[S-4/A] SMARTFINANCIAL INC. Amended Business Combination Registration

Filing Impact

(Low)

Filing Sentiment

(Neutral)

Form Type

S-4/A

Rhea-AI Filing Summary

SmartFinancial, Inc. is conducting an exchange offer covering up to $100,000,000 aggregate principal amount of its 7.25% fixed‑to‑floating rate subordinated notes due 2035. Investors can swap privately placed, unregistered notes issued in August 2025 for SEC‑registered notes with essentially identical economic terms.

The exchange does not generate cash for SmartFinancial and does not increase total indebtedness; exchanged Old Notes will be cancelled. The New Notes pay a fixed 7.25% rate to September 1, 2030, then float at Three‑Month Term SOFR plus 385 basis points to maturity on September 1, 2035, and may be redeemed at par on or after September 1, 2030, or earlier upon certain regulatory or tax events, subject to Federal Reserve approval.

The notes are unsecured, subordinated obligations of the holding company and are structurally subordinated to liabilities of SmartBank and other subsidiaries. The company highlights risks including limited covenants, lack of an expected trading market, potential SOFR benchmark changes, and adverse liquidity and transfer restrictions for holders who choose not to exchange their Old Notes.

11/25/2025 - 05:06 PM

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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 25, 2025

Registration No. 333-290782

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Amendment No. 1 to

FORM S-4

REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

SmartFinancial, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Tennessee

(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)

6022

(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number)

62-1173944

(IRS Employer Identification
Number)

5401 Kingston Pike, Suite 600
Knoxville, Tennessee
(865) 437-5700

(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number,
Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive
Offices)

William (Billy) Y. Carroll, Jr.
President & Chief Executive Officer
SmartFinancial, Inc.
5401 Kingston Pike, Suite 600
Knoxville, Tennessee 37919
Tel: (865) 437-5700

(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and
Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of
Agent for Service)

Copies to:

Mark C. Kanaly
William W. Hooper
Alston & Bird LLP
One Atlantic Center
1201 W Peachtree St NE #4900
Atlanta, GA 30309
Tel: (404) 881-7000

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale of the securities to the public: As soon as practicable after this registration statement becomes effective.

If the securities being registered on this Form are being offered in connection with the formation of a holding company and there is compliance with General Instruction G, check the following box. ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

	Large accelerated filer ☐			Accelerated filer ☒
	Non-accelerated filer ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)			Smaller reporting company ☐
				Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2) (B) of the Securities Act. ☐

If applicable, place an X in the box to designate the appropriate rule provision relied upon in conducting this transaction:

Exchange Act Rule 13e-4(i) (Cross-Border Issuer Tender Offer) ☐

Exchange Act Rule 14d-1(d) (Cross-Border Third-Party Tender Offer) ☐

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

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The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not complete the exchange offer and issue these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED NOVEMBER 25, 2025

PROSPECTUS

[MISSING IMAGE: lg_smartfinancial-4c.jpg]

Offer to Exchange
Up to $100,000,000 aggregate principal amount of
7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035
that have been registered under the Securities Act of 1933
for any and all outstanding unregistered
7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035

The exchange offer will expire at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on , 2025, unless extended.

We are offering to exchange 7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035 that have been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), which we refer to in this prospectus as the “New Notes,” for any and all of our outstanding unregistered 7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035 that we issued in a private placement on August 20, 2025, which we refer to in this prospectus as the “Old Notes.” We are making this offer to exchange the New Notes for the Old Notes to satisfy our obligations under a registration rights agreement that we entered into with the purchasers of the Old Notes in connection with our issuance of the Old Notes to those purchasers.

We will not receive any cash proceeds from this exchange offer. The issuance of the New Notes in exchange for the Old Notes will not result in any increase in our outstanding indebtedness. Old Notes that are not exchanged for New Notes in this exchange offer will remain outstanding. The exchange offer is not subject to any minimum tender condition, but is subject to certain customary conditions.

Upon expiration of the exchange offer, all Old Notes that have been validly tendered and not withdrawn will be exchanged for an equal principal amount of New Notes. The terms of the New Notes are identical in all material respects to the terms of the Old Notes, except that the New Notes are registered under the Securities Act and are generally not subject to transfer restrictions, are not entitled to registration rights under the registration rights agreement that we entered into with the initial purchasers of the Old Notes and do not have the right to additional interest under the circumstances described in that registration rights agreement relating to our fulfillment of our registration obligations. The New Notes evidence the same debt as the Old Notes and are governed by the same indenture under which the Old Notes were issued.

The New Notes are a new issue of securities. There is no existing established trading for the Old Notes or the New Notes, and we do not expect any established trading to develop in the future for either the Old Notes or the New Notes. The Old Notes are not listed on any national securities exchange or quoted on any automated dealer quotation system, and we do not intend to list the New Notes on any national securities exchange or seek quotation on any automated dealer quotation system.

You may withdraw your tender of Old Notes at any time prior to the expiration of the exchange offer. We will exchange all of the outstanding Old Notes that are validly tendered and not validly withdrawn prior to the expiration of the exchange offer for an equal principal amount of New Notes.

Each broker-dealer that receives New Notes for its own account pursuant to the exchange offer must acknowledge that it will deliver a prospectus meeting the requirements of the Securities Act in connection with any resale of such New Notes. A broker-dealer that acquired Old Notes because of market-making or other trading activities may use this prospectus, as supplemented or amended from time to time, in connection with resales of the New Notes for a period of 180 days after the completion of the exchange offer. See “Plan of Distribution.”

Investing in our securities involves certain risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 8, as well as the risk factors contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and in the other reports filed by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. These securities are not savings or deposit accounts or other obligations of any bank and are not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmental agency.

The date of this prospectus is , 2025.

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	ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS					ii
	WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION					iii
	INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE					iii
	SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS					iv
	SUMMARY					1
	RISK FACTORS					8
	USE OF PROCEEDS					17
	THE EXCHANGE OFFER					18
	DESCRIPTION OF THE NOTES					26
	MATERIAL UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS					42
	PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION					43
	LEGAL MATTERS					43
	EXPERTS					43

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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is a part of a registration statement that we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under the Securities Act. This prospectus does not contain all the information set forth in the registration statement, certain parts of which are omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. For further information with respect to us, the exchange offer and the securities offered by this prospectus, reference is made to the registration statement, including the exhibits to the registration statement and the documents incorporated by reference.

We are providing this prospectus to holders of Old Notes in connection with our offer to exchange Old Notes for New Notes. We are not making this exchange offer in any jurisdiction where the exchange offer is not permitted.

You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and in the accompanying exchange offer transmittal documents filed by us with the SEC. We have not authorized any other person to provide you with any other information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. You should not assume that the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date of the applicable document that contains that information. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

You should not consider any information in this prospectus to be investment, legal or tax advice. You should consult your own counsel, accountant and other advisors for legal, tax, business, financial and related advice regarding the exchange offer and ownership of these securities.

Each broker-dealer that receives New Notes for its own account in exchange for Old Notes acquired by the broker-dealer as a result of market-making or other trading activities must acknowledge that it will deliver a prospectus meeting the requirements of the Securities Act in connection with any resale of such New Notes. This prospectus, as it may be amended or supplemented from time to time, may be used by a participating broker-dealer in connection with resales of New Notes received in exchange for Old Notes. We have agreed in the letter of transmittal to make this prospectus, as amended or supplemented, available to any such broker- dealer that requests copies of this prospectus for use in connection with any such resale. See “Plan of Distribution.”

References in this prospectus to the “Corporation,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or similar references refer to SmartFinancial, Inc., a Tennessee corporation, and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, except where the context otherwise requires or as otherwise indicated. References in this prospectus to the “Bank” refer to SmartBank, a Tennessee state-chartered bank and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

This prospectus incorporates important business and financial information about us that is not included in or delivered with this prospectus. Such information is available without charge to holders of Old Notes upon written or oral request made to:

SmartFinancial, Inc.
5401 Kingston Pike, Suite 600
Knoxville, Tennessee 37919
Attention: Ron Gorczynski, Chief Financial Officer
Telephone: (865) 467-5724

To ensure timely delivery of any requested information, holders of Old Notes must make any request no later than , 2025, which is five business days before the expiration date of the exchange offer, or, if we decide to extend the expiration date of the exchange offer, no later than five business days before such extended expiration date.

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WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) and file with the SEC Proxy Statements, Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, as required of a U.S. listed company. Our SEC filings are available to the public from the SEC’s web site at www.sec.gov or on our website at www.smartfinancialinc.com. However, other than our available SEC filings, the information on, or that can be accessible through, our website does not constitute a part of, and is not incorporated by reference in, this prospectus. Written requests for copies of the documents we file with the SEC should be directed to SmartFinancial, Inc., 5401 Kingston Pike, Knoxville, Tennessee 37319, Attention: Ron Gorczynski, Chief Financial Officer, telephone: (865) 467-5724.

INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” information into this prospectus. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this prospectus. These documents may include periodic reports, such as our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well as definitive Proxy Statements. Any documents that we subsequently file with the SEC will automatically update and replace the information previously filed with the SEC. Therefore, in the case of a conflict or inconsistency between information set forth in this prospectus and information incorporated by reference into this prospectus, you should rely on the information contained in the document that was filed later.

This prospectus incorporates by reference the documents listed below that we have previously filed with the SEC, except to the extent that any information in such filings, including subsequent filings, is deemed “furnished” but not “filed” in accordance with SEC rules:

•

our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 17, 2025 (including portions of our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed with the SEC on April 8, 2025, to the extent specifically incorporated by reference in such Form 10-K);

•

our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on May 12, 2025, our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on August 11, 2025, and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on November 7, 2025; and

•

our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on each of January 24, 2025, March 27, 2025, May 1, 2025, May 22, 2025, May 30, 2025, August 20, 2025, and September 8, 2025 (except to the extent any such Current Reports on Form 8-K contain any information furnished but not filed).

We are also incorporating by reference all other documents that we subsequently file with the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, after the date of the initial registration statement of which this prospectus is a part but prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement and between the date of this prospectus and the later of (i) the termination or completion of the exchange offer and (ii) the termination of the period of time described under “Plan of Distribution” during which we have agreed to make available this prospectus to broker-dealers in connection with certain resales of the New Notes.

You may obtain a copy of any or all of the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus (other than an exhibit to a document unless that exhibit is specifically incorporated by reference into that document) from the SEC through the SEC’s Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. You also may obtain these

iii

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documents from us without charge by visiting our website at www.smartfinancialinc.com or by requesting them in writing, by e-mail or by telephone from us at the following address:

SmartFinancial, Inc.
5401 Kingston Pike, Suite 600
Knoxville, Tennessee 37919
Attention: Ron Gorczynski, Chief Financial Officer
Telephone: (865) 467-5724

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus, any related prospectus supplement and the documents we incorporate by reference or that are deemed incorporated by reference into this prospectus and any related prospectus supplement, and any other written or oral statements made by us from time to time may contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. These statements are based on assumptions and estimates and are not guarantees of future performance. Any statements that do not relate to historical or current facts or matters are forward-looking statements. You can identify some of the forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking words (and their derivatives), such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “project,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “continue,” “potential,” “plan,” “forecast,” and the like, the negatives of such expressions, or the use of the future tense. Statements concerning current conditions may also be forward-looking if they imply a continuation of a current condition. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance, financial condition, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include, but are not limited to:

•

general economic and business conditions in our local markets (particularly Tennessee), including conditions affecting employment levels, interest rates, inflation, supply chains, the threat of recession, volatile equity capital markets, property and casualty insurance costs, collateral values, customer income, creditworthiness and confidence, spending and savings that may affect customer bankruptcies, defaults, charge-offs and deposit activity; and the impact of the foregoing on customer and client behavior (including the velocity and levels of deposit withdrawals and loan repayment);

•

the risks of changes in interest rates on the level and composition of deposits (as well as the cost of, and competition for, deposits), loan demand, liquidity and the values of loan collateral, securities and market fluctuations, and interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities;

•

the possibility that our asset quality would decline or that we experience greater loan losses than anticipated;

•

the impact of liquidity needs on our results of operations and financial condition;

•

competition from financial institutions and other financial service providers;

•

adverse developments in the banking industry highlighted by high-profile bank failures such as those in 2023, and the impact of such developments on customer confidence, liquidity and regulatory responses to such developments (including increases in the cost of our deposit insurance assessments and increased regulatory scrutiny), our ability to effectively manage our liquidity risk and any growth plans and the availability of capital and funding;

•

the impact of recent or proposed changes in fiscal, monetary and economic policy, laws, and regulations, or the interpretation or application thereof, and the uncertainty of future implementation and enforcement of these policies and regulations, including persistent inflationary pressures, potential interest rate fluctuations, and potential changes to government policies related to immigration, trade, and government spending;

•

weakness in the real estate market, including the secondary residential mortgage market, which can affect, among other things, the value of collateral securing mortgage loans, mortgage loan originations and delinquencies, profits on sales of mortgage loans, and the value of mortgage servicing rights;

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•

risks associated with our growth strategy, including a failure to implement our growth plans or an inability to manage our growth effectively;

•

claims and litigation arising from our business activities and from the companies we acquire, which may relate to contractual issues, environmental laws, fiduciary responsibility, and other matters;

•

the risks of mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, including our ability to continue to identify acquisition targets, successfully acquire and integrate desirable financial institutions and realize expected revenues and revenue synergies;

•

our ability to identify and address cybersecurity risks, such as cyber-attacks, computer viruses or other malware that may breach the security of our websites or other systems we operate or rely upon for services to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information, destroy data, disable or degrade service, or sabotage our systems and negatively impact our operations and our reputation in the market;

•

results of examinations by our primary regulators, the Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”), and other regulatory authorities, including the possibility that any such regulatory authority may, among other things, require us to increase our allowance for credit losses, write-down assets, require us to reimburse customers, change the way we do business, or limit or eliminate certain other banking activities;

•

government intervention in the U.S. financial system and the effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve, other legislative, tax and regulatory changes that impact the money supply and inflation, the imposition of tariffs and retaliatory responses, and the possibility that the U.S. could default on its debt obligations;

•

our inability to pay dividends at current levels, or at all, because of inadequate future earnings, regulatory restrictions or limitations, and changes in the composition of qualifying regulatory capital and minimum capital requirements;

•

the relatively greater credit risk of commercial real estate loans and construction and land development loans in our loan portfolio;

•

our ability to maintain expenses in line with current projections;

•

unanticipated credit deterioration in our loan portfolio or higher than expected loan losses within one or more segments of our loan portfolio;

•

unexpected significant declines in the loan portfolio due to the lack of economic expansion, increased competition, large prepayments, changes in regulatory lending guidance or other factors;

•

unanticipated loan delinquencies, loss of collateral, decreased service revenues, and other potential negative effects on our business caused by severe weather, natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism and other external events;

•

changes in expected income tax expense or tax rates, including changes resulting from revisions in tax laws, regulations and case law;

•

our ability to retain the services of key personnel;

•

a deterioration of the credit rating for U.S. long-term sovereign debt, actions that the U.S. government may take to avoid exceeding the debt ceiling, and uncertainties surrounding the debt ceiling and the federal budget;

•

political instability, acts of God, or of war or terrorism, natural disasters, including in the Company’s footprint, health emergencies, epidemics or pandemics, or other catastrophic events that may affect general economic conditions;

•

risks related to corporate responsibility strategies and initiatives, the scope and pace of which could alter our reputation and shareholder, associate, customer and third-party affiliations;

•

the impact of Tennessee’s anti-takeover statutes and certain of our charter provisions on potential acquisitions of us; and

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•

each of the factors and risks identified in the “Risk Factors” sections included under Item 1A. of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and in the “Risk Factors” sections of this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement and any other risks or uncertainties set forth from time to time in our filings with the SEC

The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements included in this prospectus and any related prospectus supplement. We do not intend to update any factors, except as required by SEC rules, or to publicly announce revisions to any of our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date that such statement was made. You should consider any forward looking statements in light of this explanation, and we caution you about relying on forward-looking statements.

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SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and in the documents we incorporate by reference into this prospectus. This summary does not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding to exchange your Old Notes for New Notes. You should read this prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors” sections contained in this prospectus and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, each of which is incorporated by reference herein, as updated by our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, our financial statements and the related notes and the other documents incorporated by reference herein, which are described under the heading “Information Incorporated by Reference” in this prospectus before making a decision about whether to exchange your Old Notes for New Notes.

SmartFinancial, Inc.

The Company was incorporated on September 19, 1983, under the laws of the State of Tennessee. SmartFinancial is a bank holding company registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended.

The primary activity of SmartFinancial is the ownership and operation of SmartBank. As a bank holding company, SmartFinancial intends to facilitate SmartBank’s ability to provide financial services to its customers. The holding company structure also provides flexibility for expansion through the possible acquisition of other financial institutions and the provision of additional banking-related services, as well as certain non-banking services, which a traditional commercial bank may not provide under present laws.

SmartBank is a Tennessee-chartered commercial bank established in 2007 with its principal office in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee. The principal business of the Bank consists of attracting deposits from the general public and investing those funds, together with funds generated from operations and from principal and interest payments on loans, primarily in commercial loans, commercial and residential real estate loans, leases, consumer loans and residential and commercial construction loans. Funds not invested in the loan and lease portfolio are invested by the Bank primarily in obligations of the U.S. Government, U.S. Government agencies, and various states and their political subdivisions. In addition to deposits, sources of funds for the Bank’s loans and leases and other investments include amortization and prepayment of loans and leases, sales of loans and leases or participations of loans, sales of its investment securities and borrowings from other financial institutions. The principal sources of income for the Bank are interest and fees collected on loans and leases, fees collected on deposit accounts and interest and dividends collected on other investments. The principal expenses of the Bank are interest paid on deposits, provision for credit losses, employee compensation and benefits, office expenses and other overhead expenses. SmartBank has 42 full-service bank branches in select markets in East and Middle Tennessee, Alabama and Florida. In addition to our banking services, our wholly owned subsidiary Fountain Equipment Finance, LLC, offers loans and leases for heavy equipment, semis, and trailers to small and medium sized businesses throughout the Southeast, and maintains offices offering such services in Knoxville, Atlanta, Charlotte, Memphis, Nashville, and Birmingham.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had total assets of $5.78 billion, total gross loans of $4.22 billion, total deposits of $5.05 billion, and total shareholders’ equity of $538.5 million.

The Company’s common stock is quoted on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “SMBK.” The Company’s principal executive office is located at 5401 Kingston Pike, Suite 600, Knoxville, Tennessee 37919, and the telephone number at that address is (865) 437-5700. The website address is www.smartfinancialinc.com. Information on our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus and is not incorporated by reference herein.

