expected life (in years) of warrant	1.0
Expected dividend yield	0%

As at April 30, 2026, the Company re-valued the warrant liability with the following range of inputs, assumptions and results, respectively:

	April 30, 2026
Share price	$0.02 ($0.025 CAD)
Exercise price	$0.04 ($0.05 CAD)
Volatility factor (based on historical volatility)	129% - 161%
Risk free interest rate	2.89%
Expected life (in years) of warrant	0.5 - 2.0
Expected dividend yield	0%

The following summarizes the warrant activity for the six months ended April 30, 2026:

	Number of		Fair value as at			Weighted average
	warrants		$period end			exercise price
Outstanding at October 31, 2025	36,041,331		753,660		$	0.04
Issued in a private placement (note 12 (b))	6,555,555		72,222			0.04
Loss (gain) on revaluation of outstanding warrant liabilities	-		(535,836	)		-
Outstanding at April 30, 2026	42,596,886	$	290,046		$	0.04

During the three and six months ended April 30, 2026, the Company allocated share issuance costs totalling $nil and $2,529 (2025 - $nil and $2,086) to the warrants issued, which were included in other finance expenses in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. See note 12.

12. Share capital

(a) Authorized and outstanding shares

The Company has two classes of shares as follows:

(i) Special redeemable voting preference shares - 2,000,000 authorized, nil issued and outstanding.

(ii) Common shares without par value - an unlimited number authorized. The holders of the common shares are entitled to receive dividends which may be declared from time to time, and are entitled to one vote per share at shareholder meetings of the Company. All common shares are ranked equally with regards to the Company's residual assets.

(b) Private placements

On January 13, 2026, the Company completed a non-brokered private placement and issued 6,555,555 units at $0.04 ($0.05 CAD) per unit for gross proceeds of $236,328. Each unit consists of one common share of the Company and one common share purchase warrant. Each warrant entitles the holder to purchase one common share of the Company at a price of $0.04 (CAD $0.06) for a period of 1 year following the issue date of the units. The proceeds from issuance were allocated between common shares and warrants based on relative fair value on the date of issuance. The Company has estimated the fair value of these warrants at $72,222 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. See note 11. All securities issued are subject to a 4 month hold period expiring May 13, 2026. There were no finder's fee paid in connection with the financing. The Company incurred cash share issuance costs totalling $7,962 and allocated $5,703 to the common shares and $2,529 to the warrants issued.

13. Warrants

The following summarizes the broker warrants activity for the six months ended April 30, 2026:

	Number of			Grant date			Weighted average
	warrants			fair value			exercise price
Outstanding at October 31, 2025	63,000		$	3,209		$	0.07
Expired	(63,000	)		(3,209	)		(0.07	)
Outstanding at April 30, 2026	-		$	-		$	-

14. Stock options

(a) Stock option plan

Under the Company's fixed stock option plan (the "Plan"), the Company could grant up to 27,500,000 shares of common stock to directors, officers, employees or consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries. The exercise price of each option is equal to or greater than the market price of the Company's shares on the date of grant unless otherwise permitted by applicable securities regulations. An option's maximum term under the Plan is 10 years. Stock options are fully vested upon issuance by the Company unless the Board of Directors stipulates otherwise by Directors' resolution.

(b) Summary of changes

The Company uses the Black-Scholes pricing model to estimate fair value. Expected volatility has been based on an evaluation of the historical volatility of the Company's share price. The risk-free interest rate for the life of the warrants was based on the yield available on government benchmark bonds with a term approximating the remaining term of the options. The life of the option is based on the contractual term. The values as at the grant date for options issued during the six months ended April 30, 2026 are as follows:

	December 30, 2025 (Grant Date)
Share price	$0.03 ($0.045 CAD)
Exercise price	$0.04 ($0.05 CAD)
Volatility factor (based on historical volatility)	154%
Risk free interest rate	2.95%
Expected life (in years) of warrant	5.0
Expected dividend yield	0%

The following summarizes the option activity for the six months ended April 30, 2026:

	Number of			Weighted average
	options			exercise price
Outstanding at October 31, 2025	8,750,000		$	0.06
Granted	5,900,000			0.04
Expired	(5,750,000	)		(0.05	)
Outstanding at April 30, 2026	8,900,000		$	0.05

The Company issued a total of 5,900,000 common share options to directors, officers and employees in December 2025. These stock options have an exercise price of $0.04 ($0.05 CAD) per share. These options are fully vested upon issuance. 4,000,000 of the options issued were to directors and officers of the Company.

					Weighted average
		Options	Options			Remaining
Date of issue	Expiry date	outstanding	exercisable		Exercise price	contractual life
October 8, 2021	October 8, 2026	1,000,000	1,000,000	$	0.07	0.4
March 20, 2023	March 20, 2028	2,000,000	2,000,000		0.07	1.9
December 30, 2025	December 30, 2030	5,900,000	5,900,000		0.04	4.7
As at April 30, 2026		8,900,000	8,900,000	$	0.05	3.6

During the three and six months ended April 30, 2026, the Company recorded an expense of $nil and $177,914 for the vesting of stock options (2025 - $nil and $nil).

15. Loss per share

Basic and diluted loss per share are calculated using the following numerators and denominators:

		Three months ended April 30,						Six months ended April 30,
Numerator		2026			2025			2026			2025
Net loss attributable to common shareholders and used in computation of basic and diluted loss per share	$	(357,754	)	$	(660,470	)	$	(720,759	)	$	(223,018	)
Denominator
Weighted average number of common shares for computation of basic and diluted loss per share		623,446,337			586,043,957			618,812,548			578,098,151

For the three and six months ended April 30, 2026 and 2025, all convertible debentures, stock options and warrants were anti-dilutive and, therefore, are excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share.

16. Income taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts used for income tax purposes.

As at April 30, 2026, the Company has non-capital losses of approximately $37.9 million, $33.5 million in Canada and $4.4 million in other foreign jurisdictions, available to reduce future taxable income. Non-capital losses expire commencing in 2026. In addition, the Company has available capital loss carry forwards of approximately $1.2 million to reduce future taxable capital gains. Capital losses carry forward indefinitely.

As at April 30, 2026, and October 31, 2025, the Company assessed that it is not probable that sufficient taxable income will be available to use deferred income tax assets based on operating losses in prior years; therefore, there are no balances recognized in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated statements of financial position for such assets.

