[10-Q] TRUPANION, INC. Quarterly Earnings Report

Rhea-AI Filing Summary

Trupanion (TRUP) reported Q3 2025 results showing higher revenue and a return to profitability. Revenue was $366,920,000, up from $327,456,000 a year ago. Operating income rose to $5,859,000 from $1,746,000, and net income increased to $5,873,000 with diluted EPS of $0.13.

For the first nine months, revenue reached $1,062,452,000 with net income of $13,803,000, reversing a prior-year loss. Cash from operations was $60,226,000, supporting investments and debt reduction. The balance sheet showed cash and equivalents of $154,773,000, short-term investments of $193,761,000, total assets of $880,173,000, and stockholders’ equity of $368,562,000 as of September 30, 2025.

Subscription segment revenue was $252,697,000 with operating income of $7,826,000; other business revenue was $114,223,000 with an operating loss of $1,967,000. Key metrics included monthly average revenue per pet of $82.01 and average monthly retention of 98.33%. Subsequent to quarter-end, the company refinanced, entering a new $120,000,000 credit facility and used proceeds to retire the prior facility.

Insights

Equity research analyst

Revenue growth and profitability improved, leverage addressed.

Trupanion delivered revenue of $366.9M in Q3 with operating income of $5.9M and net income of $5.9M. Year-to-date net income of $13.8M contrasts with a prior-year loss, supported by lower interest expense and higher segment contribution, particularly in subscription.

Operating cash flow of $60.2M year-to-date underpinned investment activity and debt repayment. The company reported cash and equivalents of $154.8M and short-term investments of $193.8M, alongside total debt of $114.5M at quarter-end.

Segment detail shows subscription operating income of $7.8M vs. an other-business operating loss of $2.0M. Subsequent refinancing in November 2025 established a $120.0M facility, used to extinguish the prior credit facility; actual impact will depend on the new facility’s terms disclosed.

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission File Number: 001-36537

TRUPANION, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware						83-0480694
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

6100 4th Avenue S, Suite 200

Seattle,

Washington

98108

(855) 727 - 9079

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class			Trading Symbol			Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.00001 par value per share			TRUP			The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

As of October 30, 2025, there were approximately 43,198,164 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

TRUPANION, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

						Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.			Financial Statements (unaudited)			1
Item 2.			Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			20
Item 3.			Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			41
Item 4.			Controls and Procedures			41
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.			Legal Proceedings			42
Item 1A.			Risk Factors			42
Item 2.			Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds			42
Item 3.			Defaults Upon Senior Securities			43
Item 4.			Mine Safety Disclosures			43
Item 5.			Other Information			43
Item 6.			Exhibits			44
			Signatures			45

Note About Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"), and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act"). All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “target,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan” and “expect,” and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes, are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including, without limitation, those discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2025, in particular the risk factors discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise indicates, references to “we,” “us,” “our” and similar references refer to Trupanion, Inc. and its subsidiaries taken as a whole.

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

TRUPANION, INC. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands, except share data) (unaudited)
			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
Revenue			$	366,920					$	327,456					$	1,062,452					$	948,377
Cost of revenue:
Veterinary invoice expense(1)			263,127						238,814						766,157						703,485
Other cost of revenue(1)			43,739						39,263						130,311						119,017
Total cost of revenue			306,866						278,077						896,468						822,502
Operating expenses:
Technology and development(1)			9,887						7,933						26,545						23,083
General and administrative(1)			18,311						16,977						58,325						46,903
New pet acquisition expense(1)			21,946						18,308						62,305						53,025
Depreciation and amortization			4,051						4,381						11,804						12,542
Total operating expenses			54,195						47,599						158,979						135,553
Loss from investment in joint venture			—						(34)						(305)						(184)
Operating income (loss)			5,859						1,746						6,700						(9,862)
Interest expense			2,790						3,820						9,683						11,071
Other (income), net			(3,530)						(3,538)						(18,684)						(9,601)
Income (loss) before income taxes			6,599						1,464						15,701						(11,332)
Income tax (benefit) expense			726						39						1,898						(43)
Net income (loss)			$	5,873					$	1,425					$	13,803					$	(11,289)
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic			$	0.14					$	0.03					$	0.32					$	(0.27)
Diluted			$	0.13					$	0.03					$	0.32					$	(0.27)
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding:
Basic			43,076,695						42,233,903						42,849,769						42,076,998
Diluted			43,562,132						42,822,505						43,550,326						42,076,998

(1)Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:
Veterinary invoice expense			$	677					$	847					$	2,221					$	2,625
Other cost of revenue			585						554						1,679						1,561
Technology and development			1,705						1,259						4,326						3,774
General and administrative			4,971						4,125						14,546						11,435
New pet acquisition expense			1,561						1,555						6,013						5,743

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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TRUPANION, INC. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in thousands) (unaudited)
			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
Net income (loss)			$	5,873					$	1,425					$	13,803					$	(11,289)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments			(1,423)						2,805						3,131						1,288
Net unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments			145						2,209						860						1,552
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes			(1,278)						5,014						3,991						2,840
Comprehensive income (loss)			$	4,595					$	6,439					$	17,794					$	(8,449)

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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TRUPANION, INC. Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except share data)
			September 30, 2025						December 31, 2024
Assets			(unaudited)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents			$	154,773					$	160,295
Short-term investments			193,761						147,089
Accounts and other receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of $1,595 at September 30, 2025 and $1,117 at December 31, 2024			302,534						274,031
Prepaid expenses and other assets			16,963						15,912
Total current assets			668,031						597,327
Restricted cash			34,136						39,235
Long-term investments			981						373
Property, equipment, and internal-use software, net			104,683						102,191
Intangible assets, net			24,772						13,177
Other long-term assets			7,186						17,579
Goodwill			40,384						36,971
Total assets			$	880,173					$	806,853
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable			$	12,760					$	11,532
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities			43,577						33,469
Reserve for veterinary invoices			53,972						51,635
Deferred revenue			279,713						251,640
Long-term debt - current portion			750						1,350
Total current liabilities			390,772						349,626
Long-term debt			113,790						127,537
Deferred tax liabilities			2,252						1,946
Other liabilities			4,797						4,476
Total liabilities			511,611						483,585
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock: $0.00001 par value per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 44,220,625 and 43,192,339 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025; 43,516,631 and 42,488,445 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024			—						—
Preferred stock: $0.00001 par value per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding			—						—
Additional paid-in capital			595,802						568,302
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			1,379						(2,612)
Accumulated deficit			(212,085)						(225,888)
Treasury stock, at cost: 1,028,186 shares at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024			(16,534)						(16,534)
Total stockholders’ equity			368,562						323,268
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity			$	880,173					$	806,853

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Trupanion, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (in thousands, except share amounts) (unaudited)
			Common Stock						Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Accumulated Deficit			Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders' Equity
			Shares			Amount
Balance at July 1, 2025			42,987,772			$	—		$	587,289		$	2,657		$	(217,958)		$	(16,534)		$	355,454
Issuance of common stock in connection with the Company's equity award programs, net of tax withholdings			204,567			—			(1,099)			—			—			—			(1,099)
Stock-based compensation expense			—			—			9,612			—			—			—			9,612
Other comprehensive loss			—			—			—			(1,278)			—			—			(1,278)
Net Income			—			—			—			—			5,873			—			5,873
Balance at September 30, 2025			43,192,339			$	—		$	595,802		$	1,379		$	(212,085)		$	(16,534)		$	368,562
			Common Stock						Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Accumulated Deficit			Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders' Equity
			Shares			Amount
Balance at July 1, 2024			42,159,631			$	—		$	553,122		$	(1,771)		$	(228,969)		$	(16,534)		$	305,848
Issuance of common stock in connection with the Company's equity award programs, net of tax withholdings			181,064			—			(545)			—			—			—			(545)
Stock-based compensation expense			—			—			8,433			—			—			—			8,433
Other comprehensive income			—			—			—			5,014			—			—			5,014
Net income			—			—			—			—			1,425			—			1,425
Balance at September 30, 2024			42,340,695			$	—		$	561,010		$	3,243		$	(227,544)		$	(16,534)		$	320,175

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Trupanion, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (in thousands, except share amounts) (unaudited)
			Common Stock						Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Accumulated Deficit			Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders' Equity
			Shares			Amount
Balance at January 1, 2025			42,488,445			$	—		$	568,302		$	(2,612)		$	(225,888)		$	(16,534)		$	323,268
Issuance of common stock in connection with the Company's equity award programs, net of tax withholdings			703,894			—			(1,456)			—			—			—			(1,456)
Stock-based compensation expense			—			—			28,956			—			—			—			28,956
Other comprehensive income			—			—			—			3,991			—			—			3,991
Net Income			—			—			—			—			13,803			—			13,803
Balance at September 30, 2025			43,192,339			$	—		$	595,802		$	1,379		$	(212,085)		$	(16,534)		$	368,562
			Common Stock						Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Accumulated Deficit			Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders' Equity
			Shares			Amount
Balance at January 1, 2024			41,858,866			$	—		$	536,108		$	403		$	(216,255)		$	(16,534)		$	303,722
Issuance of common stock in connection with the Company's equity award programs, net of tax withholdings			481,829			—			(661)			—			—			—			(661)
Stock-based compensation expense			—			—			25,563			—			—			—			25,563
Other comprehensive income			—			—			—			2,840			—			—			2,840
Net loss			—			—			—			—			(11,289)			—			(11,289)
Balance at September 30, 2024			42,340,695			$	—		$	561,010		$	3,243		$	(227,544)		$	(16,534)		$	320,175

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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TRUPANION, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024
Operating activities
Net income (loss)			$	13,803					$	(11,289)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization			11,804						12,542
Stock-based compensation expense			28,785						25,138
Realized gain on nonmonetary exchange of preferred stock investment			(7,783)						—
Other, net			1,164						(453)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts and other receivables			(27,927)						(22,020)
Prepaid expenses and other assets			(540)						2,398
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other liabilities			11,017						(350)
Reserve for veterinary invoices			2,235						(6,469)
Deferred revenue			27,668						25,088
Net cash provided by operating activities			60,226						24,585
Investing activities
Purchases of investment securities			(183,021)						(107,375)
Maturities and sales of investment securities			137,827						81,767
Purchases of property, equipment, and internal-use software			(10,206)						(7,858)
Other			1,639						1,552
Net cash used in investing activities			(53,761)						(31,914)
Financing activities
Repayment of debt financing			(15,713)						(1,013)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options			1,407						729
Shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding			(2,867)						(1,390)
Other			(614)						(609)
Net cash used in financing activities			(17,787)						(2,283)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, net			701						19
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash			(10,621)						(9,593)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period			199,530						170,464
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period			$	188,909					$	160,871
Supplemental disclosures
Noncash investing and financing activities:
Purchases of property, equipment, and internal-use software included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities			$	571					$	484
Purchase of intellectual property in exchange for preferred stock investment			$	14,783					$	—

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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TRUPANION, INC.

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Trupanion, Inc. (collectively with its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the "Company") provides medical insurance for cats and dogs in the United States, Canada, and certain countries in Continental Europe. Through its data-driven, vertically-integrated approach, the Company develops and offers high-value medical insurance products, priced to take into account each pet's unique characteristics and coverage level.