Summary of the Exchange Offer

The following provides a summary of certain terms of the exchange offer. Please refer to the section “The Exchange Offer” appearing elsewhere in this prospectus for a more complete description of the exchange offer and the section “Description of the Notes” for a more complete description of the terms of the Old Notes and New Notes.

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Old Notes

$100,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035.

New Notes

Up to $100,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035, which have terms that are identical in all material respects to the terms of the Old Notes, except that the New Notes are registered under the Securities Act and are generally not subject to transfer restrictions, will bear a different CUSIP from the Old Notes, are not entitled to registration rights under the registration rights agreement and do not have the right to additional interest under the circumstances described in the registration rights agreement relating to our fulfillment of our registration obligations.

Exchange Offer

We are offering to exchange the New Notes for a like principal amount of Old Notes. Subject to the terms of the exchange offer, promptly following the expiration date or termination of the exchange offer, we will exchange New Notes for all Old Notes that have been validly tendered and not validly withdrawn prior to the expiration of the exchange offer.

Expiration Date

The exchange offer will expire at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on , 2025, unless extended.

Withdrawal Rights

You may withdraw the tender of your Old Notes at any time before the expiration date. For a withdrawal of tendered Old Notes issued in book-entry form to be effective, the exchange agent must receive, on or prior to 5:00 p.m., New York City on the expiration date, a computer-generated notice of withdrawal, transmitted by Depository Trust Company, or DTC, on your behalf in accordance with the appropriate procedures of DTC’s “Automated Tender Offer Program,” or ATOP. See “The Exchange Offer — Withdrawal of Tenders.”

Conditions to Exchange Offer

This exchange offer is subject to customary conditions, which we may waive. See “The Exchange Offer-Conditions.”

Procedures for Tendering Old Notes

The Old Notes were issued in book-entry form, and are currently represented by global certificates held for the account of DTC, as depositary, or its nominee. Accordingly, DTC is treated as the registered holder of your Old Notes and will be the only entity that can tender your Old Notes for New Notes. In order to participate in the exchange offer, you must follow the procedures established by DTC for tendering your Old Notes held in book-entry form. These ATOP procedures require that, prior to the expiration date of the exchange offer, (i) DTC receive (a) your instructions to exchange your Old Notes, and (b) your agreement to be bound by the terms of the accompanying letter of transmittal, and (ii) the exchange agent receive a computer generated message know as an “agent’s message” that is transmitted through ATOP.

Please note that by using the ATOP procedures to tender and exchange Old Notes, you will be bound by the terms of the accompanying letter of transmittal, and you will be deemed to have made the acknowledgments and representations it contains. See “The Exchange Offer-Eligibility; Transferability.”

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Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The exchange of Old Notes for New Notes in the exchange offer generally should not constitute a taxable event for U.S. federal income tax purposes. See “Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations.” You should consult your own tax advisor as to the tax consequences of exchanging your Old Notes for New Notes.

Registration Rights

Under the terms of the registration rights agreement that we entered into with the initial purchasers of the Old Notes at the time we issued the Old Notes, we agreed to register the New Notes and undertake this exchange offer. This exchange offer is intended to satisfy the rights of holders of Old Notes under that registration rights agreement. After the exchange offer is completed, we will have no further obligations, except under certain limited circumstances, to provide for any exchange or undertake any further registration with respect to the Old Notes.

Transferability

Based upon existing interpretations of the Securities Act by the staff of the SEC contained in several no-action letters issued to third parties, we believe that the New Notes may be offered for resale, resold or otherwise transferred by you without compliance with the registration and prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act, provided that:

•

you are not, nor is any such person, our affiliate as such term is defined under Rule 405 under the Securities Act;

•

you are, or the person receiving the New Notes is, acquiring the New Notes in the ordinary course of business;

•

you do not, nor does any such person, have an arrangement or understanding with any person to participate in any distribution (within the meaning of the Securities Act) of the New Notes;

•

you are not, or any such person is not, a broker-dealer registered under the Exchange Act, and you are not engaged in or such person is not engaged in, and do not intend to engage in, any distribution (within the meaning of the Securities Act) of the New Notes; and

•

you are not acting on behalf of any person who could not truthfully make these statements.

Our belief that transfers of New Notes would be permitted without registration or prospectus delivery under the conditions described above is based on interpretations by the staff of the SEC given to other, unrelated issuers in similar exchange offers. The staff of the SEC has not considered this exchange offer in the context of a no-action letter, and we cannot assure you that the staff of the SEC would make a similar interpretation with respect to our exchange offer.

If our belief is not accurate and you transfer a New Note without delivering a prospectus meeting the requirements of the Securities Act or without an exemption from such requirements, you may incur liability under the Securities Act. We do not and will not assume, or indemnify you against, such liability.

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Each broker-dealer that receives New Notes for its own account under the exchange offer in exchange for Old Notes that were acquired by the broker-dealer as a result of market-making or other trading activity must acknowledge that it will deliver a prospectus meeting the requirements of the Securities Act in connection with any resale of the New Notes.

See “The Exchange Offer-Eligibility; Transferability” and “Plan of Distribution.”

Consequences of Failing to Exchange Old Notes

Any Old Notes that are not exchanged in the exchange offer will continue to be governed by the indenture relating to the Old Notes and the terms of the Old Notes. Old Notes that are not exchanged will remain subject to the restrictions on transfer described in the Old Notes, and you will not be able to offer or sell the Old Notes except under an exemption from the requirements of the Securities Act or unless the Old Notes are registered under the Securities Act. Upon the completion of the exchange offer, we will have no further obligations, except under limited circumstances, to provide for registration of the Old Notes under the U.S. federal securities laws. If you do not participate in the exchange offer, the liquidity of your Old Notes could be adversely affected. See “The Exchange Offer- Consequences of Failure to Exchange.”

Use of Proceeds

We will not receive any cash proceeds from the exchange of Old Notes for New Notes as a result of the exchange offer.

Cancellation of Exchanged Old Notes

Old Notes that are surrendered in exchange for New Notes will be retired and cancelled by us upon receipt and will not be reissued. Accordingly, the issuance of the New Notes under this exchange offer will not result in any increase in our outstanding indebtedness.

Exchange Agent

U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association is serving as the exchange agent for this exchange offer. See “The Exchange Offer- Exchange Agent” for the address and telephone number of the exchange agent.

Summary of the New Notes

The following provides a summary of certain terms of the New Notes. The New Notes have terms that are identical in all material respects to the terms of the Old Notes, except that the New Notes are registered under the Securities Act and are generally not subject to transfer restrictions, will bear a different CUSIP from the Old Notes, are not entitled to registration rights under the registration rights agreement and do not have the right to additional interest under the circumstances described in the registration rights agreement relating to our fulfillment of our registration obligations. The New Notes will evidence the same debt as the Old Notes and will be governed by the same indenture under which the Old Notes were issued. Please refer to the section “Description of the Notes” for a more complete description of the terms of the New Notes. References in this prospectus to the “notes” include both the Old Notes and the New Notes unless otherwise specified or the context otherwise requires.

Issuer

SmartFinancial, Inc.

Securities Offered

7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035.

Aggregate Principal Amount

Up to $100,000,000.

Maturity Date

September 1, 2035, unless previously redeemed.

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Form and Denomination

The New Notes will be issued only in registered form without coupons, and in minimum denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof. Unless otherwise required for institutional accredited investors, the New Notes will be evidenced by a global note deposited with the trustee for the New Notes, as custodian for DTC, and transfers of beneficial interests will be facilitated only through records maintained by DTC and its participants.

Interest Rate and Interest Rate Payment Dates During Fixed Rate Period

From and including August 20, 2025 to but excluding September 1, 2030 or earlier redemption date, computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months and payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on March 1, 2026, will bear an interest at a fixed rate equal to 7.25% per year.

Interest Rate and Interest Rate Payment Dates During Floating Rate Period

From and including September 1, 2030, to but excluding the maturity date or earlier redemption date (the “Floating Rate Period”), the New Notes will bear interest at an annual floating rate, reset quarterly, equal to the Benchmark rate (which is expected to be the then-current Three-Month SOFR), plus 385 basis points, provided, however, that in the event that the Three-Month Term SOFR is less than zero, Three-Month Term SOFR shall be deemed to be zero (as defined under “Description of the Notes-Principal, Maturity and Interest”). During the Floating Rate Period, interest on the New Notes will be payable quarterly in arrears on March 1, June 1, September 1 and December 1 of each year commencing on September 1, 2030.

For each interest period during the Floating Rate Period, “Three- Month Term SOFR” means the rate for Term SOFR for a tenor of three months that is published by the Term SOFR Administrator at the Reference Time for any Floating Interest Period, as determined by the calculation agent after giving effect to the Three-Month Term SOFR Conventions; provided, however, that in the event Three-Month Term SOFR is less than zero, Three-Month Term SOFR shall be deemed to be zero (each as defined under “Description of the Notes-Principal, Maturity and Interest”). If the calculation agent determines that a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date (each as defined under “Description of the Notes-Principal, Maturity and Interest”) have occurred prior to the Reference Time with respect to Three-Month Term SOFR on any date, the Benchmark Replacement will replace the then-current Benchmark (each as defined under “Description of the Notes-Principal, Maturity and Interest”) for all purposes relating to the New Notes during the relevant Floating Interest Period in respect of such determination on such date and all determinations on all subsequent dates. In accordance with the benchmark transition provisions, after a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date have occurred, the interest rate on the New Notes for each interest period during the Floating Rate Period will be an annual rate equal to the sum of the applicable Benchmark Replacement (as defined under “Description of the Notes-Effect of Benchmark Transition Event”), plus 385 basis points.

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Day Count Convention

Twelve 30-day months/360-day year to but excluding September 1, 2030, and thereafter, a 360-day year and the number of days actually elapsed.

Record Dates

Each interest payment will be made to the holders of record who held the New Notes at the close of business on the fifteenth calendar day prior to the applicable interest payment date.

Subordination; Ranking

The New Notes will be our general unsecured, subordinated obligations and:

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will rank junior in right of payment and upon our liquidation to our existing and future senior indebtedness (as defined herein):

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will rank equally in right of payment and upon our liquidation with our existing and all future indebtedness the terms of which provide that such indebtedness ranks equally with promissory notes, bonds, debentures and other evidences of indebtedness of types that include the New Notes;

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will rank senior in right of payment and upon our liquidation to any indebtedness the terms of which provide that such indebtedness ranks junior to promissory notes, bonds, debentures and other evidences of indebtedness of types that include the New Notes; and

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will be effectively subordinated to all of the existing and future indebtedness, deposits and other liabilities of the Bank and our other current and future subsidiaries, including without limitation, the Bank’s liabilities to depositors in connection with the deposits in the Bank, as well as to its subsidiary’s liabilities to general creditors and liabilities arising during the ordinary course or otherwise.

Optional Redemption

We may, at our option, (i) on any interest payment date on or after September 1, 2030, redeem all or a portion of the New Notes, and (ii) redeem all, but not a portion of, the New Notes at any time upon an Investment Company Event, a Tax Event or a Tier 2 Capital Event (each as described in “Description of the Notes-Redemption”).

Any redemption of the New Notes will be subject to prior approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, to the extent such approval is then required. Any redemption of the New Notes will be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the New Notes being redeemed, plus accrued but unpaid interest and additional interest, if any, thereon to, but excluding, the date of redemption.

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to qualify as Tier 2 Capital; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not limit the Company’s right to redeem the New Notes pursuant to the terms of the New Notes and the indenture, including upon the occurrence of a Tier 2 Capital Event.

The New Notes are not subject to repayment at the option of the holders and there is no sinking fund for the New Notes.

No Limitations On
Indebtedness

The terms of the New Notes do not limit the amount of additional indebtedness the Company, the Bank or any of our respective subsidiaries may incur or the amount of other obligations ranking senior or equal to the New Notes that we may incur.

Limited Indenture Covenants

The indenture governing the New Notes contains no financial covenants requiring us to achieve or maintain any minimum financial results relating to our financial position or results of operations or meet or exceed any financial ratios as a general matter or in order to incur additional indebtedness or obligations or to maintain any reserves. Moreover, neither the indenture nor the New Notes contain any covenants prohibiting us from, or limiting our right to, grant liens on our assets to secure our indebtedness or other obligations that are senior in right of payment to the New Notes, to repurchase our stock or other securities, including any of the New Notes, or to pay dividends or make other distributions to our shareholders (except, in the case of dividends or other distributions on junior securities, upon our failure to timely pay the principal of or interest on the New Notes, when the same becomes due and payable).

Listing; No Public Market

The New Notes are a new issue of securities with no established trading market and we do not expect any established trading to develop in the future for the New Notes. We do not intend to list the New Notes on any national securities exchange or seek quotation on any automated dealer quotation system.

Risk Factors

See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 9 of this prospectus, as well as in our reports filed with the SEC, and other information included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should consider carefully before deciding to participate in the exchange offer.

Trustee

U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, or successor if replaced in accordance with the applicable provisions of the indenture.

Governing Law

The New Notes and the indenture will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.

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RISK FACTORS

In consultation with your own advisors, you should carefully consider, among other matters, the factors set forth below as well as the other information included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus before deciding whether to participate in the exchange offer. In particular, you should carefully consider, among other things, the factors described under the caption “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference, as updated by our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K. If any of the risks contained in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus develop into actual events, our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected, the value of the New Notes could decline, our ability to repay the New Notes may be impaired, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Some statements in this prospectus, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements. See the “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” section in this prospectus.

Risks Related to Our Business

For a discussion of certain risks applicable to our business and operations, please refer to the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

Risks Related to the Exchange Offer

If you do not properly tender your Old Notes, you will continue to hold unregistered Old Notes and your ability to transfer Old Notes will be adversely affected.

We will only issue New Notes in exchange for Old Notes that you timely and properly tender. Therefore, you should allow sufficient time to ensure timely delivery of the Old Notes and you should carefully follow the instructions on how to tender your Old Notes. Neither we nor the exchange agent are required to tell you of any defects or irregularities with respect to your tender of Old Notes. See “The Exchange Offer-Procedures for Tendering Old Notes.”

If you do not exchange your Old Notes for New Notes in the exchange offer, you will continue to be subject to the restrictions on transfer of your Old Notes described in the legend on the certificates for your Old Notes. In general, you may only offer or sell the Old Notes if they are registered under the Securities Act and applicable state securities laws, or you offer and sell under an exemption from these requirements. We do not plan to register any sale of the Old Notes under the Securities Act.

The tender of Old Notes under the exchange offer by other holders will reduce the principal amount of the Old Notes outstanding, which may have an adverse effect upon, and increase the volatility of, the market price of any Old Notes that remain outstanding (should such market develop), due to reduction in liquidity.

You may not receive New Notes in the exchange offer if you do not properly follow the exchange offer procedures.

We will issue New Notes in exchange for your Old Notes only if you properly tender the Old Notes before expiration of the exchange offer. Neither we nor the exchange agent are required to tell you of any defects or irregularities with respect to your tender of Old Notes. If you are the beneficial holder of Old Notes that are held through your broker, dealer, commercial bank, trust company or other nominee, and you wish to tender such Old Notes in the exchange offer, you should promptly contact the person through whom your Old Notes are held and instruct that person to tender on your behalf in accordance with the procedures described in this prospectus and the accompanying transmittal letter.

The liquidity of any trading market that currently exists for the Old Notes may be adversely affected by the exchange offer, and holders who fail to participate in the exchange offer may find it more difficult to sell their Old Notes after the exchange offer is completed.

To the extent tenders of Old Notes for exchange in the exchange offer are accepted by us and the exchange offer is completed, the trading market for the Old Notes that remain outstanding following the

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completion of the exchange offer may be significantly more limited. The remaining Old Notes may command lower prices than comparable issues of securities with greater market liquidity and, if they currently qualify for inclusion in certain indices, may no longer qualify for inclusion. Reduced market values and reduced liquidity may also make the trading prices of the remaining Old Notes more volatile. As a result, the market prices for the Old Notes that remain outstanding after the completion of the exchange offer may be adversely affected as a result of the exchange offer.

Some holders who exchange their Old Notes may be deemed to be underwriters.

Based on interpretations of the staff of the SEC contained in certain no action letters addressed to other parties, we believe that you may offer for resale, resell or otherwise transfer the New Notes without compliance with the registration and prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act. However, in some instances described in this prospectus under “Plan of Distribution,” certain holders of New Notes will remain obligated to comply with the registration and prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act to transfer the New Notes. If such a holder transfers any New Notes without delivering a prospectus meeting the requirements of the Securities Act or without an applicable exemption from registration under the Securities Act, such a holder may incur liability under the Securities Act. We do not and will not assume, or indemnify such a holder against, such liability.

The exchange offer may be cancelled or delayed.

The consummation of the exchange offer is subject to, and conditional upon, the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions discussed under “The Exchange Offer-Conditions.” We may, at our option and in our sole discretion, waive any such conditions. Even if the exchange offer is completed, the exchange offer may not be completed on the schedule described in this prospectus. Accordingly, holders participating in the exchange offer may have to wait longer than expected to receive their New Notes, during which time such holders will not be able to effect transfers of their Old Notes tendered for exchange.

Risks Related to the Notes

The notes will be unsecured and subordinated to any existing and future senior indebtedness.

The notes will be subordinated obligations of the Company. Accordingly, they will be junior in right of payment to any existing and all future senior indebtedness, and in certain events of insolvency, to other financial obligations. Our senior indebtedness includes all indebtedness, except indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to or ranked pari passu with the notes, subject to certain exceptions. The notes will rank equally with all other unsecured subordinated indebtedness of the Company issued in the future under the indenture between the Company, as issuer, and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee (the “Indenture”). In addition, the notes will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness, liabilities and other obligations, including deposits, of our subsidiaries, including the Bank. As of September 30, 2025, on a consolidated basis, we had, in the aggregate outstanding debt and deposits of $5.05 billion, which includes $1.3 million in indebtedness that would rank senior to the notes, $40 million of indebtedness that would rank pari passu with the notes, and no liabilities or indebtedness that would rank subordinate to the notes. The Company also has a $35.0 million revolving credit facility with another financial institution which had no borrowings outstanding as of September 30, 2025. Any existing or future borrowings under the revolving credit facility would rank senior to the notes.

In addition, the notes will not be secured by any of our assets. As a result, the notes will be effectively subordinated to all of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. The Indenture governing the notes does not limit the amount of senior indebtedness and other financial obligations or secured obligations that we or our subsidiaries may incur.

As a result of the subordination provisions described above, holders of the notes may not be fully repaid in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization.

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The notes will not be insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), any other governmental agency or any of our subsidiaries. The notes will be structurally subordinated to the indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries, which means that creditors of our subsidiaries generally will be paid from those subsidiaries’ assets before holders of the notes would have any claims to those assets.