17. Operating expenses

(a) General and administration

The components of general and administration expenses are as follows:

		Three months ended April 30,				Six months ended April 30,
		2026		2025		2026		2025
General and administration	$	9,150	$	46,068	$	23,757	$	63,363
Investor relations, listing and filing fees		14,495		15,175		22,910		23,377
Telephone		3,058		1,530		7,536		5,573
	$	26,703	$	62,773	$	54,203	$	92,313

(b) Professional, other fees and salaries

The components of professional, other fees and salaries expenses are as follows:

		Three months ended April 30,				Six months ended April 30,
		2026		2025		2026		2025
Professional and consulting fees	$	30,233	$	169,101	$	66,073	$	198,264
Salaries and benefits		43,815		47,580		89,670		89,763
	$	74,048	$	216,681	$	155,743	$	288,027

18. Supplemental cash flow information

The following provides a reconciliation of the cash flows from convertible debentures and derivative liabilities :

		Six months ended April 30,
		2026			2025
Balance - beginning of period	$	4,715,968		$	5,423,948
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of convertible debentures		272,500			169,000
Repayments of convertible debentures		(309,620	)		(109,678	)
Non-cash changes:
Accretion expense		177,405			75,314
Accrued interest on convertible debentures		368,089			274,285
Loss (gain) on repayment of convertible debentures		(2,349	)		(12,444	)
Loss (gain) on conversion of convertible debentures		14,546			-
Loss (gain) on revaluation of derivative liabilities		(63,697	)		(301,356	)
Loss (gain) on extinguishment of convertible debt		159,039			(171,431	)
Convertible debentures converted into common shares		(224,656	)		(236,670	)
Convertible debentures settled for units		-			(45,311	)
Foreign exchange loss		12,392			27,133
Balance - end of period	$	5,119,617		$	5,092,790

19. Key management compensation and related party transactions The Company reports the following related party transactions:

(a) Key management compensation

Key management personnel are persons responsible for planning, directing and controlling activities of the Company, including officers and directors. Compensation paid or payable to these individuals (or companies controlled by such individuals) are summarized as follows:

		Three months ended April 30,				Six months ended April 30,
		2026		2025		2026		2025
Professional, other fees, and salaries	$	24,778	$	29,776	$	58,013	$	55,268
Stock-based compensation		-		-		120,619		-
	$	24,778	$	29,776	$	178,632	$	55,268

During the six months ended April 30, 2026, key management were awarded 4,000,000 stock options (note 14)

(b) Trade payables and other liabilities

Included in accounts payable at April 30, 2026 is $4,977 payable to a director (October 31, 2025 - $nil).

20. Commitments and contingencies

(a) The Company has agreed to indemnify its directors and officers and certain of its employees in accordance with the Company's by-laws. The Company maintains insurance policies that may provide coverage against certain claims.

(b) The Company has previously reported on the lawsuit filed by Mr. Steven Van Fleet against Micromem, the Company's response to the lawsuit and its counterclaims against Mr. Van Fleet.

On April 29, 2021 the matter was resolved in Micromem's favor when the Court dismissed Mr. Van Fleet's claims and ruled that he was liable to the

Company and to MAST on their counterclaims. On June 16, 2021, the Court ruled that Micromem and MAST had established damages totaling $765,579 representing the full amount that had been requested; furthermore, the Court awarded costs and statutory prejudgment interest from May 9, 2017. On June 29, 2021 the Court entered a judgement in favor of Micromem and MAST for a total amount of $1,051,739.

With respect to the Company's efforts to collect on that Judgement, a settlement ("Settlement") was reached during October 2021. Pursuant to the Settlement, the Company received an initial one-time payment and is entitled to additional monthly payments over a period of up to six years. The Company will record those payments as and when they are received. The total amount to be received by the Company if Mr. Van Fleet makes all the required payments under the terms of the Settlement will be less than the amount of the Judgement obtained by the Company, but if Mr. Van Fleet does not comply with the terms of the Settlement, it also provides the Company a means of enforcing a larger judgement against Mr. Van Fleet that is substantially in line with the Judgement. Mr. Van Fleet has made the prescribed monthly payments each month since October 2021.

The Company reports the recovery of this contingent asset as funds are received. During the three and six months ended April 30, 2026, the Company has recorded a recovery of $3,996 and $5,004 received in the period as a reduction of legal expenses (2025 - $2,525 and $3,527).

(c) On November 1, 2023, a former employee filed a statement of claim against the Company relating to employment termination without reasonable notice. The Company filed a statement of defence and counterclaim on November 29, 2023 denying all liability to the former employee. In August 2024, management attended legal discoveries and presented the Company's position. The matter proceeded to non-binding arbitration in October 2024 which ended without reaching to an agreement. The Company considers the claim of the former employee to be largely and likely without merit and therefore, no provision has been recorded in these interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

(d) On March 23, 2023, the Company signed a letter of intent (the "LOI") with companies incorporated in Romania (the "Parties") whereby the Parties intend to collaborate for the development of certain hardware equipment (the "Project"). Under the LOI, the Parties will provide full payment for the hardware equipments and the Company will provide all engineering support and expertise as required. As at April 30, 2026, a formal agreement relating to the Project has not been executed.

As at April 30, 2026, the Company received total advances of $63,000 from the Parties and has paid $126,000 to a third party for the construction of the hardware equipment. During the year ended October 31, 2025, the hardware equipment was produced, and the amounts transferred to inventory. As at October 31, 2025, the Company determined that the net realizable value was $nil, and the full amount of $126,000 was expensed.

(e) On December 3, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with a third party to conduct research with the intention to develop intellectual property. If the project is successful, the Company will have the right to obtain a license for use of the intellectual property, the terms of which to be negotiated at that time. To date, the Company has paid $47,795 ($67,000 CAD). As at April 30, 2026, the Company is committed to pay an additional $23,541 ($33,000 CAD) on November 6, 2026. The agreement may be terminated with thirty days notice. There can be no assurances that the agreement will lead to successful development of intellectual property as contemplated, or at all.

21. Capital risk management

The Company's objectives when managing capital are to (i) maintain its ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders, (ii) ensure it has sufficient cash resources to further develop and market its technologies and (iii) maintain its ongoing operations. The Company defines its capital as its net assets, i.e. total assets less total liabilities. In order to secure the additional capital necessary to pursue these objectives, the Company may attempt to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debentures or by securing strategic partners. The Company is not subject to externally imposed capital requirements and there has been no change with respect to the overall capital risk management strategy during the six month period ended April 30, 2026.

22. Financial risk management

(a) Currency risk

Currency risk is the risk that the fair value of, or future cash flows from, the Company's financial instruments will significantly fluctuate due to changes in foreign exchange rates. The Company is exposed to currency risk to the extent that it incurs expenses and issues convertible debentures denominated in Canadian dollars (CAD). The Company manages currency risk by monitoring the Canadian dollar position of these monetary financial instruments on a periodic basis throughout the course of the reporting period.