The financial data as of December 31, 2024 was derived from the Company's audited consolidated financial statements. The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and, in management's opinion, have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company's financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders' equity and cash flows for the interim periods. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on February 27, 2025 ("the 2024 10-K"). The Company's accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the audited financial statements included in the 2024 10-K and, for incremental accounting topics in the current period, are described below. Operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full fiscal year or any other interim period.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from such estimates. See Note 1 to the audited financial statements included in the 2024 10-K for additional discussion of these estimates and assumptions.

Acquisition of Intellectual Property

The Company’s intellectual property acquisition was determined to be an asset acquisition in accordance with ASC 805-50, Business Combinations. To conclude if a transaction is an asset acquisition, the Company considers if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired are concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. The Company then considers if the acquired set of assets consist of inputs and processes that contribute to the creation of outputs. The acquired assets are recognized based on their cost to the Company, which includes related transaction costs. The Company allocates the purchase price based on relative fair value of the assets acquired. Refer to Note 4 for further discussion on the Company's acquisition of intellectual property.

Nonmonetary Exchange

The Company accounts for nonmonetary exchanges at fair value. If the transaction lacks commercial substance or fair value is not determinable, the asset received is recorded at the carrying amount of the asset surrendered. The Company evaluates each transaction individually to determine the appropriate accounting treatment.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Reclassifications

The Company’s available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Upon realization, through sale or maturity, realized gains and losses are reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. The Company has made a policy election to report the reclassification of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net from the beginning to the end of the period within our Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Note 11, Accumulated Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2023-09, which improves and expands upon annual income tax disclosures, primarily relating to rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The ASU is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2023-09.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, which requires public business entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements at interim and annual reporting periods. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, which modernizes the accounting for software costs that are accounted for under Subtopic 350-40, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software. The ASU is effective for annual periods

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beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2025-06.

2. Net Income (Loss) per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is calculated using the weighted average number of shares of common stock plus, when dilutive, potential shares of common stock outstanding using the treasury-stock method. Potential shares of common stock outstanding include stock options, and unvested restricted stock units.

The components of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows (in thousands, except share and per share information):

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
Basic earnings per share:
Net income (loss)			$	5,873					$	1,425					$	13,803					$	(11,289)
Shares used in computation:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding			43,076,695						42,233,903						42,849,769						42,076,998
Basic earnings per share			$	0.14					$	0.03					$	0.32					$	(0.27)
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income (loss)			$	5,873					$	1,425					$	13,803					$	(11,289)
Shares used in computation:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding			43,076,695						42,233,903						42,849,769						42,076,998
Stock options			173,254						242,254						263,574						—
Restricted stock awards and units			312,183						346,348						436,983						—
Weighted average number of shares			43,562,132						42,822,505						43,550,326						42,076,998
Diluted earnings per share			$	0.13					$	0.03					$	0.32					$	(0.27)

The following potentially dilutive equity securities were not included in the diluted earnings per share of common stock calculation because they would have had an antidilutive effect:

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
Stock options			—						—						—						353,025
Restricted stock units			102,935						317,203						969,201						1,037,672

3. Investments

Available-for sale securities are classified as short-term versus long-term investments based on whether they represent the investment of funds available for current operations. Currently, all available-for-sale securities are considered short-term in nature. Held-to-maturity securities are classified as short-term versus long-term investments based on their maturity dates. The amortized cost, gross unrealized holding gains and losses, and estimated fair value of long-term and short-term investments by major security type and class of security were as follows as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

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			Amortized Cost						Gross Unrealized Holding Gains						Gross Unrealized Holding Losses						Fair Value
As of September 30, 2025
Long-term investments:
Held-to-maturity investments
U.S. treasury securities			$	981					$	3					$	—					$	984
			$	981					$	3					$	—					$	984
Short-term investments:
Available-for-sale investments
U.S. treasury securities			$	85,398					$	441					$	(8)					$	85,831
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations			24,059						188						(21)						24,226
Other asset-backed securities			23,085						168						—						23,253
Corporate bonds			46,008						600						(5)						46,603
			$	178,550					$	1,397					$	(34)					$	179,913
Held-to-maturity investments
U.S. treasury securities			$	9,732					$	4					$	—					$	9,736
Certificates of deposit			4,116						—						—						4,116
			$	13,848					$	4					$	—					$	13,852

						Amortized Cost						Gross Unrealized Holding Gains						Gross Unrealized Holding Losses						Fair Value
As of December 31, 2024
Long-term investments:
Held-to-maturity investments
U.S. treasury securities						$	373					$	—					$	(1)					$	372
						$	373					$	—					$	(1)					$	372
Short-term investments:
Available-for-sale investments
U.S. treasury securities						$	70,175					$	318					$	(202)					$	70,291
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations						12,576						80						(60)						12,596
Other asset-backed securities						15,830						134						(8)						15,956
Corporate bonds						35,382						284						(43)						35,623
						$	133,963					$	816					$	(313)					$	134,466
Held-to-maturity investments
U.S. treasury securities						$	10,591					$	16					$	(1)					$	10,606
Certificates of deposit						2,032						—						—						2,032
						$	12,623					$	16					$	(1)					$	12,638

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Future maturities of investments classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity are as follows (in thousands):

			As of September 30, 2025
			Amortized Cost						Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Due under one year			$	651					$	661
Due after one year through five years			130,755						131,773
Due after five years through ten years			—						—
Due after ten years			—						—
			$	131,406					$	132,434
Available-for-sale collateralized:
Due under one year			$	5,943					$	5,976
Due after one year through five years			30,693						30,948
Due after five years through ten years			10,269						10,307
Due after ten years			239						248
			$	47,144					$	47,479
Held-to-maturity:
Due under one year			$	13,848					$	13,852
Due after one year through five years			981						984
			$	14,829					$	14,836

The following tables present the gross unrealized losses and related fair values for the Company's investment in available-for-sale securities, grouped by duration of time in a continuous unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

			Less than 12 Months												12 Months or More												Total
			Fair Value						Gross Unrealized Loss						Fair Value						Gross Unrealized Loss						Fair Value						Gross Unrealized Loss
As of September 30, 2025
U.S. treasury securities			$	6,760					$	(8)					$	—					$	—					$	6,760					$	(8)
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations			1,958						(3)						1,053						(18)						3,011						(21)
Other asset-backed securities			68						—						—						—						68						—
Corporate bonds			2,215						(5)						—						—						2,215						(5)
Total			$	11,001					$	(16)					$	1,053					$	(18)					$	12,054					$	(34)

			Less than 12 Months												12 Months or More												Total
			Fair Value						Gross Unrealized Loss						Fair Value						Gross Unrealized Loss						Fair Value						Gross Unrealized Loss
As of December 31, 2024
U.S. treasury securities			$	27,769					$	(202)					$	—					$	—					$	27,769					$	(202)
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations			1,538						(20)						1,359						(40)						2,897						(60)
Other asset-backed securities			186						(1)						1,737						(7)						1,923						(8)
Corporate bonds			6,461						(40)						736						(3)						7,197						(43)
Total			$	35,954					$	(263)					$	3,832					$	(50)					$	39,786					$	(313)

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Unrealized losses on available-for-sale investments relate to interest rate changes. The Company does not expect material credit losses from its available-for-sale investments, considering the composition of the investment portfolio and the credit rating of these investments. The Company determined it is not likely to, and does not intend to, sell securities currently in a loss position prior to a potential recovery of their cost basis. The Company does not expect material credit losses from its held-to-maturity investments, considering the composition of the investment portfolio and the credit loss history of these investments.

Proceeds from the sales of fixed maturity investments classified as available-for-sale were $114.6 million and $59.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

4. Other Investments

Preferred Stock Investment and Nonmonetary Exchange

The Company invested $7.0 million in the preferred stock of a variable interest entity, Baystride, Inc. ("Baystride"), a U.S-based privately held corporation operating in the pet food industry. The Company did not have power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entity and was, therefore, not the primary beneficiary. The preferred stock investment in the entity was redeemable and, therefore, was accounted for as an available-for-sale debt security and measured at fair value at each balance sheet date — see Note 5.

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company entered into a purchase agreement for intellectual property developed by Baystride. In exchange for this intellectual property, the Company transferred all of its Baystride preferred stock back to Baystride. The Company concluded that the transaction met the definition of a nonmonetary exchange and an asset acquisition.

The Company determined that the cost to acquire the intellectual property was $14.9 million, which was comprised of the fair value of the Baystride preferred stock relinquished of $14.8 million and direct transaction costs of $0.1 million. The acquired intellectual property has been recorded as a patent within Intangible assets, net on the Company's consolidated balance sheet and will be amortized over a 20-year useful life. The nonmonetary exchange resulted in a gain of $7.8 million, calculated as the difference between the Company's initial $7.0 million investment in Baystride's preferred stock and its $14.8 million fair value on the transaction date. This gain was recorded to Other (income), net within the Company's consolidated statement of operations.

Additionally, the Company had extended a $7.0 million revolving line of credit to Baystride to fund its inventory purchases. Borrowing amounts are subject to limitations based on Baystride’s forecasted revenues and inventory balances. The Company's investment and amounts loaned under the line of credit were recorded in other long-term assets on its consolidated balance sheet. The outstanding loan balance under the line of credit, including accrued interest, was extinguished in July 2025 and was $1.6 million as of December 31, 2024.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company regularly evaluates its investments for expected credit losses. The Company considers past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts in estimating an allowance for credit losses. Additionally, the Company considers the ultimate collection of cash flows from its investments and whether the Company has the intent to sell, or if it is more likely than not the Company would be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost. Such evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. Based on these considerations, the Company established an allowance for credit losses of $1.7 million in the fourth quarter of 2023 related to its investment in the Baystride preferred stock. There was no change to this allowance during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the credit loss allowance was reversed in the fourth quarter of 2024 as the fair value of the Company's investment in Baystride was determined to have recovered to an amount above the original investment amount. There was no change to the allowance for credit losses during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

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5. Fair Value

Fair Value Disclosures - Investments

The following table summarizes, by major security type, the Company's assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and placement within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

			As of September 30, 2025
			Fair Value						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3
Assets
Money market funds			$	65,127					$	65,127					$	—					$	—
Fixed maturities:
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations			24,226						—						24,226						—
Other asset-backed securities			23,253						—						23,253						—
Corporate bonds			46,603						—						46,603						—
U.S. treasury securities			85,831						—						85,831						—
Total			$	245,040					$	65,127					$	179,913					$	—
			As of December 31, 2024
			Fair Value						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3
Assets
Money market funds			$	91,534					$	91,534					$	—					$	—
Fixed maturities:
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations			12,596						—						12,596						—
Other asset-backed securities			15,956						—						15,956						—
Corporate bonds			35,623						—						35,623						—
U.S. treasury securities			70,291						—						70,291						—
Preferred stock investment			7,916						—						—						7,916
Total			$	233,916					$	91,534					$	134,466					$	7,916

The Company measures the fair value of money market funds, classified as Level 1, based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The fair values of the Company's fixed maturity investments classified as Level 2 are based on either recent trades in inactive markets or quoted market prices of similar instruments and other significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. Held-to-maturity investments are carried at amortized cost and the fair value and changes in unrealized gains and losses are disclosed in Note 3, Investments. The fair value of these investments is determined in the same manner as available-for-sale securities and are considered either a Level 1 or Level 2 measurement.

The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy on the date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. There were no transfers between levels for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Company's preferred stock investment (see Note 4) was accounted for as an available-for-sale debt security, and measured at fair value at each balance sheet date and as of the transaction date. The estimated fair value of the preferred stock investment was a Level 3 measurement, and was based on certain unobservable inputs such as the value of the underlying enterprise, volatility, time to liquidity, and market interest rates. Significant changes in any of these unobservable inputs would result in a change in the fair value measurement.