The notes are not savings accounts, deposits or other obligations of the Bank or any of our non-bank subsidiaries and are not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other governmental agency or public or private insurer. The notes are obligations of the Company only and are neither obligations of, nor guaranteed by, any of our subsidiaries. The notes will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries, which means that creditors of our subsidiaries (including, in the case of the Bank, its depositors) generally will be paid from those subsidiaries’ assets before holders of the notes would have any claims to those assets. Even if we become a creditor of any of our subsidiaries, our rights as a creditor would be subordinate to any security interest in the assets of that subsidiary and any debt of that subsidiary senior to that held by us, and our rights could otherwise be subordinated to the rights of other creditors and depositors of that subsidiary. Furthermore, none of our subsidiaries is under any obligation to make payments to us, and any payments to us would depend on the earnings or financial condition of our subsidiaries and various business considerations. Statutory, contractual or other restrictions also limit our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends or make distributions, loans or advances to us. For these reasons, we may not have access to any assets or cash flows of our subsidiaries to make interest and principal payments on the notes.

The notes include limited covenants and do not restrict our ability to incur additional debt.

The notes do not contain any financial covenants that would require us to achieve or maintain any minimum financial results relating to our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations or meet or exceed certain financial ratios as a general matter or to incur additional indebtedness or obligations or to maintain any reserves. Moreover, the notes do not contain any covenants prohibiting or limiting us or our subsidiaries from granting liens on assets to secure indebtedness or other obligations, repurchasing our stock or other securities, including any of the notes, or paying dividends or make other distributions to our shareholders. The notes do not contain any provision that would provide protection to the holders of the notes against a material decline in our credit quality.

In addition, the notes do not limit the amount of additional indebtedness of the Company, the Bank or any of our other subsidiaries may incur or the amount of other obligations that the Company or the Bank may incur ranking senior or equal to the indebtedness evidenced by the notes. The issuance or guarantee of any such securities or the incurrence of any such other liabilities may reduce the amount, if any, recoverable by holders of the notes in the event of our insolvency, bankruptcy, liquidation, dissolution, winding up or similar proceeding, and may limit our ability to meet our obligations under the notes.

Payments on the notes will depend on receipt of dividends and distributions from our subsidiaries.

We are a bank holding company and we conduct substantially all of our operations through subsidiaries, including the Bank. We depend on dividends, distributions and other payments from our subsidiaries to meet our obligations, including to fund payments on the notes.

Pursuant to Tennessee banking law, the Bank may not, without the prior consent of the Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions, pay any dividends to the Company in a calendar year in excess of the total of the Bank’s retained net income for that year plus the retained net income for the preceding two years. Because this test involves a measure of net income, any charge on the Bank’s income statement, such as an impairment of goodwill, could impair the Bank’s ability to pay dividends to the Company.

In addition, SmartBank is subject to various general regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The appropriate federal bank regulatory authority may prohibit the payment of dividends where it has determined that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice. The Federal Reserve has indicated that paying dividends that deplete a bank’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an

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unsound and unsafe banking practice. The Federal Reserve has indicated that depository institutions and their holding companies should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our debt, including the notes.

Our ability to make scheduled payments of principal and interest, or to satisfy our obligations in respect of our debt or to refinance our debt, will depend on our future performance of our operating subsidiaries. Prevailing economic conditions (including interest rates), regulatory constraints, including, without limitation, limiting distributions to us from the Bank and required capital levels with respect to us and the Bank and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, will also affect our ability to meet these needs. Our subsidiaries may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows from operations, or we may be unable to obtain future borrowings in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our debt, or to fund our other liquidity needs. We may need to refinance all or a portion of our debt on or before maturity. We may not be able to refinance any of our debt when needed (including, without limitation, upon commencement of the floating rate period) on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Regulatory guidelines may restrict our ability to pay the principal of, and accrued and unpaid interest on, the notes, regardless of whether we are the subject of an insolvency proceeding.

As a bank holding company, our ability to pay the principal of, and interest on, the notes is subject to the rules and guidelines of the Federal Reserve regarding capital adequacy. We intend to treat the notes as “Tier 2 capital” under these rules and guidelines. The Federal Reserve guidelines generally require us to review the effects of the cash payment of Tier 2 capital instruments, such as the notes, on our overall financial condition. The guidelines also require that we review our net income for the current and past four quarters, and the amounts we have paid on Tier 2 capital instruments for those periods, as well as our projected rate of earnings retention. Moreover, pursuant to federal law and Federal Reserve regulations, as a bank holding company, we are required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to the Bank and commit resources to its support, including, without limitation, the guarantee of its capital plans if it is undercapitalized. Such support may be required at times when we may not otherwise be inclined or able to provide it. As a result of the foregoing, we may be unable to pay accrued interest on the notes on one or more of the scheduled interest payment dates, or at any other time, or the principal of the notes at the maturity of the notes.

If we were to be the subject of a bankruptcy proceeding under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, then the bankruptcy trustee would be deemed to have assumed, and would be required to cure, immediately any deficit under any commitment we have to any of the federal banking agencies to maintain the capital of the Bank, and any other insured depository institution for which we have such a responsibility, and any claim for breach of such obligation would generally have priority over most other unsecured claims.

The notes are subject to limited rights of acceleration.

Payment of principal of the notes may be accelerated only in the case of certain bankruptcy-related events with respect to us. As a result, you have no right to accelerate the payment of principal of the notes if we fail to pay principal of or interest on the notes or if we fail in the performance of any of our other obligations under the notes. Our regulators can, in the event we or the Bank become subject to an enforcement action, prohibit the Bank from paying dividends to us, and prevent our payment of interest or principal on the notes and any dividends on our capital stock, but such limits will not permit acceleration of the notes.

An active trading market for the notes may not develop.

The notes constitute a new issue of securities for which there is no established trading market. We do not intend to apply for listing of the notes on any securities exchange or seek quotation of the notes in any automated dealer quotation system. We cannot provide you with any assurance regarding whether a trading market for the notes will develop, the ability of holders of the notes to sell their notes or the prices at which holders may be able to sell their notes. You should also be aware that there may be a limited number of buyers when you decide to sell your notes. This may affect the price you receive for your notes or your ability to sell your notes at all. Investors in the notes may not be able to sell the notes at all or may not be

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able to sell the notes at prices that will provide them with a yield comparable to similar investments that have a developed secondary market, and may consequently suffer from increased pricing volatility and market risk.

If a trading market for the notes develops, changes in the debt markets, among others, could adversely affect your ability to liquidate your investment in the notes and the market price of the notes.

If a market develops for the notes, the prices at which holders may be able to sell their notes may be affected, potentially adversely, by a number of factors. These factors include: the method of calculating the principal, premium, if any, interest or other amounts payable, if any, on the notes; the time remaining to the maturity of the notes; the ranking of the notes; the redemption or repayment features of the notes; the aggregate amount outstanding of the notes; the outstanding amount of subordinated notes with terms identical to the notes offered hereby; the prevailing interest rates being paid by other companies similar to us; changes in U.S. interest rates; whether the ratings on the notes or us provided by any rating agency have changed; our financial condition, financial performance and future prospects; the level, direction and volatility of market interest rates generally; general economic conditions of the capital markets in the United States; geopolitical conditions and other financial, political, regulatory, and judicial events that affect the capital markets generally; the extent of any market-making activities, if any, with respect to the notes; and the operating performance of the Bank. The condition of the financial markets and prevailing interest rates have fluctuated significantly in the past and are likely to fluctuate in the future. Such fluctuations could adversely affect the trading market (if any) for, and the market price of, the notes. Often, the only way to liquidate your investment in the notes prior to maturity will be to sell the notes. At that time, there may be a very illiquid market for the notes or no market at all.

Beginning on September 1, 2030, or at any time in the case of certain events, the notes may be redeemed at our option, which limits the ability of holders of the notes to accrue interest over the full stated term of the notes.

Subject to the prior approval of the Federal Reserve (or, as and if applicable, the rules of any appropriate successor bank regulatory agency), to the extent that such approval is then required under applicable laws or regulations, including capital regulations, we may, at our option, redeem the notes (i) in whole or in part, beginning with the first interest payment date after the fifth anniversary of the issuance of the notes and on any interest payment date thereafter and (ii) in whole but not in part, at any time upon the occurrence of:

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a “Tier 2 Capital Event,” which is defined in the Indenture to mean receipt by us of a legal opinion of counsel experienced in such matters to the effect that the notes do not constitute, or within 90 days of the date of such legal opinion, will not constitute, Tier 2 capital;

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a “Tax Event,” which is defined in the Indenture to mean the receipt by us of a legal opinion of counsel experienced in such matters to the effect that there is a material risk that interest paid by us on the notes is not, or within 90 days of the date of such legal opinion, will not be, deductible by us, in whole or in part, for U.S. federal income tax purposes; or

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an “Investment Company Event,” which is defined in the Indenture to mean receipt by us of a legal opinion from counsel experienced in such matters to the effect that there is a material risk that we are, or within 90 days of the date of such legal opinion, will be considered an “investment company” that is required to be registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended,

in each case at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of redemption. Any redemption of the notes will be subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve, to the extent such approval is then required. There can be no assurance that the Federal Reserve will approve any redemption of the notes that we may propose. Furthermore, you should not expect us to redeem any notes when they first become redeemable or on any particular date thereafter. If we redeem the notes for any reason, you will not have the opportunity to continue to accrue and be paid interest to the stated maturity date and you may not be able to reinvest the redemption proceeds you receive in a similar security or in securities bearing similar interest rates or yields.

Investors should not expect us to redeem the notes on or after the date on which they become redeemable at our option. Under Federal Reserve regulations, unless the Federal Reserve authorizes us in writing to do otherwise, we are not permitted to redeem the notes unless they are replaced with other Tier 2 capital

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instruments or unless we can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Federal Reserve that, following redemption, we will continue to hold capital commensurate with our risk.

The amount of interest payable on the notes will vary after September 1, 2030.

During the fixed rate period, the notes will bear interest at a fixed interest rate per annum. Thereafter, the notes will bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to the Benchmark rate (which is expected to be Three-Month Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”)), plus a spread of 385 basis points, subject to certain provisions of the notes. The per annum interest rate that is determined at the reference time for each interest period will apply to the entire quarterly interest period following such determination date even if the Benchmark rate increases during that period.

Floating rate notes bear additional significant risks not associated with fixed rate debt securities. These risks include fluctuation of the interest rates and the possibility that you will receive an amount of interest that is lower than expected. We have no control over a number of matters, including, without limitation, economic, financial, and political events, that are important in determining the existence, magnitude, and longevity of market volatility and other risks and their impact on the value of, or payments made on, the notes. In recent years, interest rates have been volatile, and that volatility may be expected in the future.

Our published credit ratings may not reflect all risks of an investment in the notes.

The published credit ratings of us or our indebtedness are an assessment by rating agencies of our ability to pay our debts when due. These ratings are not recommendations to purchase, hold or sell the notes, inasmuch as the ratings do not comment as to market price or suitability for a particular investor, are limited in scope, and do not address all material risks relating to an investment in the notes, but rather reflect only the view of each rating agency at the time the rating is issued. Published credit ratings, if assigned to the notes, may not reflect the potential impact of all risks related to structure and other factors on any trading market for, or trading value of, the notes.

Accordingly, you should consult your own financial and legal advisors as to the risks entailed by an investment in the notes and the suitability of investing in the notes in light of your particular circumstances.

A downgrade in our credit ratings or the ratings of our subsidiaries could have a material adverse impact on us.

Rating agencies continuously evaluate us and our subsidiaries, and their ratings of our long- term and short-term debt are based on a number of factors, including financial strength, as well as factors not entirely within our control, such as conditions affecting the financial services industry generally. In light of these reviews and the continued focus on the financial services industry generally, we and our subsidiaries may not be able to maintain our current credit ratings. Ratings downgrades by a rating agency could have a significant and immediate impact on our funding and liquidity through cash obligations, reduced funding capacity and collateral triggers. A reduction in our or our subsidiaries’ credit ratings could also increase our borrowing costs and limit access to the capital markets.

Downgrades in the credit or financial strength ratings assigned to the counterparties with whom we transact could create the perception that our financial condition will be adversely impacted as a result of potential future defaults by such counterparties. Additionally, we could be adversely affected by a general, negative perception of financial institutions caused by the downgrade of other financial institutions. Accordingly, ratings downgrades for other financial institutions could affect the market price of the notes and could limit our access to or increase our cost of capital.

Investors should not rely on indicative or historical data concerning SOFR.

The interest rate during the floating rate period will be determined using Three-Month Term SOFR (unless a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date occur with respect to Three-Month Term SOFR, in which case the rate of interest will be based on the next-available Benchmark Replacement, which would initially be the sum of Compounded SOFR and the Benchmark Replacement Adjustment). In the following discussion of SOFR, when we refer to the notes, we mean the notes at any time

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during the floating rate period when the interest rate on the notes is or will be determined based on SOFR, including Three-Month Term SOFR.

SOFR is published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”) and is intended to be a broad measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities. FRBNY reports that SOFR includes all trades in the Broad General Collateral Rate, plus bilateral U.S. Treasury repurchase agreement (“repo”) transactions cleared through the delivery- versus-payment service offered by the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (the “FICC”), a subsidiary of DTC. SOFR is filtered by FRBNY to remove a portion of the foregoing transactions considered to be “specials.” According to FRBNY, “specials” are repos for specific-issue collateral which take place at cash-lending rates below those for general collateral repos because cash providers are willing to accept a lesser return on their cash in order to obtain a particular security.

FRBNY reports that SOFR is calculated as a volume-weighted median of transaction-level tri-party repo data collected from The Bank of New York Mellon, which currently acts as the clearing bank for the tri-party repo market, as well as General Collateral Finance Repo transaction data and data on bilateral U.S. Treasury repo transactions cleared through the FICC’s delivery- versus-payment service. FRBNY states that it obtains information from DTCC Solutions LLC, an affiliate of DTC.

FRBNY currently publishes SOFR daily on its website at https://www.newyorkfed.org/markets/reference-rates/sofr. FRBNY states on its publication page for SOFR that use of SOFR is subject to important disclaimers, limitations and indemnification obligations, including that FRBNY may alter the methods of calculation, publication schedule, rate revision practices or availability of SOFR at any time without notice. The foregoing Internet website is an inactive textual reference only, meaning that the information contained on the website is not part of this document or incorporated by reference herein or therein.

On July 29, 2021, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (the “ARRC”) convened by the Federal Reserve and FRBNY formally recommended the use of the CME Group’s computation of forward-looking SOFR term rates, which are calculated by the CME Group based on SOFR futures. It is currently anticipated that Three-Month Term SOFR, for purposes of the Notes, will be based on the CME Group’s forward-looking SOFR term rates with a tenor of three months.

Changes in SOFR could adversely affect holders of the notes.

Because SOFR is published by FRBNY based on data received from other sources, we have no control over its determination, calculation or publication. There is no assurance that SOFR will not be discontinued or fundamentally altered in a manner that is materially adverse to the interests of investors in the notes. If the manner in which SOFR is calculated is changed, that change may result in a reduction in the amount of interest that accrues on the notes during the floating rate period, which may adversely affect the trading prices of the notes. Further, if the Benchmark rate on the notes during the floating rate period on any determination date declines to zero or becomes negative, the interest rate will be deemed to equal zero. In addition, once the Benchmark rate for the notes for each interest period during the floating rate period is determined by the calculation agent on the determination date, interest on the notes shall accrue at such Benchmark rate for the applicable interest period and will not be subject to change during such interest period. There is no assurance that changes in SOFR could not have a material adverse effect on the yield on, value of and market for the notes.

Term SOFR and SOFR may be more volatile than other benchmark or market rates.

Since the initial publication of SOFR, daily changes in the rate have, on occasion, been more volatile than daily changes in other benchmark or market rates during corresponding periods, and SOFR may bear little or no relation to the historical, actual or indicative data. In addition, although changes in Three-Month Term SOFR and Compounded SOFR generally are not expected to be as volatile as changes in daily levels of SOFR, the return on and value of the notes may fluctuate more than floating rate securities that are linked to less volatile rates.

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The interest rate for the notes during the applicable floating rate period may be determined based on a rate other than Three-Month Term SOFR.

Under the terms of the notes, the interest rate on the notes for each interest period during the applicable floating rate period will be based on Three-Month Term SOFR, a forward-looking term rate for a tenor of three months that will be based on SOFR. SOFR has a very limited history, and the future performance of SOFR cannot be predicted based on its limited historical performance. The level of SOFR during the applicable floating rate period for the notes may bear little or no relation to historical actual or indicative data. Prior observed patterns, if any, in the behavior of market variables and their relation to SOFR, such as correlations, may change in the future. FRBNY has started publishing historical indicative SOFRs dating back to 2014, although such historical indicative data inherently involves assumptions, estimates and approximations. You should not rely on such historical indicative data or on any historical changes or trends in SOFR as an indicator of the future performance of SOFR. The future performance of SOFR is therefore impossible to predict, and no future performance of SOFR may be inferred from any of the historical actual or indicative data. Changes in the levels of SOFR will affect the interest rate of the notes during the applicable floating rate period and accordingly will affect the return on the notes and the market price of the notes, but it is impossible to predict whether such levels will rise or fall.

Under the terms of the notes, we are expressly authorized to make determinations, decisions or elections with respect to technical, administrative or operational matters that we decide are appropriate to reflect the use of Three-Month Term SOFR as the interest rate basis for the notes, which are defined in the terms of the notes as “Three-Month Term SOFR Conventions.” Our determination and implementation of any Three-Month Term SOFR Conventions could result in adverse consequences to the amount of interest that accrues on the notes during the applicable floating rate period, which could adversely affect the return on, value of and market for the notes.

Any Benchmark Replacement may not be the economic equivalent of Three-Month Term SOFR.

Under the benchmark transition provisions of the notes, if the calculation agent determines that a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date have occurred with respect to Three-Month Term SOFR, then the floating interest rate on the notes for each interest period during the floating rate period will be determined using the next-available Benchmark Replacement (which may include a related Benchmark Replacement Adjustment). However, the Benchmark Replacement may not be the economic equivalent of Three-Month Term SOFR. For example, Compounded SOFR, which is used as part of the first-available Benchmark Replacement, is the compounded average of the daily SOFR calculated in arrears, while Three- Month Term SOFR is intended to be a forward-looking rate with a tenor of three months. Further, the ISDA Fallback Rate, which is another Benchmark Replacement, may change over time.

The implementation of Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes could adversely affect holders of the notes.