As at April 30, 2026, and October 31, 2025, balances that are denominated in CAD are as follows:

		As at		As at
		April 30,		October 31,
		2026		2025
		CAD		CAD
Cash	$	33,436	$	232,612
Other receivables	$	14,756	$	20,548
Trade payables and other liabilities	$	172,094	$	371,095
Convertible debentures	$	2,914,971	$	2,844,085
Debenture payable	$	51,500	$	51,500
Derivative liabilities	$	370,323	$	267,787
Warrant liabilities	$	395,158	$	1,056,434
Term loan	$	66,838	$	65,351

A 10% strengthening of the US dollar against the CAD would decrease net loss and comprehensive loss by $288,000 as at April 30, 2026 (October 31, 2025- decrease net loss and comprehensive loss by $314,000). A 10% weakening of the USD against the CAD would have the opposite effect of the same magnitude.

(b) Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of, or future cash flows from, the Company's financial instruments will significantly fluctuate due to changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its interest-bearing convertible debentures, term loan and debenture payable. The exposure to interest rates on convertible debentures and the debenture payable is limited due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company's term loan is at a fixed interest rate. The exposure to interest rates for the Company is considered minimal.

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Company if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations, and arises principally from the Company's cash. The maximum exposure to credit risk is the carrying value of these financial assets, which amounted to $28,464 as at April 30, 2026 (October 31, 2025 - $250,148). The Company reduces its credit risk by assessing the credit quality of counterparties, taking into account their financial position, past experience and other factors.

The risk for cash is mitigated by holding these balances with with central banks and financial institution counterparties that are highly rated. The Company therefore does not expect any credit losses on its cash.

The risk of credit loss on receivable is substantially mitigated by assessing the credit quality of counterparties, taking into account their financial position, past experience and other factors. Management actively monitors the Company's exposure to credit risk under its financial instruments, including with respect to other receivables.

22. Financial risk management (continued)

(d) Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they become due. The Company's policy is to review liquidity resources and ensure that sufficient funds are available to meet financial obligations as they become due. Further, the Company's management is responsible for ensuring funds exist and are readily accessible to support business opportunities as they arise. All financial liabilities are due within 1 year as at April 30, 2026.

(i) Trade payables

The following represents an analysis of the maturity of trade payables:

		As at		As at
		April 30,		October 31,
		2026		2025
Less than 30 days past billing date	$	28,995	$	-
Over 30 days past billing date		236,325		264,806
	$	265,320	$	264,806

(ii) Convertible debentures and derivative liabilities

The following represents an analysis of the maturity of the convertible debentures and derivative liabilities:

(iii) Warrant liabilities

		As at April 30,				As at October 31,
		2026				2025
		Convertible				Convertible
		debentures		Debenture payable		debentures		Debenture payable
Less than three months	$	2,864,675	$	38,190	$	2,553,796	$	37,119
Three to six months		1,660,117		-		1,644,597		-
Six to twelve months		355,000		-		443,750		-
	$	4,879,792	$	38,190	$	4,642,143	$	37,119

The following represents an analysis of the maturity of warrant liabilities:

		As at		As at
		April 30,		October 31,
		2026		2025
Less than one year	$	40,735	$	-
Between one to five years		249,311		753,660
Greater than five years		-		-
	$	290,046	$	753,660

(iv) Term loan

The following represents an analysis of the maturity of the term loan:

		As at		As at
		April 30,		October 31,
		2026		2025
Less than one year	$	50,537	$	-
Between one to five years		-		49,732
Greater than five years		-		-
	$	50,537	$	49,732

23. Subsequent events

Subsequent to April 30, 2026:

(a) The Company secured seven (7) private placements with investors consisting of common shares and warrants pursuant to prospectus and registrations set forth in applicable securities law. The Company realized gross proceeds of $235,000 CDN ($166,310 USD) and issued a total of 9,400,000 common shares.

(b) The Company secured $113,125 in convertible debentures with a 12 month term and conversion features which become effective six months after initiation date.

(d) The Company extended convertible debentures that were within 3 months of maturity date for an additional six (6) months

(e) The Company issued 6,661,628 common shares upon conversion of debentures.

MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 2026
PREPARED AS OF JUNE 29, 2026

NOTICE TO READER

The Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A") report for Micromem Technologies Inc. for the three months ending April 30, 2026, as attached, is dated as of June 29, 2026, consistent with the date of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm report and with the original 52-109 CEO and CFO certification filings related thereto.

/s/ Dan Amadori	/s/ Joseph Fuda
Dan Amadori, CFO	Joseph Fuda, CEO
June 29, 2026	June 29, 2026

MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 2026
PREPARED AS OF JUNE 29, 2026

INTRODUCTION

The following sets out the Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A") of the financial position and result of operations for the three months ending April 30, 2026, of Micromem Technologies Inc. (the "Company", "Micromem", or "we"). The MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the fiscal years ending October 31, 2025, and 2024 which are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Additional information regarding the Company is available on the SEDAR+ website at https://www.sedarplus.ca/.

The Company's shares are traded on the OTCQB under the symbol MMTIF and on the Canadian Securities Exchange ("CSE") under the symbol MRM. In November 2007, the Company incorporated Micromem Applied Sensor Technologies Inc. ("MAST") for the purpose of moving forward with the planned commercialization of its technology. Micromem has several wholly-owned subsidiaries, all of which have been inactive since 2018 or earlier.

Certain information provided by the Company in this MD&A and in other documents publicly filed throughout the year that are not recitation of historical facts may constitute forward-looking statements. The words "may", "would", "could", "will", "likely", "estimate", "believe", "expect", "forecast" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Readers are cautioned that such statements are only predictions, and the actual events or results may differ materially. In evaluating such forward-looking statements, readers should specifically consider the various factors that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements.

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This MD&A contains forward-looking statements and forward-looking information within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities legislation ("forward looking statements"). Any statements that express or involve discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, assumptions, potentials, future events or performance (often, but not always, using words or phrases such as "believes", "expects" or "does not expect", "is expected", "anticipates" or "does not anticipate", or "intends" or stating that certain actions, events or results "may", "could", "would", "might" or "will" be taken or achieved) are not statements of historical fact, but are "forward-looking statements". Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company, or developments in the Company's business or in its industry, to differ materially from the anticipated results, performance, achievements, or developments expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include disclosure regarding possible events, conditions or results of operations that are based on assumptions about future conditions, courses of action and consequences. Forward-looking statements may also include, without limitation, any statement relating to future events, conditions, or circumstances. The Company cautions you not to place undue reliance upon any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. Forward-looking statements relate to, among other things, the successful commercialization of our technology, comments about potential future revenues, joint development agreements and expectations of signed contracts with customers, etc. A number of inherent risks, uncertainties and factors affect the operations, performance and results of the Company and its business, and could cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations of estimated or anticipated events or results. Some of these risks and uncertainties include the risk of not securing required capital in future, the risks of not successfully concluding agreements with potential partners on a timely basis and the risks associated with commercializing and bringing to market our technology. These risks are affected by certain factors that are beyond the Company's control: the existence of present and possible future government regulation, competition that exists in the Company's business, uncertainty of revenues, markets and profitability, as well as those other factors discussed in this MD&A report. This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect any of the Company's forward-looking statements and reference should also be made to the Company's Annual Information Form (prepared and filed in the form of a Form 20-F Annual Report pursuant to The Securities Exchange Act of 1934) for a description of risk factors.

Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. The Company does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements that are incorporated by reference herein, except in accordance with applicable securities law.

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MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 2026
PREPARED AS OF JUNE 29, 2026

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

1. OVERVIEW

2. BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS, QUARTER ENDED APRIL 30, 2026

3. FINANCING

4. DISCUSSION OF OPERATING RESULTS

5. RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

6. GOING CONCERN

7. OTHER MATTERS

8. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 2026
PREPARED AS OF JUNE 29, 2026

1. OVERVIEW

University of Toronto Collaboration

Micromem has entered into a collaboration with the University of Toronto ("UofT"), Defence Research and Development Canada ("DRDC") and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ("NSERC"). The primary objectives and goals of this collaboration ("the Project") are to develop cutting-edge technology for military and industrial applications, specifically in the field of state-of-the-art biochemical sensors ("the Technology"). This program was initiated in 2023 at the UofT and has, to date, made significant strides in advancing the Technology. NSERC is providing a portion of the funding for the Project.

Management now meets regularly with UofT to monitor progress. The research work at UofT continues on schedule. Micromem has hired 2 senior engineering students from the UofT to work with the Company for the next 12 months.

Micromem has the exclusive worldwide license to the intellectual property and any patents created through the Project, which is expected to have application for both military and commercial use. Notable progress to date includes the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities.

Chevron

The Company has previously completed a successful interwell tracer program with Chevron, utilizing a technology application for interwell tracing in operating oil wells. The technology was developed in conjunction with a Silicon Valley-based design and engineering group who developed the technology which is, hereinafter, referred to as ARTRA. The Company is now discontinuing its previous efforts with respect to the ARTRA technology; we believe that the UofT technology collaboration supersedes our earlier initiatives with ARTRA.

We met most recently with Chevron personnel in September 2024 in their Houston offices. Chevron requested a "white paper" report on tracer technologies. Micromem engaged the research team at the UofT in December 2024 to prepare this white paper report and the Company thereafter has submitted this report to Chevron.

Our discussions with Chevron continue. We have now introduced Chevron to our research partners at UofT.

Romgaz

Micromem continues to pursue business opportunities in Romania. It has been engaged in discussions with Romgaz, the state-controlled gas company in Romania for the past 2 years. Under the Romgaz umbrella, the Company has also been pursuing discussions to complete multiple projects with Petrom, the state-controlled oil company and with Transelectrica, the major public utility and interconnection company in Romania. Our ongoing discussions are with the University of Ploiesti who conducts all of the research and development efforts for oil and gas technology applications on behalf of the national energy companies in Romania.

The Company continues to raise capital for its ongoing operations; working capital continues to be constrained. The Company's financial statements are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS"). Under IFRS, Micromem reports the complex financial instruments (convertible debentures) with quarterly remeasurement of the debentures and the related derivative liabilities. The result of such quarterly remeasurements is that the Company reports significant non-cash expenses in each quarter which have a material impact on our financial statement presentation. This matter is more fully addressed in the body of this MD&A report.

Our litigation with Steve Van Fleet, a former officer of the Company, was resolved in our favour in 2021. The Company has been receiving monthly payments from Mr. Van Fleet as part of the settlement agreement that was struck; these monthly payments are scheduled to continue through September, 2027.

The Company has 4 personnel managing the Company's operations including Joseph Fuda, our President & CEO and Dan Amadori, our Chief Financial Officer, both of whom are our named executives.

The Company held its Annual General Meeting of Shareholders on Monday, April 22, 2024 for the fiscal years through October 31, 2023. At the meeting, the incumbent directors - Joseph Fuda, Alex Dey and Oliver Nepomuceno were reelected to our Board of Directors. The Company is now scheduling its Annual General Meeting for the fiscal years ending October 31, 2024 and 2025.

2. BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS IN 2026:

University of Toronto and Department of National Defence:

The Company entered a Research Collaboration Agreement (the "Agreement") with the University of Toronto (UofT) and Department of National Defence (DND). The Agreement is for the project, "Development of a Nanowire Field Effect Transistor Biochemical Sensor" (the "Project") led by Professor Ruda of the UofT. The Project is aimed at the development of sensors for dual civilian and military use with the objective of developing miniaturized (portable), low-cost, efficient, and selective sensors based on InAs nanowires that can be deployed on both aqueous and gas-based platforms for a wide variety of analytes. Upon completion of this Project, Micromem will have the means to construct their own measurement systems for the portable uses, including civilian applications such as detection of volatile organic carbons (VOCs). The Project is being funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada ("NSERC") and Micromem.

The Company reports on the progress of the UofT Collaboration Agreement at this date:

1. Gas sensing:

The Company has announced the advancement in gas detection with the release of its nanowire-based gas sensor platform, offering a disruptive solution for safety-critical and precision-controlled environments.

The platform employs a proprietary multi-nanowire sensing array capable of detecting trace-level gas concentrations with extreme sensitivity. Notably, the sensor includes an electrical bias control feature that provides tunable amplification-demonstrated at up to 6x-allowing for enhanced detection performance across various gas types and concentration ranges. The sensor platform is fabricated using standard photolithography processes, making it both cost-effective and scalable for high-volume industrial applications. The competitive edge of the Company's nanowire sensor, in markets where precision, compliance, and uptime are non-negotiable, is that it adapts.

This technology gives operators a new level of control and accuracy in gas detection. From leak detection to hazardous gas monitoring, this platform brings a new level of safety and reliability to industrial and environmental applications. The key advantages this technology include:

• High Sensitivity: Demonstrated robust detection of ethanol vapor with a strong, easily measurable response, ideal for volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring.

• Tunable Amplification: Unique ability to adjust the electrical gate bias, enabling targeted signal amplification and selectivity based on gas type.

• Versatility: Adaptable to detect multiple gases by altering surface functionalization and bias conditions-useful across oil & gas, chemical manufacturing, mining, and clean energy sectors.

• Compact and Scalable: The sensor's solid-state design allows for integration into IoT-enabled smart infrastructure and remote monitoring systems.

Micromem is now advancing with this technology, originally developed under a Department of National Defence initiative, as a commercial platform. The Company is actively seeking strategic partners in the energy, industrial, and environmental sectors to pilot and deploy this military-grade sensing solution in high-impact civilian applications.

2. Liquid-based sensing:

The Company has announced the successful development of its liquid-phase nanowire bio-chemical sensor, engineered to detect disease-associated biomarkers at ultra-low concentrations. This innovation marks a critical milestone in the pursuit of more accurate, earlier medical diagnostics.