The following table presents the change in fair value of the Company’s preferred stock investment previously carried at fair value and classified as Level 3 (in thousands):

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						Nine Months Ended September 30,
						2025						2024
Balance at beginning of period						$	7,916					$	5,326
Reversal of cumulative unrealized gain included in other comprehensive income (loss)						(916)						—
Realized gain on nonmonetary exchange of preferred stock investment in Other (income), net						7,783						—
Exchange of preferred stock for intellectual property						(14,783)						—
Balance at end of period						$	—					$	5,326

Fair Value Disclosures - Other Assets and Liabilities

The Company's other long-term assets balance also included notes receivable of $2.6 million and $4.3 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, recorded at their estimated collectible amount. The Company estimates that the carrying value of the notes receivable approximates the fair value. The estimated fair value represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy, and is based on market interest rates and the assessed creditworthiness of the third party.

The Company estimates the fair value of long-term debt based upon rates currently available to the Company for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. This is a Level 3 measurement. Based upon the terms of the debt, the carrying amount of long-term debt approximated fair value at September 30, 2025.

6. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

From time to time the Company is or may become subject to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, including proceedings against members, other entities or regulatory bodies. Estimated liabilities are recorded when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. At this time, the Company does not believe any such matters to be material individually or in the aggregate. These views are subject to change following the outcome of future events or the results of future developments.

7. Reserve for Veterinary Invoices

The reserve for veterinary invoices is an estimate of the future amount the Company will pay for insurance claims that have not been paid prior to the reporting date. The reserve also includes the Company's estimate of related internal processing costs. The reserve estimate involves actuarial projections and is based on management's assessment of facts and circumstances currently known, and assumptions about anticipated claims development patterns. The Company uses generally accepted actuarial methodologies, such as paid loss development methods, in estimating the amount of the reserve for veterinary invoices. The reserve is made for each of the Company's segments, subscription and other business, and is continually refined as the Company receives and pays veterinary invoices. Changes in management's assumptions and estimates may have a relatively large impact on the reserve and associated expense.

Reserve for veterinary invoices

Summarized below are the changes in the total liability for the Company's subscription business segment (in thousands):

						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Subscription						2025						2024
Reserve at beginning of year						$	23,084					$	31,548
Veterinary invoices during the period related to:
Current year						515,999						464,001
Prior years						2,789						142
Total veterinary invoice expense						518,788						464,143
Amounts paid during the period related to:
Current year						489,216						439,325
Prior years						23,523						29,675
Total paid						512,739						469,000
Non-cash expenses						2,291						2,529
Reserve at end of period						$	26,842					$	24,162

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The Company had unfavorable development on veterinary invoice reserves of $2.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, including unfavorable development of $1.1 million attributable to accident year 2024 and unfavorable development of $1.7 million attributable to accident year 2023 and prior. The unfavorable development for accident year 2024 and 2023 was primarily driven by higher than expected frequency of claims. Non-cash expenses are primarily comprised of stock-based compensation for employees performing claims processing related duties.

Summarized below are the changes in total liability for the Company's other business segment (in thousands):

						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Other Business						2025						2024
Reserve at beginning of year						$	28,551					$	31,690
Veterinary invoices during the period related to:
Current year						252,895						240,690
Prior years						(5,526)						(1,348)
Total veterinary invoice expense						247,369						239,342
Amounts paid during the period related to:
Current year						227,648						209,862
Prior years						21,141						28,664
Total paid						248,789						238,526
Non-cash expenses						1						—
Reserve at end of period						$	27,130					$	32,506

The Company had favorable development on veterinary invoice reserves for the other business segment of $5.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, including favorable development on veterinary invoice reserves of $5.4 million attributable to accident year 2024 and favorable development of $0.1 million attributable to accident year 2023 and prior. The favorable development for accident year 2024 was primarily driven by lower than expected frequency and to a lesser extent, lower than expected severity in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Reserve for veterinary invoices, by year of occurrence

In the following tables, the reserve for veterinary invoices for each segment is presented as the amount (in thousands) by the year to which the veterinary invoice relates, referred to as the year of occurrence.

Subscription			As of September 30, 2025
Year of Occurrence
2023 and prior			$	79
2024			2,271
2025			24,492
			$	26,842

Other Business			As of September 30, 2025
Year of Occurrence
2023 and prior			$	255
2024			1,629
2025			25,246
			$	27,130

8. Debt

On March 25, 2022, the Company entered into a credit agreement with Piper Sandler Finance, LLC, acting as the administrative agent, that provides the Company with $150.0 million in credit (the "Credit Facility") consisting of:

(a) an initial term loan in an aggregate principal amount of $60.0 million ("Initial Term Loan"), which was funded at closing;

(b) commitments for delayed draw term loans in an aggregate principal amount not in excess of $75.0 million ("Delayed Draw Term Loans", and together with the Initial Term Loan, the "Term Loans"), which may be drawn from

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time to time until September 25, 2023. On December 29, 2022, February 17, 2023, and September 21, 2023, the Company borrowed Delayed Draw Term loans of $15.0 million, $35.0 million, and $25.0 million, respectively; and

(c) commitments for revolving loans in an aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding not in excess of $15.0 million (Revolving Loans), which may be drawn at any time prior to March 25, 2027.

To the extent not previously paid, the Initial Term Loan would have been due and payable on March 25, 2027, the Delayed Draw Term Loans due and payable on the earlier of the five-year anniversary of their initial funding or March 25, 2028, and Revolving Loans due and payable on March 25, 2027. The Credit Facility obligated the Company to repay 0.25% of any then-outstanding Term Loans, together with accrued and unpaid interest, on a quarterly basis.

In June 2025, the Company made a $14.9 million principal repayment on the Initial Term Loan in addition to the 0.25% quarterly mandatory repayment.

The Credit Facility bore interest at a floating base rate plus an applicable margin. The stated interest rate as of September 30, 2025 was approximately 9.15% for the aggregate outstanding term loans. The Company incurred total debt issuance cost of approximately $5.9 million, which is reported in the consolidated balance sheet as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the Credit Facility and is amortized as interest expense over the term of five years.

The Credit Facility was secured by substantially all assets of the Company and its subsidiaries. Proceeds from the Credit Facility were permitted to be used for acquisitions and investments, working capital and other general corporate purposes. The Credit Agreement contained financial and other covenants. As of September 30, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all financial and other covenants.

Future principal payments on outstanding borrowings as of September 30, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31,						As of September 30, 2025
2025						$	187
2026						750
2027						58,163
2028						57,125
Total						$	116,225

In November 2025, the Company repaid the Credit Facility in full. See Note 13, Subsequent Events.

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9. Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense includes restricted stock units granted to employees and other service providers and has been reported in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations depending on the function performed by the employee or other service provider. Stock-based compensation expense recognized in each category of the consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
Veterinary invoice expense			$	677					$	847					$	2,221					$	2,625
Other cost of revenue			585						554						1,679						1,561
Technology and development			1,705						1,259						4,326						3,774
General and administrative			4,971						4,125						14,546						11,435
New pet acquisition expense			1,561						1,555						6,013						5,743
Total expensed stock-based compensation			9,499						8,340						28,785						25,138
Capitalized stock-based compensation			113						93						171						425
Total stock-based compensation			$	9,612					$	8,433					$	28,956					$	25,563

Stock Options

The following table presents information regarding stock options granted, exercised, and forfeited for the period presented:

			Number of Options						Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share						Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024			347,334						$	14.30					$	11,775
Granted			—						—						—
Exercised			(114,960)						12.27						2,852
Forfeited			(4,780)						10.58						—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2025			227,594						15.40						6,345
Exercisable as of September 30, 2025			227,594						$	15.40					$	6,345

As of September 30, 2025, stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 1.2 years.

The Company has not granted any new stock options since 2017 and all outstanding options vested prior to January 1, 2022.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table presents information regarding restricted stock units granted, vested and forfeited for the period presented:

			Number of  Shares						Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Unvested shares as of December 31, 2024			970,739						$	37.35
Granted			975,328						45.94
Vested			(658,803)						43.83
Forfeited			(128,841)						35.49
Unvested shares as of September 30, 2025			1,158,423						$	41.11

Stock-based compensation expenses of $45.1 million related to unvested restricted stock units are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.9 years.

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10. Stockholders' Equity

Common Stock and Preferred Stock

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had 100,000,000 shares of common stock authorized and 43,192,339 shares of common stock outstanding. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote on each matter properly submitted to the stockholders of the Company except those related to matters concerning possible outstanding preferred stock. At September 30, 2025, the Company had 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock authorized for future issuance and did not have any outstanding shares of preferred stock. The holders of common stock are also entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by the board of directors of the Company (the Board), whenever funds are legally available. These rights are subordinate to the dividend rights of holders of any senior classes of stock outstanding at the time. The Company does not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Share Repurchase Program

In April 2021, the Board approved a share repurchase program, pursuant to which the Company may, between May 2021 and May 2026, repurchase outstanding shares of the Company's common stock. The Company repurchased no shares during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

11. Accumulated Comprehensive Income (Loss)

A summary of the components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is as follows (in thousands):

Three months ended September 30, 2025						Foreign Currency Translation						Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Available-for-Sale Securities						Total
Balance as of July 1, 2025						$	1,441					$	1,216					$	2,657
Other comprehensive loss						(1,423)						145						(1,278)
Balance as of September 30, 2025						$	18					$	1,361					$	1,379
Three months ended September 30, 2024						Foreign Currency Translation						Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Available-for-Sale Securities						Total
Balance as of July 1, 2024						$	(1,593)					$	(178)					$	(1,771)
Other comprehensive income						2,805						2,209						5,014
Balance as of September 30, 2024						$	1,212					$	2,031					$	3,243

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025						Foreign Currency Translation						Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Available-for-Sale Securities						Total
Balance as of January 1, 2025						$	(3,113)					$	501					$	(2,612)
Other comprehensive income						3,131						860						3,991
Balance as of September 30, 2025						$	18					$	1,361					$	1,379

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024						Foreign Currency Translation						Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Available-for-Sale Securities						Total
Balance as of January 1, 2024						$	(76)					$	479					$	403
Other comprehensive income						1,288						1,552						2,840
Balance as of September 30, 2024						$	1,212					$	2,031					$	3,243

In connection with the nonmonetary exchange discussed in Note 4, the Company reclassified $0.9 million of previously unrealized gain from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to Other (income), net during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

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12. Segments

The Company has two reporting segments: subscription business and other business. The subscription business segment generates revenue primarily from subscription payments related to the Company's direct-to-consumer products. The other business segment generates revenue from other product offerings, primarily by underwriting policies on behalf of third parties with whom the Company has a business-to-business relationship. The other business segment has, and targets, a lower margin profile than the Company's subscription business segment. The Company does not undertake marketing efforts for these policies and has a business-to-business relationship with these third-parties.

The Company's chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The chief operating decision maker reviews revenue and operating income (loss) to evaluate segment performance. Revenue, veterinary invoice expense, other cost of revenue, and new pet acquisition expenses are generally directly attributed to each segment. Other operating expenses, such as technology and development expense, general and administrative expense, and depreciation and amortization, are generally allocated proportionately based on revenue in each segment. Interest and other expenses and income taxes are not allocated to the segments, nor included in the measure of segment profit or loss. The Company does not analyze discrete segment balance sheet information related to long-term assets.