Under the benchmark transition provisions of the notes, if Three-Month Term SOFR has been discontinued or if a particular Benchmark Replacement or Benchmark Replacement Adjustment cannot be determined, then the next-available Benchmark Replacement or Benchmark Replacement Adjustment will apply. These replacement rates and adjustments may be selected or formulated by: (i) the Relevant Governmental Body; (ii) ISDA; or (iii) in certain circumstances, us. In addition, the benchmark transition provisions expressly authorize us to make certain changes, which are defined in the terms of the notes as “Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes,” with respect to, among other things, the determination of interest periods, and the timing and frequency of determining rates and making payments of interest. The application of a Benchmark Replacement and Benchmark Replacement Adjustment, and any implementation of Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes, could result in adverse consequences to the amount of interest that accrues on the notes during any interest period during the floating rate period, which could adversely affect the yield on, value of and market for the notes. Further, there is no assurance that the characteristics of any Benchmark Replacement will be similar to the then- current Benchmark rate that it is replacing, or that any Benchmark Replacement will produce the economic equivalent of the then-current Benchmark rate that it is replacing.

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Also, since SOFR is a relatively new market index, SOFR-linked debt securities likely will have no established trading market when issued, and an established trading market may never develop or may not be very liquid. Market terms for debt securities indexed to SOFR, such as the spread over the index reflected in interest rate provisions, may evolve over time, and trading prices of the notes may be lower than those of later-issued SOFR-linked debt securities as a result. Similarly, if SOFR does not prove to be widely used in securities similar to the notes, the trading price of the notes may be lower than those of debt securities linked to such rates that are more widely used. Debt securities indexed to SOFR (as the notes will be) may not be able to be sold at all or may not be able to be sold at prices that will provide a yield comparable to similar investments that have a developed secondary market, and may consequently suffer from increased pricing volatility and market risk.

We or an affiliate of ours will or could have authority to make determinations and elections that could affect the return on, value of and market for the notes.

Under the terms of the notes, we may make certain determinations, decisions and elections with respect to the Benchmark rate on the notes during the floating rate period, including, without limitation, any determination, decision or election required to be made by the calculation agent that the calculation agent fails to make. We will make any such determination, decision or election in our sole discretion, and any such determination, decision or election that we make could affect the amount of interest that accrues on the notes during any interest period in the floating rate period. If the calculation agent fails, when required, to make a determination that a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date have occurred, or fails, when required, to determine the Benchmark Replacement and Benchmark Replacement Adjustment, then we will make those determinations in our sole discretion. Furthermore, we or an affiliate of ours may assume the duties of calculation agent. We will act as the initial calculation agent and we cannot assure you that we will appoint an independent third-party calculation agent at any time. Any exercise of discretion by us under the terms of the notes, including, without limitation, any discretion exercised by us or by an affiliate acting as calculation agent, could present a conflict of interest. In making the required determinations, decisions and elections, we or an affiliate of ours acting as calculation agent may have economic interests that are adverse to the interest of the holders of the notes, and those determinations, decisions or elections could have a material adverse effect on the yield on, value of and market for the notes. All determinations, decisions or elections by us, or by us or an affiliate acting as calculation agent, under the terms of the notes will be conclusive and binding absent manifest error.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We will not receive any cash proceeds from the exchange offer. In consideration for issuing the New Notes as contemplated by this prospectus, we will receive in exchange Old Notes in like principal amount. We intend to cancel all Old Notes received in exchange for New Notes in the exchange offer.

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THE EXCHANGE OFFER

General

In connection with the issuance of the Old Notes on August 20, 2025, we entered into a registration rights agreement with the initial purchasers of the Old Notes, which provides for the exchange offer we are making pursuant to this prospectus. The exchange offer will permit eligible holders of Old Notes to exchange their Old Notes for New Notes that are identical in all material respects with the Old Notes, except that:

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the New Notes will be registered with the SEC under the Securities Act and, as a result, will not bear any legend restricting their transfer;

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the New Notes will bear different CUSIP numbers from the Old Notes;

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the New Notes generally will not be subject to transfer restrictions;

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the New Notes will not be entitled to registration rights under the registration rights agreement or otherwise; and

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because the New Notes will not be entitled to registration rights, holders of the New Notes will not have the right to additional interest under the circumstances described in the registration rights agreement relating to our fulfillment of our registration obligations.

The New Notes will evidence the same debt as the Old Notes. Holders of the New Notes will be entitled to the benefits of the indenture. Accordingly, the New Notes and the Old Notes will be treated as a single series of subordinated debt securities under the indenture. Old Notes that are not accepted for exchange in the exchange offer will remain outstanding and interest on those Old Notes will continue to accrue at the applicable interest rate and be subject to the terms of the indenture.

The exchange offer does not depend on any minimum aggregate principal amount of Old Notes being tendered for exchange.

We intend to conduct the exchange offer in accordance with the provisions of the registration rights agreement and the applicable requirements of the Exchange Act, and the related rules and regulations of the SEC applicable to transactions of this type.

We will be deemed to have accepted validly tendered Old Notes when and if we have given oral or written notice to the exchange agent of our acceptance of such Old Notes. Subject to the terms and conditions of this exchange offer, delivery of New Notes will be made by the exchange agent promptly after receipt of our notice of acceptance. The exchange agent will act as agent for the holders of Old Notes tendering their Old Notes for the purpose of receiving New Notes from us in exchange for such tendered and accepted Old Notes. If any tendered Old Notes are not accepted for exchange because of an invalid tender, the occurrence of other events described in this prospectus or otherwise, we will return or cause to be returned the Old Notes not exchanged, at our expense, to the tendering holder promptly after the expiration of the exchange offer.

If a holder of Old Notes validly tenders Old Notes in the exchange offer, the tendering holder will not be required to pay us brokerage commissions or fees. In addition, subject to the instructions in the letter of transmittal and certain limited exceptions described in this prospectus, the tendering holder will not have to pay transfer taxes for the exchange of Old Notes. Subject to certain exceptions described in this prospectus, we will pay all of the expenses in connection with the exchange offer, other than certain applicable taxes. See “— Fees and Expenses.”

Holders of outstanding Old Notes do not have any appraisal, dissenters’ or similar rights in connection with the exchange offer. Outstanding Old Notes which are not tendered, or are tendered but not accepted, in connection with the exchange offer will remain outstanding. See “Risk Factors-Risks Related to the Exchange Offer-If you do not properly tender your Old Notes, you will continue to hold unregistered Old Notes and your ability to transfer Old Notes will be adversely affected.”

NEITHER WE NOR THE EXCHANGE AGENT ARE MAKING ANY RECOMMENDATION TO THE HOLDERS OF THE OUTSTANDING OLD NOTES AS TO WHETHER TO TENDER OR

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REFRAIN FROM TENDERING ALL OR ANY PORTION OF THEIR OUTSTANDING OLD NOTES IN THE EXCHANGE OFFER. IN ADDITION, NEITHER WE NOR THE EXCHANGE AGENT HAVE AUTHORIZED ANYONE TO MAKE ANY SUCH RECOMMENDATION. HOLDERS OF THE OUTSTANDING OLD NOTES MUST MAKE THEIR OWN DECISION WHETHER TO TENDER PURSUANT TO THE EXCHANGE OFFER, AND, IF SO, THE AGGREGATE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT OF OUTSTANDING OLD NOTES TO TENDER AFTER READING THIS PROSPECTUS AND THE LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL AND CONSULTING WITH THEIR ADVISERS, IF ANY, BASED ON THEIR FINANCIAL POSITION AND INDIVIDUAL REQUIREMENTS.

Registration Rights Agreement

The following provides a summary of certain terms of the registration rights agreement. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete version of the registration rights agreement, which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

Under the terms of the registration rights agreement that we entered into with the purchasers of the Old Notes at the time we issued the Old Notes, we agreed to register the New Notes and undertake this exchange offer. This exchange offer is intended to satisfy the rights of holders of Old Notes under that registration rights agreement. After the exchange offer is completed, we will have no further obligations, except under the limited circumstances described below, to provide for any exchange or undertake any further registration with respect to the Old Notes.

Under the terms of the registration rights agreement, we agreed, among other things, to:

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file a registration statement with the SEC under the Securities Act with respect to a registered offer to exchange the Old Notes for substantially identical notes that do not contain transfer restrictions and will be registered under the Securities Act no later than November 18, 2025, which is the 90th day after August 20, 2025; and

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use our commercially reasonable efforts to cause that registration statement to become effective no later than January 17, 2026, which is the date that is 150 days after August 20, 2025.

The registration rights agreement also requires us to commence the exchange offer promptly after the effectiveness of the registration statement and to keep the exchange offer open for not less than 20 business days, or longer if required by applicable law, after the date on which notice of the exchange offer is mailed to the holders of the Old Notes.

We also agreed to issue and exchange New Notes for all Old Notes validly tendered and not validly withdrawn before the expiration of the exchange offer. We are sending this prospectus, together with a letter of transmittal, to all the holders of the Old Notes known to us. For each Old Note validly tendered to us in the exchange offer and not validly withdrawn, the holder will receive a New Note having a principal amount equal to the principal amount of the tendered Old Note. Old Notes may be exchanged, and New Notes will be issued, only in minimum denominations of $100,000 and integral multiples of $1,000 in excess thereof.

We further agreed that under certain circumstances we would either file a shelf registration statement with the SEC or designate an existing effective shelf registration statement of ours that would allow resales by certain holders of the Old Notes in lieu of such holders participating in the exchange offer.

Eligibility; Transferability

We are making this exchange offer in reliance on interpretations of the staff of the SEC set forth in several no-action letters provided to other parties. We have not sought our own no-action letter from the staff of the SEC with respect to this particular exchange offer. However, based on these existing SEC staff interpretations, we believe that you, or any other person receiving New Notes, may offer for resale, resell or otherwise transfer the New Notes without complying with the registration and prospectus delivery requirements of the U.S. federal securities laws, if:

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you are not, nor is any such person, our affiliate as such term is defined under Rule 405 under the Securities Act;

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you are, or the person receiving the New Notes is, acquiring the New Notes in the ordinary course of business;

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you do not, nor does any such person, have an arrangement or understanding with any person to participate in any distribution (within the meaning of the Securities Act) of the New Notes;

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you are not acting on behalf of any person who could not truthfully make these statements.

To participate in the exchange offer, you must represent as a holder of Old Notes that each of these statements is true.

In addition, in order for broker-dealers registered under the Exchange Act to participate in the exchange offer, each such broker-dealer must also (i) represent that it is participating in the exchange offer for its own account and is exchanging Old Notes acquired as a result of market-making activities or other trading activities; (ii) confirm that it has not entered into any arrangement or understanding with us or any of our affiliates to distribute the New Notes; and (iii) acknowledge that it will deliver a prospectus meeting the requirements of the Securities Act in connection with any resale of the New Notes. The letter of transmittal to be delivered in connection with a tender of the Old Notes states that by acknowledging that it will deliver, and by delivering, a prospectus, a broker-dealer will not be deemed to admit that it is an underwriter within the meaning of the Securities Act. This prospectus, as it may be amended or supplemented from time to time, may be used by a broker-dealer in connection with resale of the New Notes received in exchange for the Old Notes where such Old Notes were acquired by such broker-dealer as a result of market-making activities or other trading activities. We have agreed that, for a period of 180 days following the expiration date, we will amend or supplement this prospectus to expedite or facilitate the disposition of any New Notes by such broker-dealers.

Any holder of Old Notes (i) who is our affiliate, (ii) who does not acquire the New Notes in the ordinary course of business, (iii) who intends to participate in the exchange offer for the purpose of distributing the New Notes or (iv) who is a broker-dealer who purchased the Old Notes directly from us:

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will not be able to rely on the interpretation of the staff of the SEC set forth in the no-action letters described above;

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will not be able to tender Old Notes in the exchange offer; and

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must comply with the registration and prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act in connection with any sale or transfer of the New Notes, unless the sale or transfer is made pursuant to an exemption from those requirements.

The exchange offer is not being made to, nor will we accept tenders for exchange from, holders of Old Notes in any jurisdiction in which the exchange offer or the acceptance of the exchange offer would not be in compliance with the securities or blue sky laws of such jurisdiction.

Expiration of the Exchange Offer; Extensions; Amendments

The exchange offer will expire at 5:00 p.m., New York City time on , 2025, which we refer to as the “expiration date,” unless we extend the exchange offer. If we extend the exchange offer, the expiration date will be the latest date and time to which the exchange offer is extended. To extend the exchange offer, we will notify the exchange agent and each registered holder of the Old Notes of any extension before 9:00 a.m., New York City time on the next business day after the previously scheduled expiration date. During any such extension, all Old Notes previously tendered will remain subject to the exchange offer and may be accepted for exchange by us.

We reserve the right to extend the exchange offer, delay accepting any tendered Old Notes or, if any of the conditions described below under the heading “— Conditions” have not been satisfied, to terminate the exchange offer. We also reserve the right to amend the terms of the exchange offer in any manner. We will give oral or written notice of any delay, extension, termination or amendment to the exchange agent. We will

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keep the exchange offer open for not less than 20 business days, or longer if required by applicable law, after the date on which notice of the exchange offer is mailed to holders of the Old Notes.

If we amend the exchange offer in a manner that we consider material, we will disclose that amendment by means of a prospectus supplement, and we will extend the exchange offer so that at least five business days remain in the exchange offer following notice of the material change.

If we determine to make a public announcement of any delay, extension, amendment or termination of the exchange offer, we will do so by making a timely release through an appropriate news agency.

If we terminate or withdraw the exchange offer, we will promptly pay the consideration offered, or return any Old Notes deposited, under the exchange offer as required by Rule 14e-1(c) under the Exchange Act.

Conditions

The exchange offer is not conditioned on any minimum aggregate principal amount of Old Notes being tendered or accepted for exchange. Notwithstanding any other term of the exchange offer, we will not be required to accept for exchange, or issue any New Notes for, any Old Notes, and may terminate or amend the exchange offer before the acceptance of the Old Notes, if:

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such Old Notes are tendered to us other than in accordance with the terms and conditions of the exchange offer;

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we determine that the exchange offer violates any law, statute, rule, regulation or interpretation by the staff of the SEC; or

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any action or proceeding is instituted or threatened in any court or by or before any governmental agency relating to the exchange offer which, in our judgment, could reasonably be expected to impair our ability to proceed with the exchange offer.

The conditions listed above are for our sole benefit and may be asserted by us regardless of the circumstances giving rise to any of these conditions. We may waive these conditions in our absolute discretion in whole or in part at any time and from time to time prior to the expiration date. Our failure at any time to exercise any of the above rights will not be considered a waiver of that right, and that right will be considered an ongoing right which we may assert at any time and from time to time.

In addition, we will not accept for exchange any Old Notes tendered, and no New Notes will be issued in exchange for those Old Notes, if at any time any stop order is threatened or issued by the SEC with respect to the registration statement for the exchange offer and the New Notes or the qualification of the indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 (the “Trust Indenture Act”). In any such event, we must use our commercially reasonable efforts to obtain the withdrawal of any stop order as soon as practicable.

Further, we will not be obligated to accept for exchange the Old Notes of any holder that has not made to us the representations described under “— Eligibility; Transferability” and “Plan of Distribution.”

Procedures for Tendering Old Notes

In order to participate in the exchange offer, you must validly tender your Old Notes to the exchange agent, as described below, by the expiration date. It is your responsibility to validly tender your Old Notes. We have the right to waive any defects. However, we are not required to waive defects and are not required to notify you of defects in your tender.

If you have any questions or need help in exchanging your Old Notes, please call the exchange agent, whose address and phone number are set forth in “— Exchange Agent.”

All of the Old Notes were issued in book-entry form and are currently represented by global certificates held for the account of DTC. Accordingly, DTC will be the only entity that can tender your Old Notes for New Notes. Therefore, to validly tender Old Notes subject to the exchange offer and to obtain New Notes you must:

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comply with DTC’s ATOP procedures described below; and

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the exchange agent must receive a timely confirmation of a book-entry transfer of the Old Notes into its account at DTC through ATOP pursuant to the procedure for book-entry transfer described below, along with a properly transmitted “agent’s message” (as defined below), before the expiration date of the exchange offer.

Following receipt, the exchange agent will establish an ATOP account with DTC for purposes of the exchange offer promptly after the commencement of the exchange offer. Any financial institution that is a DTC participant, including your broker or bank, may make a book-entry tender of outstanding Old Notes by causing the book-entry transfer of such Old Notes into the exchange agent’s ATOP account in accordance with DTC’s procedures for such transfers. In connection with the transfer, the exchange agent must receive a properly transmitted “agent’s message”, as well as a timely confirmation of a book-entry tender of the Old Notes into its account at DTC through ATOP, prior to 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the expiration date. Subject to the terms of the exchange offer, following the expiration or termination of the exchange offer, the exchange agent will exchange Old Notes validly tendered and not validly withdrawn prior to such expiration or termination for an equal principal amount of New Notes by credit to the holder’s account at DTC. If the entire principal amount of all Old Notes held by a holder is not tendered, then Old Notes for the principal amount of the Old Notes not tendered and accepted will be returned by credit to the holder's account at DTC following the expiration date.

The term “agent’s message” means a message transmitted by the DTC participants to DTC, and thereafter transmitted by DTC to the exchange agent, which states that DTC has received an express acknowledgement from the participant stating that such participant and beneficial holder agree to be bound by the terms of the exchange offer, including the letter of transmittal, and that the agreement may be enforced against such participant.

Each agent’s message must include the following information:

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name of the beneficial owner tendering such Old Notes;

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account number of the beneficial owner tendering such Old Notes;

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principal amount of Old Notes tendered by such beneficial owner; and

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a confirmation that the beneficial owner of the Old Notes has agreed to be bound by the terms of the accompanying letter of transmittal.

The delivery of the Old Notes through DTC, and any transmission of an agent’s message through ATOP, is at the election and risk of the person tendering Old Notes. If we do not accept any tendered Old Notes for exchange or if Old Notes are submitted for a greater principal amount than the holder desires to exchange, the unaccepted or non-exchanged Old Notes will be returned, without expense, to their tendering holder by crediting the holder’s account at DTC, following the expiration or termination of the exchange offer.

The tender by a holder of Old Notes that is not validly withdrawn prior to the expiration date of the exchange offer and that is accepted by us will constitute a binding agreement between us and the holder in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this prospectus and in the accompanying letter of transmittal. By using the ATOP procedures to exchange Old Notes, you will not be required to deliver a letter of transmittal to the exchange agent. However, by using the ATOP procedures to exchange Old Notes, you will be bound by the terms of the letter of transmittal, and you will be deemed to have made the acknowledgements and the representations and warranties it contains, just as if you had signed it. Each tendering holder, by delivery of an agent’s message, waives any right to receive any notice of the acceptance of such tender.

There is no procedure for guaranteed late delivery of the Old Notes.