The sensor has demonstrated limit-of-detection performance down to 1 picomolar (pM) and 20mV/decade sensitivity, enabling the identification of inflammatory and pathological biomarkers previously undetectable by conventional methods. The sensor platform is fabricated using standard photolithography processes, making it both cost-effective and scalable for high-volume industrial applications.

The initial target analyte is TREM-1 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 1), a key marker known to amplify inflammatory responses and closely associated with a range of diseases including atherosclerosis, cancer, colitis, and fibrosis.

This liquid-phase sensor platform originated from work developed on behalf of the Department of National Defence and is evolving into a commercial diagnostic tool.

The advantages of this technology include:

• Ultra-Low Detection Thresholds: Achieves pM-level detection, suitable for early-stage disease monitoring.

• Broad Diagnostic Utility: Customizable for other critical biomarkers involved in cancer, autoimmune disease, and systemic inflammation.

• High Signal Clarity: Nanowire-based response delivers real-time, low-noise output with a strong correlation to analyte concentration.

• Compact and Integratable: Ready for deployment in next-generation lab-on-a-chip, point-of-care, or remote diagnostic devices.

• Manufactured via conventional photolithography techniques: the platform supports efficient, low-cost production-critical for widespread adoption in clinical and point-of-care diagnostics.

Micromem is positioning its gas detection technology for integration into industrial and environmental systems through targeted partnerships and pilot initiatives. With the platform now ready for field validation, the Company is seeking co-development and deployment opportunities with strategic industry partners. Micromem is focused on expanding commercial readiness and welcomes pilot deployment opportunities.

An additional benefit of the technology opportunity with the UofT as described above is that Micromem will own the related intellectual property as it is developed.

Chevron:

We met most recently with Chevron in their Houston offices in September 2024. Chevron continues to support our initiatives as we advance our project development efforts and requested a "white paper" report on the current state of tracer technology for measurement of multiple attributes in operating oil and gas wells.

In Spring, 2025, the Company submitted the white paper report to Chevron titled "Sensors for Water Contamination Monitoring in Oil Wells and Flood Zones". The report was authored by Professor Harry E. Ruda of the University of Toronto, a distinguished academic in nanotechnology and materials science. The White Paper provides an overview of the existing technologies for measuring contamination in water and the surrounding atmosphere, particularly in flood zones. It explores solutions to address wastewater contamination, ultimately aiming to promote environmental remediation as well as discussing a range of sensor technologies that enable real-time monitoring of pollutants in both water and air, highlighting their potential value for commercial and municipal water management. Our discussions with Chevron continue.

Romgaz:

We maintain our interest in working with Romgaz and other European-based energy companies.

As previously reported, a senior team of technical advisors has been enlisted by Romgaz to assist in the execution of our go forward workplan. This development team includes representation from the University of Oil and Gas of Ploiesti in Romania ("the University"). This team is directed by Professor Dan Ioan Gheorghui, PhD. who serves as the President of the Romanian chapter of the World Energy Council. The team also includes Professor Alin Dinita, PhD. who serves as the Head of Development Strategies and the Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering at the University of Ploiesti and Professor Alin Dinita, PhD. who serves as Pro-Dean of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. Micromem maintains a dialogue with these technical advisors enlisted by Romgaz in anticipation of moving forward with our go forward work plan.

The Company has previously pursued the ARTRA units - technology that was developed by our technical partner, Entanglement Technologies. The original intention was that this technology would be delivered to Romgaz, our client in Romania.

The technology advances that have been realized at the University of Toronto, as described above, represent current technology which we believe has eclipsed our previous efforts with the ARTRA technology. Accordingly, the Company has decided not to further pursue the ARTRA application. We believe that the UofT technology for gas and liquid licensing will be suitable for use by Romgaz in future.

MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

FOR THE FISCAL THREE MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 2026
PREPARED AS OF JUNE 29, 2026

3. FINANCING

In Q2 2026 the Company did not secure financing from private placements (Q2 2025: $nil).

The Company received proceeds of $272,500 (Q2 2025: $169,000) from the issuance of convertible debentures (referred to interchangeably as "debentures" or "convertible loans" or "loans" throughout this document).

The Company issued 10,392,048 common shares relating to the conversion by debenture holders of their debentures totaling $224,656 during Q2 2026 (Q2 2025: issued 3,073,940 common shares relating to conversion of debentures totaling $103,275).

The Company's convertible debt structure is complex with 3 broad categories of such debt: (i) $CDN denominated debt with fixed conversion prices; (ii) $US denominated debt with fixed conversion prices, and (iii) $US denominated debt with variable conversion prices. The term of the debt in each instance is typically between 4 months and 12 months. To date , the Company has repaid certain convertible loans at maturity when due as requested by the debenture holder or converted the debenture into common shares at the request of the debenture holder or extended the term of the debenture through negotiations with the debenture holder - in this latter case, certain terms of the loan - interest rate and/or conversion price - have, in some instances, been adjusted as part of the extension.

Under IFRS reporting, such loans require quarterly remeasurements. The application of the remeasurement methodology is very specific. This is more fully discussed in Section 4; in summary, there are several non-cash related income and expense charges that arise from such remeasurements. We recorded the following non-cash charges in the quarter ending April 30, 2026 and 2025 none of which impact the Company's cash flows:

For the 6 months ended April 30		2026			2025			Change
Accretion expense	$	178,484		$	75,314		$	103,170
Loss (gain) on revaluation of warrant liabilities		(535,836	)		(301,356	)	$	(234,480	)
Loss (gain) on conversion of convertible debentures		14,546			-			14,546
Loss (gain) on revaluation of derivative liabilities		(63,697	)		(301,356	)		237,659
Loss (gain) on extinguishment/repayment of convertible debentures		211,111			(151,859	)		362,970
Net expense (income)	$	(195,392	)	$	(679,257	)	$	483,865

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MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

FOR THE FISCAL THREE MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 2026
PREPARED AS OF JUNE 29, 2026

4. DISCUSSION OF OPERATING RESULTS:

(a) Financial Position as at April 30, 2026:

	($US 000)
	April 30, 2026		October 31, 2025		April 30, 2025

Assets:
Cash	28		250		332
Prepaid expenses and other receivables	31		23		165
	59		273		497
Property and equipment	26		35		7
Total Assets	85		308		504

Liabilities:
Accounts payable and other liabilities	415		365		462
Current lease liability	18		17		63
Convertible debentures	4,631		4,295		3,978
Warrant liability	290		754		968
Derivative liability	489		421		1,226
	5,843		5,852		6,697
Long-term lease liability	5		14		-
Long-term loan	-		46		45
Total Liabilities	5,848		5,912		6,742

Shareholders' Deficit:
Share capital	93,850		93,467		92,933
Contributed surplus	27,056		26,086		26,348
Equity component of convertible debentures	758		1,898		1,636
Accumulated deficit	(127,427	)	(127,055	)	(127,156	)
Total Shareholders' Deficit	(5,762	)	(5,604	)	(6,239	)
	85		308		503

Commentary:

1. The Company's working capital deficiency is $5,784,058 on April 30, 2026 (2025: deficiency of $6,199,845).

2. The Company continued to secure additional financing in 2026 through convertible debentures and also through the exercise of warrants. Given the terms of the debentures, the Company has measured, as appropriate, the prescribed accounting treatment for these convertible debentures and the related derivatives. These loans are typically of a short-term nature and have, in many cases, renewed on multiple occasions; the related financial reporting has become progressively more complex.