Operating income (loss) of the Company’s segments was as follows (in thousands):

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
Subscription business:
Revenue			$	252,697					$	218,986					$	727,917					$	628,738
Veterinary invoice expense			177,733						156,307						518,788						464,143
Other cost of revenue			23,033						21,058						67,310						61,094
Technology and development			6,809						5,305						18,187						15,303
General and administrative			12,611						11,353						39,960						31,095
New pet acquisition expense			21,895						18,210						62,175						52,897
Depreciation and amortization			2,790						2,929						8,087						8,315
Subscription business operating income (loss)			7,826						3,824						13,410						(4,109)
Other business:
Revenue			114,223						108,470						334,535						319,639
Veterinary invoice expense			85,394						82,507						247,369						239,342
Other cost of revenue			20,706						18,205						63,001						57,923
Technology and development			3,078						2,628						8,358						7,780
General and administrative			5,700						5,624						18,365						15,808
New pet acquisition expense			51						98						130						128
Depreciation and amortization			1,261						1,452						3,717						4,227
Other business operating income (loss)			(1,967)						(2,044)						(6,405)						(5,569)
Loss from investment in joint venture			—						(34)						(305)						(184)
Operating income (loss)			5,859						1,746						6,700						(9,862)
Interest expense			2,790						3,820						9,683						11,071
Other (income), net			(3,530)						(3,538)						(18,684)						(9,601)
Income (loss) before income taxes			$	6,599					$	1,464					$	15,701					$	(11,332)

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The following table presents the Company’s revenue by geographic region of the member (in thousands):

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
United States			$	304,579					$	272,825					$	884,382					$	792,018
Canada and other			62,341						54,631						178,070						156,359
Total revenue			$	366,920					$	327,456					$	1,062,452					$	948,377

Substantially all of the Company’s long-lived assets were located in the United States as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

13. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated events subsequent to September 30, 2025 through the date of this filing to assess the need for potential recognition or disclosure.

Credit Facility Refinancing

In November 2025, the Company entered into a credit agreement with PNC Bank, National Association, acting as the administrative agent, that provides the Company with $120.0 million in credit consisting of a term loan in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million and commitments for revolving loans in an aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding not in excess of $20.0 million (collectively, the "PNC Facility"). The PNC Facility is secured by substantially all of the Company's assets and those of its subsidiaries. The Company used the proceeds from the PNC Facility to extinguish the outstanding balance under the Credit Facility.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

We provide medical insurance for cats and dogs in the United States, Canada, and certain countries in Continental Europe. Through our data-driven, vertically-integrated approach, we develop and offer high-value medical insurance products, priced to take into account each pet’s unique characteristics and coverage level. Our growing and loyal membership base provides us with highly predictable and recurring revenue.

We operate in two reporting segments: subscription business and other business. We generate revenue in our subscription business segment primarily through insurance premiums, which we refer to as subscription payments, from direct-to-consumer products. We operate our subscription business segment similar to other subscription-based businesses, with a focus on achieving a target margin prior to our new pet acquisition expense and acquiring as many pets as possible at our targeted average estimated internal rate of return. Within our subscription business, we also provide "Powered by Trupanion" pet insurance product offerings marketed by third parties, low and medium average revenue per pet products marketed under the brand names Furkin and PHI Direct in Canada, and a Trupanion branded product in Germany and Switzerland. We either directly underwrite or assume full insurance risk for these products through reinsurance arrangements. We provide a full suite of services and support for these products and they are designed to align with the target margin profile of our subscription business segment. Within this segment, we also offer products in certain countries in Continental Europe, which are currently underwritten by third parties who pay us commissions that we recognize as revenue. Going forward our intent is to assume full insurance risk for these products, either through direct underwriting or reinsurance arrangements.

We generate leads for our subscription business segment from a diverse set of member acquisition channels, which we then seek to convert into members through our contact center, website and other direct-to-consumer activities. These channels include leads from third-parties such as veterinarians and referrals from existing members. Veterinary hospitals represent our largest referral source. Our “Territory Partners” create relationships with veterinary hospital teams through face-to-face visits. Territory Partners are dedicated to cultivating direct veterinary relationships and helping those veterinarians understand the benefits of high-quality medical insurance. Veterinarians then educate pet parents, who visit our website or call our contact center to learn more about, and potentially enroll in, a Trupanion product. We also receive a significant number of new leads from existing members adding pets and referring their friends and family members. Our direct-to-consumer acquisition channels serve as important resources for pet owner education and drive new member leads and conversion. We monitor average pet acquisition cost to evaluate the efficiency in acquiring new members and measure effectiveness based on our targeted return on investment.

Our other business segment generates revenue from other product offerings, primarily by underwriting policies on behalf of third parties with whom we generally have a business-to-business relationship. This business segment has, and targets, a lower margin profile than our subscription segment and is not part of our core business strategy. The largest source of revenue within this segment is from our long-standing contractual relationship as an underwriter for Pets Best Insurance Services ("Pets Best"), a third-party insurance provider we have worked with since 2015. Going forward, we expect that enrollment from Pets Best will continue to decline as it engages other third-party underwriters. Additional products in this segment include the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs program and employer-sponsored programs.

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Key Operating Metrics

The following tables set forth total enrolled pets in our subscription and our other business segment and key operating metrics for our subscription business for year to date values as well as each of the last eight fiscal quarters.

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024
Total Business:
Total pets enrolled (at period end)			1,654,414						1,688,903
Subscription Business:
Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end)			1,082,412						1,032,042
Monthly average revenue per pet			$	79.84					$	71.94
Average pet acquisition cost (PAC)			$	278					$	227
Average monthly retention			98.33		%				98.29		%

			Three Months Ended
			Sep. 30, 2025						Jun. 30, 2025						Mar. 31, 2025						Dec. 31, 2024						Sep. 30, 2024						Jun. 30, 2024						Mar. 31, 2024						Dec. 31, 2023
Total Business:
Total pets enrolled (at period end)			1,654,414						1,660,455						1,667,637						1,677,570						1,688,903						1,699,643						1,708,017						1,714,473
Subscription Business:
Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end)			1,082,412						1,066,354						1,052,845						1,041,212						1,032,042						1,020,934						1,006,168						991,426
Monthly average revenue per pet			$	82.01					$	79.93					$	77.53					$	76.02					$	74.27					$	71.72					$	69.79					$	67.07
Average pet acquisition cost (PAC)			$	290					$	276					$	267					$	261					$	243					$	231					$	207					$	217
Average monthly retention			98.33		%				98.29		%				98.28		%				98.25		%				98.29		%				98.34		%				98.41		%				98.49		%

Total pets enrolled and total subscription pets enrolled include certain pet enrollments in European markets, where policies are currently underwritten by third parties and Trupanion is acting as an insurance broker. Per pet metrics, however, exclude these European policies, as their revenue is currently earned from commissions, as opposed to the subscription payments earned by the remainder of our subscription business.

Total pets enrolled. Total pets enrolled reflects the number of pets enrolled in one of the insurance products offered in our subscription business segment and our other business segment at the end of each period presented. We monitor total pets enrolled because it provides an indication of the growth of our consolidated business.

Total subscription pets enrolled. Total subscription pets enrolled reflects the number of pets enrolled in one of the insurance products offered in our subscription business segment at the end of each period presented. We monitor total subscription pets enrolled because it provides an indication of the growth of our subscription business.

Monthly average revenue per pet. Monthly average revenue per pet is calculated as amounts billed in a given period for subscriptions divided by the total number of subscription pet months in the period. Total subscription pet months in a period represents the sum of all subscription pets enrolled for each month during the period. We monitor monthly average revenue per pet because it is an indicator of the per pet unit economics of our subscription business.

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Average pet acquisition cost. Average pet acquisition cost ("PAC") is calculated as net acquisition cost divided by the total number of new subscription pets enrolled in that period. Net acquisition cost, a non-GAAP financial measure, is calculated in a reporting period as new pet acquisition expense, excluding stock-based compensation expense, other business segment expense, offset by sign-up fee revenue. We exclude stock-based compensation expense because the amount varies from period to period based on number of awards issued and market-based valuation inputs. We offset sign-up fee revenue because it is a one-time charge to some new members collected at the time of enrollment used to partially offset initial setup costs, which are included in new pet acquisition expenses. We exclude other business segment pet acquisition expense because that does not relate to subscription enrollments. We monitor average pet acquisition cost to evaluate the efficiency in acquiring new members and measure effectiveness based on our targeted return on investment.

Average monthly retention. Average monthly retention is measured as the monthly retention rate of enrolled subscription pets for each applicable period averaged over the 12 months prior to the period end date. As such, our average monthly retention rate as of September 30, 2025 is an average of each month’s retention from October 1, 2024 through September 30, 2025. We calculate monthly retention as the number of pets that remain after subtracting all pets that cancel during a month, including pets that enroll and cancel within that month, divided by the total pets enrolled at the beginning of that month. We monitor average monthly retention because it provides a measure of member satisfaction and allows us to calculate the implied average subscriber life in months.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe the following non-GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use the following non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors in providing consistency and comparability with past financial performance. However, non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool, and should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for, the directly comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

We calculate these non-GAAP financial measures by excluding certain non-cash or non-recurring expenses. We exclude non-recurring transactions and restructuring expenses as they are not indicative of our operating performance. We exclude stock-based compensation as it is non-cash in nature. Although stock-based compensation expenses are expected to remain recurring expenses for the foreseeable future, we believe excluding them allows investors to make meaningful comparisons between our recurring core business operating results and those of other companies. We define non-GAAP development expenses as operating expenses incurred to develop new products and offerings that are pre-revenue. We define non-GAAP fixed expenses as the total of technology and development expense and general and administrative expense, less stock-based compensation expense, non-recurring transaction and restructuring expense, and development expenses related to exploring and developing new products and offerings that generally are in the pre-revenue stage or not at scale.

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The following tables present the reconciliation of our non-GAAP financial measures from corresponding GAAP measures for year to date values as well as each of the last eight fiscal quarters (in thousands):

						Nine Months Ended September 30,
						2025						2024
Veterinary invoice expense						$	766,157					$	703,485
Less:
Stock-based compensation expense(1)						(2,188)						(2,535)
Other business cost of paying veterinary invoices(2)						(247,369)						(239,342)
Subscription cost of paying veterinary invoices (non-GAAP)						$	516,600					$	461,608
% of subscription revenue						71.0		%				73.4		%
Other cost of revenue						$	130,311					$	119,017
Less:
Stock-based compensation expense(1)						(1,661)						(1,479)
Other business variable expenses(2)						(62,969)						(57,713)
Subscription variable expenses (non-GAAP)						$	65,681					$	59,825
% of subscription revenue						9.0		%				9.5		%
Technology and development expense						$	26,545					$	23,083
General and administrative expense						58,325						46,903
Less:
Stock-based compensation expense(1)						(18,340)						(14,465)
Development expenses(3)						(3,551)						(4,307)
Fixed expenses (non-GAAP)						$	62,979					$	51,214
% of total revenue						5.9		%				5.4		%
New pet acquisition expense						$	62,305					$	53,025
Less:
Stock-based compensation expense(1)						(5,916)						(5,426)
Other business pet acquisition expense(2)						(82)						(31)
Subscription acquisition cost (non-GAAP)						$	56,307					$	47,568
% of subscription revenue						7.7		%				7.6		%
(1) Trupanion employees may elect to take restricted stock units in lieu of cash payment for their bonuses. We account for such expense as stock-based compensation in accordance with GAAP, but we do not include it in any non-GAAP adjustments. Stock-based compensation associated with bonuses was approximately $0.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. (2) Excludes the portion of stock-based compensation expense attributable to the other business segment. (3) Consists of costs related to product exploration and development that are pre-revenue and historically have been insignificant.