We will determine all questions as to the validity, form, eligibility (including time of receipt) and acceptance and withdrawal of tendered Old Notes in our sole discretion. We reserve the absolute right to reject any and all Old Notes not properly tendered or any Old Notes whose acceptance by us would, in the

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opinion of our counsel, be unlawful. We also reserve the right to waive any defects, irregularities or conditions of tender as to any particular Old Notes either before or after the expiration date. Our interpretation of the terms and conditions of the exchange offer (including the instructions in the accompanying letter of transmittal) will be final and binding on all parties. Unless waived, any defects or irregularities in connection with tenders of Old Notes must be cured within a time period we will reasonably determine. Although we intend to request the exchange agent to notify holders of defects or irregularities relating to tenders of Old Notes, neither we, the exchange agent nor any other person will have any duty or incur any liability for failure to give such notification. Tenders of Old Notes will not be considered to have been made until such defects or irregularities have been cured or waived. If we waive any terms or conditions with respect to a noteholder, we will extend the same waiver to all noteholders with respect to that term or condition. Any Old Notes received by the exchange agent that are not validly tendered and as to which the defects or irregularities have not been cured or waived will be returned by the exchange agent, without expense, to the tendering holders, unless otherwise provided in the accompanying letter of transmittal, promptly following the expiration date of the exchange offer.

Representations

By tendering Old Notes, each holder is deemed to have represented to us that:

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you are not, nor is any such person, our affiliate as such term is defined under Rule 405 under the Securities Act;

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you are, or the person receiving the New Notes is, acquiring the New Notes in the ordinary course of business;

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you do not, nor does any such person, have an arrangement or understanding with any person to participate in any distribution (within the meaning of the Securities Act) of the New Notes; and

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if you are a broker-dealer that will receive New Notes for your own account in exchange for Old Notes, you acquired those New Notes as a result of market-making or other trading activities and you will deliver a prospectus (or to the extent permitted by law, make available a prospectus to purchasers) in connection with any resale of such New Notes.

Withdrawal of Tenders

Except as otherwise provided in this prospectus, you may validly withdraw your tender of Old Notes at any time prior to 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on the expiration date of the exchange offer. For a withdrawal for Old Notes represented by global certificates to be effective you must comply with the appropriate procedures of DTC’s ATOP system prior to 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on the expiration date of the exchange offer. Any such notice of withdrawal must:

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specify the name of the tendering holder of Old Notes;

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specify the principal amount of the Old Notes delivered for exchange;

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specify the name and number of the account at DTC to be credited with the withdrawn Old Notes;

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include a statement that such holder is withdrawing its election to have such Old Notes exchanged; and

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otherwise comply with the procedures of DTC.

We will determine all questions as to the validity, form and eligibility (including time of receipt) of such withdrawal notices. Any Old Notes so withdrawn will be considered not to have been validly tendered for purposes of the applicable exchange offer, and no New Notes will be issued in exchange for such Old Notes unless the Old Notes withdrawn are validly re-tendered. Any Old Notes which have been tendered but which are not accepted for exchange or which are withdrawn will be returned to the holder, without expense to such holder, promptly after withdrawal, rejection of tender or termination of the applicable exchange offer. Validly withdrawn Old Notes may be re-tendered by following one of the procedures described above under “— Procedures for Tendering” at any time prior to the expiration date of the exchange offer.

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Exchange Agent

U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, the trustee under the indenture, has been appointed the exchange agent for this exchange offer. Letters of transmittal and all correspondence in connection with this exchange offer should be sent or delivered by each holder of Old Notes, or a beneficial owner’s commercial bank, broker, dealer, trust company or other nominee, to the exchange agent as follows:

	By Registered or Certified Mail, Overnight Courier, or Hand Delivery:			U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association Attn: Global Corporate Trust Services 111 Fillmore Avenue E St. Paul, Minnesota 55107
	Telephone: Email:			(800) 934-6802 cts.specfinance@usbank.com

We will pay the exchange agent reasonable and customary fees for its services and will reimburse it for its reasonable, out-of-pocket expenses in connection with this exchange offer.

Fees and Expenses

We will bear the expenses of soliciting tenders of the Old Notes and issuance of the New Notes. The principal solicitation is being made through ATOP. However, we may make additional solicitations by mail, email, telephone or in person by our officers and employees and those of our affiliates.

We have not retained any dealer-manager in connection with the exchange offer and will not make any payments to broker-dealers or others soliciting acceptances of the exchange offer. As indicated above, we will, however, pay the exchange agent reasonable and customary fees for its services and reimburse it for its related reasonable out-of-pocket expenses. We will also pay any other cash expenses that we incur in connection with the exchange offer.

Except as described below, we will pay all transfer taxes, if any, applicable to the exchange of Old Notes under the exchange offer. The tendering holder will be required to pay any transfer taxes, whether imposed on the registered holder or any other person, if:

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New Notes and/or substitute Old Notes not exchanged are to be delivered to, or registered or issued in the name of, any person other than the registered holder of the Old Notes so exchanged;

•

tendered Old Notes are registered in the name of any person other than the person signing the letter of transmittal; or

•

a transfer tax is imposed for any reason other than the exchange of Old Notes under the exchange offer.

If satisfactory evidence of payment of transfer taxes is not submitted with the letter of transmittal, the amount of any transfer taxes will be billed to the tendering holder.

Accounting Treatment

We will record the New Notes at the same carrying value as the Old Notes reflected in our accounting records on the date of the exchange. Accordingly, we will not recognize any gain or loss for accounting purposes upon completion of the exchange offer.

Consequences of Failure to Exchange

Old Notes that are not exchanged will remain “restricted securities” within the meaning of Rule 144(a)(3) under the Securities Act.

Accordingly, they may not be offered, sold, pledged or otherwise transferred except:

•

to us or to any of our subsidiaries;

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under a registration statement which has been declared effective under the Securities Act;

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for so long as the Old Notes are eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act, to a person the holder of the Old Notes and any person acting on its behalf reasonably believes is a “qualified institutional buyer” as defined in Rule 144A, that purchases for its own account or for the account of another qualified institutional buyer, in each case to whom notice is given that the transfer is being made in reliance on Rule 144A; or

•

under any other available exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act (in which case we and the trustee shall have the right to require the delivery of an opinion of counsel (at the holder’s sole cost), certifications and/or other information satisfactory to us and the trustee);

in each case subject to compliance with any applicable foreign, state or other securities laws.

Upon completion of the exchange offer, due to the restrictions on transfer of the Old Notes and the absence of such restrictions applicable to the New Notes, it is likely that the market, if any, for Old Notes will be relatively less liquid than the market for New Notes. Consequently, holders of Old Notes who do not participate in the exchange offer could experience significant diminution in the value of their Old Notes, compared to the value of the New Notes. The holders of Old Notes not tendered will have no further registration rights, except that, under limited circumstances specified in the registration rights agreement, we may be required to file a shelf registration statement for a continuous offer of Old Notes.

Additional Information Regarding the Registration Rights Agreement

As noted above, we are effecting the exchange offer to comply with the registration rights agreement. The registration rights agreement requires us to cause an exchange offer registration statement to be filed with the SEC under the Securities Act, use our commercially reasonable efforts to cause the registration statement to become effective, and satisfy certain other obligations, within certain time periods.

In the event that:

•

the registration statement is not filed with the SEC on or prior November 18, 2025, which is the 90th day after August 20, 2025;

•

the registration statement has not been declared effective by the SEC on or prior to January 17, 2026, which is the 150th day after August 20, 2025; or

•

the exchange offer is not completed on or prior to the 45th day following the effective date of the registration statement;

the interest rate on the Old Notes will be increased by a rate of 0.25% per annum immediately following such registration default and will increase by 0.25% per annum immediately following each 90-day period during which additional interest accrues, but in no event will such increase exceed 0.50% per annum. Following the cure of all such registration defaults, the accrual of additional interest will cease and the interest rate will be immediately reduced to the original interest rate borne by the Old Notes.

Our obligation to register the New Notes will terminate upon completion of the exchange offer. However, under certain limited circumstances specified in the registration rights agreement, we may be required to file a shelf registration statement for a continuous offer in connection with the Old Notes.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE NOTES

On August 20, 2025, we issued $100,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of our 7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035, which we have referred to in this prospectus as the Old Notes. The Old Notes were issued in a private placement transaction to certain institutional accredited investors and qualified institutional buyers, and as such, were not registered under the Securities Act. The Old Notes were issued under an indenture dated August 20, 2025, between SmartFinancial, Inc., as issuer, and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, which we have referred to in this prospectus as the “indenture.” The term “notes” refers collectively to the Old Notes and the New Notes, unless otherwise specified or context otherwise requires.

The New Notes will be issued under the indenture and will evidence the same debt as the Old Notes. The terms of the New Notes are identical in all material respects to those of the Old Notes, except that:

•

the New Notes will be registered with the SEC under the Securities Act and, as a result, will not bear any legend restricting their transfer;

•

the New Notes will bear different CUSIP numbers from the Old Notes;

•

the New Notes generally will not be subject to transfer restrictions;

•

the New Notes will not be entitled to registration rights under the registration rights agreement or otherwise; and

•

The New Notes will be issued only in registered form without coupons and in minimum denominations of $100,000 and any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof. Unless otherwise required for institutional accredited investors, the New Notes will be evidenced by a global note deposited with the trustee for the New Notes, as custodian for The Depository Trust Company, or DTC and transfers of beneficial interests will be facilitated only through records maintained by DTC and its participants.

The terms of the New Notes include those stated in the indenture and those made part of the indenture by reference to the Trust Indenture Act.

The following provides a summary of certain terms of the indenture and the New Notes. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete version of the indenture, which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and to the form of New Notes, which is included as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. We urge you to read the indenture and the form of New Notes because those documents, not this summary description, define your rights as holders of the New Notes. Whenever we refer to the defined terms of the indenture in this prospectus without defining them, the terms have the meanings given to them in the indenture. You must look to the indenture for the most complete description of the information summarized in this prospectus.

General

The exchange offer for the New Notes will be for up to $100 million in aggregate principal amount of the Old Notes. The New Notes, together with any Old Notes that remain outstanding after the exchange offer, will be treated as a single class for all purposes of the indenture, including, without limitation, waivers, consents, amendments, redemptions and offers to purchase.

Principal, Maturity and Interest

The New Notes have materially identical interest terms as the Old Notes except with respect to additional interest that may be earned on the Old Notes under circumstances relating to our registration obligations under the registration rights agreement. Interest on the notes will accrue from and including August 20, 2025. The notes will mature and become payable, unless earlier redeemed, on September 1, 2035.

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From and including August 20, 2025, or from the most recent date to which interest has been paid or duly provided for, to but excluding September 1, 2030 or earlier redemption date (the “Fixed Rate Period”), the New Notes will bear interest at a fixed rate equal to 7.25% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year (each a “Fixed Interest Payment Date”), beginning on March 1, 2026, and interest will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months.

From and including September 1, 2030, to but excluding the maturity date or earlier redemption date (the “Floating Rate Period”), the New Notes will bear interest at an annual floating rate, reset quarterly, equal to the Benchmark rate (which is expected to be Three-Month Term SOFR), plus 385 basis points, provided however, that in the event the Three-Month Term SOFR is less than zero, Three-Month Term SOFR shall be deemed to be zero. A “Floating Interest Period” means each three-month period of each year, beginning September 1, 2030.

During the Floating Rate Period, interest on the New Notes will be payable quarterly in arrears on March 1, June 1, September 1 and December 1 of each year (each a “Floating Interest Payment Date” and, together with any Fixed Interest Payment Date, an “Interest Payment Date”), commencing on September 1, 2030, and interest will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year and the actual number of days elapsed and payable quarterly in arrears on each Floating Interest Payment Date.

For the purpose of calculating the interest on the New Notes for each interest period during the Floating Rate Period when the Benchmark is Three-Month Term SOFR, “Three-Month Term SOFR” means the rate for Term SOFR for a tenor of three months that is published by the Term SOFR Administrator at the Reference Time for any Floating Interest Period, as determined by the calculation agent after giving effect to the Three-Month Term SOFR Conventions; provided, however, that in the event Three-Month Term SOFR is less than zero, Three-Month Term SOFR shall be deemed to be zero. See “— Calculation Agent.”

The following definitions apply to the following discussion of Three-Month Term SOFR:

“Benchmark” means, initially, Three-Month Term SOFR; provided that, if the calculation agent determines on or prior to the Reference Time for any Floating Interest Period that a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date have occurred with respect to Three-Month Term SOFR or the then-current Benchmark, then “Benchmark” means the applicable Benchmark Replacement for such Floating Interest Period and any subsequent Floating Interest Periods.

“FRBNY’s Website” means the website of the FRBNY at http://www.newyorkfed.org, or any successor source. The foregoing Internet website is an inactive textual reference only, meaning that the information contained on the website is not part of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus or incorporated by reference herein or therein.

“Interest Period” means (i) during the Fixed Rate Period, each six-month period beginning on a Fixed Interest Payment Date or (i) during the Floating Interest Period, each three-month period beginning on a Floating Interest Payment Date.

“Reference Time” with respect to any determination of a Benchmark means: (i) if the Benchmark is Three-Month Term SOFR, the time determined by the Calculation Agent after giving effect to the Three-Month Term SOFR Conventions, and (ii) if the Benchmark is not Three-Month Term SOFR, the time determined by the calculation agent after giving effect to the Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes.

“Relevant Governmental Body” means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”) and/or the FRBNY, or a committee officially endorsed or convened by the Federal Reserve and/or the FRBNY or any successor thereto.

“SOFR” means the daily Secured Overnight Financing Rate provided by the FRBNY, as the administrator of the benchmark (or a successor administrator), on the FRBNY’s Website.

“Term SOFR” means the forward-looking term rate for the Corresponding Tenor based on SOFR as published by the Term SOFR Administrator.

“Term SOFR Administrator” means any entity designated by the Relevant Governmental Body as the administrator of Term SOFR (or a successor administrator).

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“Three-Month Term SOFR Conventions” means any determination, decision or election with respect to any technical, administrative or operational matter (including with respect to the manner and timing of the publication of Three-Month Term SOFR, or changes to the definition of “Floating Interest Period”, timing and frequency of determining Three-Month Term SOFR with respect to each Floating Interest Period and making payments of interest, rounding of amounts or tenors, and other administrative matters) that the calculation agent or the Company decides may be appropriate to reflect the use of Three-Month Term SOFR as the Benchmark in a manner substantially consistent with market practice (or, if the calculation agent or the Company decides that adoption of any portion of such market practice is not administratively feasible or if the calculation agent or the Company determines that no market practice for the use of Three-Month Term SOFR exists, in such other manner as the calculation agent or the Company determines is reasonably necessary).

The terms “Benchmark Replacement,” “Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes,” “Benchmark Replacement Date,” “Benchmark Transition Event” and “Corresponding Tenor” have the meanings set forth below under the heading “— Effect of Benchmark Transition Event.”

Notwithstanding the foregoing paragraphs related to the determination of interest, if the calculation agent determines prior to the relevant Floating Interest Determination Date that a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date (each as defined below) have occurred with respect to Three- Month Term SOFR, then the Company shall promptly provide notice of such determination to the holders and the provisions set forth below under the heading “— Effect of Benchmark Transition Event,” which we refer to as the “benchmark transition provisions,” will thereafter apply to all determinations, calculations and quotations made or obtained for the purposes of calculating the Floating Interest Rate payable on the New Notes during a relevant Floating Interest Period. In accordance with the benchmark transition provisions, after a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date have occurred, the interest rate on the New Notes for each interest period during the Floating Rate Period will be an annual rate equal to the sum of the applicable Benchmark Replacement plus 385 basis points.

Absent manifest error, the calculation agent’s determination of the interest rate for an interest period for the New Notes will be conclusive and binding on you, the trustee and us. The calculation agent’s determination of any interest rate, and its calculation of interest payments for any period, will be maintained on file at the calculation agent’s principal offices, will be made available to any holder of the New Notes upon request and will be provided to the trustee.

In the event that any Fixed Interest Payment Date during the Fixed Rate Period falls on a day that is not a business day, the interest payment due on that date shall be postponed to the next day that is a business day and no additional interest shall accrue as a result of that postponement. In the event that any Floating Interest Payment Date during the Floating Interest Period falls on a day that is not a business day, the interest payment due on that date shall be postponed to the next day that is a business day and interest shall accrue to but excluding the date interest are paid. However, if the postponement would cause the day to fall in the next calendar month during the Floating Interest Period, the Floating Interest Payment Date shall instead be brought forward to the immediately preceding business day.

If the then-current Benchmark is Three-Month Term SOFR and any of the foregoing provisions concerning the calculation of the interest rate and the payment of interest during the Floating Interest Period are inconsistent with any of the Three-Month Term SOFR Conventions determined by the Company, then the relevant Three-Month Term SOFR Conventions will apply. Furthermore, if the calculation agent determines that a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date have occurred with respect to Three- Month Term SOFR at any time when any of the New Notes are outstanding, then the Company shall promptly provide notice of such determination to the holders and the foregoing provisions concerning the calculation of the interest rate and interest payments during the Floating Rate Period will be modified in accordance with the benchmark transition provisions.

We will make each interest payment to the holders of record of the notes at the close of business on the fifteenth calendar day prior to the applicable interest payment date. Principal of and interest on the notes will be payable, and the notes will be exchangeable and transferable, at the office or agency that we have designated and maintain for such purposes, which, initially, will be the corporate trust office of the trustee located at U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, 111 Fillmore Avenue E, St. Paul, Minnesota

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55107, Attention: Global Corporate Trust Services; except that payment of interest may be made at our option by check mailed or to the person entitled thereto as shown on the security register or by wire transfer to an account appropriately designated by the person entitled thereto.

The term “business day” means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or other day on which banking institutions in the State of Tennessee or the Borough of Manhattan, New York, New York are authorized or obligated by law, regulation or executive order to close.

Subordination

Our obligation to make any payment on account of the principal of, or interest on, the notes will be subordinate and junior in right of payment to the prior payment in full of all of our senior indebtedness. As of September 30, 2025, on a consolidated basis, we had, in the aggregate outstanding debt and deposits of $5.05 billion, which includes $1.3 million in indebtedness that would rank senior to the notes, $40 million of indebtedness that would rank pari passu with the notes, and no liabilities or indebtedness that would rank subordinate to the notes. The notes and the indenture do not contain any limitation on the amount of senior indebtedness that we may incur in the future.