The balance reported as convertible loans at April 30, 2026, is $4,630,519 (2025: $3,978,109) and the related derivative liability balance is $489,098 (2025: $1,226,089).

The Company reports accretion expense on these debentures of $90,507 (2025: $1,434), a loss on the conversion of the convertible debentures to share capital of $14,546 (2025: 9,821), a loss on the revaluation of the underlying derivative liabilities of $78,734 (2025: (gain) 230,831) and a loss on extinguishment/repayment of convertible debentures of $112,158 (2025: $275,609). Management generally employs a Black Scholes valuation model although, for certain of the loan transactions contracted for, it uses a binomial measurement model.

3. The Company also reports a non-convertible debenture in the amount of $38,190 at April 30, 2026 (2025: $37,670; interest is payable at a rate of 2% per month. The original loan was secured in 2021 and has since been renewed for successive six-month terms.

During the quarter ended April 30, 2026, the Company secured funding from various sources, the significant components include:

		2026		2025
Exercise of warrants	$	-	$	339,699
Private placements of shares for cash consideration	$	236,328	$	-
Bridge loan financing	$	272,500	$	169,000
	$	508,828	$	508,699

Operating Results:

The following table summarizes the Company's operating results for the three months ended April 30, 2026, and 2025:

	Quarter ended April 30,
	2026		2025
	($000)		($000)
Administration	27		62
Professional fees and salaries	74		217
Stock-based compensation	-		-
Travel and entertainment	5		14
Depreciation of property and equipment	5		4
Foreign exchange loss (gain)	(11	)	298
Accretion expense	91		1
Interest expense convertible debt	215		4
Other financing costs	41		48
Loss (gain) on revaluation of warrant liabilities	(293	)	(3	)
Gain (loss) on revaluation of derivatives liabilities	79		(6	)
Loss on conversion of convertible debentures, net	15		-
Loss (gain) on extinguishment/repayment of convertible debentures	110		22
Net expenses (income)	(358	)	(661	)
Net comprehensive loss (income)	(358	)	(661	)
Loss (income) per share	-		-

Q2 Fiscal 2026 Compared to Q2 2025

a) Administration costs were $26,703 in 2026 (2025: $62,773). These costs include rent and occupancy cost, investor relations, listings and filing fees and other general and administrative expenses.

b) Professional and other fees and salaries costs were $74,048 in 2026 (2025: $216,681). The components of these total costs include legal and audit related expenses, consulting fees, and staff salaries and benefits.

The CFO received $13,157 of management fees in 2026 (2025: $10,557). The CEO of the Company received $11,621 of compensation in 2026 (2025 $19,227).

c) Travel and entertainment expenses were $5,302 in 2026 (2025: $14,576).

d) Stock-based compensation was $nil in 2026 (2025: $nil) calculated using the Black Scholes option-pricing model).

e) Interest expense was $214,625 in 2026 (2025: $3,571). This represents the actual interest expense obligations incurred by the Company based on the stated interest rates on the convertible debenture notes.

f) Amortization expense was $4,725 in 2026 (2025: $3,840), relating to Capital Assets.

g) Financing costs were $47,232 in 2026 (2025: $51,678). These expenses relate to costs associated with the convertible debenture financings which the Company completed.

h) The loss (gain) on foreign exchange reported in 2026 was $(10,968) (2025: loss of $297,702). This includes the exchange relating to the translation of $CDN denominated transactions during the year and to Canadian denominated assets and liabilities at fiscal quarter and year ends. It also includes the foreign exchange relating to the initiation, renewal, conversion, and repayment of convertible debentures transactions during the reporting periods. The Canadian dollar, relative to the US dollar was $0.7340 at April 30, 2026, $0.7134 at October 31, 2025, $0.7240 at April 30, 2025.

i) The other income/expenses reported relate to the convertible debentures. These are all non-cash amounts and compare as follows:

For the 3 months ended April 30		2026			2025			Change
Accretion expense	$	90,507		$	1,434		$	89,073
Loss (gain) on revaluation of warrant liabilities		(292,905	)		(3,448	)	$	(289,457	)
Loss on conversion of convertible debentures		14,546			-			14,546
Loss (gain) on revaluation of derivative liabilities		78,734			(5,738	)		84,472
Loss (gain) on extinguishment/repayment of convertible debentures		112,158			21,858			90,300
Net expense (income)	$	3,040		$	14,106		$	(11,066	)

C. Unaudited Quarterly Financial Information - Summary

Three months ended (unaudited)	Revenues	Expenses		Income (loss) in period		Loss per share
	$	$		$		$
April 30, 2026	-	357,754		(357,754	)	-
January 31, 2026	-	363,005		(363,005	)	-
October 31, 2025	-	(375,890	)	375,890		-
July 31, 2025	-	821,351		(821,351	)	-
April 30, 2025	-	660,470		(660,470	)	-
January 31, 2025	-	(437,452	)	437,452		-
October 31, 2024	-	2,517,964		(2,517,964	)	-
July 31, 2024	-	570,496		(570,496	)	-

Three months ended (unaudited)	Working capital (deficiency)		Capital assets at NBV	Other Assets	Total Assets	Shareholders' equity (deficit)
April 30, 2026	(5,784,058	)	25,804	-	85,131	(5,763,052	)
January 31, 2026	(5,647,659	)	30,496	-	272,211	(5,626,657	)
October 31, 2025	(5,578,407	)	35,445	-	308,461	(5,603,266	)
July 31, 2025	(6,253,022	)	40,257	-	377,362	(6,277,691	)
April 30, 2025	(6,199,845	)	6,747	-	504,141	(6,239,317	)
January 31, 2025	(5,928,525	)	11,000	-	319,159	(5,960,940	)
October 31, 2024	(6,693,448	)	15,272	-	282,713	(6,722,982	)
July 31, 2024	(4,532,200	)	19,720	-	186,845	(4,540,961	)

MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 2026
PREPARED AS OF JUNE 29, 2026

5. RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

There are a number of risks which may individually or in the aggregate affect the long-term commercial success of the Company, both known and unknown. An investment in the Company should be considered speculative due to the nature of the Company's activities and its current stage of development. The significant risks include:

Stage of Development of Technology:

The Company has made strides in advancing its technology and in developing a product portfolio and in engaging customers in joint development projects. There remains the risk that the Company must successfully complete development work on these products to have available commercially viable products which can be licensed or sold.