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						Three Months Ended
						Sep. 30, 2025						Jun. 30, 2025						Mar. 31, 2025						Dec. 31, 2024						Sep. 30, 2024						Jun. 30, 2024						Mar. 31, 2024						Dec. 31, 2023
Veterinary invoice expense						$	263,127					$	255,580					$	247,450					$	245,663					$	238,814					$	231,102					$	233,569					$	217,739
Less:
Stock-based compensation expense(1)						(666)						(758)						(763)						(800)						(830)						(843)						(862)						(885)
Other business cost of paying veterinary invoices(2)						(85,394)						(82,706)						(79,269)						(85,378)						(82,507)						(75,622)						(81,213)						(77,572)
Subscription cost of paying veterinary invoices (non-GAAP)						$	177,067					$	172,116					$	167,418					$	159,485					$	155,477					$	154,637					$	151,494					$	139,282
% of subscription revenue						70.1		%				71.1		%				71.8		%				70.0		%				71.0		%				74.1		%				75.3		%				72.7		%
Other cost of revenue						$	43,739					$	43,150					$	43,422					$	38,721					$	39,263					$	43,429					$	36,325					$	38,054
Less:
Stock-based compensation expense(1)						(579)						(601)						(482)						(476)						(536)						(523)						(420)						(386)
Other business variable expenses(2)						(20,702)						(20,531)						(21,736)						(17,336)						(18,126)						(23,091)						(16,498)						(19,301)
Subscription variable expenses (non-GAAP)						$	22,458					$	22,018					$	21,204					$	20,909					$	20,601					$	19,815					$	19,407					$	18,367
% of subscription revenue						8.9		%				9.1		%				9.1		%				9.2		%				9.4		%				9.5		%				9.6		%				9.6		%
Technology and development expense						$	9,887					$	8,586					$	8,072					$	8,172					$	7,933					$	8,190					$	6,960					$	5,969
General and administrative expense						18,311						20,122						19,892						16,828						16,977						15,253						14,673						13,390
Less:
Stock-based compensation expense(1)						(6,551)						(6,393)						(5,396)						(5,277)						(5,258)						(4,949)						(4,258)						(3,797)
Development expenses(3)						(1,199)						(946)						(1,406)						(1,322)						(1,474)						(1,655)						(1,178)						(1,683)
Fixed expenses (non-GAAP)						$	20,448					$	21,369					$	21,162					$	18,401					$	18,178					$	16,839					$	16,197					$	13,879
% of total revenue						5.6		%				6.0		%				6.2		%				5.5		%				5.6		%				5.3		%				5.3		%				4.7		%
New pet acquisition expense						$	21,946					$	19,843					$	20,516					$	18,354					$	18,308					$	17,874					$	16,843					$	17,189
Less:
Stock-based compensation expense(1)						(1,527)						(1,516)						(2,873)						(1,482)						(1,503)						(2,066)						(1,857)						(1,567)
Other business pet acquisition expense(2)						(5)						(74)						(3)						(8)						(8)						(10)						(13)						(77)
Subscription acquisition cost (non-GAAP)						$	20,414					$	18,253					$	17,640					$	16,864					$	16,797					$	15,798					$	14,973					$	15,545
% of subscription revenue						8.1		%				7.5		%				7.6		%				7.4		%				7.7		%				7.6		%				7.4		%				8.1		%
(1) Trupanion employees may elect to take restricted stock units in lieu of cash payment for their bonuses. We account for such expense as stock-based compensation in accordance with GAAP, but we do not include it in any non-GAAP adjustments. Stock-based compensation associated with bonuses was approximately $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. (2) Excludes the portion of stock-based compensation expense attributable to the other business segment. (3) Consists of costs related to product exploration and development that are pre-revenue and historically have been insignificant.

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When determining our PAC, we calculate net acquisition cost for a more comparable metric across periods. Net acquisition cost, a non-GAAP financial measure, is calculated in a reporting period as GAAP new pet acquisition expense, excluding stock-based compensation expense, other business segment expense, and pet acquisition expense for commission-based policies, offset by sign-up fee revenue. We exclude stock-based compensation expense because the amount varies from period to period based on the number of awards issued and market-based valuation inputs. We exclude other business segment pet acquisition expense because it does not relate to subscription enrollments. We exclude pet acquisition expense for commission-based policies because the revenue of these products is earned from commissions from a third party underwriter, as opposed to the subscription payments earned by the remainder of our subscription business. We offset sign-up fee revenue because it is a one-time charge to some new members collected at the time of enrollment used to partially offset initial setup costs, which are included in new pet acquisition expenses.

The following table reconciles GAAP new pet acquisition expense to non-GAAP net acquisition cost (in thousands) for year to date values as well as each of the last eight fiscal quarters:

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024
New pet acquisition expense			$	62,305					$	53,025
Net of sign-up fee revenue			(3,258)						(3,155)
Excluding:
Stock-based compensation expense			(5,916)						(5,426)
Other business pet acquisition expense			(82)						(31)
Pet acquisition expense for commission-based policies			(2,315)						(2,220)
Net acquisition cost			$	50,734					$	42,193

			Three Months Ended
			Sep. 30, 2025						Jun. 30, 2025						Mar. 31, 2025						Dec. 31, 2024						Sep. 30, 2024						Jun. 30, 2024						Mar. 31, 2024						Dec. 31, 2023
New pet acquisition expense			$	21,946					$	19,843					$	20,516					$	18,354					$	18,308					$	17,874					$	16,843					$	17,189
Net of sign-up fee revenue			(1,157)						(1,061)						(1,040)						(906)						(1,100)						(1,036)						(1,019)						(1,035)
Excluding:
Stock-based compensation expense			(1,527)						(1,516)						(2,873)						(1,482)						(1,503)						(2,066)						(1,857)						(1,567)
Other business pet acquisition expense			(5)						(74)						(3)						(8)						(8)						(10)						(13)						(77)
Pet acquisition expense for commission-based policies			(790)						(927)						(598)						(1,125)						(634)						(754)						(832)						(802)
Net acquisition cost			$	18,467					$	16,265					$	16,002					$	14,833					$	15,063					$	14,008					$	13,122					$	13,708

Components of Operating Results

General

We operate in two reporting segments: subscription business and other business. We generate revenue in our subscription business segment primarily by subscription payments from direct-to-consumer products. We operate our subscription business segment similar to other subscription-based businesses, with a focus on achieving a target margin prior to our pet acquisition expense and acquiring as many pets as possible at our targeted average estimated internal rate of return. Within our subscription business, we also provide "Powered by Trupanion" pet insurance product offerings marketed by third parties, low and medium average revenue per pet products marketed under the brand names Furkin and PHI Direct in Canada, and a Trupanion branded product in Germany and Switzerland. We either directly underwrite or assume full insurance risk for these products through reinsurance arrangements. We provide a full suite of services and support for these products and they are designed to align with the target margin profile of our subscription business segment. Within this segment we also offer products in certain countries in Continental Europe, which are currently underwritten by third parties who pay us commissions that we recognize as revenue. Going forward our intent is to assume full insurance risk for these products, either through direct underwriting or reinsurance arrangements.

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Our other business segment generates revenue from other product offerings, primarily by underwriting policies on behalf of third parties with whom we generally have a business-to-business relationship. This business segment has and targets, a different margin profile than our subscription business and is not part of our core business strategy. The largest source of revenue within this segment is from our long-standing contractual relationship with Pets Best, a third-party insurance provider we have worked with since 2015. Additional products in this segment include the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs program and employer-sponsored programs.

Revenue

We generate revenue in our subscription business segment primarily from subscription payments for our pet medical insurance. Subscription payments are paid at the beginning of each subscription period. In most cases, our members authorize us to directly charge their credit card, debit card or bank account through automatic funds transfer. Subscription revenue is recognized on a pro rata basis over the policy term. Membership may be canceled at any time without penalty, and we issue a refund for the unused portion of the canceled membership. In addition to subscription payments, we generate a small amount of revenue from charging a one-time sign-up fee collected at the time of new enrollment to partially offset initial setup costs. Sign-up fees are related to Trupanion's obligation to provide insurance coverage and are recognized over the policy term. We also generate a portion of our subscription business segment revenue through commissions earned in our European markets, where policies are currently underwritten by third parties and Trupanion is acting as an insurance broker.

We generate revenue in our other business segment primarily from writing policies on behalf of third parties where we do not undertake the direct consumer marketing. This segment also includes revenue from other pet insurance products that have a different margin profile from our subscription business.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue in each of our segments is comprised of the following:

Veterinary invoice expense

Veterinary invoice expense includes our costs to review and pay veterinary invoices, administer the payments, and provide member services, and other operating expenses directly or indirectly related to this process. We also accrue for veterinary invoices that have been incurred but not yet received and for the estimated internal costs of processing those invoices. This also includes amounts paid by unaffiliated general agents on our behalf, and an estimate of amounts incurred and not yet paid for our other business segment.

Other cost of revenue

Other cost of revenue for the subscription business segment includes direct and indirect member service expenses, Territory Partner fees per member renewal, payment processing fees and premium tax expenses. Other cost of revenue for the other business segment includes the commissions we pay to unaffiliated general agents, costs to administer the programs in the other business segment and premium taxes on the sales in this segment.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses are classified into four categories: technology and development, general and administrative, new pet acquisition expense, and depreciation and amortization. For each category, except depreciation and amortization, the largest component is personnel costs, which include salaries, employee benefit costs, bonuses and stock-based compensation expense.

Technology and development

Technology and development expenses primarily consist of personnel costs and related expenses for our technology staff, which includes information technology development and infrastructure support, including third-party services. It also includes expenses associated with development in new geographies and new products and offerings.

General and administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and related expenses for our finance, actuarial, human resources, regulatory, legal and general management functions, as well as facilities and professional services.

New pet acquisition expense

New pet acquisition expenses primarily consist of costs, including personnel costs, to educate veterinarians and consumers about the benefits of Trupanion, to generate leads and to convert leads into enrolled pets, as well as print, online and promotional advertising costs.

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Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses consist of depreciation of property, equipment, and software developed for internal use, as well as amortization of finite-lived intangible assets.

Gain (loss) from investment in joint venture

Gain (loss) from investment in joint venture consists of the share of income and losses from our equity method investment in a joint venture in Australia, as well as income and expenses associated with administrative services provided to the joint venture. In March 2025, we restructured this relationship from a joint venture to a brand license and services arrangement.

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation is included in the cost and expense line items above. Stock-based compensation will vary depending on corporate performance and terms of the awards under our equity incentive plan. For example, when we have delivered strong performance, stock-based compensation may increase as a result of incentive-based awards under our equity incentive plan.

Factors Affecting Our Performance

Average monthly retention. Our performance depends on our ability to continue to retain our existing and newly enrolled pets and is impacted by our ability to provide a best-in-class value and member experience. Our ability to retain enrolled pets depends on a number of factors, including the actual and perceived value of our services and the quality of our member experience, the ease and transparency of the process for reviewing and paying veterinary invoices for our members, the rate of veterinary inflation and of our pricing adjustments, and the competitive environment. In addition, other initiatives across our business may temporarily impact retention and make it difficult for us to improve or maintain this metric. For example, if the number of new pets enrolled increases at a faster rate than our historical experience, our average monthly retention rate could be adversely impacted, as our retention rate is generally lower during the first year of member enrollment.