The term “senior indebtedness” means the principal of, and premium, if any, and interest, including interest accruing after the commencement of any bankruptcy proceeding relating to us, on, or substantially similar payments we make in respect of the following categories of debt, whether that debt was outstanding on the date of execution of the indenture or thereafter incurred, created or assumed:

•

our indebtedness for borrowed money, whether or not evidenced by notes, debentures, bonds, securities or other similar instruments issued under the provisions of any indenture, fiscal agency agreement, debenture or note purchase agreement or other agreement, including any senior debt securities that we may offer, and including, but not limited to, deposits of the Bank and our obligations to our general and secured creditors;

•

our indebtedness for money borrowed or represented by purchase money obligations, as defined below;

•

our obligations as lessee under leases of property whether made as part of a sale and leaseback transaction to which we are a party or otherwise;

•

our reimbursement and other obligations relating to letters of credit, bankers’ acceptances and similar obligations and direct credit substitutes;

•

our obligations in respect of interest rate swap, cap or other agreements, interest rate future or option contracts, currency swap agreements, currency future or option contracts, commodity contracts and other similar arrangements;

•

all of our obligations issued or assumed as the deferred purchase price of property or services, but excluding trade accounts payable and accrued liabilities arising in the ordinary course of business;

•

any other obligation of ours to our general creditors;

•

all obligations of the type referred to in the bullets above of other persons for the payment as to which we are liable contingently or otherwise to pay or advance money as obligor, guarantor, endorser or otherwise;

•

all obligations of the types referred to in the bullets above of other persons secured by a lien on any property or asset of ours; and

•

deferrals, renewals or extensions of any of the indebtedness or obligations described in the bullets above.

However, “senior indebtedness” excludes:

•

the subordinated notes of the Company issued in September 2018, and any subordinated notes issued in exchange therefor or upon transfer thereof, that were outstanding as of the date of the issuance of the Old Notes or that are issued in exchange for or upon transfer of such subordinated notes after the date of such issuance;

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•

any subordinated debentures or junior subordinated debentures, of the Company underlying trust preferred securities issued by subsidiary trusts of the Company that were outstanding as of the date of the issuance of the Old Notes or that are issued after the date of such issuance by a subsidiary trust of the Company;

•

any indebtedness, obligation or liability that is subordinated to indebtedness, obligations or liabilities of the Company to substantially the same extent as or to a greater extent than the notes are subordinated; and

•

the notes and, unless expressly provided in the terms thereof, any of our indebtedness to our subsidiaries.

As used above, the term “purchase money obligations” means indebtedness, obligations evidenced by a note, debenture, bond or other instrument, whether or not secured by a lien or other security interest, issued to evidence the obligation to pay or a guarantee of the payment of, and any deferred obligation for the payment of, the purchase price of property but excluding indebtedness or obligations for which recourse is limited to the property purchased, issued or assumed as all or a part of the consideration for the acquisition of property or services, whether by purchase, merger, consolidation or otherwise, but does not include any trade accounts payable as set forth above.

In accordance with the subordination provisions of the indenture and the notes, we are permitted to make payments of accrued and unpaid interest on the notes on the interest payment dates and at maturity and to pay the principal of the notes at maturity unless:

•

we are subject to any termination, winding up, liquidation or reorganization, whether in bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, receivership or similar proceedings or upon an assignment for the benefit of our creditors or any other marshalling of our assets and liabilities; or

•

a default in the payment of principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, any senior indebtedness, has occurred and is continuing beyond any applicable grace period or an event of default has occurred and is continuing with respect to any senior indebtedness, or would occur as a result of a payment of principal of, or interest on, the notes being made and that event of default would permit the holders of any senior indebtedness to accelerate the maturity of that senior indebtedness and such default or event of default has not been cured, waived or otherwise have ceased to exist.

Upon our termination, winding up, liquidation or reorganization, whether in bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, receivership or similar proceedings or upon an assignment for the benefit of our creditors or any other marshalling of our assets and liabilities or otherwise, we must pay to the holders of all of our senior indebtedness the full amounts of principal of, and premium, if any, and interest on, that senior indebtedness before any payment is made on the notes. If, after we have paid the senior indebtedness in full, there are any amounts available for payment of the notes and any of our other indebtedness and obligations ranking equally in right of payment with the notes, then we will use such remaining assets to pay the amounts of principal of, premium, if any, and accrued and unpaid interest on, the notes and such other of our indebtedness and obligations that rank equally in right of payment with the notes. If those assets are insufficient to pay in full the principal of, premium, if any, and interest on the notes and such other indebtedness and obligations, those assets will be applicable ratably to the payment of such amounts owing with respect to the notes and such other indebtedness and obligations.

In the event that we are subject to any termination, winding up, liquidation or reorganization, whether in bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, receivership or similar proceedings or upon an assignment for the benefit of our creditors or any other marshalling of our assets and liabilities or otherwise, if the holders of the notes receive for any reason any payment on the notes or other distributions of our assets with respect to the notes before all of our senior indebtedness is paid in full, the holders of the notes will be required to return that payment or distribution to the bankruptcy trustee, receiver, liquidating trustee, custodian, assignee, agent or other person making payment of our assets for all our senior indebtedness remaining unpaid until all that senior indebtedness has been paid in full, after giving effect to any other concurrent payment or distribution to the holders of such senior indebtedness.

As a result of the subordination of the notes in favor of the holders of our senior indebtedness, in the event of our bankruptcy or insolvency, holders of our senior indebtedness may receive more, ratably, and holders of the notes may receive less, ratably, than our other creditors.

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All liabilities of the Bank and our other subsidiaries, including deposits and liabilities to general creditors arising during the ordinary course of business or otherwise, will be effectively senior in right of payment to the notes to the extent of the assets of the subsidiary because, as a shareholder of the subsidiary, we do not have any rights to the assets of the subsidiary except if the subsidiary declares a dividend payable to us or if there are assets of the subsidiary remaining after it has discharged its liabilities to its creditors in connection with its liquidation. As of September 30, 2025, on a consolidated basis, we had, in the aggregate outstanding debt and deposits of $5.05 billion. Over the term of the notes, we will need to rely primarily on dividends paid to us by the Bank, which is a regulated and supervised depository institution, for the funds necessary to pay the interest on our outstanding debt obligations and to make dividends and other payments on our other securities outstanding now or in the future. With respect to the payment of the principal of the notes at their maturity, we may rely on the funds we receive from dividends paid to us by the Bank, but may have to rely on the proceeds of borrowings and/or the sale of other securities to pay the principal amount of the notes. Regulatory rules may restrict the Bank’s ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us or provide funds to us by other means. As a result, with respect to the assets of the Bank, our creditors (including the holders of the notes) are structurally subordinated to the prior claims of creditors of the Bank, including its depositors, except to the extent that we may be a creditor with recognized claims against the Bank.

Redemption

We may, at our option, redeem the notes, in whole or in part, beginning with the Interest Payment Date of September 1, 2030 and on any Interest Payment Date thereafter. In addition, at our option, we may redeem the notes in whole but not in part, at any time upon the occurrence of:

•

a “Tier 2 Capital Event,” which is defined in the indenture to mean receipt by us of a legal opinion of counsel experienced in such matters to the effect that, as a result of any change, event, occurrence, circumstance or effect occurring on or after the date of the indenture, the notes do not constitute, or within 90 days of the date of such legal opinion, will not constitute, Tier 2 capital (or its then equivalent if we were subject to such capital requirement) for purposes of capital adequacy guidelines of the Federal Reserve, as then in effect and applicable to us;

•

a “Tax Event,” which is defined in the indenture to mean the receipt by us of a legal opinion of counsel experienced in such matters to the effect that there is a material risk that interest paid by us on the notes is not, or within 90 days of the date of such legal opinion, will not be, deductible by us, in whole or in part, for U.S. federal income tax purposes; or

•

an “Investment Company Event,” which is defined in the indenture to mean receipt by us of a legal opinion from counsel experienced in such matters to the effect that there is a material risk that we are, or within 90 days of the date of such legal opinion, will be considered an “investment company” that is required to be registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

If all or any portion of the New Notes ceases to be deemed to be Tier 2 Capital, other than due to the limitation imposed on the capital treatment of subordinated debt during the five (5) years immediately preceding the maturity date of the New Notes, the Company will immediately notify the trustee and the holders, and thereafter the Company and the holders will work together in good faith, subject to the terms of the indenture, to execute and deliver all agreements as reasonably necessary in order to restructure the applicable portions of the obligations evidenced by the New Notes to qualify as Tier 2 Capital and the Company shall request, subject to the terms of the indenture, that the trustee execute and deliver all such agreements as may be reasonably necessary in order to effect any restructuring agreed to by the Company and the holders; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not limit the Company’s right to redeem the New Notes pursuant to the terms of the New Notes and the indenture, including upon the occurrence of a Tier 2 Capital Event.

Any redemption of the New Notes will be subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve, to the extent such approval is then required. Any redemption of the notes will be at a redemption price equal to the principal amount of the notes, or portion thereof, to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. Any redemption of the notes will be subject to any required regulatory approvals.

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If less than all of the notes are to be redeemed, the trustee will select the notes or portions thereof to be redeemed on a pro rata basis.

If the notes are represented by global notes held by DTC and such redemption is processed through DTC, such redemption will be made on a “Pro Rata Pass Through Distribution of Principal” basis in accordance with the procedures of DTC.

Notices of redemption will be mailed by registered or certified mail (return receipt requested), facsimile or overnight air courier guaranteeing next day delivery, at least 30 but no more than 60 days before the redemption date to each holder of notes to be redeemed at its registered address. If any note is to be redeemed in part only, the notice of redemption that relates to that note will state the portion of the principal amount thereof to be redeemed. A new note in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion of the original note, if any, will be issued in the name of the holder thereof upon cancellation of the original note. Notes called for redemption become due on the date fixed for redemption. On and after the redemption date, interest ceases to accrue on notes or portions of them called for redemption.

Repurchases

We may purchase notes at any time on the open market or otherwise. If we purchase notes in this manner, we have the discretion to hold, resell or surrender the notes to the trustee under the indenture for cancellation.

No Sinking Fund; Non-Convertible

The notes will not be entitled to the benefit of any sinking fund. This means that we will not deposit money on a regular basis into any separate custodial account to repay the notes. The notes are not convertible into, or exchangeable for, any of our equity securities.

Form, Denomination, Transfer, Exchange and Book-Entry Procedures

The notes will be issued only in fully registered form, without interest coupons, and in denominations of $100,000 and integral multiples of $1,000.

Unless otherwise required for institutional accredited investors, the notes will be evidenced by a global note which will be deposited with, or on behalf of, DTC, or any successor thereto, and registered in the name of Cede & Co., or Cede, as nominee of DTC. Except as set forth below, record ownership of the global note may be transferred, in whole or in part, only to another nominee of DTC or to a successor of DTC or its nominee. If New Notes are issued to institutional accredited investors in certificated form, the New Notes will be transferable only on the records of the trustee and may not be exchanged for a beneficial interest in the global note unless the exchange occurs in connection with a transfer where the transferor and transferee provide evidence satisfactory to the trustee and DTC that the transferee is eligible to hold a beneficial interest in the global note.

The global note will not be registered in the name of any person, or exchanged for notes that are registered in the name of any person, other than DTC or its nominee, unless one of the following occurs:

•

DTC notifies us that it is unwilling or unable to continue acting as the depositary for the global note, or DTC has ceased to be a “clearing agency” registered under the Exchange Act, and in either case we fail to appoint a successor depositary within 90 days;

•

We determine that the notes are no longer to be represented by the global note and so notify the trustee; or

•

an event of default with respect to the notes represented by the global note has occurred and is continuing and DTC or its participant(s) has requested the issuance of definitive subordinated notes.

Any global note exchanged in accordance with the first two items above will be so exchanged in whole and not in part, and any global note exchanged in accordance with the third item above may be exchanged in whole or from time to time in part as directed by DTC. In those circumstances, DTC will determine in whose names any securities issued in exchange for the global note will be registered. Any such notes in

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certificated form will be issued in minimum denominations of $100,000 and multiples of $1,000 in excess thereof and may be transferred or exchanged only in such minimum denominations.

DTC or its nominee will be considered the sole owner and holder of the global note for all purposes, and as a result:

•

you cannot get notes registered in your name if they are represented by the global note;

•

you cannot receive certificated (physical) notes in exchange for your beneficial interest in the global note;

•

you will not be considered to be the owner or holder of the global note or any note it represents for any purpose; and

•

all payments on the global note will be made to DTC or its nominee.

The laws of some jurisdictions require that certain kinds of purchasers (for example, certain insurance companies) can only own securities in definitive (certificated) form. These laws may limit your ability to transfer your beneficial interests in the global note to these types of purchasers.

Only institutions (such as a securities broker or dealer) that have accounts with DTC or its nominee (called “participants”) and persons that may hold beneficial interests through participants (including through Euroclear Bank SA/NV or Clearstream Banking, société anonyme, as DTC participants) can own a beneficial interest in the global note. The only place where the ownership of beneficial interests in the global note will appear and the only way the transfer of those interests can be made will be on the records kept by DTC (for their participants’ interests) and the records kept by those participants (for interests of persons held by participants on their behalf).

Secondary trading in bonds and notes of corporate issuers is generally settled in clearing-house (that is, next-day) funds. In contrast, beneficial interests in a global note usually trade in DTC’s same-day funds settlement system, and settle in immediately available funds. We make no representations as to the effect that settlement in immediately available funds will have on trading activity in those beneficial interests.

Cash payments of interest on and principal of the global note will be made to Cede, the nominee for DTC, as the registered owner of the global note. These payments will be made by wire transfer of immediately available funds on each payment date.

You may exchange or transfer the notes at the corporate trust office of the trustee for the notes or at any other office or agency maintained by us for those purposes. We will not require payment of a service charge for any transfer or exchange of the notes, but we may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any applicable tax or other governmental charge.

We have been informed that, with respect to any cash payment of interest on or principal of the global note, DTC’s practice is to credit participants’ accounts on the payment date with payments in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in the notes represented by the global note as shown on DTC’s records, unless DTC has reason to believe that it will not receive payment on that payment date. Payments by participants to owners of beneficial interests in notes represented by the global note held through participants will be the responsibility of those participants, as is now the case with securities held for the accounts of customers registered in “street name.”

We also understand that neither DTC nor Cede will consent or vote with respect to the notes. We have been advised that under its usual procedures, DTC will mail an “omnibus proxy” to us as soon as possible after the record date. The omnibus proxy assigns Cede’s consenting or voting rights to those participants to whose accounts the notes are credited on the record date identified in a listing attached to the omnibus proxy.

Because DTC can only act on behalf of participants, who in turn act on behalf of indirect participants, the ability of a person having a beneficial interest in the principal amount represented by the global note to pledge the interest to persons or entities that do not participate in the DTC book-entry system, or otherwise take actions in respect of that interest, may be affected by the lack of a physical certificate evidencing its interest.

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DTC has advised that it will take any action permitted to be taken by a holder of notes (including the presentation of notes for exchange) only at the direction of one or more participants to whose account with DTC interests in the global note are credited and only in respect of such portion of the principal amount of the notes represented by the global note as to which such participant has, or participants have, given such direction.

DTC has also advised as follows: DTC is a limited purpose trust company organized under the laws of the State of New York, a “banking organization” within the meaning of the New York Banking Law, a member of the Federal Reserve, a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the Uniform Commercial Code, as amended, and a “clearing agency” registered pursuant to the provisions of Section 17A of the Exchange Act. DTC was created to hold securities for its participants and facilitate the clearance and settlement of securities transactions between participants through electronic book-entry changes in accounts of its participants. Participants include securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies and clearing corporations and may include certain other organizations. Certain of such participants (or their representatives), together with other entities, own DTC. Indirect access to the DTC system is available to other entities such as banks, brokers, dealers and trust companies that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a participant, either directly or indirectly. The rules applicable to DTC and its direct and indirect participants are on file with the SEC.

The policies and procedures of DTC, which may change periodically, will apply to payments, transfers, exchanges and other matters relating to beneficial interests in the global note. We and the trustee have no responsibility or liability for any aspect of DTC’s or any participants’ records relating to beneficial interests in the global note, including for payments made on the global note, and we and the trustee are not responsible for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any of those records.

Indenture Covenants

The indenture contains no covenants or restrictions restricting the incurrence of indebtedness or other obligations by us or by a subsidiary of ours, including the Bank. The indenture contains no financial covenants requiring us to achieve or maintain any minimum financial results relating to our financial position or results of operations or meet or exceed any financial ratios as a general matter or in order to incur additional indebtedness or obligations or to maintain any reserves. Moreover, neither the indenture nor the notes contain any covenants limiting our right to incur additional indebtedness or obligations, grant liens on our assets to secure our indebtedness or other obligations that are senior in right of payment to the notes, repurchase our stock or other securities, including any of the notes, or pay dividends or make other distributions to our shareholders (except, subject to certain limited exceptions, in the case of dividends or other distributions; redemptions, purchases, acquisitions or liquidation payments with respect to our capital stock; and repayments, repurchases or redemptions of any debt securities that rank equal with or junior to the notes, in each case, upon our failure to timely pay the principal of or interest on the notes, when the same becomes due and payable). In addition, neither the indenture nor the notes contain any provision that would provide protection to the holders of the notes against a sudden and dramatic decline in our credit quality resulting from a merger, takeover, recapitalization or similar restructuring or any other event involving us or our subsidiaries that may adversely affect our credit quality.

Events of Default; Right of Acceleration; Failure to Pay Principal or Interest

The following are events of default under the indenture (whatever the reason for such event of default and whether it will be voluntary or involuntary or be effected by operation of law or in accordance with any judgment, decree, or order of any court or any order, rule, or regulation of any administrative or governmental body):

•

the entry of a decree or order for relief in respect of the Company by a court having jurisdiction in the premises in an involuntary case or proceeding under any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, or reorganization law, now or hereafter in effect of the United States or any political subdivision thereof, and such decree or order will have continued unstayed and in effect for a period of 60 consecutive days;

•

the commencement by the Company of a voluntary case under any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization law, now or hereafter in effect of the United States or any political subdivision

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thereof, or the consent by the Company to the entry of a decree or order for relief in an involuntary case or proceeding under any such law;

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the failure of the Company to pay any installment of interest on the notes as and when the same will become due and payable, and the continuation of such failure for a period of 15 days;

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the failure of the Company to pay all or any part of the principal of any of the notes as and when the same will become due and payable under the indenture;

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the failure of the Company to perform any other covenant or agreement on the part of the Company contained in the notes or in the indenture, and the continuation of such failure for a period of 30 days after the date on which notice specifying such failure, stating that such notice is a “Notice of Default” (as defined in the indenture) and demanding that the Company remedy the same, will have been given, in the manner set forth in the indenture, to the Company by the trustee, or to the Company and the trustee by the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the notes at the time outstanding; and

•

the default by the Company under any bond, debenture, note or other evidence of indebtedness for money owed by the Company having an aggregate principal amount of at least $25,000,000, whether such indebtedness now exists or is created or incurred in the future, which default (i) constitutes a failure to pay any portion of the principal of such indebtedness when due and payable after the expiration of any applicable grace period or (ii) results in such indebtedness becoming due or being declared due and payable prior to the date on which it otherwise would have become due and payable without, in the case of clause (i), such indebtedness having been discharged or, in the case of clause (ii) without such indebtedness having been discharged or such acceleration having been rescinded or annulled.