Customers' Willingness to Purchase:

We have previously entered into joint development agreements whereby our prototype products are subjected to rigorous testing by our partners. We expect to be successful in commercializing our product portfolio. If we are successful in doing so, our partners will then have to decide the extent to which they will adopt our technology for future use for their applications. The future revenue streams for the Company are dependent upon the rate of adoption by our customers and their willingness to do so.

Financing:

The Company has successfully raised funding on a quarterly basis to continue to support its development initiatives and fund the Company's corporate structure and overheads. The Company must continue to source financing in order to continue to support its business initiatives.

Competitors:

The Company is subject to competition from other entities that may have greater financial resources and more in-house technical expertise.

Management Structure:

The Company is highly dependent on the services of a small number of senior management team members. If one of these individuals were unavailable, the Company would encounter a difficult transition process.

Foreign Currency Exposure:

The Company expects to sell its products and license technologies in the United States, in Canada and abroad. It has raised financing in both $CDN and $USD. The Company has not hedged its foreign currency exposure. Foreign currency fluctuations present an ongoing risk to the business.

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MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 2026
PREPARED AS OF JUNE 29, 2026

6. GOING CONCERN

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the "going concern" basis, which presumes that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future.

There are material uncertainties related to conditions and events that cast significant doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time in future. During the three months ended April 30, 2026, the Company reported net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) of $(357,754) (2025: $(660,470)) and negative cash flow from operations of $ (406,807) (2025: $196,340). The Company's working capital deficiency as at April 30, 2026 is $5,784,058 (2025: $6,199,845).

The Company's future success depends on the profitable commercialization of its proprietary sensor technology. There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in the profitable commercialization of its technology. Based upon its current operating and financial plans, management of the Company believes that it will have sufficient access to financial resources to fund the Company's planned operations through fiscal 2026 and beyond; however, the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent on its ability to secure additional financing and/or to profitably commercialize its technology. The financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from the possible inability of the Company to continue as a going concern.

If the "going concern" assumption was not appropriate for these consolidated financial statements, then adjustments would be necessary to the carrying value of assets and liabilities, the reported expenses and the balance sheet classifications used; in such cases, these adjustments would be material.

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MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 2026
PREPARED AS OF JUNE 29, 2026

7. OTHER MATTERS

(a) Critical Accounting Policies

The accounting policies the Company believes are critical to the financial reporting process include foreign currency translation, financial instruments, convertible debentures and derivative liabilities, fair value, property and equipment, impairment of long-lived assets, patents, deferred development costs, lease, stock-based compensation, and income taxes. These critical accounting policies are set forth in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements as of April 30, 2026.

(b) Legal matters: lawsuit vs Steven Van Fleet

We have previously reported on the litigation matter relating to Mr. Van Fleet, the former President of MAST, which commenced in 2018.

In 2021, the court ultimately dismissed all of Mr. Van Fleet's claims, found that he was liable to Micromem and MAST on their counterclaims and ordered an inquest to determine damages. The inquest was held between June 3 - 7, 2021.

On June 16^t^h, 2021, the court ordered that Micromem and MAST had established damages of $765,580, the full amount that had been requested. Additionally, the court awarded costs and statutory prejudgement interest from May 9, 2017. On June 29^th, 2021, the court entered a judgement ("Judgement") in favor of Micromem and MAST and against Mr. Van Fleet in the amount of $1,051,740.

With respect to the Company's efforts to collect on that Judgement, a settlement ("Settlement") was reached during October 2021. Pursuant to the Settlement, the Company received an initial one-time payment and is entitled to additional monthly payments over a period of up to six years. To date, Mr. Van Fleet has complied with the terms of the Settlement. The Company will record those payments as and when they are received. The total amount to be received by the Company if Mr. Van Fleet makes all the required payments under the terms of the Settlement will be less than the amount of the Judgement obtained by the Company, but if Mr. Van Fleet does not comply with the terms of the Settlement, it also provides the Company a means of enforcing a larger judgement against Mr. Van Fleet that is substantially in line with the Judgement.

(c) Legal Matter

On November 1, 2023, a former employee filed a statement of claim against the Company relating to employment termination without reasonable notice. The Company filed a statement of defence and counterclaim on November 29, 2023 denying all liability to the former employee. In August 2024, management attended legal discoveries and presented the Company's position. The matter proceeded to non-binding arbitration in October 2024 which ended without reaching to an agreement. The Company considers the claim of the former employee to be largely and likely without merit and therefore, no provision has been recorded in these consolidated financial statements.

(d) Contingencies and Commitments

The Company may be subject to litigation, claims and governmental and regulatory proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. In such cases, the Company accrues a loss contingency for these matters when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. There are no such accruals reflected in the Company's accounts at April 30, 2026.

The Company signed a lease extension from July 31, 2025 to July 31, 2027. The lease stipulates a monthly base and additional rental expense of $4,231 CDN. Lease commitments are as follows - commitments less than one year of $19,482 CDN; 1 year to 5 years: $4,870 CDN.

(e) Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

At April 30, 2026, the Company has no off-balance sheet financial commitments and does not anticipate entering into any contracts of such nature other than the addition of new operating leases for equipment and premises as may be required in the normal course of business.

(f) Share Capital

At April 30, 2026, the Company reports 633,038,017 common shares outstanding (2025: 597,243,765). Additionally, the Company has 8,900,000 stock options outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $0.05 per share (2025: 8,750,000 options outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $0.06 per share) and 42,596,886 warrants outstanding with a weighted average of $0.04 per warrant (2025: 18,712,014 warrants outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $0.04 per warrant).

(g) Management and Board of Directors

At our most recent Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on April 22, 2024, Joseph Fuda, Oliver Nepomuceno, and Alex Dey were re-elected to serve on our Board of Directors. Joseph Fuda and Dan Amadori continue to serve as officers of the Company.

Our management team and directors, along with their Q2 quarterly remuneration, is presented as below:

	Q2 2026 remuneration
Individual	Position	Cash	Options	Total
Joseph Fuda	President, Director	11,621	-	11,621
Oliver Nepomuceno	Director	-	-	-
Alex Dey	Director	-	-	-
Dan Amadori	CFO	13,157	-	13,157
Total		24,778	-	24,778

(h) Transactions with Related Parties

The Company reports the following related party transactions:

Key management compensation:

Key management personnel are persons responsible for planning, directing, and controlling activities of the Company, including officers and directors. Compensation paid or payable to these individuals (or companies controlled by such individuals) is summarized as:

		2026		2025
Professional, other fees and salaries	$	24,778	$	29,784
Stock based compensation		-		-
	$	24,778	$	29,784

Trade payables and other liabilities:

As at April 30, 2026, there is $6,780 reported as payables and other liabilities due to related parties (April 30, 2025: $nil).