Investment in pet acquisition. We have made and may continue to make significant investments to grow our member base. Our pet acquisition cost and the number of new members we enroll depends on a number of factors, including the amount we have available and we elect to invest in pet acquisition activities in any particular period in the aggregate and by channel, the frequency of existing members adding a pet or referring their friends or family, the effectiveness of our sales execution and marketing initiatives, changes in costs of media, the mix of our pet acquisition expenditures and the competitive environment. Our average pet acquisition cost has in the past significantly varied, and in the future may significantly vary, from period to period based upon specific marketing initiatives and estimated rates of return on pet acquisition spend. We also regularly test new member acquisition channels and marketing initiatives, which may be more expensive than our traditional marketing channels and may increase our average pet acquisition costs. We continually assess our pet acquisition activities by monitoring the estimated return on PAC spend both on a detailed level by acquisition channel and in the aggregate.

Timing of price adjustments. Our subscription business’s cost-plus model depends on our ability to estimate our operating costs and expenses, including veterinary invoice expenses, and to adjust our pricing to achieve our target margins. We regularly reevaluate and adjust the price of our subscriptions, with a goal of achieving our targeted payout ratio, subject to the review and approval of regulators where applicable. This makes it important for us to accurately estimate our costs and to promptly implement pricing adjustments, which generally roll onto our book of insured pets over the succeeding twelve months following any applicable regulatory approval. As a result, we may have timing mismatches during which our pricing does not reflect our current expense profile. In periods of rapid increases in veterinary invoice expenses, including periods of significant inflation, this timing mismatch may have a significant impact on our margin profile.

Timing of initiatives. Over time, we plan to implement new initiatives to improve our member experience, make modifications to our subscription plan, introduce new coverage plans, pursue pet food or other adjacent opportunities, improve our technology, increase the number of veterinary hospitals using our patented direct pay software, and find other ways to maintain a strong value proposition for our members. The implementation of such initiatives could impact our expense profile and result in us incurring expenses that may not always directly coincide with revenue increases, resulting in fluctuations in revenue and profitability in our subscription business segment.

Mix of sales. The relative mix of our business by geography, pet age, species, breed, and other factors impacts the monthly average revenue per pet we receive. For example, prices from our plans could vary depending on the relative cost of veterinary care in different countries or areas or whether the pet is a dog or a cat. As our mix of business between products and geographies changes, our metrics, such as our monthly average revenue per pet, and our exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations will be impacted. We expect our international business, additional product offerings and "Powered by Trupanion" plans to grow and, in turn, we expect these effects to increase.

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Other business segment. Our other business segment primarily includes other product offerings that are materially different from those in our subscription business segment. In addition, we expect the growth rate and margin profile of this segment to be significantly different from our subscription business segment. We do not undertake marketing efforts for and are not the primary interface with the customers of the third parties for whom we underwrite other business segment policies. Our relationships in our other business segment are generally subject to termination provisions and are non-exclusive, including our contractual relationship with Pets Best. Accordingly, we have limited influence on the volume of business of this segment. Loss of an entire program via contract termination could result in the associated policies and revenue being lost over a period of 12 to 18 months, which could have a material impact on our results of operations. In some cases, we have structured exclusive relationships, but those relationships have been and may continue to be subject to limitations on the number of enrolled pets as to which we will write policies for the third party. We may enter into additional relationships in this segment in the future, if we believe they will be beneficial, which could impact our operating results.

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Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented both in absolute dollars and as a percentage of total revenue for those periods. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
			(in thousands)
Revenue:
Subscription business			$	252,697					$	218,986					$	727,917					$	628,738
Other business			114,223						108,470						334,535						319,639
Total revenue			366,920						327,456						1,062,452						948,377
Cost of revenue:
Subscription business			200,766						177,365						586,098						525,237
Other business			106,100						100,712						310,370						297,265
Total cost of revenue(1)			306,866						278,077						896,468						822,502
Operating expenses:
Technology and development(1)			9,887						7,933						26,545						23,083
General and administrative(1)			18,311						16,977						58,325						46,903
New pet acquisition expense(1)			21,946						18,308						62,305						53,025
Depreciation and amortization			4,051						4,381						11,804						12,542
Total operating expenses			54,195						47,599						158,979						135,553
Loss from investment in joint venture			—						(34)						(305)						(184)
Operating income (loss)			5,859						1,746						6,700						(9,862)
Interest expense			2,790						3,820						9,683						11,071
Other (income), net			(3,530)						(3,538)						(18,684)						(9,601)
Income (loss) before income taxes			6,599						1,464						15,701						(11,332)
Income tax (benefit) expense			726						39						1,898						(43)
Net income (loss)			$	5,873					$	1,425					$	13,803					$	(11,289)

(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
			(in thousands)
Veterinary invoice expense(2)			$	677					$	847					$	2,221					$	2,625
Other cost of revenue(2)			585						554						1,679						1,561
Technology and development			1,705						1,259						4,326						3,774
General and administrative			4,971						4,125						14,546						11,435
New pet acquisition expense			1,561						1,555						6,013						5,743
Total stock-based compensation expense			$	9,499					$	8,340					$	28,785					$	25,138

(2) Veterinary invoice expense and Other cost of revenue together comprise stock-based compensation expense included within Total cost of revenue.

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			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
			(as a percentage of revenue)
Revenue			100		%				100		%				100		%				100		%
Cost of revenue			84						85						84						87
Operating expenses:
Technology and development			3						2						2						2
General and administrative			5						5						5						5
New pet acquisition expense			6						6						6						6
Depreciation and amortization			1						1						1						1
Total operating expenses			15						15						14						14
Loss from investment in joint venture			—						—						—						—
Operating income (loss)			2						1						1						(1)
Interest expense			(1)						1						(1)						1
Other (income), net			1						(1)						2						(1)
Income (loss) before income taxes			2						—						2						(1)
Income tax (benefit) expense			—						—						—						—
Net income (loss)			2		%				—		%				2		%				(1)		%

Stock-based compensation expense:			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
			(as a percentage of revenue)
Veterinary invoice expense(2)			—		%				—		%				—		%				—		%
Other cost of revenue(2)			—						—						—						—
Technology and development			—						—						—						—
General and administrative			1						1						1						1
New pet acquisition expense			—						—						1						1
Total stock-based compensation expense			1		%				3		%				2		%				3		%
			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024						2025						2024
			(as a percentage of subscription revenue)
Subscription business revenue			100		%				100		%				100		%				100		%
Subscription business cost of revenue			79						81						81						84

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Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Revenue

			Three Months Ended September 30,												% Change						Nine Months Ended September 30,												% Change
			2025						2024												2025						2024
			(in thousands, except percentages, pet and per pet data)
Revenue:
Subscription business			$	252,697					$	218,986					15		%				$	727,917					$	628,738					16		%
Other business			114,223						108,470						5						334,535						319,639						5
Total revenue			$	366,920					$	327,456					12						$	1,062,452					$	948,377					12
Percentage of Revenue by Segment:
Subscription business			69		%				67		%										69		%				66		%
Other business			31						33												31						34
Total revenue			100		%				100		%										100		%				100		%
Total pets enrolled (at period end)			1,654,414						1,688,903						(2)						1,654,414						1,688,903						(2)
Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end)			1,082,412						1,032,042						5						1,082,412						1,032,042						5
Monthly average revenue per pet			$	82.01					$	74.27					10						$	79.84					$	71.94					11
Average monthly retention			98.33		%				98.29		%										98.33		%				98.29		%

Three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to three months ended September 30, 2024. Total revenue increased by $39.5 million, or 12%, to $366.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. Revenue from our subscription business segment increased by $33.7 million, or 15%, to $252.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was primarily due to a 10% increase in monthly average revenue per pet and an increase in subscription pet months (the sum of pets enrolled for each month during a period) for policies underwritten by Trupanion. Revenue from our other business segment increased by $5.8 million, or 5%, to $114.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was primarily driven by a 19% increase in monthly average revenue per pet in this segment, partially offset by a decrease in pet months primarily reflecting the expected run-off of pets we historically insured for Pets Best.    
                                            

Nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2024. Total revenue increased by $114.1 million, or 12%, to $1,062.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Revenue from our subscription business segment increased by $99.2 million, or 16%, to $727.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was primarily due to an 11% increase in monthly average revenue per pet and an increase in subscription pet months for policies underwritten by Trupanion. Revenue from our other business segment increased by $14.9 million, or 5%, to $334.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was primarily driven by a 19% increase in monthly average revenue per pet in this segment, partially offset by a decrease in pet months primarily reflecting the expected run-off of pets we historically insured for Pets Best.
                                            
                                            
                                            

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Cost of Revenue

			Three Months Ended September 30,												% Change						Nine Months Ended September 30,												% Change
			2025						2024												2025						2024
			(in thousands, except percentages, pet and per pet data)
Cost of Revenue:
Subscription business:
Veterinary invoice expense			$	177,733					$	156,307					14		%				$	518,788					$	464,143					12		%
Other cost of revenue			23,033						21,058						9						67,310						61,094						10
Total cost of revenue			200,766						177,365						13						586,098						525,237						12
Other business:
Veterinary invoice expense			85,394						82,507						3						247,369						239,342						3
Other cost of revenue			20,706						18,205						14						63,001						57,923						9
Total cost of revenue			$	106,100					$	100,712					5		%				$	310,370					$	297,265					4		%
Percentage of Revenue by Segment:
Subscription business:
Veterinary invoice expense			70		%				71		%										71		%				74		%
Other cost of revenue			9						10												9						10
Total cost of revenue			79						81												80						84
Other business:
Veterinary invoice expense			75						76												74						75
Other cost of revenue			18						17												19						18
Total cost of revenue			93		%				93		%										93		%				93		%
Total pets enrolled (at period end)			1,654,414						1,688,903						(2)						1,654,414						1,688,903						(2)
Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end)			1,082,412						1,032,042						5						1,082,412						1,032,042						5

Three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to three months ended September 30, 2024. Total cost of revenue for our subscription business segment increased by $23.4 million, or 13%, to $200.8 million, for the three months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was driven by a $21.4 million, or 14%, increase in veterinary invoice expense and a $2.0 million, or 9%, increase in other cost of revenue. The 14% increase in veterinary invoice expense was driven by a 9% increase in veterinary invoice expense per pet and an increase in total subscription pet months for policies underwritten by Trupanion. The 9% increase in other cost of revenue was primarily due to general increases in costs attributable to growth in our membership and subscription revenue. Subscription business total cost of revenue decreased from 81% to 79% of revenue year-over-year primarily due to growth in subscription revenue outpacing growth in subscription veterinary invoice expense.

Total cost of revenue for our other business segment increased by $5.4 million, or 5%, to $106.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was driven by a $2.9 million, or 3%, increase in veterinary invoice expense and a $2.5 million, or 14%, increase in other cost of revenue. The 3% increase in veterinary invoice expense was primarily driven by a 9% increase in veterinary invoice expense per pet, partially offset by a decrease in pet months in this segment primarily reflecting the expected run-off of pets we historically insured for Pets Best. Within our other business segment, fluctuations in other cost of revenue are largely driven by trends in revenue and veterinary invoice expense and remained materially consistent as a percentage of segment revenue year-over-year. Cost of revenue for the other business segment remained constant at 93% of revenue year-over-year.

Nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2024. Total cost of revenue for our subscription business segment increased by $60.9 million, or 12%, to $586.1 million, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was driven by a $54.6 million, or 12%, increase in veterinary invoice expense and a $6.2 million, or 10%, increase in other cost of revenue. The 12% increase in veterinary invoice expense was driven by a 7% increase in veterinary

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invoice expense per pet and an increase in total subscription pet months for policies underwritten by Trupanion. The 10% increase in other cost of revenue was primarily due to general increases in costs attributable to growth in our membership and subscription revenue. Subscription business total cost of revenue decreased from 84% to 81% of revenue year-over-year primarily due to growth in subscription revenue outpacing growth in subscription veterinary invoice expense.

Total cost of revenue for our other business segment increased by $13.1 million, or 4%, to $310.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was driven by an $8.0 million, or 3%, increase in veterinary invoice expense and a $5.1 million, or 9% increase in other cost of revenue. The 3% increase in veterinary invoice expense was primarily driven by a 18% increase in veterinary invoice expense per pet, partially offset by a decrease in pet months in this segment primarily reflecting the expected run-off of pets we historically insured for Pets Best. Within our other business segment, fluctuations in other cost of revenue are largely driven by trends in revenue and veterinary invoice expense and remained materially consistent as a percentage of segment revenue year-over-year. Cost of revenue for the other business segment remained constant at 93% of revenue year-over-year.

Technology and Development Expenses

			Three Months Ended September 30,												% Change						Nine Months Ended September 30,												% Change
			2025						2024												2025						2024
			(in thousands, except percentages)																		(in thousands, except percentages)
Technology and development			$	9,887					$	7,933					25		%				$	26,545					$	23,083					15		%
Percentage of total revenue			3		%				2		%										2		%				2		%

Three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to three months ended September 30, 2024. Technology and development expenses increased by $2.0 million, or 25%, to $9.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was primarily due to a $1.5 million increase in general compensation and other employee-related expenses, a $0.3 million reduction in capitalized expenditures related to internally developed software projects and a $0.2 million increase in new product exploration and development expenses. Technology and development expenses increased from 2% to 3% of total revenue year-over-year.

Nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2024. Technology and development expenses increased by $3.5 million, or 15%, to $26.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was primarily due to a $3.1 million increase in general compensation and other employee-related expenses, a $0.8 million reduction in capitalized expenditures related to internally developed software projects, partially offset by a $0.6 million decrease in infrastructure-related expenses. Technology and development expenses remained constant at 2% of total revenue year-over-year.

General and Administrative Expenses

			Three Months Ended September 30,												% Change						Nine Months Ended September 30,												% Change
			2025						2024												2025						2024
			(in thousands, except percentages)																		(in thousands, except percentages)
General and administrative			$	18,311					$	16,977					8		%				$	58,325					$	46,903					24		%
Percentage of total revenue			5		%				5		%										5		%				5		%

Three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to three months ended September 30, 2024. General and administrative expenses increased by $1.3 million, or 8%, to $18.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was driven by an increase of $3.0 million in general compensation and other employee-related expenses, partially offset by a $1.1 million decrease in professional services and a $0.6 million decrease in underwriting fees related to our Canadian business. General and administrative expenses remained constant at 5% of total revenue year-over-year.                            

Nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2024. General and administrative expenses increased by $11.4 million, or 24%, to $58.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was driven by increases of $9.6 million in general compensation and other employee-related expenses and $2.8 million in underwriting fees related to our Canadian business, partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease in professional services and a $0.3 million decrease in other miscellaneous expenses. General and administrative expenses remained constant at 5% of total revenue year-over-year.

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New Pet Acquisition Expense

			Three Months Ended September 30,												% Change						Nine Months Ended September 30,												% Change
			2025						2024												2025						2024
			(in thousands, except percentages, pet and per pet data)																		(in thousands, except percentages, pet and per pet data)
New pet acquisition expense			$	21,946					$	18,308					20		%				$	62,305					$	53,025					18		%
Percentage of total revenue			6		%				6		%										6		%				6		%
Subscription Business:
Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end)			1,082,412						1,032,042						5						1,082,412						1,032,042						5
Average pet acquisition cost (PAC)			$	290					$	243					19						$	278					$	227					22

Three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to three months ended September 30, 2024. New pet acquisition expenses increased by $3.6 million, or 20%, to $21.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was primarily driven by increased marketing spend as we have begun deploying more capital to acquire new pets in a disciplined manner. New pet acquisition expense as a percentage of revenue remained constant at 6% as we were able to stay disciplined with our discretionary pet acquisition spend.

Nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2024. New pet acquisition expenses increased by $9.3 million, or 18%, to $62.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was primarily driven by increased marketing spend as we have begun deploying more capital to acquire new pets in a disciplined manner. New pet acquisition expense as a percentage of revenue remained constant at 6% as we were able to stay disciplined with our discretionary pet acquisition spend.

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Depreciation and Amortization

			Three Months Ended September 30,												% Change						Nine Months Ended September 30,												% Change
			2025						2024												2025						2024
			(in thousands, except percentages)																		(in thousands, except percentages)
Depreciation and amortization			$	4,051					$	4,381					(8)		%				$	11,804					$	12,542					(6)		%
Percentage of total revenue			1		%				1		%										1		%				1		%

Three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to three months ended September 30, 2024. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $0.3 million, or 8%, to $4.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, primarily driven by fewer internally developed software projects placed in-service during the period.

Nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2024. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $0.7 million, or 6%, to $11.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily driven by fewer internally developed software projects placed in-service during the period.

Total Other (Income) Expense, Net

			Three Months Ended September 30,												% Change						Nine Months Ended September 30,												% Change
			2025						2024												2025						2024
			(in thousands, except percentages)																		(in thousands, except percentages)
Interest expense			$	2,790					$	3,820					(27)		%				$	9,683					$	11,071					(13)		%
Other (income), net			(3,530)						(3,538)						—						(18,684)						(9,601)						95
Total other (income) expense, net			$	(740)					$	282					362						$	(9,001)					$	1,470					712
Percentage of total revenue			—		%				—		%										(1)		%				—		%

Three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to three months ended September 30, 2024. Total other (income) expense, net increased by $1.0 million from expense of $0.3 million to income of $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, primarily due to a $1.0 million decrease in interest expense.

Nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2024. Total other (income) expense, net increased by $10.5 million from expense of $1.5 million to income of $9.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily due to a $7.8 million realized gain on the nonmonetary exchange of our Baystride preferred stock investment for intellectual property developed by Baystride and a $1.4 million decrease in interest expense.

Stock-Based Compensation

Three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to three months ended September 30, 2024. Stock-based compensation is included in the cost and expense line items in the consolidated statements of operations, discussed above. Stock-based compensation expense increased from $8.3 million to $9.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The amount of stock-based compensation recognized largely reflects the timing and vesting of our annual performance grants, calculated according to our equity incentive plan.

Nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2024. Stock-based compensation is included in the cost and expense line items in the consolidated statements of operations, discussed above. Stock-based compensation expense increased from $25.1 million to $28.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The amount of stock-based compensation recognized largely reflects the timing and vesting of our annual performance grants, calculated according to our equity incentive plan.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2025						2024
Net cash provided by operating activities			$	60,226					$	24,585
Net cash used in investing activities			(53,761)						(31,914)
Net cash used in financing activities			(17,787)						(2,283)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, net			701						19
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash			$	(10,621)					$	(9,593)

Our primary requirements for liquidity are paying veterinary invoices, funding and growing our operations, funding our capital requirements, investing in new member acquisition, investing in enhancements to our member experience, and servicing debt. We have certain contractual obligations in the normal course of business, including obligations and commitments relating to our credit arrangements, non-cancellable vendor purchase agreements, as well as future payments of veterinary invoices. Refer to Note 7, Reserve for Veterinary Invoices, included in Item 1 of Part I of this report, for further details on anticipated cash outflows.

Most recently, our primary source of liquidity has been cash provided by our operations. We believe our operating cash flow is sufficient to fund our operations and capital requirements for the next 12 months. As we continue to grow and consider strategic opportunities, however, we may explore additional financing to fund our operations and growth or for strategic purposes. Financing could include equity, equity-linked, or debt financing. Additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If our capital surplus grows relative to the rate of growth of our business, we may also generate cash for operations and growth via dividends or other methods, from one or more of our underwriting entities.

As of September 30, 2025, we had $348.5 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, of which $290.0 million was held by our insurance entities. Outside of insurance entities, we held $58.5 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments with an additional $15.0 million available under our Credit Facility. In November 2025, we repaid the Credit Facility in full with proceeds from our PNC facility. See “—Long Term Debt—PNC Facility”.

In April 2021, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program, pursuant to which we may, between May 2021 and May 2026, repurchase outstanding shares of our common stock. While our board of directors has approved the program, any repurchase activity is subject to quarterly assessment and board approval, based on various factors including available cash, our stock price relative to our estimated intrinsic value, forecasted operating results, and available opportunities to deploy capital. We repurchased no shares under this program during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Operating Cash Flows

Net cash provided by operating activities was $60.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $24.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was primarily driven by improved operating results, largely driven by higher revenue and improved Subscription Business margins, and timing differences in other working capital activities. Changes in accounts receivable and deferred revenue were primarily related to annual policies with annual payment terms within our Other Business segment. Changes in our reserve for veterinary invoices are driven by multiple factors, including ongoing analysis of claims frequency and severity as well as changes in claims inventory at period end.

Investing Cash Flows

Net cash used in investing activities was $53.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily consisting of purchases of investment securities of $183.0 million as well as $10.2 million of capital expenditures primarily related to the development of internal-use software focused on member experience, claims processing and internal policy management improvements, partially offset by $137.8 million in sales and maturities of investment securities. Net cash used in investing activities was $31.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily consisting of purchases of investment securities of $107.4 million as well as $7.9 million of capital expenditures primarily related to the development of internal-use software focused on member experience, claims processing and internal policy management improvements, partially offset by $81.8 million in sales and maturities of investment securities.

Financing Cash Flows

Net cash used in financing activities was $17.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily consisting of $15.7 million in repayments on the Credit Facility. Net cash used in financing activities was $2.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily consisting of $1.0 million in repayments on the Credit Facility, as well as $1.4 million in shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding.

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Long-Term Debt

Prior Credit Facility

As of September 30, 2025, our credit facility provided us with up to $150.0 million of credit, and we had outstanding term loans totaling $116.2 million under the Credit Facility. In November 2025, we repaid all amounts under the Credit Facility from proceeds from our new PNC facility.

PNC Facility

In November 2025, we entered into a credit agreement (the "PNC Agreement") with PNC Bank, National Association, as the administrative agent. The PNC Agreement provides for a term loan facility of $100.0 million and a revolving credit facility of $20.0 million (collectively, the "PNC Facility"). The PNC Facility matures in November 2028.

Loans under the Credit Facilities bear interest at a reference rate plus an applicable margin, which will generally be the SOFR reference rate plus 2.75% per annum. The Company will make quarterly principal payments of $2.5 million on the Term Facility. The Company may voluntarily prepay loans or reduce revolving commitments under the Credit Facilities at any time without premium or penalty.

The loans under the PNC Agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets. The PNC Agreement contains financial and other covenants, including quarterly financial ratios, and it includes limitations on, among other things, indebtedness, liens, investments, and mergers or similar transactions.

Regulation

As of September 30, 2025, our insurance entities collectively held $96.3 million in cash and cash equivalents, to be used for operating expenses of our insurance entities, $193.7 million in short-term investments and $297.8 million in other current assets. The majority of the assets in our insurance entities are subject to certain capital and dividend rules and regulations prescribed by jurisdictions in which they are authorized to operate.