If an event of default with respect to the notes occurs due to a bankruptcy event, then the principal amount of all of the outstanding notes, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all outstanding notes will become and be immediately due and payable without any declaration or other act on the part of the trustee or any holder, and the Company waives demand, presentment for payment, notice of nonpayment, notice of protest, and all other notices with respect to such event of default. Notwithstanding the foregoing, because the Company will treat the notes as Tier 2 Capital, upon the occurrence of an event of default other than an event of default described in the foregoing sentence, neither the trustee nor any holder may accelerate the maturity of the notes and make the principal of, and any accrued and unpaid interest on, the notes, immediately due and payable.

Under the indenture, if the Company fails to make any payment of interest on any note when such interest becomes due and payable and such default continues for a period of 15 days, or if the Company fails to make any payment of the principal of any note when such principal becomes due and payable, the trustee may, subject to certain limitations and conditions, demand, for the benefit of the holders of the notes, that the Company pay to the trustee, for the benefit of the holders of the notes, the whole amount then due and payable with respect to the notes, with interest upon the overdue principal, and, to the extent permitted by applicable law, upon any overdue installments of interest at the rate or respective rates, as the case may be, provided for or with respect to the notes or, if no such rate or rates are so provided, at the rate or respective rates, as the case may be, of interest borne by the notes. Any such rights to receive payment of such amounts under the notes remain subject to the subordination provisions of the notes as discussed above under “— Subordination.” Neither the trustee nor the holders of the notes will have the right to accelerate the maturity of the notes in the case of our failure to pay the principal of, or interest on, the notes or our non-performance of any other covenant or warranty under the notes or the indenture.

Amendment, Supplement and Waiver

Without the consent of any holder of notes, we and the trustee, at any time and from time to time, may enter into one or more indentures supplemental to the indenture for any of the following purposes:

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to evidence the succession of another person to the Company, and the assumption by any such successor of our covenants contained in the indenture and the notes;

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to add to our covenants for the benefit of the holders, or to surrender any right or power conferred upon us with respect to the notes issued under the indenture;

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to permit or facilitate the issuance of notes in uncertificated or global form, provided any such action will not adversely affect the interests of the holders;

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to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment under the indenture by a successor trustee with respect to the notes and to add to or change any provisions of the indenture as will be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts hereunder by more than one trustee;

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to cure any ambiguity or to correct or supplement any provision of the indenture to such extent as will be necessary to permit or facilitate legal or covenant defeasance or satisfaction and discharge of the notes, provided that any such action will not adversely affect the interests of any holder;

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to make any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under the indenture that will not adversely affect the interests of the holders of the notes;

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to supplement any of the provisions of the indenture as necessary to permit or facilitate legal or covenant defeasance, or satisfaction and discharge of the notes, as long as any such action will not adversely affect the interests of any holder;

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to conform any provision of the indenture to the requirements of the Trust Indenture Act; or

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to make any change that does not adversely affect the legal rights under the indenture of any holder.

With the consent of the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the outstanding notes, we and the trustee may enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental to the indenture for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of the indenture or the notes or of modifying in any manner the rights of the holders under the indenture, except that no such supplemental indenture, without the consent of the holder of each outstanding note affected thereby, will:

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reduce the rate of, or change the time for payment of, interest on any note;

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reduce the principal of or change the stated maturity of any note, change the date on which any note may be subject to redemption, or reduce the price at which any note subject to redemption may be redeemed;

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make any note payable in money other than dollars;

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make any change in provisions of the indenture protecting the right of each holder to receive payment of principal of and interest on such note on or after the due date thereof or to bring suit to enforce such payment;

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reduce the threshold of holders the consent of whom is required for any such supplemental indenture or required to waive certain defaults and covenants under the indenture; or

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modify any of the provisions of the section of the indenture governing supplemental indentures with the consent of holders, or those provisions relating to waiver of defaults or certain covenants, except to increase any such percentage required for such actions or to provide that certain other provisions of the indenture cannot be modified or waived without the consent of the holder of each outstanding note affected thereby.

The holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding notes may on behalf of the holders of all notes waive any past default under the indenture and its consequences, except a default in the payment of the principal of or interest on any note, or in respect of a covenant or provision of the indenture under which the indenture cannot be modified or amended without the consent of the holder of each outstanding note.

Satisfaction and Discharge of the Indenture; Defeasance

We may terminate our obligations under the indenture when:

•

either: (1) all notes that have been authenticated and delivered have been delivered to the trustee for cancellation, or (2) all notes that have not been delivered to the trustee for cancellation (i) have become

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due and payable or (ii) will become due and payable at their stated maturity within one year or (iii) if redeemable at the option of the Company, are to be called for redemption within one year under arrangements satisfactory to the trustee for the giving of notice of redemption by the trustee, and in the case of the foregoing clause 2(i), 2(ii) or 2(iii), we have deposited or caused to be deposited with the trustee immediately available funds in an amount sufficient to pay and discharge the entire indebtedness on the outstanding notes;

•

we have paid or caused to be paid all other sums then due and payable by us under the indenture with respect to the notes; and

•

we have delivered to the trustee an officer’s certificate and an opinion of counsel, each stating that all conditions precedent under the indenture relating to the satisfaction and discharge of the indenture have been satisfied.

We may elect, at our option and at any time, to have our obligations discharged with respect to the outstanding notes, which we refer to as legal defeasance. Legal defeasance means that we will be deemed to have paid and discharged the entire indebtedness represented by the outstanding notes, except for:

•

the rights of the holders of such notes to receive payments in respect of the principal of and interest on such notes when payments are due;

•

our obligations and the obligations of the trustee with respect to such notes concerning registration of notes, mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen notes and the maintenance of an office or agency for payment and money for payments on the notes to be held in trust;

•

the rights, powers, trusts, duties and immunities of the trustee under the indenture; and

•

the defeasance provisions and the application of trust money provisions of the indenture.

In addition, we may elect, at our option, to have our obligations released with respect to certain covenants contained in the indenture, which is also called covenant defeasance. In the event covenant defeasance occurs, certain events (not including non-payment, bankruptcy and insolvency events) will no longer constitute an event of default with respect to the notes.

In order to exercise either legal defeasance or covenant defeasance with respect to outstanding notes:

•

we must irrevocably have deposited or caused to be deposited with the trustee as trust funds in trust for the purpose of making the following payments, specifically pledged as security for, and dedicated solely to the benefit of the holders of such notes, (i) an amount in dollars, (ii) U.S. government obligations that through the scheduled payment of principal and interest in respect thereof in accordance with their terms will provide, not later than one day before the due date of any payment on the notes, money, or (iii) a combination thereof, in each case, in an amount, sufficient to pay and discharge, and which will be applied by the trustee to pay and discharge, the entire indebtedness in respect of the principal of and interest on the notes on the stated maturity thereof or, with respect to notes called for redemption, on the redemption date thereof;

•

no event of default, or event which with notice or lapse of time or both would become an event of default with respect to the outstanding notes will have occurred and be continuing on the date of such deposit referred to in the first bullet point above (and in the case of legal defeasance will have occurred and be continuing at any time during the period ending on and including the 91st day after the date of such deposit);

•

in the case of legal defeasance, we must have delivered to the trustee an opinion of counsel stating that (i) we have received from, or there has been published by, the Internal Revenue Service a ruling or (ii) since the date of the indenture there has been a change in the applicable U.S. federal income tax law, in either case to the effect that, and based thereon such opinion will confirm that, the holders of the notes will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of such legal defeasance to be effected with respect to such notes and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same times as would be the case if such legal defeasance had not occurred;

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in the case of covenant defeasance, we must have delivered to the trustee an opinion of counsel to the effect that the holders of the outstanding notes will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of such covenant defeasance to be effected with respect to the notes and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amount, in the same manner and at the same times as would be the case if such covenant defeasance had not occurred;

•

such legal defeasance or covenant defeasance will not result in a breach or violation of, or constitute a default under, the indenture or any other material agreement or instrument to which we or our subsidiaries are a party or by which we or our subsidiaries are bound; and

•

we must have delivered to the trustee an officers’ certificate and an opinion of counsel, each stating that all conditions precedent with respect to such legal defeasance or covenant defeasance have been satisfied.

In connection with a discharge or defeasance, in the event the trustee is unable to apply the moneys deposited as contemplated under the satisfaction and discharge provisions of the indenture for any reason, our obligations under the indenture and the notes will be revived as if the deposit had never occurred.

Effect of Benchmark Transition Event

Benchmark Replacement. If the calculation agent determines that a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date have occurred on or prior to the Reference Time in respect of any determination of the Benchmark on any date, the Benchmark Replacement will replace the then-current Benchmark for all purposes relating to the notes during the relevant Floating Interest Period in respect of such determination on such date and all determinations on all subsequent dates.

Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes. In connection with the implementation of a Benchmark Replacement, the Company will have the right to make Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes from time to time.

Certain Defined Terms. As used herein:

“Benchmark Replacement” means the Interpolated Benchmark with respect to the then-current Benchmark, plus the Benchmark Replacement Adjustment for such Benchmark; provided that if: (i) the calculation agent cannot determine the Interpolated Benchmark as of the Benchmark Replacement Date, or (ii) the then-current Benchmark is Three-Month Term SOFR and a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date have occurred with respect to Three-Month Term SOFR (in which event no Interpolated Benchmark with respect to Three-Month Term SOFR shall be determined), then “Benchmark Replacement” means the first alternative set forth in the order below that can be determined by the calculation agent as of the Benchmark Replacement Date:

(i) the sum of: (a) Compounded SOFR and the (b) Benchmark Replacement Adjustment;

(ii) the sum of: (a) the alternate rate that of interest has been selected or recommended by the Relevant Governmental Body as the replacement for the then-current Benchmark for the applicable Corresponding Tenor and (b) the Benchmark Replacement Adjustment;

(iii) the sum of: (a) the ISDA Fallback Rate and (b) the Benchmark Replacement Adjustment;

(iv) the sum of: (a) the alternate rate of interest that has been selected by the calculation agent as the replacement for the then-current Benchmark for the applicable Corresponding Tenor, giving due consideration to any industry-accepted rate of interest as a replacement for the then-current Benchmark for U.S. dollar-denominated floating rate notes at such time, and (b) the Benchmark Replacement Adjustment.

If the Benchmark Replacement as determined pursuant to clause (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) above would be less than zero, the Benchmark Replacement will be deemed to be zero.

“Benchmark Replacement Adjustment” means the first alternative set forth in the order below that can be determined by the calculation agent as of the Benchmark Replacement Date:

(i) the spread adjustment, or method for calculating or determining such spread adjustment (which may be a positive or negative value or zero), that has been selected or recommended by the Relevant Governmental Body for the applicable Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement;

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(ii) if the applicable Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement is equivalent to the ISDA Fallback Rate, then the ISDA Fallback Adjustment; and

(iii) the spread adjustment (which may be a positive or negative value or zero) that has been selected by the calculation agent giving due consideration to any industry-accepted spread adjustment or method for calculating or determining such spread adjustment, for the replacement of the then- current Benchmark with the applicable Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement for U.S. dollar-denominated floating rate notes at such time.

“Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes” means, with respect to any Benchmark Replacement, any technical, administrative or operational changes (including, without limitation, changes to the definition of “Floating Interest Period,” timing and frequency of determining rates with respect to each Floating Interest Period and making payments of interest, rounding of amounts or tenors and other administrative matters) that the calculation agent or the Company decides may be appropriate to reflect the adoption of such Benchmark Replacement in a manner substantially consistent with market practice (or, if the calculation or the Company agent decides that adoption of any portion of such market practice is not administratively feasible or if the calculation agent or the Company determines that no market practice for use of the Benchmark Replacement exists, in such other manner as the calculation agent or the Company determines is reasonably necessary).

“Benchmark Replacement Date” means the earliest to occur of the following events with respect to the then-current Benchmark:

(i) in the case of clause (i) of the definition of “Benchmark Transition Event,” the relevant Reference Time in respect of any determination;

(ii) in the case of clause (ii) or (iii) of the definition of “Benchmark Transition Event,” the later of (a) the date of the public statement or publication of information referenced therein and (b) the date on which the administrator of the Benchmark permanently or indefinitely ceases to provide the Benchmark; or

(iii) in the case of clause (iv) of the definition of “Benchmark Transition Event,” the date of the public statement or publication of information referenced therein.

For the avoidance of doubt, if the event giving rise to the Benchmark Replacement Date occurs on the same day as, but earlier than, the Reference Time in respect of any determination, the Benchmark Replacement Date will be deemed to have occurred prior to the Reference Time for purposes of such determination.

“Benchmark Transition Event” means the occurrence of one or more of the following events with respect to the then-current Benchmark:

(i) if the Benchmark is Three-Month Term SOFR, (a) the Relevant Governmental Body has not selected or recommended a forward-looking term rate for a tenor of three months based on SOFR, (b) the development of a forward-looking term rate for a tenor of three months based on SOFR that has been recommended or selected by the Relevant Governmental Body is not complete or (c) the calculation agent determines that the use of a forward-looking rate for a tenor of three months based on SOFR is not administratively feasible;

(ii) a public statement or publication of information by or on behalf of the administrator of the Benchmark announcing that such administrator has ceased or will cease to provide the Benchmark, permanently or indefinitely, provided that, at the time of such statement or publication, there is no successor administrator that will continue to provide the Benchmark;

(iii) a public statement or publication of information by the regulatory supervisor for the administrator of the Benchmark, the central bank for the currency of the Benchmark, an insolvency official with jurisdiction over the administrator for the Benchmark, a resolution authority with jurisdiction over the administrator for the Benchmark or a court or an entity with similar insolvency or resolution authority over the administrator for the Benchmark, which states that the administrator of the Benchmark has ceased or will cease to provide the Benchmark permanently or indefinitely, provided

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that, at the time of such statement or publication, there is no successor administrator that will continue to provide the Benchmark; or

(iv) a public statement or publication of information by the regulatory supervisor for the administrator of the Benchmark announcing that the Benchmark is no longer representative.

“Compounded SOFR” means the compounded average of SOFRs for the applicable Corresponding Tenor, with the rate, or methodology for this rate, and conventions for this rate being established by the Company in accordance with:

(i) the rate, or methodology for this rate, and conventions for this rate selected or recommended by the Relevant Governmental Body for determining Compounded SOFR; provided that:

(ii) if, and to the extent that, the calculation agent or its designee determines that Compounded SOFR cannot be determined in accordance with clause (i) above, then the rate, or methodology for this rate, and conventions for this rate that have been selected by the calculation agent or its designee giving due consideration to any industry-accepted market practice for U.S. dollar-denominated floating rate notes at such time.

For the avoidance of doubt, the calculation of Compounded SOFR will exclude the Benchmark Replacement Adjustment (if applicable) and the spread of 385 basis points per annum.

“Corresponding Tenor” with respect to a Benchmark Replacement means a tenor (including overnight) having approximately the same length (disregarding business day adjustment) as the applicable tenor for the then-current Benchmark.

“Interpolated Benchmark” with respect to the Benchmark means the rate determined for the Corresponding Tenor by interpolating on a linear basis between: (i) the Benchmark for the longest period (for which the Benchmark is available) that is shorter than the Corresponding Tenor, and (ii) the Benchmark for the shortest period (for which the Benchmark is available) that is longer than the Corresponding Tenor.

“ISDA” means the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. or any successor thereto.

“ISDA Definitions” means the 2006 ISDA Definitions published by the ISDA or any successor thereto, as amended or supplemented from time to time, or any successor definitional booklet for interest rate derivatives published from time to time.

“ISDA Fallback Adjustment” means the spread adjustment (which may be a positive or negative value or zero) that would apply for derivatives transactions referencing the ISDA Definitions to be determined upon the occurrence of an index cessation event with respect to the Benchmark for the applicable tenor.

“ISDA Fallback Rate” means the rate that would apply for derivatives transactions referencing the ISDA Definitions to be effective upon the occurrence of an index cessation date with respect to the Benchmark for the applicable tenor excluding the applicable ISDA Fallback Adjustment.

“Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement” means the Benchmark Replacement excluding the Benchmark Replacement Adjustment.

The terms “FRBNY’s Website,” “Reference Time,” “Relevant Governmental Body,” “SOFR” and “Term SOFR” have the meanings set forth above under the heading “— Principal, Maturity and Interest.”

Determinations and Decisions

The calculation agent is expressly authorized to make certain determinations, decisions and elections under the terms of the notes, including with respect to the use of Three-Month Term SOFR as the Benchmark for the Floating Rate Period and under the benchmark transition provisions. Any determination, decision or election that may be made by the calculation agent under the terms of the notes, including any determination with respect to a tenor, rate or adjustment or of the occurrence or non-occurrence of an event, circumstance or date and any decision to take or refrain from taking any action or any selection:

•

will be conclusive and binding on the holders of the notes and the trustee absent manifest error;

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•

if made by us as calculation agent, will be made in our sole discretion;

•

if made by a calculation agent other than us, will be made after consultation with us, and the calculation agent will not make any such determination, decision or election to which we reasonably object; and

•

notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the notes, indenture or note purchase agreement, shall become effective without consent from the holders of the notes, the trustee or any other party.

Calculation Agent

We will appoint a calculation agent for the notes prior to the commencement of the Floating Rate Period and will keep a record of such appointment at our principal offices, which will be available to any holder of the notes upon request. In addition, we or an affiliate of ours may assume the duties of the calculation agent. We will act as the initial calculation agent.

Regarding the Trustee

U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association is acting as the trustee under the indenture and the initial paying agent and registrar for the notes. From time to time, we and some of our subsidiaries may maintain deposit accounts and conduct other banking transactions, including lending transactions, with the trustee in the ordinary course of business.

Except during the continuance of an event of default under the indenture, the trustee will perform only such duties as are specifically set forth in the indenture. During the continuance of an event of default that has not been cured or waived, the trustee will exercise such of the rights and powers vested in it by the indenture, and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent person would exercise or use under the circumstances.

The indenture and the Trust Indenture Act contain certain limitations on the rights of the trustee, should it become a creditor of our organization, to obtain payment of claims in certain cases or to realize on certain property received in respect of any such claim as security or otherwise. The trustee will be permitted to engage in other transactions; however, if it acquires any “conflicting interest” (as defined in the Trust Indenture Act) it must eliminate such conflict within 90 days, apply to the SEC for permission to continue or resign.

The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding notes will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, subject to certain exceptions. The indenture provides that in case an event of default has occurred and is continuing, the trustee will exercise such of the rights and powers vested in it by the indenture, and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent person would exercise or use under the circumstances. Subject to such provisions, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of the rights or powers vested in it by the indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders under the indenture, unless such holders will have provided to the trustee security or indemnity satisfactory to the trustee against the losses, liabilities and expenses which might be incurred by it in compliance with such request or direction.