(i) Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity:

We currently report negative cash flow from operations. This result will only change once we are generating sufficient revenue from either license fees, royalties or the sale of products utilizing our technology. In 2024 and through to the date of this report, the Company has continued to raise additional financing.

We currently have no lines of credit in place. We must continue to obtain financing from investors or from clients in support of our development projects.

We have granted to our directors, officers, and employee's options to purchase shares at prices that are at or above market price on the date of grant. At April 30, 2026, there are 8,900,000 stock options outstanding at an average exercise price of $0.05 per share.

Capital Resources: We have no commitments for capital expenditures as of April 30, 2026.

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MICROMEM TECHNOLOGIES INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 2026
PREPARED AS OF JUNE 29, 2026

8. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Subsequent to April 30, 2026, the Company reports:

(b) The Company secured $113,125 USD in convertible debentures with a 12 month term and conversion features which become effective six months after initiation date.

(d) The Company extended convertible debentures that were within 3 months of maturity date

October 31, 2025 for an additional six (6) months.

(e) The Company issued 6,661,628 common shares upon conversion of debentures.

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FORM 52-109F2

CERTIFICATION OF INTERIM FILINGS

FULL CERTIFICATE

I, Joseph Fuda, President and Chief Executive Officer of Micromem Technologies Inc., certify the following:

1. Review: I have reviewed the interim financial report and interim MD&A (together the "interim filings") of Micromem Technologies Inc., (the Issuer) for the interim period ended April 30, 2026.

2. No misrepresentations: Based on my knowledge, having exercised reasonable diligence, the interim filings do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated or that is necessary to make a statement not misleading in light of the circumstances under which it was made, with respect to the period covered by the interim filings.

3. Fair presentation: Based on my knowledge, having exercised reasonable diligence, the interim financial report together with the other financial information included in the interim filings fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, financial performance and cash flows of the issuer, as of the date of and for the periods presented in the interim filings.

4. Responsibility: The issuer's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (DC&P) and internal control over financial reporting (ICFR), as those terms are defined in National Instrument 52-109 Certification of Disclosure in Issuers' Annual and Interim Filings, for the issuer.

5. Design: Subject to the limitations, if any, described in paragraphs 5.2 and 5.3, the issuer's other certifying officer(s) and I have, as at the end of the period covered by the interim filings

(a) Designed DC&P, or caused it to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance that

(i) Material information relating to the issuer is made known to us by others, particularly during the period in which the interim filings are being prepared; and

(ii) Information required to be disclosed by the issuer in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or submitted by it under securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in securities legislation; and

(b) Designed ICFR, or caused it to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with the issuer's GAAP.

5.1 Control of framework: The control framework the issuer's other certifying officer(s) and I used to design the issuer's ICFR is the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission or "COSO". The Company is utilizing the guidance for smaller public companies published by COSO.

5.2 not applicable

5.3 not applicable

6. Reporting changes in ICFR: The issuer has disclosed in its interim MD&A any change in the issuer's ICFR that occurred during the period beginning on November 1, 2025 to April 30, 2026 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer's ICFR.

Date: June 29, 2026

/s/ Joseph Fuda

___________________________________________

Joseph Fuda

President and Chief Executive Officer

FORM 52-109F2

CERTIFICATION OF INTERIM FILINGS

FULL CERTIFICATE

I, Dan Amadori, Chief Financial Officer of Micromem Technologies Inc., certify the following:

1. Review: I have reviewed the interim financial report and interim MD&A (together the "interim filings") of Micromem Technologies Inc., (the issuer) for the interim period ended April 30, 2026.

5. Design: Subject to the limitations, if any, described in paragraphs 5.2 and 5.3, the issuer's other certifying officer(s) and I have, as at the end of the period covered by the interim filings

(a) Designed DC&P, or caused it to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance that

(i) Material information relating to the issuer is made known to us by others, particularly during the period in which the interim filings are being prepared; and

5.2 not applicable

5.3 not applicable

Date: June 29, 2026

/s/ Dan Amadori

___________________________________________

Dan Amadori

Chief Financial Officer

Source: View Original Filing on SEC EDGAR

FAQ

How did Micromem Technologies Inc. (MMTIF) perform in the quarter ended April 30, 2026?

Micromem reported a net and comprehensive loss of $357,754 for the quarter. For the six months ended April 30, 2026, the loss totaled $720,759, reflecting ongoing operating expenses, significant interest and accretion on convertible debentures, and no commercial revenues during the period.

What is Micromem Technologies Inc.’s cash and working capital position as of April 30, 2026?

As of April 30, 2026, Micromem held $28,464 in cash and reported a working capital deficiency of $5,784,058. Current assets were only $59,327 against current liabilities of $5,843,385, indicating substantial short‑term funding pressure and reliance on external financing.

What going concern disclosures did Micromem Technologies Inc. make in its April 30, 2026 financials?

Management stated there are material uncertainties that cast substantial doubt on Micromem’s ability to continue as a going concern. The disclosure cites continuing net losses, negative operating cash flow of $406,807 over six months, and dependence on additional financing and profitable commercialization of its sensor technology.

What subsequent financing events occurred after April 30, 2026 for Micromem Technologies Inc.?

After April 30, 2026, Micromem closed seven private placements raising $235,000 CAD and issuing 9,400,000 common shares. It also issued $113,125 in new convertible debentures, paid $135,969 toward existing debentures, extended certain maturities, and issued 6,661,628 shares on debenture conversions.

What progress has Micromem Technologies Inc. reported on its University of Toronto sensor collaboration?

Micromem describes significant progress on nanowire‑based gas and liquid‑phase biochemical sensors under its collaboration with the University of Toronto and Defence Research and Development Canada. It highlights high sensitivity, tunable amplification, and ultra‑low biomarker detection, and notes it holds an exclusive worldwide license to resulting intellectual property.

Filing Exhibits & Attachments

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Micromem Technologies Inc. (OTCQB: MMTIF) posts Q2 loss amid going concern risk

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FAQ

How did Micromem Technologies Inc. (MMTIF) perform in the quarter ended April 30, 2026?

What is Micromem Technologies Inc.’s cash and working capital position as of April 30, 2026?

How large are Micromem Technologies Inc.’s convertible debentures and related liabilities?

What going concern disclosures did Micromem Technologies Inc. make in its April 30, 2026 financials?

What subsequent financing events occurred after April 30, 2026 for Micromem Technologies Inc.?

What progress has Micromem Technologies Inc. reported on its University of Toronto sensor collaboration?

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