American Pet Insurance Company ("APIC")

The majority of our investments are held by our insurance entities to satisfy risk-based capital requirements of our regulators based on requirements published by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). The NAIC requirements provide a method for analyzing the minimum amount of risk-based capital (statutory capital and surplus plus other adjustments) appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations, taking into account the risk characteristics of the company’s assets, liabilities and certain other items. An insurance company found to have insufficient statutory capital based on its risk-based capital ratio may be subject to varying levels of additional regulatory oversight depending on the level of capital inadequacy. APIC must hold certain capital amounts in order to comply with the statutory regulations and, therefore, we cannot use these amounts for general operating purposes without regulatory approval. As our business grows, the amount of capital we are required to maintain to satisfy our risk-based capital requirements will also increase, though risk-based capital requirements also take our overall rate of growth into consideration. Recently, our other business segment growth has slowed and, currently, we expect that to continue, which would reduce capital requirements. In May 2025, APIC distributed an extraordinary dividend of $26.0 million to Trupanion, Inc.

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GPIC Insurance Company ("GPIC")

In 2022 we established a new wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, GPIC, domiciled in Canada. In the third quarter of 2025, GPIC began underwriting a material portion of our business in Canada. We are finalizing a transition of our Canadian underwriting from a fronting arrangement with Accelerant Insurance Company of Canada (formerly Omega General Insurance Company) to GPIC. We formed GPIC to provide us flexibility as to the insurance entity we use to market and write policies, as part of our vertical integration approach. Pursuant to Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions regulations, we have contributed CAD $18.2 million to GPIC as the required statutory capital for this subsidiary. The capital we maintain at GPIC approximates the amount that we historically held subject to our fronting arrangement.

ZPIC Insurance Company ("ZPIC")

In 2021, we established a new wholly-owned U.S. insurance subsidiary, ZPIC, domiciled in Missouri. We formed this insurance subsidiary to provide us flexibility as to the insurance entity we use to market and write policies. We have funded the required statutory capital to this subsidiary.

Wyndham Insurance Company (SAC) Limited ("WICL") Segregated Account AX, Wyndham Insurance Company (SAC) Limited Segregated Account Trupanion Germany and Wyndham Insurance Company (SAC) Limited Segregated Account Trupanion Switzerland

WICL is domiciled in Bermuda and regulated by the Bermuda Monetary Authority ("BMA"). WICL Segregated Account AX was established by WICL, with Trupanion, Inc. as the shareholder, to enter into a reinsurance agreement with Accelerant Insurance Company of Canada, formerly known as Omega General Insurance Company. All of the assets and liabilities of WICL Segregated Account AX are legally segregated from other assets and liabilities within WICL, and all shares of the segregated account are owned by Trupanion, Inc. Trupanion, Inc. received dividends of $15.6 million and $7.0 million from WICL Segregated Account AX in March and July 2025, respectively, as permitted under our agreements with WICL. As required by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions regulations related to our reinsurance agreement with Accelerant Insurance Company of Canada, we are required to maintain a Canadian Trust account with the greater of CAD $2.0 million or 120% of unearned Canadian premium plus 20% of outstanding Canadian claims, including all incurred but not reported claims. As of September 30, 2025, the account held CAD $11.5 million, which we expect will decrease as we rollover our Canadian book of business to GPIC.

WICL Segregated Account Trupanion Germany and WICL Segregated Account Trupanion Switzerland were established in the third quarter of 2024 by WICL, with Trupanion, Inc. as the shareholder, for purposes of entering into reinsurance agreements with underwriters in Germany and Switzerland, respectively. All of the assets and liabilities of WICL Segregated Account Trupanion Germany and WICL Segregated Account Trupanion Switzerland are legally segregated from other assets and liabilities within WICL, and all shares of the segregated accounts are owned by Trupanion, Inc.

Though we are not directly regulated by the BMA, WICL's regulation and compliance impacts us as it could have an adverse impact on our ability to secure dividends from our WICL segregated accounts. WICL is regulated by the BMA under the Insurance Act of 1978 ("Insurance Act") and the Segregated Accounts Company Act of 2000. The Insurance Act imposes on Bermuda insurance companies, solvency and liquidity standards, certain restrictions on the declaration and payment of dividends and distributions, certain restrictions on the reduction of statutory capital, and auditing and reporting requirements, and grants the BMA powers to supervise and, in certain circumstances, to investigate and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies. Under the Insurance Act, WICL, as a class 3 insurer, is required to maintain available statutory capital and surplus at a level equal to or in excess of a prescribed minimum established by reference to net written premiums and loss reserves.

Under the Bermuda Companies Act 1981, as amended, a Bermuda company may not declare or pay a dividend or make a distribution out of contributed surplus if there are reasonable grounds for believing that: (a) the company is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due; or (b) the realizable value of the company’s assets would thereby be less than its liabilities. The Segregated Accounts Company Act of 2000 further requires that dividends out of a segregated account can only be paid to the extent that the account remains solvent and the value of its assets remain greater than the aggregate of its liabilities and its issued share capital and share premium accounts.

Contractual Obligations

We enter into long-term contractual obligations and commitments in the normal course of business, consisting primarily of debt obligations and non-cancellable vendor service agreements. In March 2022, we entered into the Credit Facility, which provided us with up to $150.0 million of credit, including a $60.0 million Initial Term Loan that was funded at closing and an aggregate $75.0 million of delayed draw term loans funded between December 2022 and September 2023. Refer to Note 8, Debt, included in Item 1 of Part I of this report, for further details regarding the Credit Agreement, including interest and future principal repayments. In November 2025, we repaid all amounts under the Credit Facility with proceeds from our new PNC Facility, which will require us to repay the underlying obligations over a three-year term at SOFR plus a margin less than that in the Credit Facility. See “—Long Term Debt—PNC Facility”.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported revenue and expenses during the reporting periods.

Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that we consider the most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations because they require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Generally, we base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies or estimates as compared to those described under the heading "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks

Management believes there have been no material changes to our quantitative or qualitative disclosures about market risk during the first nine months ended September 30, 2025. For a discussion of our exposure to market risk, refer to our market risk disclosures set forth in Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” of the 2024 Form 10-K.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a- 15(e) and 15d- 15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of September 30, 2025, the disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2025 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are subject to litigation matters and claims arising from the ordinary course of business. Further information with respect to this item may be found in Note 6 of Part 1 Item 1, "Financial Statements (unaudited)", under the caption, "Legal Proceedings" which information is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business, results of operations, and financial conditions are subject to various risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the risk factors identified in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, except as set forth below.

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations.

We maintain borrowing arrangements to fund certain of our operations. In November 2025, we repaid the outstanding balance under the Credit Facility with the proceeds from our PNC Facility. The PNC Facility provides us with $120.0 million in credit consisting of a term loan in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million and commitments for revolving loans in an aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding not in excess of $20.0 million. We expect to use a substantial portion of our cash flow to pay interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness, and we may be unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or have future borrowings available, to enable us to repay our indebtedness or to fund other liquidity needs.

Among other consequences, our level of indebtedness could:

•require us to use a significant percentage of our cash flow from operations for debt service and the satisfaction of repayment obligations, and not for other purposes that could grow our business;

•limit our ability to borrow money or issue equity to fund our working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and debt service requirements;

•cause our interest expense to increase if there is a general increase in interest rates, because a portion of our indebtedness bears interest at floating rates;

•limit our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business and future business opportunities;

•cause us to be more highly leveraged than some of our competitors, which may place us at a competitive disadvantage;

•make us more vulnerable to a downturn in our business or the economy; and

•limit our ability to exploit business opportunities.

Volatility in the credit markets, including due to bank failures as well as the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank’s interest rate decisions may impact our interest payments. We have secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”)-based floating rate borrowings under the PNC Agreement, which expose us to variability in interest payments due to changes in the reference interest rates. SOFR is a relatively new reference rate and has a limited history, and changes in SOFR have, on occasion, been more volatile than changes in other benchmark or market rates. As a result, the amount of interest we may pay on our variable rate indebtedness is difficult to predict.

Further, the PNC Agreement contains several affirmative and negative covenants that could restrict our operations, require us to pay the outstanding balance under the PNC Facility if we are unable to comply with such covenants, or limit our ability to enter into particular transactions and to engage in other actions that we may believe are advisable or necessary for our business. Although the PNC Agreement restricts our ability to incur additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and we could incur substantial additional indebtedness in compliance with these restrictions. This could reduce our ability to satisfy our obligations and further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds    

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Pursuant to a marketing agreement between us and a strategic distributor, we agreed to issue shares of our common stock to the distributor as partial consideration for sales made through the distributor’s marketing channels of white-label medical and wellness pet insurance products that we create and administer under the agreement. The number of shares we issue is determined quarterly, based on a percentage of revenue from such product sales divided by the volume weighted average price per share for the preceding quarter or, if lower, for the three months ended December 5, 2021. The shares we issue are subject to various restrictions, including a minimum holding period of two years and customary transfer restrictions for shares acquired in a private placement. During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, we issued 3,663 shares of our common stock to the distributor in respect of product sales that occurred in the quarter ended June 30, 2025. We offered and sold these shares in reliance upon the exemption from the registration set forth under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, and the regulations

42

promulgated thereunder relating to sales by an issuer not involving any public offering, and in reliance on similar exemptions under applicable state laws.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Rule 10b5-1 Plan

On August 20, 2025, John Gallagher, our Chief Operating Officer, adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy Rule 10b5-1 to sell up to 5,167 shares of our common stock over a period ending on November 6, 2026, subject to certain conditions.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, no other director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted, or terminated, including by modification, a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit

Incorporated by Reference

Filed/Furnished

Number

Exhibit Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Exhibit Filing Date

Herewith

3.1

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Trupanion, Inc.

8-K

001-36537

3.1

6/12/2023

3.2

Amended and Restated Bylaws of Trupanion, Inc.

8-K

001-36537

3.2

6/12/2023

31.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

X

31.2

Certification of Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

X

32.1*

Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

X

32.2*

Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

X

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document - the instance does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

X

101.SCH

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

X

101.CAL

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

X

101.DEF

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

X

101.LAB

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.

X

101.PRE

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

X

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

X

+			Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
*			This certification is deemed not filed for purpose of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

						TRUPANION, INC.
Date: November 6, 2025						/s/ Margi Tooth
						Margi Tooth Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 6, 2025						/s/ Fawwad Qureshi
						Fawwad Qureshi Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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FAQ

How did TRUP perform in Q3 2025?

Revenue was $366,920,000, operating income $5,859,000, and net income $5,873,000 with diluted EPS of $0.13.

What were TRUP’s year-to-date results for 2025?

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, revenue was $1,062,452,000 and net income was $13,803,000.

What is TRUP’s cash and investment position?

As of September 30, 2025, cash and equivalents were $154,773,000 and short-term investments were $193,761,000.

How did TRUP’s segments perform in Q3 2025?

Subscription revenue was $252,697,000 with operating income $7,826,000; other business revenue was $114,223,000 with an operating loss $(1,967,000).

What were key operating metrics for the subscription business?

Monthly average revenue per pet was $82.01 and average monthly retention was 98.33% in Q3 2025.

Did TRUP change its debt facilities after quarter-end?

Yes. In November 2025, it entered a $120,000,000 PNC credit facility and used proceeds to repay the prior facility.

How many common shares are outstanding?

As of October 30, 2025, there were approximately 43,198,164 common shares outstanding.