No Personal Liability of Shareholders, Employees, Officers, Directors or Exchange Agent

No past, present or future director, officer, employee or shareholder of our company or any of our predecessors or successors, as such or in such capacity, nor the exchange agent will have any personal liability for any of our obligations under the notes or the indenture by reason of his, her or its status as such director, officer, employee or shareholder. Each holder of notes by accepting a note waives and releases all such liability. The waiver and release are part of the consideration for the issuance of the notes. Such waiver may not be effective to waive liabilities under the federal securities laws, and it is the view of the SEC that such a waiver is against public policy.

Governing Law

The notes and the indenture will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.

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MATERIAL UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following is a general summary of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations of the exchange of outstanding Old Notes for New Notes in the exchange offer. It is not a complete analysis of all the potential tax considerations relating to the exchange of outstanding Old Notes for New Notes. This discussion is based upon the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations under the Code, and administrative and judicial interpretations, all as currently in effect. These authorities are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. We cannot assure you that the Internal Revenue Service will not challenge one or more of the tax consequences described in this discussion, and we have not obtained, nor do we intend to obtain, a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service or an opinion of counsel with respect to the U.S. federal income tax consequences described herein.

The tax treatment of a holder of notes may vary depending on the holder’s particular situation. This discussion is limited to the U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable to holders that purchased their Old Notes from us in the initial offering and at the initial offering price for cash and who held the Old Notes, and will hold the New Notes, as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This discussion does not address all U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be applicable to holders’ particular circumstances or to holders that may be subject to special tax rules under U.S. federal income tax laws, including, but not limited to, banks, insurance companies, or other financial institutions, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, tax-exempt organizations, dealers or traders in securities, commodities or currencies, U.S. expatriates, controlled foreign corporations, passive foreign investment companies, holders subject to the alternative minimum tax, traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities holdings, United States holders whose functional currency is not the United States dollar, persons that will hold the New Notes as a position in a hedging transaction, straddle, conversion transaction or other integrated transactions or risk reduction transaction, persons deemed to sell the New Notes under the constructive sale provisions of the Code, persons that will hold the New Notes in an individual retirement account, 401(k) plan or similar tax-favored account, an accrual method taxpayer who is required to recognize income for U.S. federal income tax purposes no later than when such income is taken into account for financial accounting purposes, a person that purchases or sells notes as part of a wash sale for tax purposes, or entities or arrangements classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes or other pass-through entities, or investors in such entities. This discussion does not address the tax considerations arising under the laws of any foreign, state or local jurisdiction, or any non-income tax consequences of the exchange of Old Notes for New Notes.

The exchange of Old Notes for New Notes in the exchange offer should not constitute a taxable exchange for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Consequently, (1) holders of Old Notes should not recognize gain or loss upon the receipt of New Notes in the exchange offer, (2) a holder’s basis in the New Notes received in the exchange offer should be the same as such holder’s basis in the Old Notes surrendered in exchange therefor immediately before the exchange, and (3) a holder’s holding period in the New Notes should include such holder’s holding period in the Old Notes surrendered in exchange therefor.

This discussion of material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations is for general information only and may not be applicable depending upon a holder’s particular situation. Holders of Old Notes considering the exchange offer are urged to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the tax consequences to them of exchanging Old Notes for New Notes, including the tax consequences under state, local, estate, foreign and other tax laws and the possible effects of changes in United States or other tax laws.

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

Each broker-dealer that receives New Notes for its own account pursuant to the exchange offer must acknowledge that it may be a statutory underwriter and that it will deliver a prospectus in connection with any resale of such New Notes. This prospectus, as it may be amended or supplemented from time to time, may be used by a broker-dealer in connection with resales of New Notes received in exchange for Old Notes where such Old Notes were acquired as a result of market-making activities or other trading activities provided that such broker-dealer notifies the Company to that effect by so indicating on the letter of transmittal. To the extent that any notifying broker-dealer participates in the exchange offer, we will use our commercially reasonable efforts to maintain the effectiveness of this prospectus.

We will not receive any proceeds from any sale of New Notes by broker-dealers or any other persons. New Notes received by broker-dealers for their own account pursuant to the exchange offer may be sold from time to time in one or more transactions in the over-the-counter market, in negotiated transactions, through the writing of options on the New Notes or a combination of such methods of resale, at market prices prevailing at the time of resale, at prices related to such prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. Any such resale may be made directly to purchasers or to or through brokers or dealers who may receive compensation in the form of commissions or concessions from any such broker-dealer and/or the purchasers of any New Notes. Any broker- dealer that receives New Notes in exchange for Old Notes acquired for its own account as a result of market- making activities or other trading activities, and resells such New Notes, and any broker-dealer that participates in a distribution of such New Notes may be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act and any profit on any such resale of New Notes and any commission or concessions received by any such persons may be deemed to be underwriting compensation under the Securities Act. The letter of transmittal states that, by acknowledging that it will deliver and by delivering a prospectus, a broker-dealer will not be deemed to admit that it is an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act.

We will promptly send additional copies of this prospectus and any amendment or supplement to this prospectus to any broker-dealer that reasonably requests such documents. We have agreed to pay certain expenses in connection with the exchange offer and will indemnify the holders of the Old Notes (including any broker-dealers) against certain liabilities, including certain liabilities under the Securities Act.

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the New Notes will be passed upon for us by Alston & Bird LLP.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of SmartFinancial, Inc. as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the effectiveness of SmartFinancial, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 have been audited by Forvis Mazars LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their reports thereon, included in SmartFinancial, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference. Such consolidated financial statements have been incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such reports pertaining to such financial statements and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

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PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 20. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.

Tennessee Business Corporation Act

The Tennessee Business Corporation Act provides that a corporation may indemnify any of its directors and officers against liability incurred in connection with a proceeding if: (a) such person acted in good faith; (b) in the case of conduct in an official capacity with the corporation, the person reasonably believed such conduct was in the corporation’s best interests; (c) in all other cases, the person reasonably believed that the person’s conduct was at least not opposed to the best interests of the corporation; and (d) in connection with any criminal proceeding, such person had no reasonable cause to believe the person’s conduct was unlawful. In actions brought by or in the right of the corporation, however, the Tennessee Business Corporation Act provides that no indemnification may be made if the director or officer was adjudged to be liable to the corporation. The Tennessee Business Corporation Act also provides that in connection with any proceeding charging improper personal benefit to an officer or director, no indemnification may be made if such officer or director is adjudged liable on the basis that such personal benefit was improperly received. In cases where the director or officer is wholly successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding instigated because of his or her status as a director or officer of a corporation, the Tennessee Business Corporation Act mandates that the corporation indemnify the director or officer against reasonable expenses incurred in the proceeding. The Tennessee Business Corporation Act provides that a court of competent jurisdiction, unless the corporation’s charter provides otherwise, upon application, may order that an officer or director be indemnified for reasonable expenses if, in consideration of all relevant circumstances, the court determines that such individual is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification, notwithstanding the fact that (a) such officer or director was adjudged liable to the corporation in a proceeding by or in the right of the corporation; (b) such officer or director was adjudged liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received by the officer or director; or (c) such officer or director breached the officer’s or director’s duty of care to the corporation.

The Company’s Second Amended and Restated Charter

The Company’s second amended and restated charter contains a provision stating that the Company shall indemnify and advance expenses to its directors and officers, and may indemnify and advance expenses to all other persons it has the power to indemnify and advance expenses to under the Tennessee Business Corporation Act, and may purchase and maintain insurance or furnish similar protection on behalf of its directors, officers, and employees, in each case to the fullest extent authorized by the Tennessee Business Corporation Act and applicable federal laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, applicable federal regulations regarding indemnification payments by a depository institution holding company, as the same may be amended from time to time.

The Company’s Second Amended and Restated Bylaws

Under the Company’s second amended and restated bylaws, each person who was or is made a party to, or is threatened to be made a party to or is otherwise involved in, any proceeding, by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of the Company or is or was serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, or employee of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust, or other enterprise, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, provided that the basis of such proceeding is alleged action in an official capacity as a director, officer, or employee within the scope of such indemnitee’s duties and authority, shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Company to the fullest extent authorized by the Tennessee Business Corporation Act, as the same now exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Company to provide broader indemnification rights than such law permitted the Company prior to such amendment), and applicable federal laws and regulations (including without limitation applicable FDIC regulations regarding indemnification payments by a depository institution holding company, as the same may be amended from time to time), against all expense, liability, and loss (including without limitation attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines, excise taxes, penalties, and amounts paid into settlement) reasonably

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incurred or suffered by such indemnitee in connection therewith, and such indemnification shall continue as to an indemnitee who has ceased to be a director, officer, or employee and shall inure to the benefit of the indemnitee’s heirs, executors, and administrators.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall indemnify an indemnitee with respect to a proceeding initiated or instituted by the indemnitee only if such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the board of directors.

The right to indemnification conferred by the Company is a contract right and shall include the right to be paid by the Company the expenses incurred in defending any such proceeding in advance of its final disposition; provided, however, that any such advancement of expenses for expenses incurred by an indemnitee in his or her capacity as a director, officer, or employee (and not in any other capacity in which service was or is rendered by such indemnitee, including without limitation service to any employee benefit plan) shall be made only upon delivery to the Company of an undertaking by and on behalf of such indemnitee to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right of appeal that such indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for such expenses.

Moreover, the foregoing right of indemnification shall not be exclusive of other rights to which such person, his heirs, executors, administrators, successors or assigns may be entitled under any law, bylaw, agreement, vote of shareholders or otherwise.

The Company may maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself and any individual who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company, or who, while a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company, is or was serving at the request of the board of directors as a director, officer, partner, trustee, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise against any expense, liability or loss whether or not the Company would have the power to indemnify such person against such expense, liability or loss under the indemnification section of the Company’s bylaws or the Tennessee Business Corporation Act.

Regarding regulatory matters, notwithstanding anything contained in the Company’s bylaws to the contrary, the Company shall indemnify permitted indemnitees if all of the following conditions are met: (a) the board of directors determines in writing that the indemnitee acted in good faith and in the best interest of the Company; (b) the board of directors determines that the payment will not materially affect the safety and soundness of the Company; (c) the payment does not fall within a prohibited indemnification under state or federal law or regulation; (d) the indemnitee agrees in writing to reimburse the Company to the extent not covered by permissible insurance, for payments made in the event that an administrative action brought by a state or federal banking regulator results in a final order or settlement in which the indemnitee is assessed a civil money penalty, is removed or prohibited from banking or is required, under a final order, to cease any action or take any affirmative action.

Disclosure of Commission Position on Indemnification for Securities Act Liabilities.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers, and controlling persons of the Company pursuant to its bylaws, or otherwise, the Company has been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.

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Item 21. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

The following exhibits are filed herewith or are incorporated herein by reference to other filings of the Registrant.

Exhibit Number			Description
3.1			Second Amended and Restated Charter of SmartFinancial, Inc., incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of SmartFinancial, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 2, 2015.
3.2			Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of SmartFinancial, Inc., incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of SmartFinancial, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 26, 2015.
4.1			Indenture, dated as of August 20, 2025, by and between SmartFinancial, Inc. and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of SmartFinancial, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 20, 2025.
4.2			Forms of 7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035 (included as Exhibit A-1 and Exhibit A-2 to the Indenture incorporated herein by reference as Exhibit 4.1 hereto).
4.3			Form of Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2025, by and among SmartFinancial, Inc. and the Purchasers signatory thereto, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of SmartFinancial, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 20, 2025.
4.4			Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 20, 2025, by and among SmartFinancial, Inc. and the Purchasers signatory thereto, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of SmartFinancial, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 20, 2025.
5.1			Opinion of Alston & Bird LLP.*
21.1			Subsidiaries of SmartFinancial, Inc., (filed herewith).
23.1			Consent of Forvis Mazars, LLP (filed herewith).
23.2			Consent of Alston & Bird LLP (included in the opinion filed as Exhibit 5.1).*
24.1			Power of Attorney (included in Part II as a part of the signature page of this Registration Statement).*
25.1			Form T-1 Statement of Eligibility under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, of U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, with respect to the Indenture, dated as of August 20, 2025, by and between SmartFinancial, Inc. and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, regarding the 7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2023.*
99.1			Form of Letter of Transmittal relating to the 7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035.*
107			Filing Fee Table.*

Previously Filed.

Item 22. Undertakings.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

(1)

To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

(i)

to include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;

(ii)

to reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in

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the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement (notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in the volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement); and

(iii)

to include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement.

(2)

That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post- effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3)

To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness; provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

For the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

(i)

any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

(ii)

any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;

(iii)

the portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and

(iv)

any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in this registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

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Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to respond to respond to requests for information that is incorporated by reference into the prospectus pursuant to Items 4, 10(b), 11, or 13 of this Form, within one (1) business day of receipt of such request, and to send the incorporated documents by first class mail or other equally prompt means. This includes information contained in documents filed subsequent to the effective date of the registration statement through the date of responding to the request.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to supply by means of a post-effective amendment all information concerning a transaction, and the company being acquired involved therein, that was not the subject of and included in the registration statement when it became effective.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, the Registrant has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Knoxville, State of Tennessee, on November 25, 2025.

SMARTFINANCIAL, INC.

By:

/s/ William Y. Carroll, Jr.

Name:

William Y. Carroll, Jr.

Title:

President and Chief Executive Officer

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that by so signing, each of the undersigned, in his or her capacity as a director or officer, or both, as the case may be, of SmartFinancial, Inc., does hereby appoint William Y. Carroll, Jr. and Ronald J. Gorczynski, and each of them severally, his or her true and lawful attorney-in- fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, to execute in his or her name, place and stead, in his or her capacity as a director or officer, or both, as the case may be, of SmartFinancial, Inc., this Registration Statement and any and all amendments to this Registration Statement, post-effective amendments and supplements thereto, and to sign any subsequent registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and all instruments necessary or incidental in connection therewith, and to file the same with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Each of said attorneys-in-fact and agents shall have full power and authority to do and perform in the name and on behalf of each of the undersigned, in any and all capacities, every act whatsoever requisite or necessary to be done in the premises as fully, and for all intents and purposes, as each of the undersigned might or could do in person, the undersigned hereby ratifying and approving the acts of said attorneys-in-fact and each of them and their substitutes lawfully done or caused to be done by virtue of this power of attorney.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed below on November 25, 2025 by the following persons in the capacities indicated below.

	Signature			Capacity
	/s/ William Y. Carroll, Jr. William Y. Carroll, Jr.			President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
	/s/ Ronald J. Gorczynski Ronald J. Gorczynski			Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Accounting Officer)
	* Cathy G. Ackermann			Director
	* Victor L. Barrett			Director
	* William Y. Carroll, Sr.			Director

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	Signature			Capacity
	* David A. Ogle			Director
	* Kelli D. Shomaker			Director
	* Steven B. Tucker			Director
	* Welsey M. Welborn			Director
	* Keith E. Whaley			Director
	* Geoffrey A. Wolpert			Director
	*By: /s/ William Y. Carroll, Jr. William Y. Carroll, Jr. Attorney-in-Fact

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Source: View Original Filing on SEC EDGAR

FAQ

What is SmartFinancial (SMBK) offering in this S-4 exchange transaction?

SmartFinancial is offering to exchange any and all outstanding unregistered 7.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2035 for an equal principal amount of SEC‑registered notes with substantially identical terms, in order to satisfy obligations under a registration rights agreement.

What are the key terms of SmartFinancial’s 7.25% subordinated notes due 2035?

The notes have an aggregate principal amount of up to $100,000,000, mature on September 1, 2035, pay a fixed 7.25% annual rate until September 1, 2030, then a floating rate equal to the Benchmark (expected to be Three‑Month Term SOFR) plus 385 basis points, with interest paid semi‑annually during the fixed period and quarterly thereafter.

Does SmartFinancial (SMBK) receive any cash proceeds from this exchange offer?

No. SmartFinancial states it will not receive any cash proceeds from the exchange offer. Old Notes surrendered will be retired and cancelled, and the issuance of New Notes in exchange will not increase the company’s outstanding indebtedness.

What happens if a holder does not exchange Old Notes for New Notes?

Old Notes that are not exchanged will remain outstanding under the existing indenture but will continue to be subject to transfer restrictions under the Securities Act. They generally may be sold only if separately registered or if an exemption applies, and the company notes that liquidity and market value of any remaining Old Notes could be adversely affected.

How do SmartFinancial’s New Notes rank relative to other SMBK and subsidiary obligations?

The New Notes are unsecured, subordinated obligations of SmartFinancial. They rank junior in right of payment to existing and future senior indebtedness, equal to other subordinated indebtedness issued under the same indenture, and are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness, deposits and other liabilities of SmartBank and other subsidiaries.

When can SmartFinancial redeem the 7.25% subordinated notes, and at what price?

Subject to Federal Reserve approval where required, SmartFinancial may redeem all or part of the notes on any interest payment date on or after September 1, 2030, and may redeem all (but not part) of the notes earlier upon an Investment Company Event, Tax Event, or Tier 2 Capital Event, in each case at 100% of principal plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

What main risks related to the New Notes does SmartFinancial highlight for investors?

The company cites risks including subordination to senior and subsidiary liabilities, absence of financial covenants limiting additional debt, lack of an expected public trading market, variability of interest after the switch to a SOFR-based floating rate, potential benchmark transition changes, and the possibility that holders who do not exchange face reduced liquidity and ongoing transfer restrictions on Old Notes.

[S-4/A] SMARTFINANCIAL INC. Amended Business Combination Registration

Rhea-AI Filing Summary

Positive

Negative

FAQ

What is SmartFinancial (SMBK) offering in this S-4 exchange transaction?

What are the key terms of SmartFinancial’s 7.25% subordinated notes due 2035?

Does SmartFinancial (SMBK) receive any cash proceeds from this exchange offer?

What happens if a holder does not exchange Old Notes for New Notes?

How do SmartFinancial’s New Notes rank relative to other SMBK and subsidiary obligations?

When can SmartFinancial redeem the 7.25% subordinated notes, and at what price?

What main risks related to the New Notes does SmartFinancial highlight for investors?

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[S-4/A] SMARTFINANCIAL INC. Amended Business Combination Registration

Rhea-AI Filing Summary

Positive

Negative

FAQ

What is SmartFinancial (SMBK) offering in this S-4 exchange transaction?

What are the key terms of SmartFinancial’s 7.25% subordinated notes due 2035?

Does SmartFinancial (SMBK) receive any cash proceeds from this exchange offer?

What happens if a holder does not exchange Old Notes for New Notes?

How do SmartFinancial’s New Notes rank relative to other SMBK and subsidiary obligations?

When can SmartFinancial redeem the 7.25% subordinated notes, and at what price?

What main risks related to the New Notes does SmartFinancial highlight for investors?

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